COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Mechanical and Energy Engineering Department

Fluid Mechanics ENRG-314

First Major Exam (SOLUTION)
(Academic Year 1443/1444H (2021), 2nd Semester)
Mar. 31, 2022

Instructor: Dr. Taher Maatallah Time: 120 minutes

Student's name: ………………………………………………

Student's ID no.: ……………………………………………..

Instructions:
1. Attempt to answer all questions.
2. Carefully read any question before starting to answer it.
3. Mobile phones are not allowed throughout the exams period.

Student Outcomes (SO):

(1) Demonstrate ability to identify, formulate and solve fluid mechanics related
complex engineering problems by applying principles of engineering, science,
and mathematics

Question No. Associated SO Marks

Q1 ABET, 1 /20

Q2 - /20
Q3 /20
Q4 /20
Q5 - /20
Total /100
This exam contains 8 pages including this cover page
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Question 01: Choose the correct answer of each of the following problems (10 Marks)
1) For what fluids can we (usually) assume density to be nearly constant?
A. Compressible fluid
B. Incompressible fluid 1

2) Which one of the following is true about Bulk Modulus of elasticity?

A. it is the ratio of compressive stress to volumetric strain
B. it is the ratio of compressive stress to linear strain 1
C. it is the ratio of tensile stress to volumetric strain
D. it is the ratio of tensile stress to linear strain

3) If a glass tube of 10 mm diameter is immersed in water, what will be the rise or fall in
capillary? (Take surface tension = 0.075 [N/m], g = 10 [m/s2] and angle of contact = 0°)
A. 75 mm 1
B. 15 mm
C. 3 mm
D. 6 mm

4) A pound-force per square inch (symbol: psi) is an imperial and US customary unit of
pressure. It is defined as the pressure that results when a force of one pound-force is
applied to a one-square-inch area. Convert a pressure of 2.00 psi to kilopascals (1 in = 1
2.54 cm, 1 pound = 453.6 grams, 1 pound force =0.4536 x 9.81 N)
A. 13.79
B. 23.79
C. 33.79
D. 43.79

5) An engineer living at an elevation of 2500 ft is conducting experiments to verify

predictions of glider performance. The engineer measures temperature of value 296 K
and atmospheric pressure equal to 27.3 inches of mercury. Calculate density of the air in
1
units of kg⁄m3. We remember that the ideal gas law can be written as:
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 where 𝑅= 287 [J/(kg ∙K)], and 101.325 kPa = 760 mm Hg.

A. 108.8
B. 10.88
C. 1.088
D. 0.1088

6) The specific weight can be written as:

A. γ = ρg 1
γ
B. s = γ fluid
water
C. μ = ρν

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 7) The specific gravity of a liquid has:
A. the same unit as that of density
B. the same unit as that of specific weight
1
C. the same unit as that of specific volume
D. no unit

8) The rise in the level of a liquid in a tube is h. What will be the rise in the level if the
same amount of liquid is poured into a tube of half the diameter.
A. 0 1
B. h/2
C. h
D. 2h

9) The sum of the pressure head and the elevation head is called:
A. Energy head
B. hydraulic head 1
C. piezometric head

10) Calculate the specific weight of petrol with specific gravity 0.6. (𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =
9810 𝑁/𝑚3 )
1
A. 5886 𝑁/𝑚3
B. 6886 𝑁/𝑚3
C. 7886 𝑁/𝑚3

11) Water flows between two plates of which the upper one is stationary and the lower one
is moving with a velocity V. What will be the velocity of the fluid in contact with the
upper plate? 1

A. V
B. V⁄2
C. 2V
D. 0

12) The shear stress at a point in a liquid is found to be 0.03 N/m2. The velocity gradient at
the point is 0.15 s-1. What will be the dynamic viscosity in N s/m2?
1
A. 20
B. 2
C. 0.2
D. 0.5

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 13) The space between two plates of dimensions (width×length×thickness) of
(20cm*20cm*1cm), 1 cm apart, is filled with a liquid of viscosity 0.1 Pa.s. The upper
plate is dragged to the right with a force of 5N keeping the lower plate stationary. What 1
will be the velocity in m/s of flow at a point 0.5 cm below the lower surface of the upper
plate if linear velocity profile is assumed for the flow?
A. 1.25
B. 3.5
C. 6.25
D. 9.25

14) The space between two horizontal plates, d=250 mm, is filled with a viscous oil
(Newtonian fluid) having a viscosity of 2 Pa.s. Calculate the shear stress in oil if the
1
upper plate is moved with velocity of 1.25 m/s.
A. 20 N/m2
B. 10 N/m2
C. 2 N/m2
D. 1 N/m2
15) The velocity distribution for fluid flow over a flat plate is given by u=2y-6y2 in which
u is the velocity in meter per second at a distance of y-meter above the plate.
Determine the shear stress at y=0.15m. Take dynamic viscosity of fluid as 0.86 Pa.s. 1
A. 0.172 N/m2
B. 0.344 N/m2
C. 0.086 N/m2
16) Which one of the following is the correct relation between compressibility β and Bulk
Modulus of elasticity Ev
A. β = Ev 1
B. β = 1/ Ev
C. β = 2 Ev
D. β = Ev /2
17) Three fluids 1, 2 and 3 have Bulk Moduli of Ev1, Ev2 and Ev3 respectively. If Ev1, > Ev2 >
Ev3, which liquid will have the highest compressibility?
A. liquid 1 1
B. liquid 2
C. liquid 3
18) Bulk Modulus, Pressure, Force, Stress. Which one of these won’t have the same unit
as the others?
A. Bulk Modulus 1
B. Pressure
C. Force
D. Stress

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 19) When the angle of contact between a solid and a liquid is 90, then:

A. Cohesive force > Adhesive force

B. Cohesive force < Adhesive force 1
C. Cohesive force = Adhesive force
D. Cohesive force >> Adhesive force

20) Which of the following contribute to the reason behind the origin of surface tension?

A. only cohesive forces 1

B. only adhesive forces
C. neither cohesive forces nor adhesive forces
D. both cohesive forces and adhesive forces

Question 02:
1. A water bug is suspended on the surface of a pond by
surface tension (water does not wet the legs). The bug 20
has six legs, and each leg is in contact with the water
over a length of 5 mm. What is the maximum mass (in
grams) of the bug if it is to avoid sinking? (Marks 10)

Solution: The bug has 6 legs, and each leg is in contact with the water over a length
of 5 mm. Considering that the water-air interface length on either side of the each
leg, the total contact length is:
L = 2 (sides/leg) × 5 mm/side × 6 legs = 60 mm = 0.06 m
Considering small , and applying the force balance, we have:
𝐹𝜎 − 𝑊 = 𝜎𝐿 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
Therefore, the maximum mass (in grams) of the bug to avoid sinking is:
𝜎𝐿 (0.073 N⁄m)×0.06 m 1000 g
𝑚= = 2
= 0.4465 × 10−3 kg × = 0.4465 g
𝑔 9.81 m/s 1 kg

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 2. Calculate the pressure, p, inside the spherical bubble of radius
r = 2 mm shown in the figure (half of each one is shown only).
(Marks 10) 10

Solution:

𝜋𝑑2 8𝜎 8(0.073)
𝐹𝜎 − 𝐹𝑝 = 2𝜎𝜋𝑑 − 𝑝𝑖 ( )=0 ∴ 𝑝𝑖 = = = 146 Pa
4 𝑑 0.004

Question 03:
A disk is rotated in a container of oil to damp the motion of an instrument.
20

Derive an equation for damping torque as a function of D, S, ω and μ.

Solution:
Applying Newton’s law of viscosity:
dV r
 = =
dy s
To find the differential torque, consider an elemental strip of area of radius r. The
differential shear force acting on this elemental area will be τdA or τ (2πrdr). The
differential torque will be the product of the differential shear force and the radius r. Thus:

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 For both sides:

dTboth sides = 4 r 3dr
s
Integrating the above equation yields the damping torque as a function of D, S, ω and μ.
Thus:
T D/2

 dT
0
both sides =4 0
s
r 3 dr

1  D 4
 T=
16 s

Question 04:
As shown, a round viewing window of 20
diameter D = 0.8 m is situated in a large tank
of seawater (S = 1.03). The top of the
window is 1.2 m below the water surface,
and the window is angled at 60o with respect
to the horizontal. Find the hydrostatic force
acting on the window and locate the
corresponding CP. (Marks 20)

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The slant height and the depth of centroid are:
D h 0.8 1.2
y= + = + = 1.7856 m
2 sin  2 sin 60
D 0.8
z = h + sin  = 1.2 + sin 60 = 1.5464 m
2 2
The hydrostatic pressure is:
p =  z = S  water z = (1.03)(9810)(1.5464) = 15, 625.29 Pa
The resultant hydrostatic force is:
 D2  (0.8)2
Fp = pA = p = (15, 625.29) = 7,854.13 N
4 4
The location of the center of pressure point CP is

ycp = y +
I
= y+
(  R4 / 4)
= y+
R2
= 1.7856 +
(0.4) 2
= 1.8080 m
yA y ( R 2 ) 4y 4(1.7856)

Question 05:
The Figure at the right-hand side of the paper shows a
20
closed tank with Bourdon tube gages tapped into it.
Specific weight of water is 9810 𝑁⁄𝑚3 . (Marks 20) 𝑃𝐴 = 70.11 𝐾𝑃𝑎

1. Calculate the specific weight of the oil.

1. 𝑃𝐴 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑧𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑧𝐵 𝑃𝐵 = 77.23 𝐾𝑃𝑎

70.11 𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑧𝐴 (1) = 77.23 𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 (0)

77.23−70.11
𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 = = 7.12 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 𝑃𝐶 =?
1.0

2. Deduce the specific gravity of the oil.

𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 7120
𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 = = = 0.7258
𝛾𝑤 9810

3. Deduce the pressure reading on gage C.

𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐶 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 (0.5) + 𝛾𝑤 (1.0) = 90.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎. 𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒

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