Charging Systems for Heavy-Duty Vehicles Hiroshi Uno1, Kenichirou Ogawa1, Tetsu Shijo1, Yasuhiro Kanekiyo1, Koji Ogura1, Shuichi Obayashi1, Masaaki Ishida1 1 Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
Abstract - Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a useful
technology for vehicle charging. Transfer power above 100 kW is needed for rapid charging of heavy-duty vehicles such as electric buses. One of the issues of WPT systems is electromagnetic interference that affects radio services. Limits of radiated disturbances from WPT systems are specified in CISPR 11 and the Radio Act of Japan. In this study, a 100-kW-class WPT system was constructed with the aim of reducing the radiated magnetic field strength. Opposite-phase transfer and frequency hopping spread spectrum were implemented to reduce the fundamental frequency. Low-pass filters were applied to decrease the harmonic frequency. A 10-m anechoic chamber was used to measure the radiated magnetic field strength of this WPT system. The results confirmed the compatibility of the three proposed techniques. The radiated magnetic field strength of the constructed WPT system was below the limit set by the Radio Fig. 1 Experimental setup of bus charging station. Act of Japan. Keywords — Wireless Power Transfer, EV, Electric bus, Spread Spectrum, Electromagnetic interference.
I. INTRODUCTION Wireless power transfer (WPT) for electric vehicles (EVs) is a useful technology from the viewpoints of convenience and safety, and it continues to be actively researched [1]. Transfer power above 100 kW is needed when a WPT system is used for rapid charging of heavy-duty vehicles such as electric buses. One example of a WPT system for heavy-duty Fig. 2 Opposite-phase transfer technique. vehicles has been reported that targeted electric trains [2]. In that study, the transfer power was on the order of 1 MW, but the driving frequency of 20 kHz was lower than the 85-kHz band of EVs. This 1-MW-class WPT system is not compatible with WPT systems for EVs. In the present study, a WPT system transmitting over 100 kW was constructed with the aim of reducing the radiated magnetic field strength. This system simultaneously uses two fundamental reduction techniques [3][4] and one harmonic reduction technique [5]. The radiated magnetic field strength of the WPT system using these techniques was measured in a 10-m anechoic chamber. The measurement Fig. 3 Spread spectrum technique, cycle transition type. Fig. 1 shows the setup of the bus charging station used in results were compared with the requirements of the Radio this study. Voltage in the 85-kHz band was generated through Act of Japan [6]. The results showed that the proposed a pulse-width modulation (PWM) converter, inverters, and techniques are compatible and that they reduced the radiated low-pass filters (LPFs) from a three-phase supply. The magnetic field strength reduction to levels that comply with maximum transmitted power is about 115 kW. The power the Radio Act of Japan. transmitter pad included a transmitter coil and resonant capacitors installed in the ground. The receiver pad included II. THE RADIATED MAGNETIC STRENGTH a receiver coil and resonant capacitors installed in the REDUCTION AMOUNT AND TECHNIQUE underside of the bus. LPFs, full-bridge rectifiers, and batteries
were also installed in the bus. The batteries were charged at system demonstrated the compatibility of all three proposed about 100 kW. countermeasure techniques. The radiated magnetic field The limits of the radiated magnetic field strength from a strength of the proposed WPT system was below the limits WPT system for EVs in Japan is set by the Radio Act of Japan. specified by the Radio Act of Japan. The limit above 150 kHz is the same as that specified in CISPR 11 Group 2 Class A (Ed. 6.0). The Radio Act of Japan sets a maximum of 68.5 dBµA/m s at the 85 kHz operating frequency band. Thus, the radiated magnetic field strength at 85 kHz needs to be reduced by about 22 dB for a WPT system of 100-kW power to satisfy the limits of the radiated disturbances. This study considered the electromagnetic compatibility of three techniques, as described below. A. Opposite-phase transfer Fig. 2 shows an overview of the opposite-phase transfer technique, in which two pairs of transmitter pads and receiver pads are connected in parallel. The current waveforms are controlled to have the opposite phase from each other as they Fig. 4 Experimental setup of the anechoic chamber. supply power. Thus, the radiated magnetic field strength is reduced at the observation point. The phase that minimizes the radiated magnetic field strength is calculated during the opposite-phase transfer [3]. The calculated phase enables a reduction of at least 16 dB. B. Spread spectrum Fig. 3 shows an overview of the spread spectrum technique, which has two types: cycle transition and random transition. This study selected the cycle transition type because the frequency band variance of the random transition type was larger on average than that of the cycle transition type. The Fig. 5 Radiated magnetic strength. center frequency was 84.6 kHz. This technique enables a reduction of about 12 dB. IV. CONCLUSION
C. Low-pass filter In this paper, the WPT system constructed the radiated The radiated magnetic field strength of the harmonic magnetic strength included two reduction techniques for the frequency was reduced by LPFs. LPFs were constructed as T- fundamental frequency and a reduction technique for the type circuits with LCL topology and were installed between harmonic frequency. The radiated magnetic strength of this the inverters and transmitter pads in the transmitter and system was measured in a 10 m anechoic chamber. between the receiver pads and rectifiers in the receiver. The This research is supported by the Ministry of Internal design of the installed LPFs was the same as that in cite [5]. Affairs and Communications of Japan.
III. EXPERIMENT REFERENCES
[1] G. Covic and a. J. T. Boys, "Inductive Power Transfer," Proc. in IEEE, The radiated magnetic strength of the WPT system included vol. 101, no. 6, pp. 1276-1289, Jun. 2013. the previous chapter’s techniques is measured in a 10 m [2] J. Kim, B. Lee, S. Lee, C. Park, S. Jung, S. Lee, K. Yi, and and J. anechoic chamber. Fig. 4 shows the experiment image. Fig. 5 Baek, "Development of 1-MW Inductive Power Transfer System for a High-Speed Train," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 62, no. 10, pp. shows the measurement result that compares with the no 6242-6250, Oct. 2015. countermeasures WPT system transmitted 50 kW. A [3] T. Shijo, K. Ogawa, M. Suzuki, Y. Kanekiyo, M. Ishida, and and S. regulation of the Radio Act of Japan shows a Quasi-Peak (QP) Obayashi, "85 kHz Band 44 kW Wireless Power Transfer System for detection, but measurement values is peak detection. Rapid Contactless Charging of Electric Bus," in Proc. International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), 2016, pp. 38-39. The maximum radiated magnetic strength of the no [4] K. Ogura, T.Shijo, M. Suzuki, Y. Kanekiyo, K. Inoue, S. Obayashi and countermeasures WPT system transmitted 50 kW for 85 kHz M. Ishida, "Radiated and Conducted Emissions Reduction for High band is 90.4 dBµΑ/m. The radiated magnetic strength for 85 Power WPT Systems," IEICE Technical Report, EMCJ2019-34, 2019. kHz band of the WPT system included the previous chapter’s [5] M. Suzuki, K. Ogawa, F. Moritsuka, T. Shijo, H. Ishihara, Y. techniques is 60.2 dBµΑ/µm . Τhe latter is lower 30.2 dB than Kanekiyo, K. Ogura, S. Obayashi and a. M. Ishida, "Design Method the former. This result was as expected. for Low Radiated Emission of 85 kHz Band 44 kW Rapid Charger for Electric Bus," in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electron. Conf. (APEC), The radiated magnetic field strength of harmonic 2017. frequencies from the developed WPT system meets the [6] "The Radio Act, Article 100(Japan)". requirements of the Radio Act of Japan. Therefore, this WPT
