LESSON 1 (Introduction to Literature)

What is Literature?
 Literature is a written works such as books, poems, lyrics/song, novel, short stories and
etc.
 “Litera” – Latin word which literally means an “acquaintance with letters”
 Webster defines literature as anything that is printed, as long as it is related to the ideas
and feelings of people, whether it is true, or just a product of one’s imagination.
 “Literature raises life to a new level of meaning and understanding, and in the process
restores sanity and justice in an insane and unjust world.”– Cirilo F. Bautista
 Literature is an enduring expression of significant human experiences written in words,
well-chosen and arranged.

Branches of Literature
 Prose
 Poetry
PROSE is a writing that is not poetry. It is made up of sentences and paragraphs.
POETRY is much more economical in the use of words and relies on imagery, figurative
language, rhythm and sound.

TYPES OF PROSE
 Fiction
 Legend
 Fables
 Short Story
 Novel
 Parable
 Myth
 Fairy Tale

 Non-Fiction
 Researches
  Thesis
 Dissertation
 Other academics writing

LESSON 2 (Significance of Literature)

What is literature?
 Literature is a written works such as books, poems, lyrics/song, novel, short stories and
etc.
 “Litera” – Latin word which literally means an “acquaintance with letters”
Why do we need to study Literature?
 It is a springboard to new knowledge and increases vocabulary
 It can be a guide to one’s life for it talks about experiences.
 Studying literature is like looking at the mirror of life where man’s experiences, his
innermost feelings and thoughts are reflected.
 Through literature, we learn the culture of people across time and space.
 We understand not only the past life of a nation but also its present.
 We become familiar with the culture of neighboring countries.
 To trace out rich heritage of ideas that was handed down to us from our forefathers.
 To understand that we have noble traditions which can serve as the means to assimilate
other cultures.

LESSON 3 (Hallmarks-of-literature)
ARTISTRY
• This is the quality that appeals to our sense of beauty.
INTELLECTUAL VALUE
• A literary works that stimulate our thought and enriches our mental life by making us
realize the fundamental truth about life and human nature.
SUGGESTIVENESS
• This is associated with the emotional power of literature. Great literature moves us
deeply and stirs our feeling and imagination.
SPIRITUAL VALUE
• Literature elevates the spirit by bringing out moral values which makes us a better
person and the capacity to inspire.
PERMANENCE
• A great work of literature endures. It can be read again and again as each reading gives
fresh and new insights and opens new world of meaning and experiences.
UNIVERSITY
• Great literature is timeless and timely. Forever relevant, it appeals to one and all anytime
because it deals with element of feelings, fundamental truths and universal conditions.
•
LESSON 4 (Period of Philippine Literature)
I. Pre-Spanish Period
II. Spanish Period
III. American Period
IV. Japanese Period
V. Liberation or Postwar Period

Pre-Spanish Period
• Early literature is classified as oral and written.
• Early Filipino literature represents ethnic group heritage.
• Early literature is created by ordinary folks to express tradition, belief and custom of
those times. It handed down from generation to generation.
• Folk literature has a religious or sacred character. The ancient Filipinos used ritualistic
verses like supplication, invocations, and incantation.
• The ancient folks used native syllabary and wrote on fragile materials. They also used
pointed stick, daggers, and irons as pens.
• Songs and dances were part of their religious and social rituals.
 • Mimetic dances often accompanied the songs and rituals and were precursors of drama
form.
• Riddles, proverbs, aphorism, maxims, ballads, folk lyrics myths, legends, fables, tales,
and epics were some of the literary types during the period.

Spanish Period
• Spanish Colonial Tradition (1565-1863)
• Nationalistic Period (1864-1896)
• 1593- Dominicans put out Doctrina Cristiana, the first printed book.
• 1602- Fr. Francisco de San Joseph, popularly known as Blanca de San Jose, introduced
printing by typography.
• 1610 - Tomas Pinpin, ladino or bilingual, published his Spanish grammar for the use of
the Tagalogs.
• 1887- Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) is published. It expose Spain’s abuse of the
Philippines as well as its people.
• 1888- El Filibusterismo (Subversion) is published. It is dedicated in memory of Gumborza.
• 1893 - Zarzuela is introduced
• Antonio Luna published La Independencia, a Spanish revolutionary literature.

Characteristics of Spanish Colonial Literature

1. Content: Christian Ideals
2. Form: Written in Spanish and Tagalog
Types of Literature:
1. Pasyon- a Christian narrative poem intended to replace the epic poems of the pagan.
2. Senakulo- a stage plays on the passion and death of Christ.
3. Komedya- drew its plot from medieval Spanish ballads; exemplified the virtuous of
religious curiosity and steadfast loyalty of the monarch.
Gasper Aquino de Belen: Ang Mahal na Pasion ni Jesu Cristong Panginoon Natin.
2 Types of Narrative Poems
1.Awit
2.Korido
 Francisco Baltazar- Florante at Laura
 La Solidaridad- the newspaper of the propaganda movement.
2 Language used in Writing
1.Spanish- the language of the elite and the early Propagandistas.
2.Tagalog- the language of the “masa” therefore it shows nationalism.
 Pedro Paderno: Ninay- the 1st Filipino novel.

 Sampaguita- a collection of Spanish poems that marked the beginning of national

consciousness among the Filipino intelligencia.

 Jose P. Rizal: Noli Me Tangere (1st novel used social realism as a literary concept).

 EL Filibusterismo- offered a wealth of political insight that showed Rizal’s mind.

 Andres Bonifacio: the Supremo of the Katipunan.

 Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel): editor of La Solidaridad.

 Emilio Jacinto: wrote LIWANAG AT DILIM.

American Period
 Period of Apprenticeship (1990-1930)
 Period of Emergence (1920-1945)

 1900 - President William McKinley issued a directive to the Philippine Commission

making English the official medium of instruction in public schools.
 1898- Jose Palma wrote “Filipinas”, a poem which became the text of the Philippine
national Anthem
 1903 – Zarzuela, a musical comedy, dominated the stage
 1916 - Vaudeville is introduced in stage; it features a lot of song and dance number
influenced by American form of entertainment
 1921 – the birth of Philippine Novel in English with Zolio Galang’s “A Child of Sorrow”
 1925 – Dead Stars, 1st short story in English by Paz Marquez Benitez, is published
  1932 – The Commonwealth Literary Contest awarded first prize to How My Brother Leon
Brought Home a Wife by Manuel Arguilla
 1937 – President Quezon proclaimed Pilipino based on the Tagalog dialect as the
National Language of the Philippines.
 Severino Reyes: Walang Sugat
 Juan Abad: Tanikalang Ginto
 Aurelio Tolentino: Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas
 Patricio: Anak ng Dagat
 Wilfredo Ma. Guerrero: Anak ng Dagat

Japanese Period
 Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when we were again
conquered Japanese.

 Philippine literature in English came to a halt.

 Except for the Tribune and the Philippine Review, Pillars, Free Philippines, and Filipina,
almost all newspapers in English were stopped by the Japanese.

 Filipino literature was given break during this period. Filipino literature also
experienced renewed attention because writers in English turned to writing Filipino.

Three Types of Poems

1. Haiku- It is made up of seventeen (17) syllables divided into three (3) lines. The first line
has five, the second – seven and the third- five. It is allegorical in meaning, touch of
nature, emotion and time.
2. Tanka- a short poem with thirty-one syllables long. It is unrhymed and has units of five,
seven, five, seven and seven syllables, which traditionally printed as one unbroken line.
3. Tanaga- like haiku, it is short, but has measure and rhyme. Consisting of four lines with
seven syllables that is to say a 7-7-7-7 syllabic verse.

Liberation or Postwar
 1943- Without Seeing the Dawn, 1st postwar novel by Stevan Javellana, is published

 1950- Modern poetry in full swing

 1954- Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for literature includes one- act play in English

 1960 - PETA (Philippine Educational Theatre Association) is founded by Cecille Guidote

  1969- The coming of the vocal playwrights based in universities, plays in streets, strikes
and protest march

 1990- The collection and study of regional literatures has gained impetus in
contemporary times.
Features of Contemporary Literatures before the Declaration of Martial Law:

 Literature was used as an expression of defiant emotion to urge for social reforms.
Philippine writing in the vernacular became popular.

 Through literary criticism, the writers had the opportunity to publish their studies and
literary forms.

 September 21, 1972, Pres. Ferdinand Marcos proclaimed Martial Law

 Campus publications became the venue for Tagalog writing with themes of colonial
education, feudal institutions and fascist administration in their respective schools.

 Literature became political in form and content.

Literature after EDSA (1986-1995)

 1986- People Power that ousted Pres. Marcos and established the presidency of Corazon
C. Aquino.

Literary Events and Features

1. Centers for creative writing were established
Academic Institutions- universities where Creative Writing is part of the curricular
offering and influence the writing of young people: Diliman Review and The Literary Apprentice
(UP), Sands and Coral (Siliman University), Heights and Pantas (AdMU), Malate and Likha
(DLSU), The Varsitarian (UST), and Bisig (PUP)

 Writer’s Organization- sponsor symposia on writing and/or set up workshops for its
members and other interested parties: UMPIL, KATHA, LIRA, LUDABI, GAT and PLAC.

 Award giving bodies, annuals, competitions and publications provide the incentives for
writers to keep producing: Carlos Palanca Awards, Surian, Komisyon ng Wikang
Pambansa, CCP, NCCA, GAPAS, KAIBIGAN.
Philippine Literature is a statement of ourselves as a people. Examine our literary output
and see a Filipino culture is a hybrid of East and West that cuts across all aspects of Filipino life
manifested in the language we speak and write, our custom and traditions, our beliefs and
aspiration. (Vinuya, 2005).
LESSON 5 (Canonical Authors and Works of Philippine National Artists in
Literature)
• Canonical Authors – writers whose works have been well appreciated and considered
representatives of certain genres of literature.

Carlos P. Romulo
• His multifaceted career spanned 50 years of public service as educator, soldier, university
president, journalist and diplomat.
• First Asian president of the United Nations General Assembly.
• Philippine Ambassador to Washington D.C, and minister of foreign affairs.
• The only Asian who win coveted America’s Pulitzer Prize in Journalism for a series of
articles predicting the outbreak of World War II.
• Romulo wrote and published 18 books, a range of literary works which include The
United (novel), I Walked with Heroes (autobiography), I saw the Fall of the Philippines,
Mother America, I see the Philippines Rise (war-time memoirs).
• Major Works: Forty Years: A Third World Soldier at the UN, and The Philippine
Presidents.

Jose Garcia Villa

• He is considered as one of the finest contemporary poets regardless of race or language.
• He introduced the reversed consonance rime scheme, including the comma poems that
made full use of the punctuation mark in an innovative, poetic way.
• He used Doveglion (Dove, Eagle, and Lion) as pen name.
• Works: Footnote to Youth, Many Voices, Poems by Doveglion, Poems 55, Poems in Praise
of Love: The Best Love Poems of Jose Garcia Villa as Chosen by Himself.

Francisco Arcellana
• He is a writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist and teacher, is one of the most important
progenitors of the modern Filipino short story in English.
• He pioneered the development of the short story as a lyrical prose-poetic form.
 • Short Story Works: Frankie, The Man Who Would Be Poe, Death in a Factory, Lina, A
Clown Remembers, Divided by Two, The Mats
• Poem Works: The Other Woman, This Being the Third Poem, This Poem is for Mathilda,
To Touch You and I Touched Her.

Nick Joaquin
• He is regarded by many as the most distinguished Filipino writer in English writing so
variedly and so well about so many aspects of the Filipino.
• He was a novelist, poet, playwright and essayist.
• He used the pen name Quijano de Manila.
• Major Works: Manila, The Woman Who Had Two Navels, Rizal in Saga, and Almanac for
Manilenos, A Portrait of an Artist as a Filipino and May Day Eve

NVM Gonzales
• A fictionist, essayist, poet, and teacher, articulated the Filipino spirit in rural, urban
landscapes.
• He received numerous awards including the City of Manila Medal of Honor in 1971, the
CCP awards in 1990 and the role of Regents professor at the University of California at
Los Angeles in 1988-1989.
• Major Works: The Winds of April, Seven Hills Away, The Bamboo Dancers, Children of the
Ash-Covered Loam and Other Stories, Look Stranger, On this Island Now, Mindoro and
Beyond: Twenty-One Stories, The Bread of Salt and Other Stories, Work on the Mountain,
The Novel of Justice: Selected Essays 1968 – 1994.

Cirilo F. Bautista
• He is a poet, fictionist and essayist with exceptional achievements and significant
contributions to the development of the country’s literary arts.
• As a writer, through his significant body of works;
• As a teacher, through his discovery and encouragement of young writers in workshops
and lectures; and
• As a critic, through his essays that provide insights into the craft of writing and
correctives to misconception of arts.
 • He received Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards, Philippines Free Press Awards for Fiction
and Pablo Roman Prize for Novel.
• He was hailed in 1993 as Makata ngTaon.
• Major works: Summer Suns (1963), Words and Battlefields (1998), The Trilogy of Saint
Lazarus (2001), Galaw ng Asoge (2003)

Edith L. Tiempo
• She is a poet, fictionist, teacher and literary critic is one of the finest literary Filipino
writers in English.
• Her poems are intricate verbal transfigurations of significant experiences.
• Her language has been marked as “descriptive but unburdened by scrupulous detailing”.
• Novel Works: A Blade of Fern (1978), The Native Coast (1979), and The Alien Corn (1992)
• Short Story Works: Abide, Joshua and Other Stories (1964)
• Poetry Collections: The Tracks of Babylon and Other Poems (1966), and
• The Charmer’s Box and Other Poems (1993)

Amado V. Hernandez
• He is a poet, playwright, and novelist, is among the Filipino writers who practiced
“committed art”.
• He stripped Tagalog of its ornate character and wrote in prose closer to the colloquial
than the “official” style permitted.
• His novel Mga Ibong Mandaragit, first written by Hernandez while in prison, is the first
Filipino socio-political novel that exposes the ills of the society as evident in the agrarian
problems of the 50s.
• Works: Bayang Malaya, Isang Dipang Langit, Luha ng Buwaya, Amado V.
Hernandez:Tudla at Tudling: Katipunan ng mga Nalathalang Tula 192 – 1970, Langaw sa
Isang Basong Gatas at Iba Pang Kuwento ni Amado V. Hernandez, Magkabilang Mukha
ng Isang Bagol at Iba Pang Akda ni Amado V. Hernandez.

Virgilio Almario
 • He is a poet, literary historian and critic, who has revived and reinvented traditional
Filipino poetic forms.
• He has published 12 books of poetry.
• He redefined how the Filipino poetry is viewed and paved the way for the discussion of
his 10 books of criticisms and anthologies.
• Works: 12 Books of Poetry which include the seminal Makinasyon and Peregrinasyon,
and the landmark trilogy Doktrinang Anakpawis, Mga Retrato at Rekerdo and Muli, Sa
Kandungan ng Lupa.
• 10 Books of Criticism and Anthologies which are Ang MAKATA SA Panahon ng Makina,
Balagtasismo versus Modernismo, Walong Dekada ng Makabagong Tula Pilipino,
• Mutyang Dilim and Barlaan at Josaphat

Lazaro Francisco
• He is a Filipino novelist, essayist and playwright.
• He started writing in 1925, with five of his novels took him to fame.
• He won separate awards from Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940 and 1946.
• Major Works: Novels: Binhi at Bunga (Seed and Fruit) 1925, Cesar1926, Short Stories:
Deo 1927, Ang Beterano (The Veteran) 1931 and Ang Idolo (The Idol) 1932
LESSON 7 (Creative Nonfiction)

What is Creative Nonfiction?

According to Lee Gutkind,”The godfather of creative Nonfiction” it is defined as follows.
“The words “creative” and “nonfiction” describe the form. The word “creative” refers to the use
of literary craft, the techniques fiction writers, playwrights, and poets employ to present
nonfiction—factually accurate prose about real people and events—in a compelling, vivid,
dramatic manner. The goal is to make nonfiction stories read like fiction so that your readers are
as enthralled by fact as they are by fantasy.”
We can define Creative nonfiction as, “true stories that are written using the style of
fiction”.

Elements of Creative Nonfiction

 Setting- the place or situation of the story.
 Descriptive Imagery- the way the writer paints the scene, or image, in the mind of
the reader. It usually involves descriptions of one or more of the five senses: sight,
sound, smell, touch, or taste
 Figurative Language- As a counterpart to descriptive imagery, figurative language is
using language in a literary way to describe a literary moment.
 Plot- the events that take place within the narrative.
 Character- The beings that are in the narrative.

These are all present in fiction but are also used in Creative
Nonfiction.
Example of Creative Nonfiction
The larger room has a kitchen on one side and, on the other, adjacent to a sofa, is a
fireplace from which are hung boxing trunks and T-shirts to dry, and a photograph of him when
he was the champion, and also a television set. The set is usually on except when Patterson is
sleeping, or when he is sparring across the road inside the clubhouse (the ring is rigged over
what was once the dance floor), or when, in a rare moment of painful honesty, he reveals to a
visitor what it is like to be the loser.
“Oh, I would give up anything to just be able to work with Liston, to box with him
somewhere where nobody would see us, and to see if I could get past three minutes with him,”
Patterson was saying, wiping his face with the towel, pacing slowly around the room near the
sofa. “I know I can do better…. Oh, I’m not talking about a rematch. Who would pay a nickel for
another Patterson-Liston fight? I know I wouldn’t…. But all I want to do is get past the first
round.”
Excerpt from, “The Loser” by Gay Talese
Now compare it with this…
Zepeda Knocks out Baranchyk.
LAS VEGAS (October 3, 2020) — Eight knockdowns. Fight of the Year. Jose Zepeda
knocked out Ivan Baranchyk in the fifth round of their junior welterweight instant classic
Saturday evening at the MGM Grand Las Vegas. Both men hit the canvas four times, but it was a
left hand from Zepeda, a two-time world title challenger, that ended the fight.
Baranchyk (20-2, 13 KOs), a former IBF junior welterweight world champion, scored a
pair of knockdowns in the opening round, and then the two traded knockdowns in the second.
Zepeda used his counterpunching skills to knock down Baranchyk in the third and fourth rounds,
but Baranchyk roared back and planted Zepeda (33-2, 26 KOs) on the canvas early in the fifth.
Soon after Zepeda rose to this feet, the knockout hammer from Zepeda dropped Baranchyk for
good.
Article from Boxing News 24/7

Types of Creative Nonfiction

 Personal Essay. –The writer crafts and essay that is based on personal experience or
a single event, which results in significant personal meaning or a lesson learned. The
writer uses the first person “I.”
 Memoir. - The writer constructs a true story about a time or period in his/life, one that
had significant personal meaning and a universal truth. The writer composes the story
using the first person “I.”
 Literary journalism essay -The writer crafts an essay about an issue or topic using
literary devices, such as the elements of fiction and figurative language.
 Autobiography. -The writer composes his/her life story, from birth to the present,
using the first person “I.”
 Travel Writing -The writer crafts articles or essays about travel using literary devices.
 Food writing- The writer crafts stories about food and cuisine using literary devices.
 Profiles- The writer constructs biographies or essays on real people using literary
devices.
Filipino Authors who contributed to Creative Nonfiction

 Cristina Pantoja Hidalgo- (21 August

1944) is an award-winning Filipina fictionist,
critic and pioneering writer of creative
nonfiction. She is currently Professor
Emeritus of English & Comparative Literature
at the University of the Philippines
Diliman and Director of the University of
Santo Tomas (UST) Center for Creative
Writing and Literary Studies.She wrote the,
“Creative Non-Fiction: A manual for Filipino
Authors”. She is also a Carlos Palanca
Awardee for Short Story.

 Nick Joaquin-Nicomedes "Nick"

Márquez Joaquín (May 4, 1917 – April 29,
2004) was a Filipino writer and journalist
best known for his short stories and novels
in the English language. He also wrote using
the pen name Quijano de Manila. Joaquín
was conferred the rank and title of National
Artist of the Philippines for Literature. His
article, “The house on Zapote St.” which was
published in The Tribune is considered one
of the earliest examples of creative non-
fiction.

 Carmen Guerrero Nakpil- (July 19, 1922

– July 30, 2018) was a Filipino journalist,
author, historian and public servant. She was
a recipient of the S.E.A. Write Award. She is
 most known for her narrative essay,
“Where’s the Patis?”.

 Bienvenido Santos-(March 22, 1911 –

January 7, 1996) was a Filipino fiction,
poetry and nonfiction writer. He was born
and raised in Tondo, Manila and was a
scholar for University of Illinois. He wrote
non-fiction such as, “Memories’ fictions:
A personal History”(1993) and ”Postscript
to a Saintly life” (1994). He lived in the
United States for many years where he is
widely credited as a pioneering Asian-
American writer. He is also a Carlos
Palanca Awardee.

Assessment #4

 Essay/Memoir writing (InstaMemory)

Directions

 Choose your favorite memory snapshot taken by your mobile picture.

 Think of a title of your Favorite memory snapshot.
 Start with this sentence: My memory snapshot shows . . .
 Keep writing until you fully described your memory snapshot. Make sure to include
who is in that snapshot, what is happening, where it happened, and when it happened
and note colors, emotions, facial expressions, and other visual details about the
moment.
LESSON 6 (Poetry)
WHAT IS POETRY?

 is a type of literature that conveys a thought, describes a scene or tells a story in a

concentrated lyrical arrangement of words.
 Poets combine words, sounds and as well as their meanings to create vivid pictures and
to express deep feelings.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY

 Rhyme
 Meter
 Imagery
RHYME- is having the same sound at the end of two or more words.
METER- is the basic rhythmic structure of a line within a poem or poetic work. It is based on a
specific number of stressed and unstressed syllables within the lines in the poem.
IMAGERY-refers to the sensation that language creates in the mind. They appeal to the senses
of sight, taste, touch, hearing, and smell.

FIGURES OF SPEECH
◦ is a literary device used as a word or phrase that has a meaning that may be different
than its literal meaning. It adds color and interest, and awakens the imagination.
SIMILE- is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities using “like” and
“as” between two different things.

❑ You were as brave as a lion.

❑ They fought like cats and dogs.

METAPHOR- is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action
to which it is not literally applicable.

❑ The calm lake was a mirror.

 ❑ The stormy ocean was a raging bull.
HYPERBOLE- is the act of using extreme exaggeration to emphasize a certain feature or
quality

❑ A million thanks to you!

❑ I am so hungry I could eat a horse.

PERSONIFICATION- is a figure of speech in which a thing, an idea or an animal is given
human attributes.

❑ Lightning danced across the sky.

❑ The wildfire ran through the forest at an amazing speed.

ONOMATOPOIEA- is the process of creating a word that phonetically imitates, resembles, or
suggests the sound that it describes.

❑ At midnight, I could hear the tic-tac of the clock.

❑ The kind man shared his bread with the quacking ducks.

TYPES OF POETRY

⮚ Narrative Poetry

⮚ Dramatic Poetry

⮚ Lyric Poetry
NARRATIVE POETRY
◦ Its main purpose is to entertain through storytelling. Like a novel or a short story, a
narrative poem has plot, characters, and setting.
EPIC
◦ are long poems that exemplify the adventures of epic heroes and divine forces. The
word “epic” comes from the ancient Greek term “epos,” which means “story, word,
poem.”
BALLADS
◦ are narrative poems intended to be sung. They are shorter than epics and they usually
tell stories about a particular person.
DRAMATIC POETRY
 ◦ it is also known as dramatic monologue. Similar to narrative poetry, it tells a story but it
is meant to be spoken or acted.
LYRIC POETRY
◦ it is a short poem that expresses the poet’s thoughts and emotions.
◦ The word lyric comes from the Greek word rhein which means lyre, a harp-like musical
instrument used by poets in Ancient Greece.
HAIKU
◦ is a Japanese verse of 17 syllables arranged in 3 lines. It has a format of 5-7-5.
◦ Haiku usually includes image from nature.
ODE
◦ is a serious elaborate lyric poem full of high praises and noble feelings.
ELEGY
◦ Is usually written to praise and express sorrow for someone who is dead. It is a poem of
meditation on life and death.
SONNET
◦ It came from the Italian word sonetto, which means "a little sound or song.“ It is a 14-line
lyric poem with a certain pattern of rhyme and rhythm.
HYPERPOETRY
◦ is a form of digital poetry that uses links using Hypertext Markup language and related
to hyperfiction and interactive novels and web novels.
◦ Most of hyperpoetry in the web is traditional forms of poetry.
◦ Hyperpoetry includes verses with links to subpoems, footnotes or poetry generators and
sometimes even videos.
EXAMPLE OF HYPERPOETRY
Roses are red,
Violets are blue,
If you ever feel lonely
Let’s chat me and you
Please add and follow me
 If you don’t want to
And you’re busy
I understand you.

LESSON 8 (Text tula, Blog and Chick lit)

TEXTULA
• These are Entire poems that are written and read on mobile phones.
• It traces its origins to traditional tagalog form of poetry called Tanaga.
• Text tula or Textula employs communication technology in the sharing of tanaga.
• The tanaga consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables each.
• End lines are marked with /. This is due to being written in mobile phones. Smartphones
are just starting when textula was a thing.
Textula uses the following rhyme schemes.
• Rhyme Schemes
The Basic or AAAA Rhyme Scheme - This means it uses the same rhyme for each line.
• The Enclosed or ABBA Rhyme Scheme (a.k.a. inipit in Filipino)-This means that the first
and last line has the same rhyme, while the two middle lines have the same rhyme.
• The Alternate or ABAB Rhyme Scheme (a.k.a. salitan in Filipino)-This means that rhymes
alternate.
• AABB Rhyme Scheme (a.k.a. sunuran in Filipino)-This means that first and second line
has the same rhyme and the third and the fourth lines has the same rhyme but is
different from the first and second lines.
EXAMPLE OF TEXTULA
Makata Ng Cellphone
Frank G. Rivera
On September 29, 2013
•
 Bayang mahilig sa ganda/
Inuuna ang postura/
Walang laman ang bituka/
Kundi Gasgas na pag-asa//
•
Si Megan Young nang manalo/
Nagbunyi ang Pilipino/
May dala sanang asenso/
Magkakapag-asa tayo//
•
Nagkagyera sa Mindanao/
Kaban ng bayan ninakaw/
Sa bagyo'y daming pumanaw/
Miss World, salamat sa araw//
BLOGS
A blog (a shortened version of “weblog”) is an online journal or informational website displaying
information in reverse chronological order, with the latest posts appearing first, at the top. It is a
platform where a writer or a group of writers share their views on an individual subject.

 The term is said to have come from the words “weblog” coined by John Barger in 1997
and then shortened to “blog” by Peter Merholz in 1999.

 The word “blogger” was later created in reference to the person with a blog.

 With the popularity of the internet, blogs constituted another avenue for the largely
unrestricted flow of information and ideas.

 Blog may classified according to their purpose:

 1. Art blog - is one that posts artistic works

 2. Photo blog - shows photographs

 3. Music blog -discusses one or many musical genres

  4. Educational blog- concerns itself with educational matters

 5. Personal blog - shows one’s personal musings on a given topic or topics.

 In a sense , blog refers more to a modality rather than to a literary{piece of writing)

form through which something is shared .

 This modality entails the use of cyberspace, that most notable achievement of the I.T
revolution which has converted the world into the proverbial “global village”.

 A diary, letter, short story, vignette,poem,journalistic narrative,and even a novel maybe

posted in the internet as part of a blog.

CHICKLIT
• Is a genre of fiction, which "consists of Female-centered narratives that focus on the
trials and tribulations of their individual protagonists".
• The genre often addresses issues of modern womanhood – from romantic relationships
to female friendships to matters in the workplace – in humorous and light-hearted ways
• .At its onset, chick lit's protagonists tended to be "single, white, heterosexual, British and
American women in their late twenties and early thirties, living in metropolitan areas"
• .The genre became popular in the late 1990s, with chick lit titles topping bestseller lists
and the creation of imprints devoted entirely to chick lit.
• Chick lit critics generally agreed that British author Catherine Alliott's The Old Girl
Network (1994) was the start of the chick lit genre and the inspiration for Helen
Fielding's Bridget Jones's Diary (1996) which was wildly popular and is the "ur-text" of
chick lit.
Chick lit in the Philippine Context.
• In the Philippine context chick lit tends to be looked upon by the older generation as
trashy pocketbooks and novels that encourage young people to do “Young love”.
• Most of Chick lit novels in the Philippines follow the “poor girl meets rich boy” trope or
the “Good girl meets bad boy” trope. Precious hearts romances anyone?
EXAMPLE OF CHICKLIT
• Emma: by Jane Austen. s the popular rich girl in town but has no idea how to handle her
own love life. This novel has been turned into several films and even adapted for
modern-day audiences as the movie Clueless, starring Alicia Silverstone.
 • Memoirs of a Geisha: by Arthur Golden. This heart-breaking story about survival in
1930s Japan reveals the last days of the sometimes cruel but mobilizing geisha culture in
Kyoto.
• Most of Wattpad novels written during 2006-Present. Jonaxx, Max Pein anyone?

ASSESMENT
1. Find a blog on the web, tell whether you like it or not and why? State its type and cite
evidences from the blog.
2. Find short summaries of the following novels and answer this question in essay form. Is chick
lit good or bad? Explain.
• Emma by Jane Austen
• Gone With the Wind by Margaret Mitchell
• Every Beast Needs A Beauty by Jonahmae Panen Pacala