Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.

, India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae

Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India

A.P, TELANGANA, KARNATAKA, TAMILNADU, MAHARASHTRA, DELHI, RANCHI
A right Choice for the Real Aspirant
ICON Central Office – Madhapur – Hyderabad
Read, Revise & Retain (R R R – Concept)
Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Determinants
Determinants
Every square matrix A is associated with a number, called its determinate and it is denoted
by  (read as delta) or  A  or A . Only square matrices have determinants. The
matrices which are not square do not have determinants
(i) First Order Determinant
If A a  then det  A   A  a

(ii) Second Order Determinant

a a12 
If A   11 , then
 a21 a22 

A  a11a22  a21a12
(iii) Third Order Determinant
 a11 a12 a13 
a a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
If A   a21 a22 a23  , then A  a11 22  a12  a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
 a31 a32 a33 

or A  a11  a22 a33  a32a23   a12  a21a33  a31a23 

 a13  a21a32  a22a31 

1 3 2
e.g. The expansion of the determinant A  4 2 1 is
2 5 4

2 1 4 1 4 2
A 1 3 2
5 4 2 4 2 5
 1 8  5   3 16  2   2  20  4 
 3  42  32  13

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Evaluation of Determinant of Square Matrix of Order 3 by Sarrus Rule
 a11 a12 a13 
If A  a21 a22 a23  , then determinant can be formed by enlarging the matrix by

 a31 a32 a33 

adjoining the first two columns on the right and draw lines as show below parallel
and perpendicular to the diagonal.
a11 a12 a13 a11 aa12
a21 a22 a 23 a21 a22
a31 a32 a a31 a32
33

The value of the determinant, this will be the sum of the product of element, in line
parallel to the diagonal to the diagonal minus the sum of the product of elements in
line perpendicular to the line segment. Thus ,
a11a22 a33  a12 a23 a31  a13a21a32  a13a22 a31  a11a23a32  a12 a21a33 .
Note: This method doesn’t work for determinants of order greater then 3
Properties of Determinants
(i) The value of the determinant remains unchanged, if rows are changed into columns
and columns are changed into rows e.g., A '  A

(ii) If A   aij  , n  1 and B be the matrix obtained from A by interchanging two

n n

of its rows or columns, then det  B    det  A  .

(iii) If two rows (or columns) of a square matrix A are proportional, then A  0

(iv) B  k A , where B is the matrix obtained from A , by multiplying one row (or
column) of A by k .

(v) kA  k n A , where A is a matrix of order n  n .

(vi) If each element of a row (or column) of a determinant is the sum of two or more
terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more
determinants,

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
a1 a2 b c a1 b c a2 b c
e.g. p1  p2 q r  p1 q r  p2 q r
u1  u2 v w u1 v w u2 v w
(vii) If the same multiple of the elements of any row (or column) of a determinant are
added to the corresponding elements of any other row (or column), then the value of
the new determinant remains unchanged,
a11 a12 a13 a11  ka31 a12  ka32 a13  ka33
e.g. a21 a22 a23  a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33 a31 a32 a33
(viii) If each element of a row (or column) of a determinant is zero, then its value is zero.
(ix) If any two rows (columns) of a determinant are identical, then its value is zero.
(x) If each element of row (column) of a determinant is expressed as a sum of two or
more terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more
determinants.
(xi) If r row (or r columns) become identical, when a is substituted for x , then

 x  a r 1 is a factor of given determinant

Important Results on Determinants
(i) AB  A B , where A and B are square matrices of the same order.
n
(ii) An  A

(iii) If A, B and C are square matrices of the same order such that i th column (or row) of
A is the sum of i th columns (or rows) of B and C and all other columns (or rows) of
A, Band C are identical, then
(iv) I n  1 where I n is identity matrix of order n .

(v) On  0 Where On is a zero matrix of order n .

(vi) If   x  be a 3rd order determinant having polynomials as its elements.

(a) If   a  has 2 rows (or columns) proportional, then  x  a  is a factor of

2
(b) If   a  has 3 rows (or columns) proportional, then  x  a  is a factor of   x 

(vii) A square matrix A is non-singular, if A  0 And singular A  0

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
(viii) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is zero and of even order is a
nonzero perfect square.
(ix) In general, B  C  B  C
(x) Determinant of a diagonal matrix = Product of its diagonal elements
(xi) Determinant of a triangular matrix = Product of its diagonal elements
(xii) A square matrix of order n, is non-singular, if its rank r  n. i.e. if A  0 , then

rank 
A  n

f1  x  f2  x  f3  x 
(xiii) If   x   g1  x  f 2  x  g3  x  , then
a b c

n n n
 f1  x   f 2  x   f3  x 
x 1 x 1 x 1
n n n n
(a)    x    g1  x   g2  x   g3  x 
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
a b c

n n n
 f1  x   f 2  x   f 2  x 
x 1 x 1 x 1
n n n n
(b)    x    g1  x   g2  x   g3  x 
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
a b c

1 1
(xiv) If A is a non-singular matrix, then A1   A
A

(xv) Determinant of a orthogonal matrix 1 or  1

(xvi) Determinant of a hermitian matrix is purely real
(xvii) If A and B are non-zero matrices and AB  0 , then it implies A  O and B  O

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Minors and Cofactors
a11 a12 a13
If   a21 a22 a23 , then the minor M ij of the element aij is the determinant
a31 a32 a33
obtained by deleting the i th row and j th column,

a a23
M11  min or of a11  22
a32 a33
i.e.
a a
M12  min or of a12  21 23
a31 a33

a a
and M13  min or of a13  21 22
a31 a32

Properties Minors and Cofactors

(i) The sum of the products of elements of any row (or column) of a determinant with
the cofactors of the corresponding elements of any other row( or column) is zero.
a11 a12 a13
i.e. if   a21 a22 a23 , then a11C31  a12C32  a13C33  0 , and so on
a31 a32 a33
(ii) The sum of the product of elements of any row (or column) of a determinant with the
cofactors of the corresponding elements of the same (or column)is  ,
a11 a12 a13
i.e. if A  a21 a22 a23 , then A    a11C11  a12C12  a13C13
a31 a32 a33
n
(iii) In general, if A   Then A   aij Cij and adj A   n 1 , where A is a matrix of
i 1
order n  n

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Applications of Determinants in Geometry
Let the three points in a plane be A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  and C  c3 , y3  , then

x1 y1 1
1
ABC  x2 y2 1
2
(i) Area of x3 y3 1
1
  x1  y2  y3   x2  y3  y1   x3  y1  y2  
2
x1 y1 1
(ii) If the given points are collinear, then x2 y2 1  0
x3 y3 1

(iii) Let two points are A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  and p  x, y  be P  x, y  be a point on the line

x y 1
1
joining points A and B , then the equation of line is given by x1 y1 1  0
2
x2 y2 1
Adjoint of a Matrix
Adjoint of a matrix is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of the give matrix,
T
 C11 C12 C13   C11 C21 C31 
i.e. adj  A  C21 C22 C23   C12 C22 C32 
C31 C32 C33  C13 C23 C33 

Properties of Minors and Cofactors

If A and B are two non-singular matrix of same order n , then

(i) A  adj A    adj A  A  A I

(ii) adj  A '   adj A  '

(iii) adj  AB    adj B  adj A 

(iv) adj  kA   k n 1  adj A  , k  R

(v)  
adj Am   adj A 
m

n2
(vi) adj  adj A   A A , where A is a non-singular matrix.
n 1
(vii) adj A  A , where A is a non-singular matrix.

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
2
(viii) adj  adj A   A 
n 1
, where A is a non-singular matrix

(ix) adj  I n   I n , adj  O   O

Note:
(i) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix
(ii) Adjoint of a triangular matrix is a triangular matrix.
(iii) Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix
Inverse of a Matrix
Let A be a non- zero square matrix of order n , then a square matrix B such that

AB  BA  I . Is called inverse of A , denoted by A1

1
i.e. A1   adj A  given in properties
A

Properties of inverse of Matrix

Let A and B be two square matrices of same order n . Then,
1
(i)  
A1 A

(ii)  AB 1  B 1 A1 in general  A1, A2 , A3 ,... An 1  An1 An11... A31 A21 A11
(iii)  A '1   A1  '
1
(iv) A1  A

(v) AA1  A1 A  I

1 k
(vi)    
Ak  A1 , k N

a 0 0  1 / a 0 0 
(vii) If A   0 b 0  and abc  0 , then A1   0 1 / b 0 
   
 0 0 c   0 0 1 / c 
(viii) If A,B and C square matrices of the same order and A is a non-singular matrix, then
 a  AB  AC  B  C [left cancellation law]

 B  BA  CA  B  C [right cancellation law]

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Note:
1. Square matrix A is invertible iff non-singular

1. If a non-singular square matrix A is symmetric then A1 is also symmetric

2. A square matrix is invertible iff it is non-singular and every invertible matrix possesses a
unique inverse
Differentiation of Determinant
a  x b x c x
If   x   p  x  q  x  r  x  , then
u  x v  x  w x 

a ' x  b ' x  c ' x  a  x  b  x  c  x 

d
 p  x  q  x  r  x   p ' x  q ' x  r ' x 
dx
u  x  v  x  w x  u  x  v  x  w x 

a x b x c x
 p  x q  x r  x
u ' x  v ' x  w ' x 

Integration of Determinant
a11  x  a12  x  a13  x 
If  x  a21 a22 a23 , then
a31 a32 a33

 a11  x  dx  a12  x  dx  a13  x  dx

   x  dx  a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

If the elements of more than one column or rows are function of x , then the integration
can be done only after evaluation / expansion of the determinant.
Homogeneous and Non-homogeneous System of Linear Equation
A system of equation AX  B , is called a homogeneous system , if B  O and B  O ,
then it is called a non-homogeneous system of equations.
Solution of System of Linear Equation

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
The values of the variable satisfying all the linear equations in the system, is called
solution of system of linear equation.
1. Solution of system of Equation by Matrix Method
(i) Non-homogeneous System of Equation Let AX  B be a system of n linear
equation in n variables
(a) If A  0 , then the system of equations us consistent and has a unique solution given

by X  A1B
(b) If A  0 and  adj A  B  O , then the system of equations is consistent and has
infinitely many solution
(c) If A  0 and  adj A  B  O , then the system of equations is inconsistent i.e. having
no solution
(ii) Homogeneous System of Equation Let AX  O is a system of n linear equations
in n variable
(a) If A  0 , then it has only one solution X  O , is called the trivial solution

(b) If A  0 , then the system has infinitely many solution and it is called trivial solution

2. Solution of System of Equation by Rank Method

(i) Non-homogeneous System of Equation Let AX  B be a system if n linear
equations in n variables, then
Step I write the augmented matrix  A : B 
Step II Reduce the augmented matrix to Echelon form using elementary row-transformation.
Step III Determine the rank of coefficient matrix A and augmented Matrix  A : B  by

counting the counting the number of Non-zero rows in A and  A : B 

Step IV
(i) If   A     AB     A : B  then the system of equations is inconsistent

(ii) If   A     AB     A : B   the number of unknowns, then the system of

equation is consistent and has a unique solution.
(iii) If   A     AB     A : B   the number of unknowns then the system of equation
is consistent and has infinitely many solution.

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
(ii) Homogeneous System of Equations
(a) If AX  0 , be a homogeneous system of linear equations and   A   number of
unknown, then AX  0 , have a trivial solution i.e. X  0
(b) If   A   number of unknowns, then AX  0 , have a trivial solution, with
infinitely many solutions.
Solution of Linear equations by Determinant/Cramer’s Rule
Case 1. The solution of the system of simultaneous linear equations
a1 x  b1 y  c1 i 
a2 x  b2 y  c2  ii 
D1 D
Is given by x  ,y  2
D D
a b1 c1 b1 a1 c1
Where, D  1 ,D and D2  provide that D  0 .
a2 b2 c2 b2 a2 c2

(i) If D  0 , then then the given system of equations is consistent and has a unique
D D
solution given by x  1 , y  2
D D
(ii) If D  0 and D1  D2  0 then the system is consistent and has infinitely many
solutions.
(iii) If D  0 and one of D1 and D2 is non-zero, then the system is inconsistent
Case II Let the system of equation be
a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1, a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2 and a3 x  b3 y  c3 z  d3 . Then, the
D D D
solution of the system of equation is x  1 , y  2 , z  3 , it is called
D D D
Cramer’s rule.
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1
Where, D  a2 b2 c2 , D1  d2 b2 c2 , D2  a2 d2 c2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3

a1 b1 d1
and D3  a2 b2 d2
a3 b3 d3

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
(i) If D  0 , then the system of equations is consistent with unique solution.
(ii) If D  0 , and atleast one of the determinant D1 , D2 , D3 is non-zero, then the given
system is inconsistent, i.e. having no solution.
(iii) If D  0 , and , then the system is consistent, with infinitely many solution.
D1  0, D2  0, D3  0, D4  0

(iv) If D  0 and D1  D2  D3  0 , then system has only trivial solution  x  y  z  0 

Explanation / value of some particular Types of Determinants

1 1 1
i  a b c   a  b  b  c  c  a 
a 2 b2 c2

1 1 1
 ii  a b c   a  b  b  c  c  a  a  b  c 
a3 b3 c3

1 1 1
 iii  a b
  
c   a  b  b  c  c  a   a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca 

a 4 b4 c 4

1 1 1
 iv  a 2 b2 c 2   a  b  b  c  c  a  ab  bc  ca 
a3 b3 c3

x2  x  a 2  x  a  2
v y2  y  a 2  y  a  2  4a 3  x  y  y  z  z  x  *
z2  z  a 2  z  a  2
1 1 1
 vi  a b c  a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca
b a c
1 2 2 2
  b  c    c  a    a  b  
2 

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
a b c
 vii  
b c a    a  b  c  a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  bc  ca 
c a b


  a 3  b3  c3  3abc 
xa b c d
a xb c d
 viii   x3  x  a  b  c  d  *
a b xc d
a b c xc

Maximum and minimum values of Determinants

a1 a2 a3
If A  a4 a5 a6 , where i s k  1 , 2 ,.... n 
a7 a8 a9

Then , A max when diagonal elements are min 1, 2 ,... n  and non-diagonal

elements are max 1 , 2 ,... n  . Also, A min   A max

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