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Principles and Components of Spinal Orthoses

Spinal orthoses are used to provide trunk support, pain management, motion control, and positional control. They can be semirigid corsets or rigid braces. Corsets provide mild stabilization through increased abdominal pressure, while rigid braces use rigid components like metal uprights to restrict motion in one or more planes. Common rigid braces include the lumbosacral orthosis, thoracolumbosacral orthosis, and custom body jacket, each restricting different types of spinal motion.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
659 views33 pages

Principles and Components of Spinal Orthoses

Spinal orthoses are used to provide trunk support, pain management, motion control, and positional control. They can be semirigid corsets or rigid braces. Corsets provide mild stabilization through increased abdominal pressure, while rigid braces use rigid components like metal uprights to restrict motion in one or more planes. Common rigid braces include the lumbosacral orthosis, thoracolumbosacral orthosis, and custom body jacket, each restricting different types of spinal motion.

Uploaded by

Z .T
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

PRINCIPLES AND COMPONENTS OF SPINAL

ORTHOSES
Spinal orthoses

■ Primary objectives
– Providing a three-point force system to provide correction or prevent progression of a
deformity.
– Pain management
■ By limiting motion and unloading discs, vertebrae, and other spinal
structures
– Stabilizing weak or injured structures
■ By immobilizing the spine

■ Spinal orthoses are recommended for four basic reasons:


– Trunk support
– Pain management
– Motion control
– Positional control

Vahideh Moradi 2
Categorization
■ Level
– SO
– LSO
– TLSO
– CTLSO
– CO
– CTO
■ Structure
– Semirigid (Corsets)
■ Corset design is based on
– The area of the body requiring stabilization
– The amount of control necessary
– The anatomical dimensions of the patient.
– Rigid

Vahideh Moradi 3
Semirigid (Corset type) spinal
orthoses

■ If worn sufficiently tight

– Increased abdominal intracavitary pressure, abdominal support, and reduced axial load
on the vertebral bodies.

– Can be effective in managing pain caused by muscle strain


– Act as a proprioceptive guide to regular movement

Vahideh Moradi 4
Corset Examples

■ Sacroiliac corset
– Provides assistance to pelvis only
– Encompass the pelvis with endpoints inferior to the waist and superior to the
pubis
– Create a slight increase in abdominal circumferential pressure for mild conditions

Vahideh Moradi 5
Corset Examples
■ Lumbosacral corset
– Increases abdominal pressure
– Create a semirigid, three-point pressure
system for the lumbar spine
■ Trim lines
– Anteriorly: inferior to the xiphoid
process and superior to the pubic
symphysis
– Posteriorly: extend from the inferior
angle of the scapula to the Sacrococcygeal
junction.
– Female style: Extends to the gluteal
fold posteriorly

■ Thoracolumbar corset
– Shoulder straps provide a posteriorly
directed force
– Kinesthetic reminder
– Providing trunk support but not motion
control
Vahideh Moradi 6
Rigid spinal orthoses

■ Can control motion in specific planes.


■ Some devices restrict motion in only one plane, whereas others restrict motion in all
three planes.

■ Specific rigid orthosis selection can vary based on


– The level of injury
– The stability of the spine
– The patient’s “gadget tolerance.”
– Donning and doffing

■ Categories
– Conventional or Metal
– Contemporary equivalents

Vahideh Moradi 7
Components of conventional (metal) spinal orthoses

■ Thoracic band
– Superior edge rests 24 mm inferior to the inferior
angle of the scapula

■ Pelvic band
– The inferior edge of the pelvic band rests at the
Sacrococcygeal junction, at the midline.
– Lateral to the midline, the component usually dips
inferiorly to contain the gluteal musculature.

■ Metal uprights
– The paraspinal bars are contoured to follow the
paraspinal musculature.
– For thoracolumbar styles
■ The space between the paraspinal bars
often narrows toward the superior end to
follow the reduction in the coronal
diameter of the vertebrae

■ Interscapular band
– Its inferior edge positioned superior to the inferior
borders of the scapulae
Vahideh Moradi 8
Norton and Brown brace
■ Norton and Brown brace with a pelvic section with inferior projections from the lateral
bars that terminate in disks resting over the trochanters, with a strap fastened anteriorly
that connects to the disks.
■ This offers additional leverage in the sagittal and coronal plane.

Vahideh Moradi 9
Examples of Rigid Orthoses
■ Lumbosacral Orthosis: Sagittal Control (Chairback
style)
– Consists of a thoracic band, a pelvic band, and two
paraspinal bars
– Reduction of gross motion in sagittal plane (Flex/Ext)
– The control mechanism consists of two three-point pressure
systems

■ Flexion control
– Achieved via two posteriorly directed forces at the xiphoid level
and the pubic level on the corset panel and one anteriorly
directed force at the midpoint of the paraspinal bars.

■ Extension control
– Achieved via two anteriorly directed forces arising from the
thoracic and pelvic bands and one posteriorly directed force
from the midpoint of the corset panel.

Vahideh Moradi 10
Lumbosacral Orthosis
■ Sagittal–Coronal Control
– Chairback + lateral bars (Knight orthosis)

■ Extension–Coronal Control (Williams Flexion)


– Is a dynamic orthosis.
– Consists of a thoracic band, a pelvic band, lateral bars,
and oblique bars
– The oblique bars provide structural integrity.
– The attachments at the thoracic band and lateral bars
are mobile.
– As the device is worn, an inelastic pelvic strap is
tightened so that free flexion can occur, but extension is
restricted.
– Indicated for the treatment of spondylolisthesis

Vahideh Moradi 11
Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis
■ Flexion Control (Hyperextension Orthosis)
■ Jewett style

■ CASH style

Vahideh Moradi 12
Flexion Control (Hyperextension
Orthosis)
■ Restricts flexion of the spine.

■ Control is achieved through a single three-point pressure system.


– Two posteriorly directed forces, one at the sternal pad and one at the suprapubic
pad, and an equal but opposite anteriorly directed force from the lumbar pad.

■ Indicated for single-level closed compression fractures from T10/11 to


L2

Vahideh Moradi 13
Hyperextension Orthosis

■ Indications:
– Symptomatic relief of compression fractures
– Immobilization after surgical stabilization of thoracolumbar
fractures

■ Motion restrictions:
– Limits flexion between T10-L2
– Ineffective in limiting lateral bending and rotation of the upper
lumbar spine

■ Contraindications:
– Three-column spinal fractures involving anterior, middle, and
posterior spinal structures
– Compression fractures above T10, because segmental motion
increases above the sternal pad
Vahideh Moradi 14
Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis
■ Taylor style
– Sagittal control (equivalent to Chairback)
– Consists of a pelvic band, paraspinal bars, an
interscapular band, and axillary straps.

Vahideh Moradi 15
Knight Taylor
– Sagittal-coronal control (equivalent to knight).
– Consist of a thoracic band, a pelvic band, paraspinal bars, lateral bars,
an interscapular band, and axillary straps.

Vahideh Moradi 16
Vahideh Moradi 17
Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis
■ Triplanar Control
– consists of a thoracic band with subclavicular extensions, a pelvic band, paraspinal bars,
and lateral bars.
– subclavicular extensions OR cowhorn projections can control transverse plane
movements

Vahideh Moradi 18
Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis
■ Triplanar Control, Custom-Fabricated Body Jacket
– If maximal control is required, a custom-fabricated rigid thermoplastic TLSO is
indicated.
■ Referred to as a TLSO body jacket.
– The orthosis, if worn sufficiently tight, provides increased intracavitary pressure.
■ The body jacket designs
– Bivalved:
■ best suited for patients with variable volume.
– Single anterior opening:
■ Does not accommodate volume fluctuation well but may be simpler for patients to don
■ More suitable for nonsurgical patients
■ The height of the TLSO is determined by the spinal level requiring stabilization.
– For the xiphoid-level body jacket
■ The trim lines are typically 1 inch superior to the xiphoid.
■ For females: the orthosis should terminate under the breasts to prevent the
impingement of soft tissues.
■ If more proximal stabilization is required, the orthosis can encase the breasts and
terminate 1 inch distal to the sternal notch anteriorly.

Vahideh Moradi 19
Xiphoid-level bivalved body jacket with sternal extension

Vahideh Moradi 20
Soft Body Jacket
■ This orthosis is composed of a rigid frame
surrounded by soft closed-cell foam
■ The frame can be external or sandwiched
between two layers of foam.
■ The frame terminates approximately 1 to 1.5
inches inside the foam edges.
■ Typically use an anterior opening.
■ Advantages
– Softer and much lighter than typical
body jackets.
– These features are helpful when
treating the elderly, in whom
subcutaneous padding is minimal.
– For this population, weight and comfort
are important for increased patient
compliance.

Vahideh Moradi 21
Cervical orthoses
■ Indicated for two primary reasons
– Pain management
– Motion/Position control
– No CO achieves complete immobilization of the cervical spine.
– Even the halo vest has been shown to allow some motion.
■ Level
– CO
– CTO
■ Structure
– Soft
■ Known as a foam collar.
■ Function primarily as a kinesthetic reminder.
■ Indicated for whiplash injuries and neck pain without unstable bony or
ligamentous injury.
■ Contraindicated for injuries with the potential for instability.
– Semi rigid
■ reduce cervical motion in the sagittal plane to a greater extent than foam
collars but still provide little control of lateral flexion and rotation.
– Rigid
Vahideh Moradi 22
Whiplash injury

■ Forward, backward, or sideways


movement of the head that is
beyond the normal range of
motion.
■ A sudden distortion of the neck

Vahideh Moradi 23
Cervicothoracic orthoses
■ Sternal Occipital Mandibular Immobiliser (SOMI)
– is a rigid three-post CTO
– Consists of a sternal plate with shoulder components, a
mandibular pad and bar, and an occipital pad and bars.
– More effective in control of flexion especially in the lower cervical
segments
– But it actually allows some extension, rotation, and lateral motion.
– Can be applied with the patient in the supine position and without
moving the patient.

Vahideh Moradi 24
Cervicothoracic orthoses
■ For patients with cervical and high-thoracic injuries
– A thoracic extension may be added to a Miami J collar, forming the
Miami JTO, limiting flexion, extension, and rotation of the lower
cervical and upper thoracic region

Vahideh Moradi 25
‫■ ‪ Miami JTO‬دارای یک بخش پشتی متحرک (‪ )floating back‬از‬
‫جنس پالستیک می باشد تا اطمینان حاصل شود بیمار با آسیب ناحیه‬
‫ی سرویکوتوراسیک حین تغییر وضعیت از حالت درازکش به نشسته‪،‬‬
‫به محل آسیبش نیرویی وارد نمی شود‪.‬‬

‫■ حذف پایه های فلزی خلفی باعث می شود که ‪ JTO‬راستای صحیح‬


‫بدن بیمار را در وضعیت های نشسته‪ ،‬ایستاده و درازکش حفظ کند و‬
‫حرکات جبرانی ایجاد شده با استفاده از ‪ CTO‬های قدیمی را از بین‬
‫ببرد‪.‬‬

‫‪Vahideh Moradi‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬


‫‪Minerva brace‬‬
‫این ارتوز دارای یک شل قدامی و یک شل خلفی است که با دو استرپ تنه ای و دو استرپ شانه ای به هم متصل می‬ ‫■‬
‫شوند‪.‬‬
‫یک قطعه چانه ای با یک بار قدامی به صفحه ی سینه ای قدامی متصل می شود‪.‬‬ ‫■‬
‫صفحه ی خلفی نیز دارای یک بخش پس سری است‪.‬‬ ‫■‬
‫از یک استرپ پیشانی هم برای ایجاد حمایت بیشتر استفاده می شود‪.‬‬ ‫■‬
‫بریس مینروا در مقایسه با ‪ Halo vest‬ثبات ‪ Intersegmental‬مؤثرتر و بی حرکتی بهتری برای نواحی فوقانی و‬ ‫■‬
‫تحتانی گردن فراهم می کند‪.‬‬
‫اگرچه داده های متضادی در مورد شکستگی های باالی ‪ C2‬وجود دارد‪ ،‬ولی به نظر می رسد که درمورد شکستگی های‬ ‫■‬
‫با ثبات ‪ C2-T3‬و آسیب های عضالنی و لیگامانی سطح ‪ C2‬یا پایین تر‪ ،‬بریس مینروا یک جایگزین مناسب برای ‪Halo‬‬
‫‪ vest‬باشد‪.‬‬

‫‪Vahideh Moradi‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬


‫)‪Noninvasive halo (NIH‬‬

‫ارتوز ‪ Halo‬ی غیر تهاجمی )‪ ، (NIH‬کنترل حرکتی مؤثری در فلکشن‪ ،‬اکستنشن و چرخش فراهم می کند و مزایای‬ ‫■‬
‫هر دو بریس مینروا و ‪ Halo vest‬را دارا می باشد‪.‬‬
‫‪ NIH‬برای رفع مشکالت مرتبط با ‪ Halo vest‬مانند شل شدن پیچ و رینگ‪ ،‬عفونت محل پیچ ها‪ ،‬نارسایی بلع و‬ ‫■‬
‫زخم های فشاری طراحی شده است‪.‬‬
‫بخش سینه ای ارتوز ‪ ، NIH‬شامل یک صفحه ی سینه ای قدامی پد گذاری شده از جنس کامپوزیت کربن و دو میله ی‬ ‫■‬
‫قدامی متصل شده به قطعه سر و گردن می باشد که هدف آن کنترل فلکشن سر و ناحیه ی سرویکال می باشد‪.‬‬
‫این میله ها به یک رینگ قرار گرفته روی پیشانی و یک ساپورت چانه ای متصل می شوند‪.‬‬ ‫–‬
‫این رینگ که از جنس سیلیکون می باشد " ‪ " Face mask‬نام دارد و مشابه رینگ ‪ Halo‬ی قدیمی است‪.‬‬ ‫–‬

‫‪Vahideh Moradi‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬


‫)‪Noninvasive halo (NIH‬‬

‫سیلیکون مخصوص ماسک صورت به پوست می چسبد تا بدون آسیب زدن به آن از لغزش ارتوز‬ ‫■‬
‫جلوگیری کند‪.‬‬
‫‪ NIH‬برای بزرگساالن موثر است ولی این ارتوز تاثیر به مراتب بیشتری در کودکان دارد‪NIH .‬‬ ‫■‬
‫در کودکان برای تورتیکولی های عضالنی‪ ،‬نیمه در رفتگی های چرخشی ‪ ،C1-C2‬شکستگی های‬ ‫■‬
‫زائده ادنتوئید و بی حرکتی های پس از جراحی استفاده می شود‪.‬‬

‫‪Vahideh Moradi‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬


Halo vest

Vahideh Moradi 30
Vahideh Moradi 31
‫‪Halo device‬‬

‫کنترل حرکتی سه صفحه ای در ستون فقرات گردنی ایجاد می کند‪.‬‬ ‫■‬

‫این ارتوز از یک رینگ که با پیچ به جمجمه فیکس می شود‪ ،‬یک نیم تنه در ناحیه سینه ای و چند بار که رینگ و نیم‬ ‫■‬
‫تنه را به هم متصل می کند تشکیل می شود‪.‬‬

‫‪ Halo vest‬به عنوان بهترین گزینه درمان ارتوزی برای آسیب های ناحیه ی فوقانی گردن در محل پس سری تا‬ ‫■‬
‫مهره اول (‪ )Occiput-C2‬و آسیب های ‪ C1-C2‬می باشد‪.‬‬

‫این ارتوز بهترین ‪ End point control‬در ناحیه گردنی ایجاد می کند‪.‬‬ ‫■‬
‫با این حال بدلیل نداشتن تماس کامل با بدن بیمار‪ ،‬موجب می شود تا حرکات بین مهره ای کنترل نشده و پدیده‬ ‫–‬
‫‪ Intersegmental snaking‬ایجاد شود‪.‬‬

‫این پدیده حرکت مارپیچی ستون فقرات است که فلکشن یا اکستنشن در یک قطعه همراه با ترکیب غیر منتظره ی فلکشن‬ ‫–‬
‫یا اکستنشن در قطعه ی مجاور همراه می شود‪.‬‬

‫یک ‪ CTO‬که تماس کامل با بدن فرد دارد(مانند ‪ Miami JTO‬یا مینروا) ممکن است بی حرکتی بین قطعه ای بهتری برای‬ ‫–‬
‫ناحیه گردن فراهم کند‪ .‬به هرحال‪ ،‬علی رغم حرکت بین قطعه ای‪ ،‬ارتوز ‪ Halo‬بهترین روش درمانی برای ایجاد ثبات و‬
‫بهبود شکستگی هاست‪.‬‬

‫‪Vahideh Moradi‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬


Intersegmental snaking

Normal Flex/Ext

Cervical spine in halo

Vahideh Moradi 33

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