UNIT 7: Statistics and Probability

c ha p te r

14 Statistics

Syllabus
¾¾ Mean, Median and Mode of grouped data (bimodal situation to be avoided). Cumulative
frequency graph.

Trend Analysis
2018 2019 2020
List of Concepts Delhi Outside Delhi Outside Delhi Outside
Delhi Delhi Delhi
Mean, Median and Mode 1 Q (3 M) 2 Q (3 M) 1 Q (2 M) 2 Q (2 M) 3 Q (1 M)
1 Q (4 M) 1 Q (4 M) 1 Q (3 M) 1 Q (4 M) 2 Q (2 M)
1 Q (4 M)
Cumulative Frequency Graph 1 Q (4 M) 3 Q (4 M) 1 Q (4 M) 1 Q (4 M)

TOPIC - 1
Mean, Median and Mode

Revision Notes

 Statistics deals with the collection, presentation and analysis of numerical data.
 Three measures of central tendency are :
(i) Mean, (ii) Median and (iii) Mode
 Mean: In statistics mean means the arithmetic mean of the given items.
Sum of given items
i.e., Mean =
No. of Items
where, the Greek letter S(sigma) means ‘Summation of ’.
 Median: It is defined as the middle most or the central value of the variable in
a set of observations, when the observations are arranged either in ascending
or descending order of their magnitudes.
It divides the arranged series in two equal parts i.e., 50% of the observations lie below the median and the
remaining are above the median.
  Mode: Mode is the observation which occurred maximum times. In ungrouped data, mode
is the observation having maximum frequency. In a grouped frequency distribution, it is not
possible to determine the mode by looking at the frequencies. To find the mode of grouped
data, locate the class with the maximum frequency. This class is known as the modal class.
The mode of the data is a value inside the modal class.
Note:
(a) If the series has only one mode, then it is known as Unimodal.
(b) If the series has two modes, then it is known as Bimodal.
(c) If the series has three modes, then it is known as Trimodal.
(d) Mode may or may not be defined for a given series.

Know the Formulae

 Mean:
(a) For Raw Data:
If n observations x1, x2, ..., xn are given, then their arithmetic mean is given by :
x = x1 + x 2 +...+ xn = 1 x
n

n ∑
n i =1
i

(b) For Ungrouped Data:
If there are n distinct observations x1, x2,..., xn of variable x with frequencies f1, f2,..., fn respectively, then the
arithmetic mean is given by:
n

f1x1 + f2 x 2 + ... + fn xn ∑ fx i i
x = = i =1
f1 + f2 + f3 + ... + fn n

∑ fi
i =1

(c) For Grouped Data:

(i) To find the mean of grouped data, it is assumed that the frequency of each class-interval is centred
around its mid-point.
(ii) Direct Method:
Σfi xi
Mean ( x ) =
Σfi

where the xi (class mark) is the mid-point of the ith class interval and fi is the corresponding frequency.
(iii) Assumed Mean Method or Short-cut Method:
Σfi di
Mean ( x ) = a +
Σfi

where a is the assumed mean and di = xi – a are the deviations of xi from a for each i.
(iv) Step-Deviation Method:
 Σfi ui 
Mean ( x ) = a + h 
 Σfi 

xi - a
where a is the assumed mean, h is the class-size and ui = ·
h
 Median:
(a) For Ungrouped Data:
th
n + 1
If n is odd, Median =  term
 2 
th th
æ nö æn ö
çè 2 ÷ø term + çè 2 + 1÷ø term
If n is even, Median =
2
 (b) For Grouped Data:
n
Let n = f1 + f2 + f3 + ... + fn. First of all find n and then the class in which lies. This class is known as the
2 2
median class. Median of the given distribution lies in this class.
Median of the grouped data can be calculated using the formula:
n 
- c. f .
2 
Median (Me) = l +  ×h
f 
 
 

where l = lower limit of median class, f = frequency of median class, n = number of observations, c.f. = cumulative
frequency of the class preceding the median class, h = class-size or width of the class-interval.
 Mode of Grouped Data:
Mode of the grouped data can be calculated by using the formula:
 f1 - f0 
Mode (M) = l +  ×h
 2 f1 - f0 - f2 

where l = lower limit of the modal class, h = width or size of the class-interval, f1 = frequency of the modal class,
f0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class, f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.
 Empirical Relation Between Mean, Median and Mode:
(i) Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
1 2
Median = Mode + Mean
(ii) 3 3
3 1
Mean = Median – Mode
(iii)
2 2
Note: For calculating the mode and median for grouped data, it should be ensured that the class-intervals are
continuous before applying the formula. Same condition also apply for construction of an ogive. Further, in case
of ogives, the scale may not be the same on both the axes.

How is it done on the GREENBOARD?

Q.1. Find mean of the following data : 4 5 20
x 1 2 3 4 5 5 2 10
f 6 8 4 5 2 Total 25 64
Σfx
Solution Step II: Mean =
Step I: Σf

x f fx 64
x =
1 6 6 25
2 8 16
Hence, mean x = 2·56
3 4 12

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1 mark each

Q. 1. Find the class-marks of the classes 10 – 25 and 35 + 55

and Class mark of 35 – 55 =
35 – 55. A [CBSE OD Set-I, 2020] 2
10 + 25
Sol. Class mark of 10 – 25 = 90
2 = = 45. ½
2
35
= = 17.5 ½
2
Q. 2. Find the class marks of the classes 15 – 35 and 160-165 10
45 – 60. A [CBSE OD Set-II, 2020]
15 + 35 165-170 8
Sol. Class mark of 15 – 35 =
2 170-175 9
50 175-180 5
= = 25 ½
2 Find the upper limit of the median class in the
45 + 60 given data. A [CBSE SQP 2020-21]
and Class mark of 45 – 60 =
2 Sol.
105
= = 52.5. ½ Heights No. of Cumulative
2
(in cm) students frequency
Q. 3. Find the class marks of the classes 20 – 50 and
35 – 60. A [CBSE OD Set-III, 2020] 150-155 15 15
20 + 50 155-160 13 15 + 13 = 28
Sol. Class mark of 20 – 50 =
2
160-165 10 28 + 10 = 38
70
= = 35 ½
2 165-170 8 38 + 8 = 46
35 + 60 170-175 9 46 + 9 = 55
and Class mark of 35 – 60 =
2
175-180 5 55 + 5 = 60
95
= = 47.5. ½ Since total frequency is 60.
2
N
Q. 4. Consider the following frequency distribution of = 30
the heights of 60 students of a class. 2

Heights (in cm) No. of students And cumulative frequency greater than or equal to
30 lies in class 160-165.
150-155 15 So, median class is 160-165.
155-160 13 \ Upper limit of median class is 165. 1

Q. 5. Following distribution gives cumulative frequencies of 'more than type' :

Marks obtained More than or More than or More than or More than or
equal to 5 equal to 10 equal to 15 equal to 20
Number of students 30 23 8 2
(cumulative frequency)
Change the above data to a continuous grouped frequency distribution. U [CBSE Term- 1, 2015]
Sol.
C.I. 5 – 10 10–15 15–20 More than 20
f 7 15 6 2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1
Q. 6. In the following frequency distribution, find the median class.

Height (in cm) 140 – 145 145 – 150 150 – 155 155 – 160 160 – 165 165 – 170
Frequency 5 15 25 30 15 10
U [CBSE Term- 1, 2015]
Sol.

Height Frequency c.f.

140 – 145 5 5
145 – 150 15 20
150 – 155 25 45
155 – 160 30 75
160 – 165 15 90
165 – 170 10 100
N = Sf = 100 ½
 N = 100
N 100
⇒ = = 50
2 2

The cumulative frequency just greater than 50 is 75 and the corresponding class is 155 – 160. ½
Hence, median class is 155 – 160.
Q. 7. Find the median of the data, using an empirical relation when it is given that Mode = 12.4 and Mean = 10.5.
U [CBSE Term- 1, 2015]
1 2
Sol. Median = Mode + Mean
3 3
1 2
= (12.4) + (10.5)
3 3
12.4 21
= +
3 3
12.4 + 21 33.4
= =
3 3
33.4
= = 11.13 (Approx) 1
3

Short Answer Type Questions-I 2 marks each

Q. 1. Find the mean of the following distribution :

Class 3–5 5–7 7–9 9 – 11 11 – 13
Frequency 5 10 10 7 8
 A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2020]
Sol. 
Class Frequency (f) Mid-Value (x) f×x
3–5 5 4 20
5–7 10 6 60
7–9 10 8 80
9 – 11 7 10 70
11 – 13 8 12 96
∑f= 40 ∑fx = 326
Sfx 1
\
mean =
Sf
326
= = 8.15. 1
40
Q. 2. Find the mode of the following data:
Class 0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100 100 – 120 120 – 140
Frequency 6 8 10 12 6 5 3
 A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2020]
Sol. Since the modal class is the class having the maximum frequency.
\ Modal class = 60 – 80 ½
f1 - f0
\ Mode = l + × h ½
2 f1 - f0 - f2

Hence, l = 60, f1 = 12, f0 = 10, f2 = 6 and h = 20 ½
12 - 10
Mode = 60 + × 20
2 ´ 12 - 10 - 6
 2 ´ 20
= 60 +
24 - 16
40
= 60 +
8

= 60 + 5
= 65. ½
Q. 3. Compute the mode for the following frequency distribution :
Size of items 0–4 4–8 8 – 12 12 – 16 16 – 20 20 – 24 24 – 28
(in cm)
Frequency 5 7 9 17 12 10 6
 A [CBSE OD Set-I, 2020]
Sol. Here, Modal class = 12 – 16
\ l = 12, f1 = 17, f0 = 9, f2 = 12 and h = 4
1
 f1 − f0 
Mode = l +  ×h
 1 − f0 − f2 
2 f

 17 − 9 
= 12 +  ×4
 2 × 17 − 9 − 12 
8´4
= 12 +
13
= 12 + 2.46 = 14.46. (Approx) 1
Q. 4. Find the mode of the following frequency distribution :
Class 15 – 20 20 – 25 25 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40 40 – 45
Frequency 3 8 9 10 3 2
Sol. Here, modal class = 30 – 35
\ l = 30, f0 = 9, f1 = 10, f2 = 3 and h = 5

 f1 − f0 
Mode = l +  × h 1
 2 f1 − f0 − f2 

 10 − 9 
= 30 +  ×5
 2 × 10 − 9 − 3 

5
= 30 + = 30 + 0.625
8
= 30.625. 1
Q. 5. Find the mode of the following distribution :
Class 25 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40 40 – 45 45 – 50 50 – 55
Frequency 25 34 50 42 38 14
U [CBSE Outside Delhi Set-I, 2019]

Sol. Maximum frequency = 50, class (modal) = 35 – 40.

½
 f1 − f0 
Mode = l +  ×h
 1 − f0 − f2 
2 f

50 − 34
= 35 + ×5 1
100 − 34 − 42
16
= 35 + × 5 = 38.33 (Approx) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] ½
24
 Q. 6. Find the unknown values in the following table :
Class Interval Frequency Cumulative Frequency
0 – 10 5 5
10 – 20 7 x1
20 – 30 x2 18
30 – 40 5 x3
40 – 50 x4 30
 U [Board Term- 1, 2016]

Sol. x1 = 5 + 7 = 12
x2 = 18 – x1 = 18 – 12 = 6
x3 = 18 + 5 = 23
and x4 = 30 – x3 = 30 – 23 = 7 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] ½ × 4 = 2
Q. 7. The mean and median of 100 observations are 50 and 52 respectively. The value of the largest observation is
100. It was later found that it is 110 not 100. Find the true mean and median. A [CBSE Term- 1, 2016]

Σfx
Sol. Mean =
Σf
Σfx
⇒
50 =
100
⇒ Σfx = 5000
Correct, Σfx' = 5000 – 100 + 110 = 5010 1
5010
\
Correct Mean =
100
= 50.1 1
Median will remain same i.e. median = 52. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
Q. 8. The data regarding marks obtained by 48 students of a class in a class test is given below:

Marks obtained 0–5 5 – 10 10 – 15 15 – 20 20 – 25 25 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40 40 – 45 45 – 50

Number of students 1 0 2 0 0 10 25 7 2 1

Calculate the modal marks of students. A [CBSE Term- 1, 2015]

Sol. Modal class is 30 – 35, l = 30, f1 = 25, f0 = 10, f2 = 7 and h = 5

 f1 - f0  25 - 10
Mode = l +  2 f - f - f  × h ⇒ Mode = 30 + 50 - 10 - 7 × 5
1 0 2

= 30 + 2.27 or 32.27 approx. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 2

Q. 9. Given below is the distribution of weekly pocket money received by students of a class. Calculate the pocket
money that is received by most of the students.

Pocket money (in `) 0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100 100 – 120 120 – 140

Number of students 2 2 3 12 18 5 2
A [CBSE Term- 1, 2015]
Sol.

Class Interval Frequency

0 – 20 2
20 – 40 2
40 – 60 3
60 – 80 12
 80 – 100 18
100 – 120 5
120 – 140 2
Total 44

Here, Modal Class = 80 – 100
l = 80, f1 = 18, f2 = 5, f0 = 12 and h = 20
 f1 - f0 
\
Mode = l +  ×h
 2 f1 - f0 - f2 

18 - 12 
= 80 +  × 20
 36 - 12 - 5 
6
= 80 + × 20
19
= 80 + 6.31
= 86.31 (approx.)
Hence, mode = 86.31. 2
Q. 10. The mean of the following frequency distribution is 25. Find the value of p.

Class interval 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
Frequency 4 6 10 6 p
U [CBSE Term- 1, 2015]
Sol.

Class-Interval Mid-Point xi fi fixi

0 – 10 5 4 20
10 – 20 15 6 90
20 – 30 25 10 250
30 – 40 35 6 210
40 – 50 45 p 45p
∑fi = 26 + p ∑fixi = 570 + 45p
∑ fi xi
Mean, x =
∑ fi

570 + 45 p
⇒
25 =
26 + p

⇒
650 + 25p = 570 + 45p
⇒
650 – 570 = 45p – 25p
\
p = 4 (Approx) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 2

Short Answer Type Questions-II 3 marks each

Q. 1. The median of the following data is 16. Find the missing frequencies a and b, if the total of the frequencies is
70.
Class 0–5 5 – 10 10 – 15 15 – 20 20 – 25 25 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40
Frequency 12 a 12 15 b 6 6 4
 A [CBSE SQP, 2020-21]
 Sol.
Class Frequency (f) Cumulative frequency (c.f.)
0–5 12 12
5 – 10 a 12 + a
10 – 15 12 24 + a
15 – 20 15 39 + a
20 – 25 b 39 + a + b
25 – 30 6 45 + a + b
30 – 35 6 51 + a + b
35 – 40 4 55 + a + b
Total 70 1
According to question, 55 + a + b = 70
a + b = 15 ...(i) ½
N
- cf

Q Median = l + 2 ´h ½
f

35 - 24 - a
\
16 = 15 + ´5
15
11 − a
1=
3
a = 8 ½
Substituting the value of a in equation (i), we get
8 + b = 15
⇒ b = 15 – 8
⇒ b = 7. ½
Q. 2. The mode of the following data is 67. Find the missing frequency x.
Class 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 – 80 80 – 90
Frequency 5 x 15 12 7
Sol. From the table of given question, the modal class is the class having the maximum frequency,

i.e., modal class = 60 – 70
Then, l = 60, f1 = 15, f0 = x, f2 = 12 and h = 10
f1 - f0
\ Mode = l + ´h ½
2 f1 - f2 - f0

15 - x
67 = 60 + ´ 10 ½
30 - 12 - x 
15 - x
7= ´ 10 ½
18 - x 
7 × (18 – x) = 10(15 – x)½
126 – 7x = 150 – 10x
3x = 150 – 126½
3x = 24
x = 8.½
Q. 3. Find the mode of the following frequency distribution.

Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70
Frequency 8 10 10 16 12 6 7
A [CBSE Delhi Set- I, 2019] [Board Term-I, 2016]
 Sol. Modal class is 30 – 40 ½
 f1 − f0 
\
Mode = l +  ×h
 2 f1 − f0 − f2 
16 − 10 
= 30 +  × 10 2
 32 − 10 − 12 

= 36. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] ½
Detailed Solution:
Class Frequency
0 – 10 8
10 – 20 10
20 – 30 10
30 – 40 16
40 – 50 12
50 – 60 6
60 – 70 7
Modal-class = 30 – 40
⇒ l = 30, f0 = 10, f1 = 16, f2 = 12, h = 10
æ f1 - f0 ö
Mode = l + ç h
è 2 f1 - f0 - f2 ÷ø

æ 16 - 10 ö
= 30 + ç ´ 10
è 2 ´ 16 - 10 - 12 ÷ø

æ 6 ö
= 30 + ç ´ 10
è 32 - 22 ÷ø

æ 6ö
= 30 + ç ÷ ´ 10
è 10 ø

= 30 + 6
Q. 4. The mean of the following distribution is 53. Find the missing frequency k ?
Class 0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100
Frequency 12 15 32 k 13
 U [CBSE Delhi Set-II, 2019]
Sol.
Class
Class Frequency
Marks fixi
Interval (fi)
(xi)
0 – 20 12 10 120
20 – 40 15 30 450
40 – 60 32 50 1600
60 – 80 k 70 70k
80 – 100 13 90 1170 1½
Sfi = 72 +k Sfi = 3340 + 70k

Given, median = 53
S fi xi

\ Median =
S fi
3340 + 70 k

⇒ 53 = 1
72 + k 

⇒ 53(72 + k) = 3340 + 70k

= 3816 + 53k = 3340 + 70k

⇒ 70k – 53k = 3816 – 3340

⇒ 17k = 476

⇒ k = 28 ½

Hence, value of k is 28. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
Q. 5. The marks obtained by 100 students in an examination are given below :

Marks 30 – 35 35 – 40 40 – 45 45 – 50 50 – 55 55 – 60 60 – 65
Number of Students 14 16 28 23 18 8 3

Find the mean marks of the students. A [CBSE OD, Set-I, 2019]

Sol.
xi 32.5 37.5 42.5 47.5 52.5 57.5 62.5 ½
fi 14 16 28 23 18 8 3 Sfi = 110 ½
ui –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
fiui –42 –32 –28 0 18 16 9, Sfiui = –59 1

59 × 5
Mean = 47.5 – = 47.5 – 2.68 = 44.82 1
110
Note: If N is taken as 100, Ans. 44.55 Accept.
If some one write, data is wrong, give full 3 marks. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
Detailed Solution:

Number of students xi - A
Marks Mid Values (xi) ui = fiui
(fi) h

30 – 35 14 32.5 –3 –42
35 – 40 16 37.5 –2 –32
40 – 45 28 42.5 –1 –28
45 – 50 23 47.5 0 0
50 – 55 18 52.5 1 18
55 – 60 8 57.5 2 16
60 – 65 3 62.5 3 9
N = Sfi = 110 Sfiui = –59

 2

Here, Assumed mean, A = 47.5
Sfi ui

Mean = A + ´h
N
( -59 )

= 47.5 + ×5
110

= 47.5 – 2.682

= 44.818 1
Q. 6. A class teacher has the following absentee record of 40 students of a class for the whole term. Find the mean
number of days a student was absent. A [CBSE Delhi, 2019]

Number of days 0–6 6 – 12 12 – 18 18 – 24 24 – 30 30 – 36 36 – 42

Number of students 10 11 7 4 4 3 1
 Topper Answer, 2019

Sol.

Q. 7. The table below show the salaries of 280 persons :

Salary 5 – 10 10 – 15 15 – 20 20 – 25 25 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40 40 – 45 45 – 50
(in thousand `)
No. of Persons 49 133 63 15 6 7 4 2 1
Calculate the median salary of the data. U [CBSE Delhi/OD 2018]
Sol.

Salary No. of Persons c.f.

(in thousand `)
5 – 10 49 49
10 – 15 133 = f 182
15 – 20 63 245
20 – 25 15 260
 25 – 30 6 266
30 – 35 7 273
35 – 40 4 277
40 – 45 2 279
45 – 50 1 280
N 280
= = 140. 1
2 2
Median class = 10 – 15.
hæN ö
Median = l + çè - c. f .÷ø
f 2

5
= 10 + (140 – 49) 1
133
5 × 91
= 10 +
133
= 13.42
Hence, median salary is ` 13.42 thousand or ` 13420 (approx). [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 1
Detailed Solution:

Topper Answer, 2018

Q. 8. If the mean of the following data is 14.7, find the values of p and q.
Class 0–6 6 – 12 12 – 18 18 – 24 24 – 30 30 – 36 36 – 42 Total
Frequency 10 p 4 7 q 4 1 40
U [CBSE Term-I, 2016]
Sol.
Class xi fi xi f i
0–6 3 10 30
6 – 12 9 p 9p
 12 – 18 15 4 60
18 – 24 21 7 147
24 – 30 27 q 27q
30 – 36 33 4 132
36 – 42 39 1 39
Total Sfi = 26 + p + q = 40 Σxifi = 408 + 9p + 27q

Given, Sfi = 40
⇒
26 + p + q = 40
⇒
p + q = 14 ...(i) ½
Σxi fi
∴ Mean, x = ½
Σfi

408 + 9 p + 27 q
⇒ 14.7 =
40
⇒ 588 = 408 + 9p + 27q 1
⇒ 180 = 9p + 27q
⇒ p + 3q = 20 ...(ii)
Subtracting eq. (i) from eq. (ii),
2q = 6
⇒ q = 3 ½
Putting the value of q in eq. (i),
p = 14 – q = 14 – 3 = 11 ½
Hence, p = 11, q = 3
Q. 9. Find the mean of the following distribution :

Height (in cm) Less than 75 Less than 100 Less than 125 Less than 150 Less than 175 Less than 200

No. of students 5 11 14 18 21 28

Height (in cm) Less than 225 Less than 250 Less than 275 Less than 300

No. of students 33 37 45 50
U [CBSE Term- 1, 2016]
Sol.

ui = xi - a
Class-Interval Frequency
xi fiui
Height (in cm) fi h
50 – 75 5 62.5 –5 – 25
75 – 100 6 87.5 –4 – 24
100 – 125 3 112.5 –3 –9
125 – 150 4 137.5 –2 –8
150 – 175 3 162.5 –1 –3
175 – 200 7 187.5 = a 0 0
200 – 225 5 212.5 1 5
225 – 250 4 237.5 2 8
250 – 275 8 262.5 3 24
275 – 300 5 287.5 4 20
∑ fi = 50 ∑ fiui = –12
2
Here, ∑ fiui = – 12; N = 50 and h = 25
∑ fi ui
Mean = a + ×h
N
-12
Mean = 187.5 + × 25 = 187.5 – 6 = 181.5. 1
50
Q. 10. The mean of the following distribution is 48 and sum of all the frequencies is 50. Find the missing frequencies
x and y.
Class 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70
Frequency 8 6 x 11 y
 U [CBSE Term- 1, 2016, 2015]
Sol.
xi - a
C.I. fi xi ui = fiui
h
20 – 30 8 25 –2 – 16
30 – 40 6 35 –1 –6
40 – 50 x 45 = a 0 0
50 – 60 11 55 1 11
60 – 70 y 65 2 2y
Total Σfi = 25 + x + y Σfiui = 2y – 11
Sf u
Mean = a + i i × h
Sfi
2 y − 11
⇒
48 = 45 + × 10
50
2 y − 11
Þ
48 – 45 = 1
5
3×5 = 2y – 11
⇒ 15 = 2y – 11
⇒ y = 13
Also Σfi = 25 + x + y = 50 1
⇒ x+y = 25
⇒ x = 25 – 13 = 12
\ x = 12 and y = 13. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1
Q. 11. Find the median of the following data :
Height (in cm) Less than 120 Less than 140 Less than 160 Less than 180 Less than 200
Number of students 12 26 34 40 50

U [CBSE Term- 1, 2015]

Sol.
Height (in cm) Frequency c.f.
less than 120 12 12
120 – 140 14 26
140 – 160 8 34
160 – 180 6 40
180 – 200 10 50
Total
N = 50

Here, N = 50
N
⇒ Median =
2
50
= = 25
2
So, Median Class = 120 – 140.
N 
- c. f .
 2 
Median = l +   ×h
f
 
 
  25 - 12 
= 120 +  × 20
 14 
260
= 120 +
14
= 120 + 18.57
\
Median = 138.57. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 3

Long Answer Type Questions 5 marks each

Q. 1. The median of the following data is 525. Find the values of x and y, if total frequency is 100.
Class Frequency
0 – 100 2
100 – 200 5
200 – 300 x
300 – 400 12
400 – 500 17
500 – 600 20
600 – 700 y
700 – 800 9
800 – 900 7
900 – 1000 4
 A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2020]
Sol.
Class Interval Frequency Cumulative frequency
0 – 100 2 2
100 – 200 5 7
200 – 300 x 7+x
300 – 400 12 19 + x
400 – 500 17 36 + x
500 – 600 20 56 + x
600 – 700 y 56 + x + y
700 – 800 9 65 + x + y
800 – 900 7 72 + x + y
900 – 1000 4 76 + x + y
Total N = 100 1
Also, 76 + x + y = 100
⇒ x+y = 100 – 76 = 24 ...(i) 1
Given, Median = 525, which lies between class 500 – 600.
⇒ Median class= 500 – 600
N
− c. f .
Now, Median = l + 2 × h 1
f

 
 100 − ( 36 + x ) 
⇒
525 = 500 +  2  × 100

20
 
 ⇒
25 = (50 – 36 – x) 5
25
⇒
14 – x = =5
5
⇒
x = 14 – 5 = 9 1
Putting the value of x in eq. (i), we get
y = 24 – 9 = 15 1
Hence, x = 9 and y = 15.
Q. 2. The mean of the following distribution is 18. Find the frequency f of the class 19 – 21.

Class 11 – 13 13 – 15 15 – 17 17 – 19 19 – 21 21 – 23 23 – 25
Frequency 3 6 9 13 f 5 4
U [CBSE OD Set-I, 2020] [CBSE Delhi/O.D. 2018]
Sol.
Class Class mark (x) Frequency (f) fx
11 – 13 12 3 36
13 – 15 14 6 84
15 – 17 16 9 144
17 – 19 18 13 234
19 – 21 20 f 20 f
21 – 23 22 5 110
23 – 25 24 4 96
Σf = 40 + f Σfx = 704 + 20f
1
Σf = 40 + f 1
Σfx = 704 + 20f 1
704 + 20 f
Mean = 18 = 1
40 + f
⇒
720 + 18 f = 704 + 20 f 1
⇒
f =8 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
Detailed Solution:

Topper Answer, 2018

 5

Q. 3. Daily wages of 110 workers, obtained in a survey, are tabulated below :

Daily Wages (in `) 100 – 120 120 – 140 140 – 160 160 – 180 180 – 200 200 – 220 220 – 240
Number of Workers 10 15 20 22 18 12 13

Compute the mean daily wages and modal daily wages of these workers. A [CBSE SQP, 2020-21]
Sol.
Daily Wages (in `) Number of xi ui fiui
Workers (f1)
100 – 120 10 110 –3 – 30
120 – 140 15 130 –2 – 30
140 – 160 20 150 –1 – 20
160 – 180 22 170 = A 0 0
180 – 200 18 190 1 18
200 – 220 12 210 2 24
220 – 240 13 230 3 39
Total 110 1
 1
1
Mean daily wages = 170 + × 20 = ` 170.19 (approx.) 2
110
22 - 20
Mode = 160 + × 20 = ` 166.67 (approx.) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020] 2
44 - 20 - 18

Detailed Solution:
1. Calculation of mean:
Daily Wages Class mark No. of Workers fi . xi
(Class interval) (xi) (fi)
100 – 120 110 10 1100
120 – 140 130 15 1950
140 – 160 150 20 3000
160 – 180 170 22 3740
180 – 200 190 18 3420
200 – 220 210 12 2520
220 – 240 230 13 2990
Total ∑fi = 110 ∑fi xi = 18720 1
å fi xi 18720
Mean, x = = = 170.182 1
å fi 110

Hence, mean daily: wages are ` 170.182 (Approx) ½
2. Calculation of mode
Daily Wages (in `) 100 – 120 120 – 140 140 – 160 160 – 180 180 – 200 200 – 220 220 – 240
Number of Workers 10 15 20 → f1 22 → fm 18 → f2 12 13
Here, maximum frequency, fm = 22.
So, corresponding class 160 – 180 is modal class. ½
l = lower boundary of modal class = 160
fm = maximum frequency = 22.
f1 = frequency of pre-modal class = 20.
f2 = frequency of past modal class = 18.
h = width of modal class = 180 – 160 = 20
 fm - f1 
\ Mode = l +  h 1
 fm - f1 - f2  
é 22 - 20 ù
= 160 + ê ú ´ 20
ë 2(22) - 20 - 18 û
2
= 160 + × 20
6
= 160 + 6.67
\ Mode = 166.67
Therefore, modal wages of workers is ` 166.67. (Approx) 1
Q. 4. If the median of the following frequency distribution is 32.5. Find the values of f1 and f2.
Class 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 Total

Frequency f1 5 9 12 f2 3 2 40

A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2019]

Sol.
Class Frequency Cumulative frequency
0 – 10 f1 f1
10 – 20 5 f1 + 5
20 – 30 9 f1 + 14
30 – 40 12 f1 + 26
40 – 50 f2 f1 + f2 + 26
50 – 60 3 f1 + f2 + 29
60 – 70 2 f1 + f2 + 31
40 1
Median = 32.5 ⇒ median class is 30 – 40. 1
10
Now 32.5 = 30 + ( 20 − 14 − f1 ) 1
12
⇒ f1 = 3 1
Also f1 + f2 + 31 = 40
⇒ f2 = 6 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 1
Detailed Solution:

Cumulative
Class Frequency (f)
Frequency (c.f.)
0 – 10 f1 f1
10 – 20 5 f1+5
20 – 30 9 f1+14
30 – 40 12 f1+26
 40 – 50 f2 f1+f2+26
50 – 60 3 f1+f2+29
60 – 70 2 f1+f2+31

N = Sf = 40 1

Now, f1 + f2 + 31 = 40

⇒ f1+f2 = 9

⇒ f2 = 9 – f 1 ...(i) ½
Given that median is 32.5, which lies in 30 – 40


Hence, median class = 30 – 40.
N 40

Here; l = 30, = = 20, f = 12 and c.f. = 14 + f1  ½
2 2

Now, median = 32.5

 N −c f 
. .
 2 

⇒ l+   × h = 32.5 1
f
 
 

é 20 - (14 + f1 ) ù

⇒ 30 + ê ú × 10 = 32.5
ë 12 û
æ 6 - f1 ö

⇒ çè 12 ÷ø ×10 = 2.5

60 - 10 f1

⇒ = 2.5
12

⇒ 60 – 10 f1 = 30

⇒ 10 f1 = 30

⇒ f1 = 3 1
From eq (i), we get f2 = 9 – 3 = 6

Hence, f1 = 3 and f2 = 6

COMMONLY MADE ERROR

 Some candidates use incorrect formula for median. Some get confused that which formulae has
to be applied to find median.

ANSWERING TIP

 Students should read the question carefully and keep in mind the known and unknown data.

Q. 5. Find the mode of the following distribution of marks obtained by the students in an examination :
Marks obtained 0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100
Number of students 15 18 21 29 17

Given the mean of the above distribution is 53, using empirical relationship estimate the value of its median.
U [CBSE SQP, 2017-18]
Sol. Modal class = 60 – 80
f1 − f0
\ Mode = l + ×h 1
2 f1 − f0 − f2

 Here, l = 60, f1 = 29, f0 = 21, f2 = 17 and h = 20  ½
29 − 21
Mode = 60 + × 20 1
2 × 29 − 21 − 17 
8
= 60 + × 20
58 − 38
= 60 + 8 = 68 ½
Empirical relationship, Mode = 3 median – 2 mean 1
Mode = 68 and mean = 53 (given)
\ 3 median= mode + 2 mean
3 median= 68 + 2 × 53
174
Median = = 58 1
3 
Hence, median = 58.
Q. 6. Literacy rates of 40 cities are given in the following table. If it is given that mean literacy rate is 63.5, then find
the missing frequencies x and y.

Literacy rate (in %) 35 – 40 40 – 45 45 – 50 50 – 55 55 – 60 60 – 65 65 – 70 70 – 75 75 – 80 80 – 85 85 – 90

Number of cities 1 2 3 x y 6 8 4 2 3 2
 U [CBSE Term- 1, 2016]

xi - 62.5
Sol. C.I. xi ui = fi fiui
5

35 – 40 37.5 –5 1 –5
40 – 45 42.5 –4 2 –8
45 – 50 47.5 –3 3 –9
50 – 55 52.5 –2 x – 2x
55 – 60 57.5 –1 y –y
60 – 65 62.5 = a 0 6 0
65 – 70 67.5 1 8 8
70 – 75 72.5 2 4 8
75 – 80 77.5 3 2 6
80 – 85 82.5 4 3 12
85 – 90 87.5 5 2 10
Total Sfi =31 + x + y Sfiui = 22 – 2x – y 2
Here, Σfi = 31 + x + y = 40
⇒ x+y =9 ...(i) ½
Σfiui = 22 – 2x – y
Σf u
\
Mean = a + i i × h 1
Σfi
( 22 − 2 x − y )
⇒
63.5 = 62.5 + ×5
40
⇒ 2x + y = 14 ...(ii) 1
Solving eqns, (i) and (ii), we get x = 5 and y = 4. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] ½
Q. 7. Monthly expenditures on milk in 100 families of a housing society are given in the following frequency
distribution :
Monthly
0 – 175 175 – 350 350 – 525 525 – 700 700 – 875 875 – 1050 1050 – 1225
expenditure (in `)
Number of families 10 14 15 21 28 7 5
Find the mode and median for this distribution. A [CBSE Term-1 2016]
 Sol.
f C.I. c.f.
10 0 – 175 10
14175 – 350 24
15350 – 525 39
21525 – 700 60
28700 – 875 88
875 – 1050
7 95
1050 – 1225
5 100
N = 100 1
N
Median =
2
100
= = 50
2
\ Median class = 525 – 700
N
− c. f .
2
Median = l + ×h
f
50 − 39
× 175 = 525 + 1
21
11
= 525 + × 175
21
175
\ Median = 525 + × [50 – 39]
21
= 525 + 91.6
= 616.6 (Approx)
and Modal class = 700 – 875.
 f1 − f0 
Mode = l +  1
 2 f − f − f  1 0 2

l = 700, f0 = 21, f1 = 28, f2 = 7 and h = 175

 28 − 21 
Mode = 700 +  × 175 1
 2 × 28 − 21 − 7 
7
= 700 + × 175
28
= 700 + 43.75
= 743.75. 1
Q. 8. On annual day of a school, 400 students participated in the function. Frequency distribution showing their ages
is as shown in the following table :
Age (in years) 05 – 07 07 – 09 09 – 11 11 – 13 13 – 15 15 – 17 17 – 19
Number of students 70 120 32 100 45 28 5
Find mean and median of the above data. A [CBSE Term- 1, 2015]
Sol.
xi − a
C. I. fi c.f. xi ui = fiui
h
05 – 07 70 70 6 –3 –210
07 – 09 120 190 8 –2 –240
09 – 11 32 222 10 –1 –32
11 – 13 100 322 12 = a 0 0
13 – 15 45 367 14 1 45
15 – 17 28 395 16 2 56
17 – 19 5 400 18 3 15
Σf = 400 Σfiui = – 366
 Let a = Assumed mean = 12 2
Sfi ui
Mean, x = a + Sf ´ h
i

- 366 183
Mean = 12 + × 2 = 12 − = 12 − 1.83 = 10.17 1
400 100
N
Median class =
2
400
= = 200 = 09 – 11
2
N 
- c. f .
 
Median = l +  2  ×h
 f 
 
200 - 190 10
\
Median = 9 + ×2= 9+ × 2 = 9 + 0.625 = 9.625 2
32 32
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]

TOPIC - 2
Cumulative Frequency Graph

Revision Notes

 Cumulative Frequency Distribution:

(i) Cumulative frequency of a particular value of the variable (or class) is the sum (total) of

all the frequencies up to that value (or class).
(ii) There are two types of cumulative frequency distributions:
(a) Cumulative frequency distribution of less than type.
(b) Cumulative frequency distribution of more than type.
For example:
Class Frequency Cumulative Less than type More than type
interval (No. of frequency Marks Out c.f. Marks Out c.f.
(marks) Students) (c.f.) of 50 of 50
0 – 10 2 2 Less than 10 2=2 0 or More than 0 60 – 0 = 60

10 – 20 10 12 Less than 20 2 + 10 = 12 More than 10 60 – 2 = 58

20 – 30 25 37 Less than 30 12 + 25 = 37 More than 20 58 – 10 = 48

30 – 40 20 57 Less than 40 37 + 20 = 57 More than 30 48 – 25 = 23

40 – 50 3 60 Less than 50 57 + 3 = 60 More than 40 23 – 20 = 3

 Cumulative frequency curve or an Ogive curve : The graphical representation of a cumulative frequency
distribution is called the cumulative frequency curve or ogive.
There are two methods to construct ogives:
(i) Less than ogive:
In this method, an ogive is cumulated upward. Scale the cumulative frequencies along the Y-axis and exact
upper limits along the X-axis. The scale along the Y-axis should be such as may accommodate the total
frequency.
Step I. Form the cumulative frequency table.
Step II. Mark the actual upper class limits along the X-axis.
 Step III. Mark the cumulative frequency of the respective classes along the Y-axis.
Step IV. Plot the points (upper limits, corresponding cumulative frequency.)
By joining these points on the graph by a free hand curve, we get an ogive of 'less than' type.
(ii)
More than ogive:
In this method, an ogive is cumulated downward. Scale the cumulative frequencies along the Y-axis and the
exact lower limits along the X-axis.
Step I. Scale the cumulative frequencies along the Y-axis and the actual lower limits along the X–axis.
Step II. Plot the ordered pairs (lower limit, corresponding cumulative frequency). To complete an ogive, we
also plot the ordered pair (upper limit of the highest class).
Step III. Join these plotted points by a smooth curve. The curve so obtained is the required 'more than' type
ogive.
 Median:
Ogive can be used to estimate the median of the data. There are two methods to get the median:
N
(i) Mark a point corresponding to , where N is the total frequency on cumulative frequency axis (i.e., Y-axis).
2
Draw a line parallel to X-axis to cut the ogive at a point. From this point draw a line perpendicular to the
X-axis to get another point. The abscissa of this point gives median.
(ii) Draw both the ogives (less than and more than ogive) on the same graph paper which cut each other at a
point. From this point draw a line perpendicular to the X-axis, to get another point. The point at which it cuts
X-axis, gives the median.

How is it done on the GREENBOARD?

Q.1. Form a more than frequency table of the following data :
x 1–2 2–3 3–4 4–5 5–6 6–7 7–8 8–9
f 3 4 1 2 6 2 4 3
Solution
Step I:
x f c.f. (More than)
1–2 3 22 + 3
2–3 4 18 + 4
3–4 1 17 + 1
4–5 2 15 + 2
5–6 6 9+6
6–7 2 7+2
7–8 4 3+4
8–9 3 3

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1 mark each

Q. 1. Which central tendency is obtained by the abscissa Q. 2. What is abscissa of the point of intersection of
of point of intersection of less than type and more the “Less than type“ and of the “More than type“
than type ogives ? R [CBSE Term- 1, 2015] cumulative frequency curve of a grouped data ?
Sol. Median. 1  R
Sol. The abscissa of the point of intersection of the Q. 3. What is the other name of cumulative frequency
“Less than type“ and “More than type“ cumulative curve ? R
frequency curve of a grouped data is median. 1 Sol. Ogive. 1

Short Answer Type Questions-I 2 marks each

Q. 1. Given below is a frequency distribution table showing daily income of 100 workers of a factory :
Daily income of workers (in `) 200 – 300 300 – 400 400 – 500 500 – 600 600 – 700
Number of workers 12 18 35 20 15
Convert this table to a cumulative frequency distribution table of 'more than type'.
C + U [CBSE Term- 1, 2016]
Sol. Cumulative frequency distribution table (more than type)
Daily income of workers (in `) Number of workers
More than 200 100
More than 300 88
More than 400 70
More than 500 35
More than 600 15
More than 700 0
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 2
Q. 2. The given distribution shows the number of runs scored by the batsmen in inter-school cricket matches :

Runs scored 0–50 50–100 100–150 150–200 200–250

Number of batsmen 4 6 9 7 5
Draw a ' more than type' ogive for the above data. C + A [CBSE Term- 1, 2015]
Sol. Units on x-axis : 1 cm = 50, y-axis : 1 cm = 5
Runs scored c.f.
More than 0 31
More than 50 27
More than 100 21
More than 150 12
More than 200 5
More than 250 0
1

On
On

X 1
250
Runs Scored 
 Q. 3. The following are the ages of 300 patients getting medical treatment in a hospital on a particular day :

Age (in years) 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70

Number of patients 60 42 55 70 53 20
Form the “less than type” cumulative frequency distribution table. U
Sol.
Age (in years) Number of Patients

Less than 20 60

Less than 30 102

Less than 40 157

Less than 50 227

Less than 60 280

Less than 70 300 2

Short Answer Type Questions-II 3 marks each

Q. 1. A TV reporter was given a task to prepare a report on the rainfall of the city Dispur of India in a particular year.
After collecting the data, he analyzed the data and prepared a report on the rainfall of the city. Using this report,
he drew the following graphs for a particular time period of 66 days.
70

60 1
CumulativeFrequency

50

40

30

20
11
10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 607 0
Rainfallincm
curve 1 curve 2

Based on the above graph, answer the following questions:

(i) Identify less than type ogive and more than type ogive from the given graph.
(ii) Find the median rainfall of Dispur.
(iii) Obtain the Mode of the data if mean rainfall is 23.4 cm.  C [CBSE SQP 2020-21]

Sol. (i) Curve 1 – Less than ogive, Curve 2 – More than ogive 1
(ii) Median Rainfall = 21 cm 1
(iii) 3 Median = Mode + 2 mean
\ Mode = 16.2 cm [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] 1
Detailed Solution:
(iii) We have, mean = 23.4 cm (Given) \ median = 21
N 70 \ mode = 3 median – 2 mean
From the given graph, = = 35
2 2  (By Empirical formula)
Now, locate the point on the ogive where ordinate = 3 × 21 – 2 × 23.4
is 35. = 63 – 46.8
The X-coordinate corresponding to this ordinate is 21 = 16.2. 1
Q. 2. By changing the following frequency distribution 'to less than type' distribution, draw its ogive.

Classes 0 – 15 15 – 30 30 – 45 45 – 60 60 – 75
Frequency 6 8 10 6 4
C + A [CBSE OD Comptt. Set-I, II, III, 2018]
Sol.
Classes Frequency Classes Cumulative frequency
0 – 15 6 Less than 15 6
15 – 30 8 Less than 30 14
30 – 45 10 Less than 45 24
45 – 60 6 Less than 60 30 1
60 – 75 4 Less than 75 34
Y
35
30 (75, 34)
Cumulative frequency

(60, 30)
25
20 (45, 24)

15 (30, 14)
10
5 (15, 6)
0
15 30 45 60 75
X [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 2
Upper limits

Q. 3. From the frequency distribution table from the following data : C+ A

Marks (out of 90) Number of students (c.f.)

More than or equal to 80 4
More than or equal to 70 6
More than or equal to 60 11
More than or equal to 50 17
More than or equal to 40 23
More than or equal to 30 27
More than or equal to 20 30
More than or equal to 10 32
More than or equal to 0 34
Sol.

Marks (out of 90) Number of students (c.f.) C.I. Number of students (fi)
More than or equal to 0 34 0 – 10 34 – 32 = 2
More than or equal to 10 32 10 – 20 32 – 30 = 2
More than or equal to 20 30 20 – 30 30 – 27 = 3
More than or equal to 30 27 30 – 40 27 – 23 = 4
More than or equal to 40 23 40 – 50 23 – 17 = 6
More than or equal to 50 17 50 – 60 17 – 11 = 6
More than or equal to 60 11 60 – 70 11 – 6 =5
More than or equal to 70 6 70 – 80 6–4=2
More than or equal to 80 4 80 – 90 4–0=4 3
 Long Answer Type Questions 5 marks each

Q. 1. The following table gives production yield per hectare (in quintals) of wheat of 100 farms of a village :
Production yield/hect. 40 – 45 45 – 50 50 – 55 55 – 60 60 – 65 65 – 70
No. of farms 4 6 16 20 30 24
Change the distribution to 'a more than' type distribution and draw its ogive.
 C + A [CBSE Delhi & OD Set-I, 2020]
Sol. 
Production yield/hectare c.f.
More than 40 100
More than 45 96
More than 50 90
More than 55 74
More than 60 54
More than 65 24
2½
More than 70 0
Y
(40, 100) Units on x-axis 1 cm = 5
100 (45, 96) and y-axis 1 cm = 10

90 (50, 90)

80
(55, 74)
70
60
(60, 54)
50
c.f.

'more than' 0give

40
30
(65, 24)
20
10
0 X 2½
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Production (lower limit)

Q. 2. Change the following data into ‘less than type’ distribution and draw its ogive :
Class Interval 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 – 80 80 – 90 90 – 100
Frequency 7 5 8 10 6 6 8
A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2019]
Sol.
Less than 40 Less than 50 Less than 60 Less than 70 Less than 80 Less than 90 Less than 100
c.f. 7 12 20 30 36 42 50 1½
2
Plotting of points (40, 7), (50, 12), (60, 20), (70, 30), (80, 36), (90, 42) and (100, 50) 1½
Joining the points to get the curve [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 2
Detailed Solution:
Classes Cumulative frequency
Less than 40 7
Less than 50 7 + 5 = 12
Less than 60 12 + 8 = 20
Less than 70 20 + 10 = 30
Less than 80 30 + 6 = 36
Less than 90 36 + 6 = 42
Less than 100 42 + 8 = 50 3
 2

Scale: at X-axis, 1 small division = 10 units
at Y-axis, 1 small division = 5 units
Q. 3. The marks obtained by 100 students of a class in an examination are given below :
Marks 0–5 5 – 10 10 – 15 15 – 20 20 – 25 25 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40 40 – 45 45 – 50
No. of Students 2 5 6 8 10 25 20 18 4 2
A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2019]

Draw ‘a less than’ type cumulative frequency curve (ogive). Hence find median.
Sol. Less than type distribution is as follows:
Marks No. of students
Less than 5 2
Less than 10 7
Less than 15 13
Less than 20 21
Less than 25 31
Less than 30 56
Less than 35 76
Less than 40 94
Less than 45 98
Less than 50 100 1½
Plotting of points (5, 2), (10, 7) (15, 13), (20, 21), (25, 31), (30, 56), (35, 76), (40, 94), (45, 98), (50, 100) 1½
Joining to get the curve 1
Getting median from graph (approx. 29) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 1
Detailed Solution:
Marks No of students c.f.
Less than 5 2 2
Less than 10 5 7
Less than 15 6 13
Less than 20 8 21
Less than 25 10 31
Less than 30 25 56
Less than 35 20 76
Less than 40 18 94
Less than 45 4 98
Less than 50 2 100 2

We plot the points A(5, 2), B(10, 7), C(15, 13), D(20, 21), E(25, 31), F(30, 56), G(35, 76), H(40,94), I(45,98) and
J(50,100) 1

Join AB, BC, CD, DE, EE, FG, GH, HI, IJ and JA with a free hand to get the same representing the “less than type“
frequency curve (ogive)
Scale : On x-axis 1 cm = 5 marks
On y-axis 1 cm = 10 studetns

N 100

From graph, = = 50
2 2

Now, locate the point on the ogive where ordinate is 50. The X-coordinate corresponding to this ordinate is 28.8.

Therefore, the required median on the graph is 28.8.
Q. 4. The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory :

Daily income (in `) 200 – 220 220 – 240 240 – 260 260 – 280 280 – 300

Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10

Convert the distribution above to a ‘less than type’ cumulative frequency distribution and draw its ogive.
A [CBSE Delhi Set-III, 2019]
Sol. Less than type distribution is as follows
Daily income Number of workers
Less than 220 12
Less than 240 26
Less than 260 34
Less than 280 40
Less than 300 50
Plotting of points (220,12), (240, 26), (260, 34)(280, 40) and (300, 50) 3
Joining to get curve [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 2
Detailed Solution:

Daily Income (in `) Cumulative Frequency

Less than 220 12

Less than 240 26

Less than 260 34

Less than 280 40

Less than 300 50 3

  2
Q. 5. Change the following distribution to a ‘more than type’ distribution. Hence draw the ‘more than type’ ogive for
this distribution.
Class interval 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 – 80 80 – 90
Frequency 10 8 12 24 6 25 15

Topper Answer, 2017

Sol.
 Topper Answer, 2017

Q. 6. The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory :

Daily Income (in `) 100 – 120 120 – 140 140 – 160 160 – 180 180 – 200
Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10
Convert the distribution above to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution and draw its ogive.
A [CBSE Delhi/OD, 2018]
Sol. Cumulative frequency distribution table less than type is
Daily Income (in `) Cumulative Frequency (c.f.)
Less than 100 0
Less than 120 12
Less than 140 26
Less than 160 34
Less than 180 40
Less than 200 50

Daily Income (in `) Number of Workers (f) Cumulative Frequency (c.f.)

100 – 120 12 12
120 – 140 14 26
140 – 160 8 34
160 – 180 6 40
180 – 200 10 50
 Less than Daily Income in (`) Number of Workers (c.f.)
100 0
120 12
140 26
160 34
180 40
200 50 3

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 2

COMMONLY MADE ERROR

 Mostly candidates are unable to find frequency from c.f. They commit errors to understand the
difference between 'less than Type' or 'more than Type'. Also they commit errors to draw its ogive.

ANSWERING TIP

 Adequate practice of these types of problems is necessary. Also, students should do proper practice
to draw the ogive.

Q. 7. The following data indicates the marks of 53 students in Mathematics.

Marks Number of Students
0 – 10 5
10 – 20 3
20 – 30 4
30 – 40 3
40 – 50 3
50 – 60 4
60 – 70 7
70 – 80 9
80 – 90 7
90 – 100 8
Draw less than type ogive for the data above and hence find the median. A [CBSE SQP, 2018]
Sol.
Marks Number of Students c.f.
0 – 10 5 5
10 – 20 3 8
20 – 30 4 12
 30 – 40 3 15
40 – 50 3 18
50 – 60 4 22
60 – 70 7 29
70 – 80 9 38
80 – 90 7 45
90 – 100 8 53 2
Correct table
Drawing correct Ogive 2
Median = 64 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 1
Detailed Solution:

Marks obtained Number of Students (c.f.)

Less than 10 5
Less than 20 8
Less than 30 12
Less than 40 15
Less than 50 18
Less than 60 22
Less than 70 29
Less than 80 38
Less than 90 45
Less than 100 53 2

Y
X
Y

26.5

66.4

X 2


Here, N = 53
N 53
So, = = 26.5
2 2
So, median class will be 60 – 70.
N 
 2 − c. f .
Median = l + f ×h

26.5 − 22
= 60 + × 10
7
45
= 60 +
7
Median = 66.4. (Approx) 1
 Q. 8. On the annual day of school, age-wise participation of students is given in the following frequency distribution
table :
Age (in years) Number of students
Less than 6 2
Less than 8 6
Less than 10 12
Less than 12 22
Less than 14 42
Less than 16 67
Less than 18 76
Find the median of the students and get the median graphically. A [CBSE Term-1 2016]
Sol.

Age of student C.I. c.f. f

Less than 6 4–6 2 2

Less than 8 6–8 6 4

Less than 10 8 – 10 12 6

Less than 12 10 – 12 22 10

Less than 14 12 – 14 42 20

Less than 16 14 – 16 67 25

Less than 18 16 – 18 76 9
N = 76
unit
N 76 unit
= = 38
Now, 2 2
Hence, median class will be (12 – 14)
38
Here, l = 12, c.f. = 22, h = 2, f = 20
æN ö M
çè 2 - c. f .÷ø
So, Median = l + ´h
f

(38 - 22) 2
= 12 + ´2 N
20
Age (in years)
= 13.6
From the graph, median = 13.6. 1
Q. 9. In annual day of a school, age-wise participation of students is shown in the following frequency distribution :

Age of student (in years) 5–7 7–9 9 – 11 11 – 13 13–15 15–17 17–19

Number of students 20 18 22 25 20 15 10
Draw a 'less than type' ogive for the above data and from it find the median age. A [CBSE Term-1, 2015]
Sol.
Students c.f.
Less than 7 20
Less than 9 38
Less than 11 60
 Less than 13 85
Less than 15 105
Less than 17 120
Less than 19 130
Y

X unit
Y unit

X 2

This curve is the required cumulative frequency curve or an ogive of the less than type.
Here, N = 130,
N 130
So, = = 65 1
2 2
Now, we locate the point on the ogive whose ordinate is 65. The X-co-ordinate corresponding to this ordinate is 11.4.
Hence, the required median on the graph is 11.4. 1
Q. 10. In an orchard, the number of apples on trees are given below :
More More More More More More More
than or than or than or than or than or than or than or
Number of apples
equal equal equal equal equal equal equal
to 50 to 60 to 70 to 80 to 90 to 100 to 110
Number of trees 60 55 39 29 10 6 2
Draw a 'more than type' ogive and hence obtain median from the curve. C [CBSE Term-1, 2015]
Sol. 

Number of Apples c.f.

More than 50 60
More than 60 55
More than 70 39
More than 80 29
More than 90 10
More than 100 6
More than 110 2

1
 2

Number of Apples
This curve shows cumulative frequency on an ogive of the 'more than type'.
Here N = 60,
N 60
So, = = 30 1
2 2
Now, we locate the point on the ogive whose ordinate is 30. The x-co-ordinate corresponding to this ordinate is 79.
Hence, the required median on the graph is 79. 1

Visual Case Based Questions 4 marks each

Note: Attempt any four sub parts from each question. Each sub part carries 1 mark
Q. 1. COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus
disease caused by the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among
humans.

The following tables shows the age distribution of case admitted during a day in two different hospitals
Table 1

Age (in years) 5 – 15 15 – 25 25 – 35 35 – 45 45 – 55 55 – 65

No. of cases 6 11 21 23 14 5
Table 1

Age (in years) 5 – 15 15 – 25 25 – 35 35 – 45 45 – 55 55 – 65

No. of cases 8 16 10 42 24 12
Refer to table 1
(i) The average age for which maximum cases occurred is
(a) 32.24 (b) 34.36 (c) 36.82 (d) 42.24
Sol. Correct option: (c).
Explanation: Since, highest frequency is 23.
So, modal class is 35 – 45.
f1 − f0
Now, Mode = l + ×h
2 f1 − f0 − f2
Here, l = 35, h = 10, f1 = 23, f0 = 21, f2 = 14,
 23 − 21
⇒
Mode = 35 + × 10
46 − 21 − 14
2
= 35 + × 10
11
20
= 35 +
11
= 35 + 1.81
= 36.818 ≈ 36.82
(ii) The upper limit of modal class is
(a) 15 (b) 25 (c) 35 (d) 45
Sol. Correct option: (d).
(iii) The mean of the given data is
(a) 26.2 (b) 32.4 (c) 33.5 (d) 35.4
Sol. Correct option: (d).
Explanation:

Class marks frequency Deviation

Age (in years) fidi
(xi) (fi) di = (xi – a)

5 – 15 10 6 –3 –15
15 – 25 20 11 6 66
25 – 35 30 21 16 336
35 – 45 40 23 26 598
45 – 55 50 14 → a 1 18
55 – 65 60 5 46 230
Sfi = n = 80 Sfidi = 1,716

Σfi di
Now, Mean (x–) = a +
Σfi
1716
= 14 +
80
= 14 + 21.45
= 35.45
Refer to table 2
(iv) The mode of the given data is
(a) 41.4 (b) 48.2 (c) 55.3 (d) 64.6
Sol. Correct option: (a).
(v) The median of the given data is
(a) 32.7 (b) 40.2 (c) 42.3 (d) 48.6
Sol. Correct option: (b).
Explanation:
frequency (fi)
Age (in years) C.f.
(No. of cases)
5 – 15 8 8
15 – 25 16 24
25 – 35 10 34

n
35 – 45 42 (frequency) 76 (Nearest to )
2
45 – 55 24 100
55 – 65 12 112
Sfi = n = 112
 Now, n = 112
= 56.
2 2

l = 35 (lower limit of median class)
Cf = 34 (Preceding to median class)
n 
− cf
2 
Here, Median = l +  ×h
f 
 
 

 56 − 34 
= 35 +  × 10
 42 

 22 
= 35 +   × 10
 42 

 11 
= 35 +   × 10
 21 

110
= 35 +
21
= 40.25
Q. 2. Electricity Energy Consumption
Electricity energy consumption is the form of energy consumption that uses electric energy. Global electricity
consumption continues to increase faster than world population, leading to an increase in the average amount
of electricity consumed per person (per capita electricity consumption).

Tariff : LT - Residential Bill Number : 384756

Type of Supply : Single Passes Connected lead : 3 kW
Mater Reading : 31-11-13 Mater Reading : 65700
Date
Previous Reading : 31-10-13 Previous Mater : 65500
Date Reading
Units consumed : 289
A survey is conducted for 56 families of a Colony A. The following tables gives the weekly consumption of
electricity of these families.

Weekly consumption
0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
(in units)
No. of families 16 12 18 6 4 0
Table 1

Weekly consumption
0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
(in units)
No. of families 0 5 10 20 40 5
Refer to data received from Colony A
(i) The median weekly consumption is
(a) 12 units (b) 16 units (c) 20 units (d) None of these
Sol. Correct option: (c).
 Explanation:

Weekly consumption frequency (fi)

C.f.
(in units) (No. of families)
0-10 8 16
28
10-20 (Median class) 12 (frequency) n
(Nearest to )
2
20-30 18 46
30-40 6 52
40-50 4 56
50-60 0 56
Sfi = n = 56

Now, n = 56
= 28
2 2

l = 10, Cf = 16, f = 12, h = 10
n 
− cf
2 
Here, Median = l +  ×h
f 
 
 
 28 − 16 
= 10 +  × 10
 12 
 12 
= 10 +   × 10
 12 
= 10 + 10
= 20
Hence, median weekly consumption = 20 units.
(ii) The mean weekly consumption is
(a) 19.64 units (b) 22.5 units (c) 26 units (d) None of these
Sol. Correct option: (a).
(iii) The modal class of the above data is I
(a) 0-10 (b) 10-20 (c) 20-30 (d) 30-40
Sol. Correct option: (c).
Refer to data received from Colony B
(iv) The modal weekly consumption is
(a) 38.2 units (b) 43.6 units (c) 26 units (d) 32 units
Sol. Correct option: (b).
(v) The mean weekly consumption is
(a) 15.65 units (b) 32.8 units (c) 38.75 units (d) 48 units
Sol. Correct option: (c).
Q. 3. The weights (in kg) of 50 wrestlers are recorded in the following table :
Weight (in kg) 100 – 110 110 – 120 120 – 130 130 – 140 140 – 150
No. of Wrestless 4 14 21 8 3
 (i) What is the upper limit of modal class.
(a) 120 (b) 130 (c) 100 (d) 150
Sol. Correct option: (b).
Explanation: Modal Class = 120 – 130
Upper limit = 130 1
(ii) What is the mode class frequency of the given data
(a) 21 (b) 50 (c) 25 (d) 80
Sol. Correct option: (a).
Explanation: Mode class frequency of the given data is 21. 1
(iii) How many wrestlers weights have more than 120 kg weight ?
(a) 32 (b) 50 (c) 16 (d) 21
Sol. Correct option: (a).
Explanation: No. of wrestlers with more than 120 kg weight= 21 + 8 + 3 = 32 1
(iv) What is the class mark for class 130 – 140 ?
(a) 120 (b) 130 (c) 135 (d) 150
Sol. Correct option: (c).
Explanation: For class mark of 130 – 140,
130 + 140
=
2
270
= = 135 1
2 
(v) Which method is more suitable to find the mean of the above data ?
(a) Direct method (b) Assumed mean method
(c) Step-Deviation method (d) None of these
Sol. Correct option: (c). 1
Q. 4. The maximum bowling speeds, in km per hour, of 33 players at a cricket coaching centre are given as follows.
Speed (in km/h) 85 – 100 100 – 115 115 – 130 130 – 145
Number of players 11 9 8 5

(i) What is the modal class of the given data?

(a) 85-100 (b) 100-115 (c) 115-130 (d) 130-145
Sol. Correct option: (a).
Explanation: Modal class is the class with highest frequency i.e., 85 – 100 1
(ii) What is the value of class interval for the given data set?
(a) 10 (b) 15 (c) 5 (d) 20
Sol. Correct option: (b).
Explanation: The value of class interval = 100 – 85 = 15
again = 115 – 100 = 15
and = 130 – 115 = 145 – 130 1
(iii) What is the median class of the given data?
(a) 85-100 (b) 100-115 (c) 115-130 (d) 130-145
Sol. Correct option: (b).
Explanation: N = Number of observations = 33
Median of 33 observations = 17.5th observation, which lies in class 100 – 115 1
(iv) What is the median of bowling speed?
(a) 109.17 km/hr (Approx) (b) 109.71 km/hr (Approx)
(c) 107.17 km/hr (Approx) (d) 109.19 km/hr (Approx)
 Sol. Correct option: (a).
n 
 − c. f .
2
Explanation:
Median = l + ×h
f
l = 100, f = 9, c.f. = 11, h = 100 – 85 = 15
n 
 − c. f .

Median = l + 2
×h
f
 33 
 − 11
2
= 100 + × 15
9
100 + (16.5 − 11)
=
9 × 15
5.5 × 15
= 100 +
9
82.5
= 100 +
9
= 100 + 9.166
= 109.17 km/h (Approx)
Hence, the median bowling speed is 109.17 km/h (Approx) 1
(v) What is the sum of lower limit of modal class and upper limit of median class?
(a) 100 (b) 200 (c) 300 (d) 400
Sol. Correct option: (b).
Explanation: Lower limit of modal class = 85
and upper limit of median class =115
sum = 85 + 115 = 200 1
5. 100 m RACE
A stopwatch was used to find the time that it took a group of students to run 100 m.

Time (in sec) 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100

No. of students 8 10 13 6 3
C + AE [CBSE SQP, 2020-21]
(i) Estimate the mean time taken by a student to finish the race.
(a) 54 (b) 63 (c) 43 (d) 50
Sol. Correct option: (c). [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020-21] 1
Explanation:
Time (in sec) x f cf fx
0-20 10 8 8 80
20-40 30 10 18 300
40-60 50 13 31 650
60-80 70 6 37 420
80-100 90 3 40 270 ½
Total 40 1720
1720
Mean = = 43
40
 (ii) What will be the upper limit of the modal class ?
(a) 20 (b) 40 (c) 60 (d) 80
Sol. Correct option: (c). [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020-21] 1
Explanation:
Modal class = 40-60
Upper limit = 60
(iii) The construction of cumulative frequency table is useful in determining the
(a) Mean (b) Median (c) Mode (d) All of the above
Sol. Correct option: (b).
Explanation: The construction of c.f. table is useful in determining the median. 1
(iv) The sum of lower limits of median class and modal class is
(a) 60 (b) 100 (c) 80 (d) 140
Sol. Correct option: (c). [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020-21] 1
Explanation:
Median class = 40-60 ½
Modal class = 40-60
Therefore, the sum of the lower limits of median and modal class = 40 + 40 = 80 ½
(v) How many students finished the race within 1 minute?
(a) 18 (b) 37 (c) 31 (d) 8
Sol. Correct option: (c). [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020-21] 1
Explanation:
Number of students who finished the race within 1 minute = 8 + 10 + 13 = 31