LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

VI SEMESTER
18ARC6.6

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 SYLLABUS - MODULE - 1

Introduction to the discipline of Landscape Architecture

a. Landscape as a broad terminology

Natural and Man-modified landscapes

b. Brief history and growth of landscape architecture as a design

and planning profession from gardens to regional landscapes.

c. Scope and nature of professional work in contemporary landscape architecture

Changing priorities of disciplinary approach :
Ecology, Biodiversity and Sustainability .

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 SYLLABUS - MODULE - 1

Introduction to the discipline of Landscape Architecture

b. Brief history and growth of landscape architecture as a design

and planning profession from gardens to regional landscapes.

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H Date : 27.03.2023

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. INTRODUCTION OF GARDEN

What is a Garden ?
A garden can be PRIVATE
SEMI-PRIVATE
In Hebrew - GAN meaning to protect or
PUBLIC
defend, implying a fence or enclosure and
EDEN or ODEN meaning pleasure or delight.

Majority of religions faiths describe gardens as

Paradise.
A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors,
set aside for the cultivation, display, and
enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature.

The garden can incorporate both natural and

artificial materials. Japanese zen gardens

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

GARDEN :

FOR POOR - Agricultural practices - fenced vegetable patch - prototype.

Some plants, usually herbs, even if they were grown in pots.

FOR WEALTHY - Gardens were made for rest and pleasure, entertainment-games,
music, dining and dancing. Extension of the house, an outdoor room.

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. INTRODUCTION TO REGIONAL LANDSCAPE

What is a Regional Landscape ?

Regional landscapes reflect the cultural

characteristics of their inhabitants.
This can be seen in the architectural
structures used in a region, and in the
statues and monuments of local, national,
or global significance.

In landscape architecture, regional

designing is a form of large scale spatial
design that develops visions and long-
term perspectives for regions.
Green city - Chandigarh
FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

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 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
The First landscapes conceived by man Primitive man set his mark on landscape by
appears in the cave paintings of France and raising artificial hills or rearranging stones. The
Northern Spain between 30,000 and 10,000 BC, simple heaped mound was universal record of
which are still the most pure of all the intuitive a burial throughout the prehistoric world.
arts of landscape design

Cave Painting @ Lascaux , France (c.17,000 BCE) Carnac stones at Brittany, France
FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Central civilization : Began with Sumerians in Mesopotamia

developed with Assyrians, Persians and Sassanids and under Parallel civilizations
Islam spread West to Spain and East to India.
Interlocked
Western civilization began simultaneously in Nile valley of
Egypt,
Western Greece,began
civilization Rome, Europe, Italy,inFrance,
simultaneously Spain, Germany,
Nile valley.
England, Netherlands

Eastern Civilization composed of Mongoloid races of India, Remote

China, Japan and Pre-Columbian America. Influence of one group
of civilization upon
another was less

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

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 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Central civilization :

 The first designed landscapes of central

civilization were in Southern
WesternMesopotamia.
civilization began simultaneously in Nile valley.

 Agriculture developed from the cultivation

of wild barely and wheat, first grown as
garden rather than a field crop.

Mesopotamian agriculture

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

 Babylon might be described as the

mother-city of the manufactured
landscape as well as of gardens.

Western civilization began simultaneously in Nile valley.

Mesopotamian’s Hanging Gardens of Babylon Mesopotamian’s Hanging Gardens of Babylon

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

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 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

 The terraces of Hanging garden were built between 604 and 562 BC above two rows of
seven vaulted chambers and may have risen in sequence up to seventy- five feet.

 The structure was waterproofed with bitumen, baked brick and lead and covered with
soil for trees- depth obtained by use of space between the haunches of the arches.

Western civilization began simultaneously in Nile valley.

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

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 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

 Assyrians were dominant military power from 1350 BC onwards and the cooler, more
thickly wooded landscape of northern Mesopotamia encouraged the chase.
 With the domestication of the horses came the first hunting park, first landscape expansion
into the environment, laid out geometrically with trees often imported from afar, wild animals
were introduced and hunting-box evolved into the first landscape pleasure pavilion.

Western civilization began simultaneously in Nile valley.

Khorsabad hunting park

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

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 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Persians – Paradise garden - Chahār Bāgh are private and formal Persian gardens. The basic structure
consists of four quadrants divided by waterways (canals- the four rivers of life ) or pathways.
Cypress that line the main canals symbolize death and eternity, the fruit trees represent life and fertility.
Traditionally, the rich used such gardens in work-related functions.

Eram Garden is a famous historic Persian garden

in Shiraz, Iran
FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

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 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Islam – Western Asia

 The round city of Baghdad besides Tigris river, fabled for its palaces and gardens.
 Houses and gardens continued on traditional lines but with interior and exterior more closely interwoven.
 Flowers were abundant and the city became the center for perfume industry.

Baghdad – first circular city with the mosque at its center Plan
FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

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 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Islam – Western Asia

 After the invasion of the Mongols the

initiative in landscape passed to the
Ottoman Turks.
 Using Byzantine craftsmen, the Turks
evolved the idea of the groupings of small
low domes, which appear like liberated
mushrooms in the landscape.
 At Constantinople the Turks evolved an art
in which buildings were sited in the grand
landscape primarily for aesthetic
reasons
Byzantine Constantinople

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

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 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Islam – Western Asia

Isfahan, city of gardens, was

laid out as a contained city,
but with a sense of urban
green landscape.
The inspiration of the
complete city plan can be
found in the traditional
Persian garden, composed of
squares and rectangles.
Monumental bridges
extended like tentacles into
country side.
Plan

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

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 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Western civilization - EGYPT : Nile valley

The gardens of the rich, were highly
cultivated geometrical enclosures.
There was no natural green landscape.

Example of Ancient Egyptian Garden

The Official’s garden at Thebes :
 Rectangular and axial arrangement of
flower beds, ponds
 Enclosures and vine trellis under which
one walked form the gate to the house
 Fruit trees were planted for shade.
 Irrigation channels, garden pavilions and
the garden was surrounded by a high wall.
Ancient Egyptian Gardens – Private gardens
FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

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 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Western civilization :

Greece :

 In Mycenae and later throughout

Greece, gardens were either patios,
or planted for fruits or confined to
public or semi-public such as sacred
groves, sacred springs and
teaching academies.
 The essence of Greek site planning
was that all architecture, whether
temple, theatre, agora or dwelling,
was subsidiary and composed to
natural landscape. Acropolis of Mycenae in prehistoric Greece
FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Western civilization :

The Roman empire :

With the emergence of the wealthy and
travelled landowners and with the
knowledge of the gardens of Hellenistic
Alexandria and South-west Asia, the
importance and magnitude of the country
villa with small garden/ courtyard gardens
grew phenomenally and Rome itself
became a city of parks extending along
the Tiber.
First Julius Caesar and later other
emperors gave estates as public parks. Rome - city of parks

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Western civilization :

Europe :

Garden art was confined either to

cloister garden or the small enclosed
domestic or castle garden rich with
raised beds, fountains, pergolas.

Christianity was first expressed in

landscape by basilica and campanili
(Bell tower) such as those of
Ravenna in the West and mushroom
dome of Byzantium in East.
Ravenna, Italy

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Western civilization :

Italy : Baroque

Baroque landscape was based on a sense of

movement and expansion beyond the
finite boundaries.
In urban planning, these objectives were
principally achieved through the straight
avenues, introduced for military use as well
as for spectacle.

Example : Piazza del Popla, Rome.

Three radiating avenues with central obelisk.
Piazza del Popla, Rome
FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

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 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Western civilization :

France : 16th and 17th century

Andre Le Notre revolutionized French

garden design abolishing the idea of
compartments and substituting that
totally organized space.

Gardens no longer to be mere

extension of the house, which itself
became part of great land composition.

Plan of Versailles, France

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Eastern civilization :

Mongoloid race
India and China linked by Buddhism.
Civilization of India based on religion
and China on ethics.

Ancient India :

Mughal Emperor Babur- laid out first

garden based on irrigation
Baghe Babur, Kabul, Afgahanistan

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Eastern civilization :

China:

Gardens were for meditation ,

conversation and poetry
reading
with fragrant trees, flowers
and shrubs.

Classical gardens

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Eastern civilization :

Japan:

Zen Buddhism evolves ceremonial

tea pavilion and static gardens of
contemplation.
Secular ‘Stroll’ gardens develop
from the stepping- stones of tea
pavilions to become a garden
movement.

Ceremonial Tea pavilion with garden

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Eastern civilization :

Pre-Columbian America:

The pre-Inca cities of lowlands

were built of clay.

Inca city , Machu Picchu,Peru

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

EVOLUTION OF MODERN LANDSCAPE

Through the 19th century, URBAN

PLANNING became a focal point and
central issue in cities.
The combination of the tradition of
landscape gardening and the emerging
field of urban planning offered landscape
architecture an opportunity to serve these
needs.
Landscape Architecture profession came
into use from zonal to regional and
urban scale during 18-19th century when
the Industrial revolution began and
Urbanization started in Paris. Urban landscapes of Paris City
FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

The CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT was

a reform philosophy of North
American architecture and urban
planning that flourished during the 1890s
and 1900s with the intent of
introducing beautification and
monumental grandeur in cities.City Beautiful Movementity
The movement began in the United States
in response to crowding
in tenement districts, a consequence of
high birth rates, increased immigration and
internal migration of rural populations into
cities.

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 1b. EVOLUTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT was a 20th

century urban planning movement in
England, promoting satellite communities
surrounding the central city and separated
with greenbelts.
These Garden Cities would contain
proportionate areas of residences,
industry, and agriculture. City Beautiful Movementity
There was cross-influence between the
two aesthetics, one based in formal
garden plans and urbanization schemes
and the other, with its "semi-
detached villas" evoking a more rural
atmosphere.
Letchworth in England – World’s first garden city
FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 GARDEN CITY CONCEPT BY EBENEZER HOWARD

Ebenezer Howard‘s idealized garden city

would house 32,000 people on a site of
9,000 acres (3,600 ha).
Planned on concentric pattern with open
spaces, public parks and six
radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide,
extending from the centre. City Beautiful Movementity
The garden city would be self-sufficient
and when it reached full population,
another would be developed nearby.
Howard envisaged a cluster of several
garden cities as satellites of a central city
of 58,000 people, linked by road and rail.

1902 Garden city concept - OFFSHOOTS

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 ACTIVITIES :

ACTIVITY 2 :

Draw a time line showing the

evolution of Gardens to regional landscapes

with sketches.

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H Date : 30.03.2023

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 ACTIVITIES :

Prehistoric Cave paintings @ Lascaux , France

30,000 to 10,000 BC
mounds / stones – Carnac Brittany , France
Mesopotamia
Burial
Stonehenges , England

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H Date : 30.03.2023

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 ACTIVITIES :

Central Civilization – West Asia - Muslim conquest

Agriculture , Southern Mesopotamia.
Sumerians of
Mesopotamia
Hanging gardens, Babylon
Mesopotamia
Assyrians Hunting parks

Persians Paradise gardens - Charbagh

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H Date : 30.03.2023

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 ACTIVITIES :

Central Civilization – West Asia - Islam

Caliphs Round city, Bagdad

Mesopotamia
Mongol Turks Grand landscape for esthetics
Constantinople

Safavid Urban green landscape

Isfahan

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H Date : 30.03.2023

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 ACTIVITIES :

Western Civilization – (From Egypt to Renaissance)

Egypt Gardens of rich -Thebes

Greece Public and semi public gardens

Mesopotamia

Rome City of parks

Italy Christianity expressed in landscape by

basilica and campanili

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H Date : 30.03.2023

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 ACTIVITIES :

Western Civilization – (From Egypt to Renaissance)

Italy - Baroque urban planning- straight avenues

Piazza del Popla, Rome

France M Andre LeAndre

Notre esopotamiaz
Le Notre revolutionized
French garden design

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H Date : 30.03.2023

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
 ACTIVITIES :

Eastern Civilization –
India Persian influence – Mughal gardens

China Gardens were for meditation ,

conversation
M Andre Gardens were for meditation , conversation and poetryand poetry reading
reading

Japan ceremonial tea pavilion and

static gardens of contemplation.
Secular ‘Stroll’ gardens
Pre Columbian
America pre-Inca cities

FACULTY NAME : Ar. Malini. C. H Date : 30.03.2023

© 2020, Nitte School of Architecture, Planning & Design, Bengaluru. All rights reserved to NITTE SAPD.
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