NationaL Cooperative HiGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM NCHRP Report 356 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement for Post-Tensioned Concrete Girders Roe are Ce rem] SUC ematicalTRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1986 {ite hin its ns a Br Pi Taste bel. rears Sparen ge ae ae fon sar ea era fat uae AME po eee ee fon nd a a [oc ras dr nd Gb ay Pat Sa ery ade By ‘Muna Wu aca fo ete nr Cum Pesan a, $e ay nna Pa an Raa, Dis sem Poop SSSA or rs tne hoe ‘Che war ten Cet Cl atx an Chima Gp poe UT Ae IU WOLPERT ys Pf a, a im hn Pig, Wind i Sr fie aia {pos nn rar ya ‘ono LEO, PT ne Epo enh Nese A MINAS heh nS gas Bp ri Tecnere Saten rout gery stam 8 tp Sova sek ret gy Tyan LD rin ln NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Tamra sac Bo xe NH XEN OUMSERLAN Cee pen one Choma) SSEREA SUSY Maha i Te estes Peaneos neon nS go ee WAL. ey a are Tren et Gee BY, ner [MIU ELAR Por nr of ee Cy [ROMS BEEN npr ce Bd ‘Geoaesc oan tan ee AMOR tn ein {Ponts ira fase Tne en SLE ay Cara Sm ee [LAND SATOWSRY, Ne rpm orn DWM DuARASAUG Lane oases earn enc cae BAA HOE SP {aus nace ena for Sco stare aorNationat Coorrrative Highway Restarcu PRroGRram Report 356 Anchorage Zone Reinforcement for Post-Tensioned Concrete Girders Deparment of Cll ngieeing “he Unverty of Yeas sta ‘Transronrarion Reseancn Boano NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1994‘ATONAL COOPERATIVE MAY RESEARCH pment, wel-deged resench proves the mot eftve Spock fo be ston of many poems ig Maha 96 ‘leas snd enenes. Oey sway poten ar flo (Blin and can ts be ed by ira deen i voy en cooperative with Ge Sue averse and ‘er. Howetr, the aclrng ov of pny eeapon {then sevloe icesnly cumple problems of wide tees TDnigheay ante Tre poblens ne best sted tough 1 cso pop of eoopeatve och Tn reopeion of tae oon he ges mins of the Anertan Avion of Ste ghey So nsperaion fin ae in 1952 am ejecive non bghvay rere Progam employing aon sre techn Ts progam i. ‘Sports cuiuing hori fis fom porcine ene Stes of te Asocon ae tse he fal nope at Sapo of the Fee Highway Adrusaton, Une Ses De ‘toe of saporin “The Tensporaton Reseash Board 2 be National Reseach ‘Cova arinjueed ye Ascii inert reseae Props cot ofthe Boar's eogsned chev) and woe Sing nner stu racr,Te Bod agony ed foe th pup: apexes omen ore ftom ich mores oe acy tgnvaytanpeaton ajo eda iipnsans reer onesies coperaion ‘ith fra stead oe govern agencies, nest, {ho iy oli o he Nara Reseach Coon {Ean nurce of bec. mais aflame ree ‘Seno sf of pcs ighytaniprtie mates ‘Sine fining fsa deny ots wo ena psa "Te proba is eloped nse asi of sec ne en fed by cat soit ofthe highway and rnsporsion {porn py sommes ef AASHTO. Fach Ye, specie tres of research ede ob nl i te poe eprops {Ste Navel Reseach Coare and the Bea byte Arian ‘Asocitoe of Sine Highway and Transporation Oi Re ‘eect pret oll hse neds ae ete bth Boa, ‘Sd gulf seach species ae tee fom hse ht ave ‘Nbmated geposic Admestaon ad arene a seach ‘Sanna a th esponsibes ofthe Nana Reseach Coun “de Transporaion Revere Rows "Te nnd or hgh Teteweh a many at be Nana) ‘cooper Highway Reseach gem can makes con. ‘Sonim ote ssi ef gy meaponaion pions of tno Cnc oy repo groups. The progam, how te iene complet aber tf ba fo Sinemet eho reseac popns. NoHRP REPORT 256 Lec cat tas Pre 81.00 SESSA Tassel romeo tc SATII Sa ies tame Ro el ‘Fan se fsed enysaaasen 8 Dmpe top cin rec ea ‘adic ne Tamerane Ree Paid spe the [NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHUAY RESEARCH PROGRAM ae are foe: “Tnsponaton Resa Beart ‘atonal Resear Const 2101 Consnon Avena, NM, ‘Washing, DE. 20418FOREWORD By Satt Transportation Research Board ‘This report contuns he findings ofa study that was performed o provide guidance for-dsignng reinforemet for non achonige 20es of postcasoned conte bidge edt. The study included bot analytical and experimental investigations, neluding 137 Pye ests of anchorage applications, Bot exiting erate and the eu of arch ‘opducted for this sudy Were examied in an attempt to develop design and consruton procedures for nd and intermediate anchorage zones for post-esiond conte gtd. ‘The report provides a comprehensive deeripion of the reer, inching a scion of the ste ofthe ar, the faite element analyses peered, the pyscal experiments Dnderaken, and recommended revisions to the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highay Brides. Te propose revisions ae tended to provide inforaton on the safe ‘sod effiiet design of reinforcement for tendon anchorage zones, and were adopted by lie AASHTO Highway Subcommitee on Bridges an Stuctires in 1983, The comtnts ‘ofthis eport wil he of immediate intrest and ue o bd engineer, concrete bridge “opsruios,postensining sytem suppliers, spesfetion-wnting Pode, researchers, nd cers concemed wit he design and construction of postnsioned conte ridge semen Some cent designs for anchorage zon reinforcement (or post-ensoned concrete Ividge gies have resulted in excessive cracking or congested cinfecing dell. A perceived lack of adequate pdance inthe AASHTO Standard Speciicions for Highway Bridges bas reso in inconsistent design peactics for soe souctural lament. Ts, its porn that engineers be provided with suficiest diction to ensue stucura egy and etieiency indesign. Adionlly, pope placing tshnies for anchorage devices, reinforcement, and conczete must be followed, and an acepuble division of resposibils among eaginau, supplier, ad constrictor shouldbe dln [NCHRP Project 10-2, "Anchorage Zane Reinforcement fo Post Tetsioned Concrete Gisders,” was init in egponseta the ned for improvements indesign an consrtion ‘guidance for anchorage zone reinforcement for pot tnsioned peer. The researches ‘vated exing erate and deta, and performed analytical swdies and laboratary tests develop new information. This report documents the work pefomed unde Project 10.29 and discusses the testing procedures used andthe rte element analyses eefrmed Ine peparaion ofthe proposed specications “The recommended specifications represent a compachensve revision othe exiting AASHTO provisions. Detaled procures ae included for predicting first racking ad and ultimate Toad in postensioned concrete gider anchorage zane, and th overall ‘eeonmendaions ae based ona lini tate approach, A lo fcr for the maxim osttesioning loos propose aswel as sueng-eductionfacr for anchorage zone ‘leans. [dion tthe ad other design Divisio I) provisions, recommendationsfovcoosinucton (Division aso are presented including a ection on spec encorage sevice acceptance estat eplaces Seesons 103.143 though 10:34. ofthe cuen Speifiions. The recommended specifications provide for eficeat and conservative design, an they were doped by the AASHTO Highvay Subeorsmitee on Bridaes and ‘Strctrs in 1993,‘CONTENTS, Curren oxt_lngadin sed Reseach Approach Tadao 4 Probe Semen and Reseach Objectives, Reseach Apwoach S| Scope of Stay 8 ‘Siectste-aa Samar, 7 Backroom, 7 (Code Poison, Use ste. eau Frene 1 (oss Zoe, 1 Fig Bearing Pas, 16 Present Cae roi fr La Experinenal Popa, 17 Cog Load Prats, 31 Urine Load reason: 32 Pie Ele Anais 37 Compu of Pe Benet Anais and SrocanTe Wl aguas a ih She Spt Come Tes Aver i Sige Senge Ezcenric Tends, ‘Sage Zaes wih Mule Stag Tenions 93 ‘ching Zanes wih coo and Cured Tendo, 1 Samay of Remi 0 ‘Si Ee Ancorape Tee, 118 ule an 9 ling of Test Rea. 127 vaso of Stand Mods! Prisons, 122 ‘potas * Evalunon of Tet Ress, 135 “Bot ae Evaanon of Text Ress, 14 Rest of Dapp Te 3 Tvl, 13, van of Tet Ress, 145 ‘ove Pans fete Experimental Progra, 147ipo ovens, 150 Li Ser dren, 180 foo Zone Dew Innes, Apyaisal ne Appiton for Den and Cmmtion Regs. 150 Recommended Frovsions fr AASHTO Bre Species, 15 cuaren roon Concho and Recomnenains ‘Conn 138 ‘Gena ist Teal Zones 58 (Gener Ze 138 oso fr Ft Reh, 16 166 avenons « Lierae Review ‘User Sey and Assen Dal Physical Tet Species Design Examples 166 sano 15 agence ACKOWLEDCNENTS "he so edhe we prom ne NCH Pe upheld guy Fee temety Ante ae rated tae eee tata, ere nie Gem toma Sees eee nee atone Bony cue aterm ae ‘Goch coum uneny fi tbat Nae elec ers sp ante reece rmemrins bem Serer ears eer vce res Re ap. “aweslgaed the aplication Proposed Pot Tesoned Anche Zane Proviso ugh hss epi wo aay aie se pati oc Ice win pod ee SST eet Bon 2h 58 NE Ay PG: Mn RE natn ue te! malt oe ‘pone Men nes i Fema fd ‘Sait Ey Eatcnutendy Rete Mow ana fro np Cc Hie tonne Et «Tarps inp pment nt: St (Coast bots Ha Cae oer 1 hn Nd Cae wa roi an 2) Bcc ies Wir Pe HWA Sil ar oe pe Cd ger rage sta ie fy pian nape es ‘Sains emo ep ur tk estore wis ae mee‘SUMMARY ANCHORAGE ZONE REINFORCEMENT FOR POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE GIRDERS “This sty evolved rom widely percelve lack of idance i the AASHTO Standard ‘Specfcations for Highway Bridges hencefort rele ed ashe AASHTO Bridge Spi ‘tons forthe design and the approval of enforcement for post tensioned tendon anchor age zones. A comprebensive view ofthe current sae of the art confirmed this ereion ‘nd indicated that weeldwide variations inthe aplctions of curentdesige approaches ruled i tensile force and reiaforcement quam which coal erally ier by an fender of magnitude (1000 percent ‘The overall sudy encompassed a comprehensive literate review and an extensive sxe-of the-art survey, comprebensve clas fate element analyses, rod wage of sr nite model, and 137 physial ests of anchorage aplicaons Te les neluded ot ‘nly the tration test of concentric anchor in prams, but aio a wide variety of applications including concsnivie, escent, singe, mull, ssight, incline, curved, laterally postensioed, intermediate pocket, iste, ib, diaphragm, and slab anchors. It ‘culminated in comprebenive proposal for a complete revision lathe AASHTO Bridge Spestetons provision fr postensined anchorage 20005. [A tar resul ete proposed division of the sechoage zoe ino a local zone and 8 ener zone. Teocal 2008 consists ofthe prism of concrete suranga inesitly head ofthe anchorage device and its coining zinercement. Ils bebivie is ongly infuenced by the anchor deve characteristics andthe confining einforcere. The oe] zoe behaviors influenced ver le bythe geometry and adn ofthe overall stacte ‘The general zone consists of Ue Ine volume of conctete Cough which he concentrated ps tensioning force spreads ansverely util thee is» mor near sess distbution ‘227s the entize member cross section, Te importance ofthis division othe anchorage 2c tha tllowed a comesponding logis arangement of design criti and acceptance testing twas especially significa in Ua i facie logical and eqlable division ‘of responsibility. The anchorage device suppieis responsible for rising proper eve at wll as documented recommendations fr lel zone over, spicing, conning ‘enforcement and suplemenay reinforcement Spesificeldane Is given fortwo Kes of anchorage devies, Basi anchorage devies can be scepted on the ass ofcalelatons if ey meet speciied bearing sess and stfoeereiemens. Deal acceptance est requirements are piven fr special anchorage devices. Acceptance criteria ae sed onrack with imitations a service levels, cack sail, and ukimate suength levels, The engineer o- record is rexponile fr final approval of the lea zone denis, "The engineers ecord bas primary responsibilty for design ofthe general zone. The -onsrtr i responsible for comely pling the deve, peified enforcement, well ‘compacted conte, and for crying oat the esting operations a speed. Te local ‘zone eeia become the lower bound enti fr te rain nodes ince genera Zone. ‘Addionally, geneal zoe reinforcement ut be povided for substantial tensile baring Seses oral fo the tendon ais, compubilty indeed saling tense sees slong the loaded eg. eqilitrom indaced paling tense strestes between widely spaced ripe anchor, and longitdialedg> tensile stresses wheo anchor lads are aplied ‘ouside the em. I was show that fia alu ofien depends onthe congestion stu (oc sess field) capacity ahead ofthe lca zone node. Deed evaluation of the test program resuksinited thatthe general zone design could be based conservatively and expeditions on sua models using general principles ouined in the proposed Specification revision. Alternatively, the general zoae design could be based on elastic alysis ests tough proportioning of reinforcements somewhat more difficult. For ‘many simplified, although widely used applications, a ruh simpler approximate proce- sre was preseed which gives the marine and centro of te bursting Force, a wel san estimate ofthe maxinnim compressive sess at 9 erica section abead ofthe ‘achoraye, This approximate procedure wat developed from pcametri tis using the more accuiesru-and ie models and fst element analysis. They prodice equivalent ress for a wide range of patel eases. Detiled procedures are preentd for Fest cracking load prediction and ukimate loa editon. The ovealecommesdatons are based on limit sate proach, Servicebiity fs enmored by crack width limits at aoa sussing lavls i the loal zane anchorage evice acceptance tes. Iwas shown conclsivel thar these are acceptable lower bounds to behavior ofthe device inthe general zone, Robustness tua is ensued by proper ‘oie oflad factor and sistance factors. lod factor of 12s proposed for aplication to the maximum post-tensioaing load. A fctr of 085 is proposed for all ancorage ‘one clelons. Maximum compressive sues inte unconfined coacete ofthe general ‘one i imited o 0.75. Use of tee limits wil produce robust, conservatively designed sochorage zones with fais safer evel (Compariten ofthe est ests withthe calalton procedures indicated thatthe proposal 4s safe and has substantial conservatism in many case. This is primary due to wo factors. Oe isthe neglect ofthe concrete tensile capi which canbe substantial bit aso unreliable. The seond factor i the paste redstribution of the Fores at he frend ofthe anchorage 2one. Both te basic srt anéte model andthe elastic fie element ‘snslyiesasume forces are distributed elastically atthe end of the anchorage zone. Tes ‘sult indicated tht substan reistbaton and higher eapoity are possible but ae sotttlly dependable this stage of knowledge. Fre sts are necessary in his area, ‘Specimens that had reinforcement sinificany difere: fom that indicated by elastic soalyss had addional cracking end sometimes reduced suength. Therefore, 6 recom mended at only the reinforcement placed within a distance of 13 mes he section id rom helsing seace be considered in busting ealrastons a the ceo of that enforcement should be located somewhat close tothe pare suggested by elasic nalyss, Good engineering judgment shouldbe exercised in deta 30tat overly large Plastic retisvibution snot equved- In dealing, tisexvemalyinporan thal the designee be sensitive tthe equrement of consrucubiliy.Reaforcemeat tolerances and bending reauirements, a well 5 the need for adequate paths for cones placement nd vibration, must be provideda ‘The extensive and deiled recommendations for revsion 1 the AASHTO Bridge ‘Specifications regasing pos tensoned anchorage zones sould result in elea, moze ‘onssen and more ranal desig, deuilng and approval By relating tecnica ses ‘ith division of responsibility, the overall framework fr anchorage design and construe ‘on is signifeaay advanced andthe potential fer uni as snd ecient i n= ‘shedINTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH APPROACH “The perfomance of concrete sacs cn be damatally Ingroved by inpoing 2 luting tate of ses ‘oval oft oe atesne de a extra ods. Tis “pe> ren” of suctre permis the consacton of longer, Ive seeder girder ons beer coool of elections. ad {hie srcking of te conte Beease of ese anaes, preazesecd concrete Rat Sesame 2 very poplar emsracton ‘tel tooghoa the we ricning ef coc rogues the intouction of lg. anced tendon fresno te membex. The dispersion of the eon force inde tne Mees oer some nce ‘Sil fan bedi the snehorage The reaioeafled by te Tarvin ofthe don fone calle “schorape rae” In prensa conret serves te vane of forces fom {he tandon eta conte ccs though bord sess over {he uanfer engl ofthe pestesing sel andi gradual. fotenioned cnc, anchorage Midware is wel and {rnsef th tendo forces cle cansinghigh compressive ‘reser mete’ Sheadof the anciagecevie san {Glens sss oro endon se reguely. pope tary asborge device ae eed for asag of pose ‘enon hat poy neal cone erent fo achieve Taper bea presses han nally eee for one {Ue of such chore device sbeald be tsed on scepnce tet thar be to pov har such gh Bearing pessres 3 ot se serviestlity probes ad ut be ane nhl of Sevelpig te fl edo fre, Prtenloed cant har been esd exesvely ia Noh Aroerca Beene of the repetve, indie prediction fof presesioned enctee conponen, mansfices ae very ‘hrenemed wi the pe of race Un contat he ae of fostesionad conse pt igh ands on dest aee= See device spp and constr Dec i tee era {iy and ihe oc concetned testes fn he ancorape one ‘Yeihre aco pera pies forth signa ctor ge somes postenroned core spre, Considerable ‘onsen exists abou he espe ofthe dese, te Stchege device spp, nd the enact Th a ed {we range of probleme. At ob extee I tefl absence ‘ot anchorage tone reinforces, because of ignorance of te ‘ese for scheape zane sign or ees of elnge on te ‘ier puies ned. Ate oher creme se ig emgeted Schorge roe deta reuing t poe cones placenta ‘compton roond te atoage cvs, These robles b= fend n'a numberof acl fares at sabe ly el gaton CD, A luge manor of ses of anchorage ane bavi and espn Rive eon enue free han 70 ye Ye tis ‘hurdance f non stato ave conte mort fusion er tha fo elevation of - WH esearch hs ace ena stro snge of spc and fen Yry tele obls.the verslity of posteninel coneretereues steal ap yeni pecedare fr sachs Ze desi ‘Goment US. code povolons wate developed wit. very special ‘plication in mind and are moe adoane Yo ove the Wide ‘ings a anchor one poems encountered in ode ost PROBLEM STATEMENT AND RESEARCH ‘Gbuecrives, [NCHRP Project 10.29, “Anchorage Zone Reinfrceren for Pos-Tensiond Corte Gates” was inated withthe cee tse dvlop design roel or ed ed ieee a+ ‘hora sone for postsasioed corte dee a alas. The [NCH reser problem aerator is projec sta ‘Te AASIO Sal Sino Hie Bie Sst Foc sq ie fe egy rime ‘Eos pene tc ot sb Ou evieprcnnkinscateceiny cnr tiny ‘She wr nara denn pies soe) a SMegte he mer re ‘Eerie oe Oey Tem at As ne seta ip peste Sg nese ‘Sie pane Mover stn frac need ‘Spe an font sare wee ane, ‘Seapine, bare seer ee pes ot {ieee fr free das ce hap caved, harbiye te no stad mee Storer er kel eee) From the tie ets formed by NCHRP i vga segue for popu it mae abs tht te sor Conca [Ean tothe sy wee the sms complete ares of gd ‘Se ad reruaion inthe AASHTO Bag Species ‘Bing pstensigned ancnage ane. Te pet ensionn [Sees vo ase the oe pei resin te pst (Cnn tendon tote cenrte ste troops = gy nena mechanical device called a pestering anche. Spe device Exrmely high oa erg sss an Be ppd 15) ese dies Olen propery hrOware devices a ed ‘heb soning renfrement_ At te tat of ts ‘ey the AASHTO Bridge Speen a vere ays {och alowable bearing stesses and no poset o chestconfncment rept o lequcy. Design proces for ter Fetfrcemen requed te aciage roves were a Imelary ad ft tere war ne acer dein of the ‘Betorage toe exlent. Groveg tubes of apletions with ‘eset tendon Inclined tendons. cured tendons, make leedons, citer tendons, ned aochoraes, cae plage ahberages ad ar xed eins of sited ‘esi posers eopgved in Armerian txts In abn {he lca weenie, 3 contdeale sumber of poles ‘were occuring in which te question of rsponstty Tor con tts mites owl fice ar vue ad used, De Fippe. anchorage device supplies, cot ad owner Were ot clea fo el esprsiies,AASTTTO sponsored ths tly, which was conded win the NCHRP, withthe bec of developing speci spesiexion recommendations ‘tut AASHTO cel onder for adnpoe omnis bol the ‘etna athe resprsiliy poles. ‘Te genera approach this roble conse of series of hiphynerectve na (1) Straten of te tothe, (2yamalyal vesigains, 3) expen ivestigaoes. and (3) desig stiri development Susans dtal en ech of thee task il be pen segue! sets of hs ep. 1 is secon very ie dscesion I given Yo expan the eral aprench lied. "The cuen pposch an exbing knowledge coco the sesige al pecormance of posc-tesoing apogee Je- temic by comprehensive rvews of tse! erature of ‘slog mati and ects of commercial ashe a ‘hor systems povided by manufactures adhe Post Tensonng Inte and of repos nln sonal pion dete arusunarie of blens The ater wee povided by respor- ds tt compressive quesionnae sent to al ate ard Provinsal waporaion purines ada wile range of d+ Sgn ems “Te state-of-art ea tice that wl a wie range of silt snd experimen sovenigaons ad bees cand ‘ua leur of design proaches od bees suggested roped tere wae tot sop estrella rae Steer anchorage sboe design Sy ofthe meal shied {acted substantia cone i eign sproach ad tera ‘tll ro cle dvron of rpms btween anchorage ‘em sep, dsgnes, td rade costco. tae cons fom thse ler ha te mest es ‘ie approach ote developmen of pose AASHTO cen lies in adopuon of a nt Stes eptech wth = ear vision rest nerinsiey U oateby estabing roses for ‘sesng he onset of suis ealng a eine endan es- ing levels msl applies sod grovidiggdles fo ‘rpertoinganaages fo aed ean provi eee {vereaforcenet to cosa sot cracking to acpi iis ‘This woul eqs experimental vereton of eacing loads tnd crack wis, a well as «Dewey rece 99 aalyeal {eminaion of iene seat isbutons fn the une ‘ste Th late ate tain proba enon free Teel mould added hy etaliing posed to det tne th eco conbuion of yrs enforcement ecb sigue ing the st ds ol sna shse de Wy Seach eta (2) Pace implemen of sachanagroach ‘ede aad of cla pase stem jects © {Sst nthe development of ealstestotandte mel for Inde ange of sppintons ‘The alta! and express ise of ts pot were emul aimed athe development ff sch techigus aswell asa comprtensie een of ‘Beaaaqeny och rade meds acutely preeing tcorage sone npr Te azlyeal sts Wool als nd ‘see whee moe anal echoes efit lees l= {ys FEA) woul! be ae, f dese, and conparson With he ‘xpriment rests woul provide guidance on proper we of Set aralsesInan, was hope th he raya ses ‘wou inate wee spl apposite equations could be Sifly wed for enchorge aoe dein "Toe ange of epcions to be ered wor deter fiom te survey of usr soups sich ws he AASHTO Bridge ‘Conuree metbeshp The ge numberof appicaons et {olin few pean cases oie ner se ep. “Tose gee cain povided he as fr he vars ao all eres of th Gre wrk roms "The evarnatin of he anchorage toe problem nds ha subtalar nuoducd fhe aoshrage Zone Subalvied as show in Figure I i two res that rele Sane diflrece in poner Theft o oa zeit ateegion whch sly suscunds the specific hardware device Indhis region te manufac or sup fen ba peopsicary rofactais bclinerested sn he cal bei. Sach ‘quesns ss eflecive being nad lel coafpemen ime finely sound he acho fs roe elsesion. Wi the ‘taufactrer or super hs the pris spent), ais edfr AASHTO ete esis petomanceequrenens tr rovidechekingprocedres eve rhs eal probes. The ‘cool er general rpon i Be pon of he anchorage zane ‘ove remote rr te meine aecoree hrévare Seve ‘There oethe rea sje to paling or using sere. whe the lg and the constr mst ensure tht Pope Fle fercemte e povided open roms fale or umaned fring. There a vious ned for beer AASHTO cea fortes general ess, i rer opopery develop te final design snd consretion criteria these! snd expersnctl vestigations Wee te fae to fest expo el one ctirn ana spot chek te ‘Megseyof pnb sl tone rer fo sve wily wed ‘Spe of cheng evioes The ny hen expleed he genera {ore beluior apd analysis fr the post equ reper Srchonge ate configu suming tha ne Zoe ek {or cold be sppopatly carol by the cea resuog ‘om te lca oon InvergnonIn the gener ora en fvegpash taoay sna eg ae state aye {0 inte te geen esibuton of sess elas. Arprone ‘tnd te mots ner then deteloed fore in rope ‘aig ef the general zone oafcemeat Ths feaforcemest ‘wes asruene sn es specimens provide conan ot ‘ration of the reinforcement: pterns wid. Spesnens we (ete ore wah eekng develope ce dsb Fates, and lar [ois ting metoe Te esas were ‘hte auiet the dei srmpns sod he Gc ein ‘eveloped in och a fashion tt teigcs should be ble Impemon’the procter fo desig nou guring ome anal eucept forthe mst ural cases. Its epoutsice ith |-_____>| p Subaision of chara soe in ihe psc ests wor wed i vesieaton of he age ‘sultan analy ofthe sracani-ie models and Te ele Inet aalyey The wets ete no edt etl emp ‘lpresons Tae alowed 3 wide atlng Spe of tts wi ‘sepcauons and seamed wo be the beet we of he Hite ‘SCoPE oF STUDY “Te bjcive and ssp of the poet war te development ofa donne propa for evita of he AASHTO Bre Speccalos at wold provi sae economical and ein aly cect approach to he dein snd comstacon of post- tensioned conte wchrage zone. “Te aval syponch i alexe the prs objective was complished flows. “Te allan Sesen medelappoaches invested it- ‘ade (lea este als wing nite element mols (FEA) srncanboesndets (STM) bed on ner elasie ese pt te end of he anchorage zee: (3) apreinase ‘quion open coment way the fle 0 ales ‘hat wore niall bes on heels of We fine elemest aaa pantera; 0) an exploratory stay of eo fine clement ode snd (5) moe sweandie modes Tred on poles fore deatoes he end of he str: neem Rib End Surtace Blister Figure 2 Anchorage locaton ps “Te pplication sued ine) oa ome sees eae siontip toe nel ad general Ze oe Figure 1) ses ‘of coves inforcemet, and device geome eladontips 1 {velop lal tne etn, an vestos acl toe pt feemanc est rei) (2) end stor end sre in Fgute 2 (single anchorage In team ens tiple anchorages beam fas, conenie atchorges, eccentric anchorages, anchors Itecntion, tendon eavatre elles of wansvee pater Sonn o ingle od uli anchorepes i eam eds ect ‘oC vaoae un lforeement auton ede ger x08 Sod effet of oe ppd ads rand retin) eile Storage long sabes eet of anchor plat ype fest ‘tvad spacing snd groping tends on ancorige aes, Sd efecto sessing Sequence (4) end sneorges in dae ‘hg pe apletins (3) inemediae srchreps, User Serb in pure? (ered sachorage pos-estoning [oa ‘Tasiouton einorseset rquaments sper bet the chore rane), pocket sharps, sab Mange ses coe ter ier, “cer id design pocedaes oe developed ecu (1) tun site posttensonng oad levee wih apo lad and rernane factor (2) perme cera and est proces fr lel soe hadwatessepanes (3) aay msds ad properioning ener for singe and sap anchors eas. ek) ana and popatoning cea for ancora ‘Bagespe nd forte fet of acl scent Tons rd ‘eto (5) sales and proposing ene or dstbuen ‘oad waster reforcemsntn font and eed needa Snchociges tn (0) aa nd propane for ine {Reline nchorage aoe a sl, igs and corer ier. ‘Belling carota deviation eet.curren 2 FINDINGS. [STATE.OR-THEART SUMMARY “Twoaghoot he dation ofthe pee an apoecbl efet sramadeto mati det east wha wie angen {hist organizations active be application of potesioning to bridge sroctrer Ea in hess survey docueat was {Saeloped ed apgrsinsy 150 sures were ent alge ‘vision membes of AASHTO, a monde of poses Suppliers» soup of design firme and ate esearch cot tom Appeal) 70 responses wee rceveda au “The over cope ad approach of the stay was reviewed ad refined in coopertion with at the NCHRP projet pel and Ihe pret advscry patel developed from cust prac thoes in he Feld Interim resormendaone were pte ed ded by the Pou Tenining laste (PT) ah he ‘AnercanSegectal Bie Ise (ASB or inky omen Mowing nee bel with eesettives for pot fendoning syne no povided subst fs 6p Aad Ielgtoand infin. A compreiesive design enna and ‘tebop were presented he AS atl meting in Mia ‘Deere 190s a preston os made he AASHTO. Feeesed Conse Stren Commits in San Francie May 19. Op sac of hese ecesions, sata cones 2d sopzeins were ected ht wee edie imo te Stuy abt bel to tape the erations ‘Te concent pressing (orci transfered hcagh a cfurage hardware from be eon nt the cones ed es Spreads out reach more eases stato over te ‘Jou seco ofthe meaber a sone Gane from the acter ign 3@)iesaes this flow of faces for cae of cncen cmp =D 8) steosa trajectories) Iuteral stress Ite end anchor, As th compressive testes spend on thy Ise to devine fom the dsien pall te load Tas indsst ral eomarenive sues intely abe of Be ‘ncor ad, the, ens sess ht veel iis ‘hin Figure 3 The eral eae steer Ses eeeod tos uring stesen” The mean betwee the devion the loop compressive ses aed the eal sess ‘habe ready visualsed by isto e mode STM) sown in igure 3c, igus # shows cour lt forthe principal tensile and composve seu forte ne anherge ne rbls Te ‘ea eons canbe denies (1) We regon immediely ‘head of te Jad is subject 1 ge bere and ernest ‘roses (2 the burting foe exons ovr some dsc ead ff he aacerage snd set 1 teal eae sues: and (2) sess oncectatons elon the nce > Df the meme, Te nal erste slog the ded ee are fecome known asp ssn” dsp the fata te oo ame any spalling ofthe coer ‘A some dsnce fom the anchor, the estes om the cos seston cn be determin fo edly Sending tery ith ha nance Sending thoy ot al eens the daly ‘ued ea al tin iste byte eedton tthe ebocentrtedahorge Fre, The epon ates by this ‘urbane ie “aebeage roe” "The een of he anchorage one can be esate wing the cpa Sait Vena Tas pele ites tat ia feed 0 Samer esac by at of satel equal ands de fate of sree nthe etre changed ny ine viet oF ‘he lat apaliaion. Ata dance aproinatly equ oe stance betveen th stately equivalent applied ads bos ately eae Id ater cate te sae ste of oes. Forename coon nal feet th end faa ght PAL re «) toad path Figure 3, Plow of force in concn lad anchorage me{busting 2) enon Sires enor or concentric loaded snchorage 9 compreson Figwe / Piares r Pape of Sot Vera be replaced by a avatar fod ver he ul gh Eke ner pe 3 Of eoume thi wil bane othe St of seer near thea of tie Beam. However, a dance lp to oe eet of te fer Tod a as espe on bu hig, the ste fess be acta ot estes yh change fig. ‘Aina in Fig be magi of be compressive sooscishighetinnedisy senda themcboe tt decrees ‘pia the compreson ese sped out ia te Stace. Fs eso, prope fell anchorage devices ae te ‘genase Tay ence thecal eompesive eng Dy ‘hie foun of confinement aol veduce he being peste by ‘inmbsng the anchorage fre over see f bene ples Pla 6. Spc onconage i ram Re 60K or sige 6, a many European coun he aseptaee ‘sac special anchorige devs sel on steed e+ sptnce ei (3.7 Tn the ea stage of th projec, Sanders (2) conducted ‘en compeisive reve of the ste of thea f archers ioe deg which inched vw of teciial Irate, ‘pc nfrmation and cet cove provisions. A deta - ‘ioe kien in Append A ton, an indsry-vide er sine) wat condied sad dalle of sey ae com tinea it Appendix B. Only brie sxtmarie of thei eviews rl bien the mae tex fh ope ‘The problems stoited with he nzodun of concen lead ino a sae ave be ded for ast 70 yeaa 1924 Mirch noose an eglise-ssed modelo Valine (he lends ancl loaded members (gut 7) () Since hen alge umberof wd on ancerage 2008 pcblems Ive teen ended They inde Hn ls sais, sh [See elt, ite amet anne, isolate Nes Teion, nones snlyes, an eaprinetl Ses. A com Peeve review of many of tse past sie sna in ‘pendix A Only highligh ar given Bere ‘lai soton ced onthe ey of elas was pee sent by Gayo in 1953 sds sl widely asd ty (6) He ‘Gteined he urtng see tbo bend fa concen ral acho for differen ras of pte with © meshes i (Fg) igure abows be maga of he negra hrs Ing ares oda compan othe best ce bane ram Mis’ singe ina soon. Toe apeement ie remaaly ood and nay coer ee some virion of MB's eqution re today Gayon extended the applon of is slo to ‘Seni lade atorge sons by ees he Sy. ‘eric pen” approach (ge 10. ‘ot ‘whic eeatly conf Guyon's sto, nctaing the ‘yer prism approach. Bs te also reveled same 1S Tntoes Por eames spuling testes, wien cccr slong Tends dpe in consnrialy a escent ose schor= mes and between mile ana te not pied. As, {Giyo'stluton i oly ll for mambo Wh rectangle "son ein The baring nes a Feeds as an exams, {Seager hi owe bars th etnglr eo Stn. “Adeghand Clits conve sonnets lems tay and pine ot ht sift edition of sees a fic aller cocks tne developed inthe anshosge zone).; / 2 4 ow p= Pro, 5p] - Arts on PASS i es Te * / "wot aM oie Le 25 Sor lA oy ee x . ee S g ze es zr 7 e fF [ Anchorage Zone °/2 Powe 8 Gigensslin forthe bring sees concen oad anchorage ze Grom Bt2 g ° tensile force ° gre 9 Magi of arti force adapt fom Ref 81 | | | L * “This ratton cnet compessive sess th sacar age 20st pend outa sepe ngle Figure 11), erick thal Law mode le ste cbeewson 8 supe sy {ul pute oa hr the esrb of sues eds ece the bursing ce (Tiny also conti the irene f he rates fre meses wih Fsectons ‘tier experimental mio del wih he fet of newasing tendon erate ad eee Which tend nce te ten fe along he Toe edge of the meer Guyon's “metrical pre aprach ft ob uel safe for {hemor of he bung oe wa ange farce. ty in any of thes nestigtons ‘Stoned Breen conducted a comprehensive experinet nd snlyealnolyo single netorager nt ep embers, wc inegundy que ysoersanesechts (710) They Sve ‘pel empl eqs for ear ing ed timate lad peti. es, chk to neni ype ofan tendon ces, tend inion sme te ie, sete hes conte Segal fe and smoot of sopplemestal enercerent (cpa athogoml cisfocement, ater psctersieing) Tae for iia wih le eomsoensins appears be hat they se very conserve aed se lined to anchorape Zone Prone nt diflret rar seo th ‘hme of expect ses were concer with he bearing sng caer, The egains nul sed oy ‘scum te ering rng of conctte to Be Poporond le. (b) Compressive sires flow, nonlinear analysis Redirmion of urser afer cracking (om arnigre 2 the cider stent and othe gue oot of thera fe ‘pore are ote lade ae, where the supported es ‘ometicaly smi to and emcee wth be Tadeo {The square root elaonsip was roped by Komeda (7) {1952 pain by Menor (12) 01960. They Used hel commendations Ova luge minber of esse tisinfrced nee backs and epider) Figueira he dea ‘ow ofthe appre se so sos Mien’ peopl or the allows bearing presae inline (131415 oon ido intese of suits te berg pie. laces nicks fhe eae le neste the apc of species. However, beyond Scenes te ewig pst ated a igh pat and Fer icrene i tacts ws oot efecve A dete euvey of U.S. ad fon cade provisos i i lied in Append A. Curent cde proihns general ae secre wth ng the bearing tes ahead de anchorge ‘rts tbe determination of he Baring frail aang ‘ment ofthe busting telnecemeat. Some cde tie prov ‘Ses for pling fers. Lit the berg pesare genre vey sala 10 ‘be equation ecommenied by Maen wih soe varition ‘nh maltiiston trade asin alle ears ‘Seng. One exception the AASHTO code (0), whic > “eves ft bereg sess mit of 09f Bel at more ean 500 pi ater veaing of the endo. he segmental be ie specicaoes proposed by the PosTersonngIsiate the feowing allowable bering pesareimtions re eco seed 7 a seeing f, £08, ATA =O 0 1254 (8) erasing £08 f, VATA, 061285) “Tos equations wee zp ithe 1991 AASHTO erin spect fans 18) InEtrope many ods inelde poisons er esa anchorage devs tat ae mt abe Beng pee ii ‘ous, bt ve opr sani ecopance st ‘evemintn ath brsing fre is gerald on some ‘winon of Mechs expres 0 Gaon oon forthe Maden s barn presse eatin adapted fom Ref 8 conceal loi anchorage zon. Uy, povisins for Saegeneo! ofthe busting felareemen are ako inde. [AASHTO doesnt giv ay resorts the deters hon ofthe Rang Tre ba egies gad of baton sad ‘eric wafremee paced ls thn nom te anchor ering lt to resist bersing ese” (16). The efecveness Sr his einfrsnntarangomest forte purpose a esting bustngsuesies mst be qesond. Basing sees usually ‘eee pnifianly farther ate ofthe anchorage evi ‘hone. Protaly ths ed needed teach ease sent of te coocee immed ahead of he ance Hom ‘er foc paper spr conSnement ciforcement moe ‘secs, Theft by te desig cass used it Rois ‘ea Nor Calin, wich eure se of pels und exp tle the ke a B85 ser Survey Sanders ()eondce anid wide sry bina. min on sommonly ted sactoige toe configs tnd ‘efi dels, poses encoun in sigh of checking (oF anchorage zones ata prcebures so ffernces wed, ‘apc lature or sehere ess 'squslonnice war snout exes, designer ano alte dvson members f AASHTO, The qusinnse sod “moe dtd sumiary of he sponses hen 8 Append, B, Soe ofthe concstons of the survey ress flow 0) 1. The reference and age methods mos gue wed Inclade the PT econmenttions (9), Gayon's syria ste block 20), and recommendations by Leora (21). Sac emplnl union by Sens an Bce se Sty conser snd reque top meh enfreneat aa Ver hi ‘Snrete erent Refs soning Thi leads congestion of the sbeorage sane an shows dowe esting eck. The AASHTO proviion reser evecanceraive anexient. The gi of hoes sa terial enecesent {Hoe anchor nt ete but ads congestion abd Eonert onlin problems “UA pial msn mor lece than he onbogoeal ei forcement gel eguted by AASHTO, The pra shoul be lage enpegh e ecls h enire anchor exo pte nd its enth ‘Rout te st leat one sod oe ines he diameter of then sil or vice th with of he beso plate. One responder {Gponed pobiens wih eoreee pacemeat and cosa ‘onthe eal spa ptf nt 6 sd ecumened Spal ph of 2% i 103% 3 Congeton of reinframst i «serous poem, Poe ‘concrete cosoiton due to corgesion was the diet reason foes mumber of ncorag nme Fars Damages a Fetes Prem it obatoaly wide arog anchorage ones ave oer nthe pas A pecas bodge in Tetas 21. ‘nace bor per bsg seed by Dilger and hal (23), the Olypie Sadism in nzel (27, abd a nao ih weigh ante ede in Calf (22) hate ll developed ech tte anchorage tne that ere of ences designe 0 ownes. ‘een fl (25 )conduceds sve of designers andcowctes ‘nhoare vave in pote concree es an ons Tow to getting on various specs of the anchor zoe. “Toe srvey asked Hf Fares or excessive cackling had been npeienstin any ste of which respondent wan are Mary respondent, pricy engloms Wh varios ses ‘depuis of poraion, eon poles fe aechorage ‘hen Tine prion angd fem sal io rst be ‘hd lacks of postersoned gers to explo fates i nee pow tensed ge dels. Many erie ‘raking ia rcs ited oa tk f prope oniencot ‘sinter te anchor have also ees epee. ny ‘tite caves eicking whieh ecced was atl con ‘lly solemnity recent tee as Po app ‘ble elucon in mater Suengin, The cracks cn be Inet inhat toy pode patho be pesaton of cise {hd sett cn pores ese comosion a ot damage ‘Te aan of thre wile craks septs oe of the major ‘Reo leigh soe peste cos, he mim Zason of acking series Ls ios snags to snchorge noes poten cnet enue ocr ring onset. whe age endo stesng fee se appa ely inate conte However. Libby ssbesantnchorae one fe af pst esomed ots ther $ yon of roe (26). He abe th fale tothe ‘combine ffs of achnege zope sess and eye Neral ten sue at sacle ati lose pom toe twchoree Remfoceretcongston nth anchors ene argue tee or poor one coro, sulin ales cased Fpcushing othe conte sad of teach (27) Congest ‘chorge soe dtl sn compl plang of the etfoe- ‘Bon A reaponden fo Sande sry posted ut at seca ‘Scion mse pido plaing config spel eeerceent oily wih be tendon “Anaherfeqen robin in astoage Zones is cakig of scone, arly slong he endo a However, eh (Gocing doc nt ness engl 2 sacral deen fac bsaie of te preence ons ese nthe anchorage ove,» hmied tuto casting sbold be expected. Tat Tacs lth are meses to vide well dele cho {eeronerelfrcemenoeoavotckngandtoiaii pens ‘Hrooms reblene. A poplar dea for ssterge sone Sle docs ta rovige any bog eefremeet in he Slab #4 cont. Figure Unies comereracking ro kes) thickness detion and terete ries completely onthe cone fre tne sng (igre 13). This maybe cepa for ‘Sie, widely sped stands in thn sb But problems ae ammo fo loely spiced anc asd eco less the Gee the sh Mace devise fs de {0 splting oft ah wor cloely syed teedons exe Tings trtog ese abd tthe same ine created a Wen ne inthe ab C5), igre 14 shows how usted omen ae sscopible to eevee coking o een spaling. Ths does to fet the indonesia bt cersily isumigy snd ray seo lead to corosin poems Oder Shcborage tone pens dso eft of endo earaare ‘tere rportdpculy whee inkdtepos ce cae taed devin fee (29.20), rela Resonsiiies Ie US. practi comtat dawns feu do ot inde complete postersonng deat Hauer, te coma Is eX pete to eerie st umber, a ation a the acho eves and o pone dri forhe reser 2ne (25). The ‘inc inten, res envy onthe sachorage dvs oper {Tumis the scesuy infomation, This pocedae as e ‘nea confusion owt te eporsis oe engaee-‘fseconk th achorge device spp, and the cones ‘Tis isc limed ote deign of he anchorage one, 8 ao inca confasonsbowt wb soul uns sd p fo e anchorage zane enecemeat “Ante pele arkng a conequence ofthis mata of rte pled ot by Lithy (2) Tecoma digs CO fot show anborge ee deal, wile he shop dings Foe the sshorgerone prepare y the cons ow achrage ‘als oly. tur none of the er cinfoeement nthe ne razon This patie lever congestion af he anchorage one ‘pce, wall pyle been erie) ce ‘eect achospe tt eeceme nen ae. (Ofiee fel changes are eqited to ake reinforce pee ‘et pre: Congestion ofthe anchorage ane is or of de far reson fer por cooceteconsalation sed sabvequet ‘are Last of Kote: A wie range of tillers co teaver and design otachoragennesbs Ben publishes Hwee. vain ‘ion rhe peal apestons sa apparel tck gesealty rege to adden tbe wile vary Of ancorge nn problen encoureredineavaivepstensoned eerste Snpesione Cure AASHTO provision were bv etl het wh gir nnd ae vague. The le serie ‘hile gen In AASHTO seems to Rave dane more Ra fan good ‘Aesth ble ste fa at ection oie Unie Stas usooptup with te somiinerease nthe steered ‘Sonstete Breen (3) pot ut hat as US. unites do ote prestressed coerce rim ces ope ‘Suns despite net tha 73 pre of ew ence ges nd 75 percent of new pang sous te bal ih pe ‘Med cone, "The cant onfson a lick af nowt eit tothe Une Sten A sey conde by the Coe Ear Tovrea do Bon (CEB) (32) asked eines to sg, seconlig wtheirow aon oder hse. ater aa fin anchorages spying al fre of 2700 KN (U7 ps) ‘Tae engines see asked fo cael the basting foes ihe fore byte rpreating fhe spoil concent lore), the lento he bostng rove, the erosesectona es of reinforcement necessary fo cary the busing force. The ange ie reponse vos rier askng. For be uring fe, te erage war 1925 KN (483 bp) wi a ange from 4.5 AN {LL ps oO 4 689 ips). The same wide age of vals ‘ase fo te lng fhe basing tne arene ‘eeu Th dstibation Io fer he sting fre ranged os 1 mm (60) 850 mee O95 in) wi an average of 30 ‘an 200). The equed eiecemeu ange om 207m {3 in) to 000 me C.D m2) msn serge 190 (122 in), The rey sas lear a egress i eee ie of thet design of echorgs aoe no a ma oF ‘ering or 10 percent, et ari at Be pt ecg Alezences tht cn age fom 50 to 50 percent REQULATORY FRAMEWORK ‘The freeview responses fom the ste thear sa voy, etn of euneat cosy and sandals convinced 8 ‘he pojet sates inthe oar ofthe pet a fue {a eed ws coesent ume or etry standard for postesined anchorage 208s, No such coberetFamewerk bee oon Examination of echnical iss ged out Dat there were ‘wo alot tine es f coon pos-etsoned anchorage 1. -The anchorage device and i ably tots the ond tro the tenon tthe sone, Thich consis abot Ihe anchorage device seni nasties bering peste on toe once and confnemeet fequed around ibe Seve (© Incase berg stn 2 The proper cooguntion snd refrcmet of te suc lage ane wach he cancentd tendon forest nto the over soci This nls the eterna oe 1 facut ocr dees he eg of ade ‘eae tenes Inthe tcp 20s and ts ented erckng, andthe check of compre sneak ‘ie pes te veal sacha ne tamination ofa engoesng price, gl eapont- ‘ies and watonl comarca practes with ept aps {etsininganeorge nde amar sua conten tl difeences exe ering eaposblies an sg 3, Svea ne uends were noted. These were he allowing: 1. Toe engneeco-ecord has cle rinses frie safe fuer under os sie pofessonaltestaon 12 ‘Tose can only be aor to ater guid registered inet with he exes comet of ts is (3). 2. The manufrs an supplies of crag dies were sully sop m extensive ting of thie devices, bat ike pss sil those specie FIP). valbaity ‘fet dames desig ecormendans for eosin eaforcemeat to teenglee-eord was itd ad arable 3 some css te marae of he achiage device “i ele the splat plans forthe devies. my ees the mance id ot review working Sawing parelly (or ser eno sige cr. ‘some eases te engneecFecord led tly on he posciesaner to provide aunt enoreement or the etic cheragezneto nse sfe nse he ns rc othe ‘eral race Ibsome sats provisions of ny supplement fearceren reuited to conto btsing or Spling de 10 fosttenoning nye inte strate as ame fo be the responsibly a he postesionr, nd pyre fo ach ‘nore (oven though ao ined on the) Was fie The abweace of expt in ste gielies ested 0 neve expects reguing achoege 208 perfomance ‘When copied wih he rational “oreseling” a pressed conte ara" el some egies egal te Sgpecrnces of ay ese i the aochorage ne 8 ei ble sn oe reson for oesenpes ee ep. ‘6. Everyone conte rm ostesoning spi, t0com- sro 10 esas owner ited that ay appoenns the reponnbe ofthe ps as 3 pet Sang the teeta problems,Loca } | ih saline |) | General chp! Speen, rf 4, eee 1 Q Frincpal Principal Tensile Compieesive Stree, Stresees igre 1S. Local sme and seal ne ‘Stas thee broad once and comsidttion of be eh el 65 ound eae sagged 10 the projet a chs thee wns cera paso Dewees he eh sues and Theres ses Inte 1907 tern por of 5 poet (35) tem popoedto onset anchorage zone a camposed tf ewo egies gue 1) The epon Very ig eamense eemes armel send of the ances device i dele {ante repion abject cen sees deo sean the consented endo fre no the bust he ge ral one “Ts apprach allows oe olay dene he egos ser fortnedesgnof he onorage zane. The min considers ioc ze desi rth ells ofthe high being presse the aegacy of ny confinement efor proved 1 Jen te being stent. Design ofthe repon sold be Ube primary concen of he tehorge device saplie O8 ‘Se nd te an onsen general zone design ‘Etcrnie tn provide forthe Now of faces ab eonentned tendon force pet ia he strate. Tos tes he een ‘fades efron esate ces nthe anes fone and to contol ercking, aod the check of eompessne Sessa he inerfage ithe eal zoe and at Laing eomety dnconinis. Design ofthe goneral zene sold te {he primary responsi of th enpner of ead "he dvson ft anchors 20 fo oral 2908 ad 2 eter ane avery wel concept 1 Way the fen Exner in anorage sone devin Ia erro detelap cade: Tange secicans fresno vie aber pel stnioe Fo his prs sere convene define eal tone al general ne geome aber han by ses eves Tn the propaed anchorage zoe poisons given Cher sue genes eet the general roe ied 3 Bing ilcmll wet ot te overall anchor zoe isons the Teel sone The ips tate respasiity For the oer tchonge design ad puny regan of oes sone ‘kat toe evel onshore 2oe oats wh te en eeratecord wo isthe dsgner ofthe general roe. The propor niio defen fort ent of each 2006 ‘rend sachs, tree pcb and lil da anchors (Gige 16), Thee detonate sadn the pipe of ‘Siu Veno (Fgue The definitions of te local ze wee Aovloed ty Reber ap are hse 08 te gsm of te “nchoge devices icludng any confing reformat, (uite cont cove ovr efocemen orange han, nd manuficure’s recommends ot abshorape edge de {Gnc rsacng false (igure 1) "Tce of enral one” andl 2ne eve brad cepa inthe nde well eft eaten ty 8 ‘Sholetsd NCH Project 20-7 (Taek 32) ered om by the Fer Tenining Insite corer th oop inte de Sipnspeontons ose ides (17) Twas ccd ‘by AASHTO an trim sand in 1090 NCHRP Project 12-8 seed tender he rapes of Ms ad Masts, ts incorpart he cons the proposed toa revision of the AASHTO Bridge Speesione Tye age tematioal ost tensioner VSL his ecemlypubsd a compeberive dean finde eed "Detalng for PoscTensonmg” and suKed “ne Piper Loe Ze Den, Genel Zo0e Design, Examples rom Price”, “eis a oh guy fraework be ovr iit sate speck In ew ofthe ste of postensiene conse ‘ksi prc inthe United Stes ods) well the cuent ‘conf he tonal Lad Factor Resistance acter proce Gre ues ie conerete design fo all mats was that ‘been aypropete ia tse wold be, lows 1 Serie lal eel otro Fcock wii the ea 208 woud! be govemed by spestying crack with Kons in rchoige device et 2 Servic lol evel copolof eack wi internet oft gesoal roe wale pve byapling sitet a Fators ed esc ars ang wih goer stig es. 3 Ula ea evel performance nthe lod ne wold be gover hy eplnting Hearn suse acetal levels simp f devies Tse wo etre Bat anborge Uline od evel eons nh el roe wou be gover by speaing ase or ae comple theses oot esting the bering sess rsaess einen ‘These would be emsed pes anorge devi. 5 late al eel pefooance in he ener zae would ts governed pein as tr esac rs eet Se design posses nd iim egies dealing pac Implenetzatn ofthis rel approach was a aor oa a pen inuened thesia stl nd he ps $e ove pram Rober conducted dete sty af behavior an esi of shell sno pat of his veal ey. Detaled norman ‘omer est spinon, eas ad nay re coed i Re copy of whch ern pone at NCHAE- Tat ty ince review of test est roses for nchorsne device cept test, acompreensve evaluat of previous Ina zne wend 31 pea tes The vies nest (pao eluded ee dstee spl prametes, supplementary ‘entieneot, ype anchorage device, ent sen, od ine history and ntescon wih tester 298, Inpetnt Parameters and Detntions “The ebro of the anchorage zone i dependent oo many preter det eltedathe geno he zone THe aofe shed of —tachorge tone 5 Agden Tones 4a 1 4 Uj +a 1h Lh Anchorage Zone i ‘Anchorage Zones a) Anchorage Zone ‘b) Anchorage Zones fa a Ted tember Site icons behind anchor | __ shetd of anchor 1.08 a igre 15. Anchorage ne dentine ofthe length of he side of the achorage device to he wit tke Beck it wh the fre sr unfree one een Pumetr (ee pe 18) and wl beseened os te ah aa. “Antes tnperat ates tenet wen be ence supporting {he pit othe net ten of the bearing le, nich il be felored tase AU aa, 4 6 De mania te of te osion af he siporing sic thal sia oe lode ‘Sean concn with ts rss of sie ‘gid bering plates (dened subsequent), fo ss igi bear Ing phe he are geometrical ian the weg it eit mensions increta by vie the bearing pte ek. he elfecve net ze of the bearing pla cleled De fe hese hein la Fue 18. Edge dsane Is the dance from te eet of he shorge deve tothe nent edge a conte. Confer ver ls the deg of consete over te clemost cons ‘shforement and anchor eover isthe dept of sertete ove ‘eachorage device. Spi is the dstnge or he cee of ‘one ancor othe cetera th next Parte relied othe eonfning see are iste a erred rom onde o cate ote sta tay, ode 9 tise fers fo he dant of te teinforcng tao 0 om ‘ih th pl mde. The ph fr toe dance ine Intermediate Aachor iccon somal w the spl dame ats messed fom the cer of ebro cser ofthe bt 36 egy. For fiogenliestesdelegth spacing. and bar ie ae so ‘sed in Figur 2, orig sly suromsing th anchorage dvi aed provi, the primsy cotoemes pple enerement is in fering presen ao othe pay cttnem=n ince Ing sully adie for cack cont! purposes (ee Figure 20. Seth sopemsnrary felnfocemest I often pests in octal ides at lle ded in ncborage device scepane test Species Ts oder to develo consent sia sory, a ei ison of the en ne ee. AS asad ie Pie 7, ‘he oc anes defined sean prise Wiese ane ‘Shrage devices we vague, conservative, ard ot parcusty ” aif. Mos pve fru bsed on some ole fton tof the cones chutes srengih ad some ae also © Fexcionof he A t. gure 22 lnc the wide sate of ¢ mmbe of ese cent anf concent aed sare pe, "Wie mos! reearchert ate developed guakisve cane sions tht gree well wih ene ander, he quanta eal Sion are contig diel apply, inconsistent wth one Sethe The we vais of Beary tees alowed By the hes i ako «sore of fora fo deter. Abouph an ‘remus in beaing song et connemen by ceforcng isbee rovne many experi! programs mo cle allows ‘nrc in earng pssst selon he aint of ofa Set pee. Tere sil uch room fees td i roveret of Jsgn gue od cote provisos le pret, Fpecieproisons me to. be inclied to reflect bes ‘lite anchor ard the aes of cones reife xparimental Program Inia say ase of eat species were usta evaute tie beta, est teria ud desi proces forte Beal Ssaee Compleat roves by Robert (4) A samy ‘fspecmen dts cade a Append C. The lea 20 xpeinetl program was viedo thee main enegari. (1) ess oem eae! aceptnce testing proces and {evlop ne secpane lest poco (2) pcm ses ‘nde one-geera oe ners fete Vii vee= ‘pte incloded edge date sal procter, supplementary ‘enfocemsa ype ef anchorage deve, cone ster, ‘ton te general ze, Tsing sory. “Test Specinons and Meta “The sry of the specimens were very sin engl ‘once puns. The contusion aod teing posses were ‘mot cecal. Specimen deal te ven AppenixC All Specimane wee cat hoszotaly. Tolerance 09 We cere ‘Giron was 24 i Al rticing sel was bet Inte Isboratoy using CRST sandr bends and oss. Sips were ‘et fom Grade 60 deformed tars and yal wee fied fom simon Grade ba, Alecinfersingdensines wer Fo ita Yn lence. Sain gages wee ted to sled fencing brs sbowe ie Figure 28. Doo locating is for mechanic extensometer mewaremee of cone sure fine wee plc on wo face of every pecines ane fa Figure 2 Al specimens were conceal laled weap Sonia bes ono Wedge pes meer x OOH o€ 4120 1p tesing appara The tues were ufrly supped o8 elo pad Louies Was apled iene w cata ‘serion of fist cracking, eck development aed mse oud, Sel stig were mowed by a anomatd data nget, ‘ens 9 Eve Accepiance Teng Proce Matte Plane Actors ‘Twodifentecommented sing procedures wren inthis say. The ts he tt desebed ihe FIP Recommen-confining reinforcing {6piral oF orthogonal ties) supplementary skin reinforcing Defi of planetary reforconet Comparison of Allowable Bearing Stresses 1 2 sions for the Acetone Apication of Pot Tesining Ss tems (3). Tae FP oines is eck (see Pure 25, et recut, end een for eaten Sid len, and Ferpenduatothe tendon safbetateoasscetheperble Inia dance om th cet ofthe anchorage oe eas ‘eon sas eeornendd ty the mance ap i). Te bit of he pram shal hese th longer ie lon m orm messed fr th eb fe device fate rom 3 ath Compan foe eins or earingereser, ‘he anaption. Tho et shoule sted when he coezie has reached apposimtly 8S perm af us carcete ‘engin (OH. cube sens) and seegthgain shoul be lined wo he caer eng fmt exer diag he feats ote, They rcommend eae sstibd Feng Regalo eet met cose, he est mest ove hatf= Stsio tage 1— spirst Orthogensh Tes Tle ene tenes loaig se Pier 24 pleat Dene ong de layout. he anchorage 20 i capable of vase ace 1 the eon ttete wis remuefate of the ence ot he Basing ‘infremnt.It atb esiged in sich ey that be tum pressing Tce i cared han alequ far of ‘aft aginst are. FP als eqs tht te pose Forms "on sal rack in te anchorage Zone nthe pee tent efficiency ofthe nce. Te only tbe igultion tht FIP puts forth is tht he mistoom spacing of anchorages apd Inimam ee stance be decmine i och mane the renforceent can be nly plead tha ate cont ton ofthe conte post anchorage os recuigended . enorement far gto ermty dct o| 7 Teesring to got segue peu 7 é igre 25. FOP wet pine. ‘The second tet dsr Inthe PTY epson for ‘egrentalyotsesone bx gids (7), and sigan ‘User secepaes tt. The dens of te test Bock Semewhst deren, oun ismonsen, and seventy (Gpeie cack wi) a well ar siate eter ae for ‘rohaton PT aecer «core rtm wih 9 coseseton ‘lmersion tie the minim dane from the enti of the tendon tothe fc of ont inthe actual scsi ‘deste and equ othe sina spicing of he anchorages le 3 inn ths other destin er Fare 27) The leg of {beet block istobeat let 3 tne te ges costa Aimer "Te pecan fer requires ht he enorcementin tbe anchor tone ead of te storage, fora dance ul the Ingest of the (wo cross-sectional dinesions of he specimen, ‘sal insite the sei! enorceent aro este For ‘he remaining length af the test ok, he rafrcemet a) ‘incensed as equed to prevent fare that prion The stongh ofthe conert et lock tthe ie fot mst ot ekceet the minim cncee sega 3 he ine of pose "Telit nd tron wich mas be atid tat he mchorage be epible ofdevlopin 98 percent of be guaated(6), State Loud Transter Test, gt iw os os a a oo Figure 26. FIP oan proceire site tes strength ft maximum sie tendo for whieh the unchoris ied witout sural remanent dita of the anchrage ted tot comet aire. Measinble pat tne disor i ened se 2 aserien of OI in of mexe eosth snore fe assy mews fom thera ‘ine aftr te lol bas ben reese. PTL also defines service ert, The et bloc mest aye no sontet croc a of 0 percent Fy ae concrete ‘rack 7 ptent Fy, ut ot exceed 0008 i Ate lang {08 poco al esi coment mackie etn cxced 015 "Tse diferent pronlses were eve by sever seis of es nt sonte MP (tiple lane Aachen ret esmas ware bul fling te general oats ofthe FP [ocedes bu wre eaded moor tole Al spect ‘pene med» muliane ansorge wh a ale exact a 12 Gin diameter, 2104! sean, Manufoctre's hee 2 ‘ure # minima cost sength of S00 psi. MP-A Rad (Gif dei conforming fo he mamfatre” Earoeas Tecate allegely proven FP tote, MP-B nero te spi tat melded othe acho en sn he United Ses MP-C nd MP-Ehid deta sitar MP-8 but substan fly phercomesoeng, MPD and MP were te me EEMP-E and MP-E ccepe tre atonal #4 supplementary ter ere added 0 ipeove cnc consol The ied capaci. Ty ofthe 1208n, sand anhoe at 9 poreed ulna Ee ent (GUTS) of 27 i 70s "Test rene forthe MP sie ar given in Table 1 slong ids sumay of coiing and sepiemenry ino rove The specimens nerpering he anata’ Sup urnt vig (PCA tat RB) led develop te ‘hed ule capac by substantia marine At Eales of the anchorages ad vs epessed ithe sesimen's to ering sera rom to st ee Fgie 28). The cone ‘Sofioed win te spi confinement moved log With the Sncor se detest ina the crete, ca Be sex om Fizwe 2 len when the spllod coer was removed. The feesenc of supplementary sin ssecement die ine Prove te cracking ad hic subst Below he 030 Fr tenporzy ang eve owed by AASHTO. 1 apes ‘il vo tink of "neracked”snehorage 20s The spice ‘ay reinfocemest dl sp ia coeling crack wily advr eit ot 2 |i} wend} bP I | ' : \ | + Gay mee air Pure 22.10 Figure 28. Specimen MP-B ouchoread a fre ‘omprson of MP-A and MP.B shows dat te supemenary ‘efrceret car combi wih he primar eotiis eaece- fet ocr the uti capac ofthe chop, Spi ‘mete MP, MP, and PE wee atl nal etaseeept for cocrets compresive tena ners st eacking ‘vo Bight oe lowe conte stent specimen, Uke Tans teased at oly abot 90 pre fhe nea nem cee nen Toss wo Brae Acepone Tsing Proces— A sinirinveipaton was aie out he RP (stangular Pe Anchor snes Two speimeneeeh its 065m dame ies Cotes | Serene | aig teat | Unite nd be einong | Rantrang | COA sea wom | Mesini2t | sex esucsan In pen rs | 13/8 wre sam | PHATE Lae ass oss pte vers oc wo | sameses | none ass 19 soo oxo | samen [eet | gay a0 sin Moe ee eee oot oso Me a eee ee oon asFigure 29. Spsinon MPA fer fare te, 27046 rand recta labor (Fy = 2328) were teed, Specimes Riva had te manuf recommended fencing tle conitng offre #4 closed sips at 2 In canrs ovr th pecinen cess section with tee sale al 9 led tp ai col ational coe ning efrcoment Specimen BP tad 2 6/-n.dhamater #3 pl with Vin ple a ine tus. The pal was Se © Dowie ade cefrement the cone fo develop Fy ng car's (/))appench Novibesipplemenaryresonement sya provided vate wor soba cece ares wot ‘Slrsnent Test nse bon Table? Thoveanpler ‘Spscinen, APB, cel dcared tte spin arangemen of "Tle 2 Recap enor fest Ss rape at 23/8 2 ue, s 4 Cone milled from 6° bar stock i 8x6 7/8x 11/8 PL x & a e Figure 30. Anchorage device or spcinens LHD, Band confining invert seals bop fo spe= rete by reifoeing chee mom the feof he Species “Tae ery lest of wre cote, fom he erimeet ‘ole spl ete ouside ees, developed very wie crac ‘hile spl devon lx nn S00 mosain The supple ‘ner enecig i RP-A ued in he cores the lok od [pel eahanced the us ofthe confining renercing. Ten to Bose Accepince Ting Proclies— oa Hor, ‘The nfuene of Lon Mioey was sesfily invest in the Lit seri, Leading Bore Ineled eno. ee. hd ao efter fee. Tw Stef Secens eee use Inthe Fit et (LH LIB and LC) 00 ‘commercially svaabe 4-060 san rectangular Mat plate Schr (6. by in) war sed we» cong pel the second Set rosy signed “tal” anche Was wd toes ihe ent procedure woud rnin bcween ood” thd “bad anchots, Thi ocho wa be me etngula pat tb a Remy milled cone ace Fgue 30) welled om the Supplementary Reinforcing 5, #4 airy 3123/8 in #3 cpa, 1. 1/4, pte, Sune Nosea soem seer | seen | Jaan Racer, mae — wie | 225, ewe slechin | nw wis | a, | ose fianfsenesen | none vse | fs, [samc ranean | ne 10 | 2 [pn tone use | 25 | coe [ocfaareaea | tom Ee eee “woe le Ts design a he anchor as based an the desig of an cor no longer eng sl, which as know ove eased robles such at excessive local ato rcing, Insel (tes, Tet rut ae given Table 3) ‘Oke a the bse conclusions, which can be dra Grom si serie iat thee fale on is ot leased 8) ‘he ating stay. Taree, wit load ener te te ‘ny messie of rtaminc, aioe mazouni es proce ie wool bade: Te evel dsess, thatthe hamer sed wits of eas shawevergreatyifcecedby he mead fest The eyeieand ssid lead tes sowed the pretest Smount of dstess, whe the monseicaly owed species Showed he eat Uaereebliy eer suchas eck wih, ‘were tobe considered inthe evauaon of the tes spacnes, the astaied oslo eyle nl wanfer tex moldBeteropee ‘ea the ooiioos at would be peseat ssa scat From teingsuniphi, however, he susalaed oad waster sts ius a epee ti nt lag posable te op amexpesie ple of ese equipent fre SU ous gue fee ts tt. The slow eel wae et soles tis rblen Tend andthe etic Houle were very snl The cyte tet eters. 5 viable repaemen for ke #00" sane Ton es. Inte oft “a anchor tess. was iteresingo what (be Specnsne wih be sf coer cocked eaten, ally ‘chieved higher ukimte as an th dete anchors wh exe pln ranstien cones. The ieee tn tenga auibusbe the adn being ares proved byte tt xe. The cone tease he eben as by 19 prea nd {be averge lima lead iene by TS erent wile the seage easing led decreed By 10 prea Tats Ele Acepimee Teng Proce utp Bering Plone Actors, ‘The rls fr vation of tet mets was the MB (ottipe Bearing Pat) sere Four dentin! specimens ine comme avable 7-0, 270 sal anchor device there conse ith eg detace, spacing and renfosing (eral sven byte manatee Tee PIetrecarmendatios tree we resing na specimen 9a by 12 im wie 2m, ign The raed fof he four specimens wt 289 pe. MB ‘and MBB wee node, peed by PTI at 095 Fy “Tey were saneeueny lonled tale Specimens MB-C hd MB-D wer lone comieuuay ofa Te specie wes etd a oF 00 ps, "Tea ws ar enim Table This wa avery nrg secs of species. Thre wee Sally tre made of alte iad ne four specimens an vo die levels fw rte land MBA a MBC bah ald very ones, with lag diagonal cracks developing on ly a ideo he pci ‘men. They ted at sina as 8 well MBB aad MB-D ‘led mor spel frei te nti enc ‘pening pee width nd aon ong hr tego, ccs evening ‘Wht cused he diferencia the fre mde known, ‘Ail or specinere wer cst and ested era. Saal va ‘ous postoning af he refs tel or lace othe Species inthe loa machine cel! have ben enh 0 ‘ake 3 diffeene. Once he slighly weaker puh was found Gesided fue ocrared. The dimensioning ofthe species the absence of aun rereng Weng fn he omer emo mak he blocks very aseepbe othe ope face ‘mode. The PH spate feces recta especiesole 4 Mie Maing plane nce ot re crs toscana | wan |, Sot eminem] | unto | an Ia oases a es spa 2m sit [Fe 28) een tonearm | Soman] une we foro] | oasin [E902] nore | ozs. | oss | 098 wes fei] "Mt *) oonsin, [sone nome | orm | ove | vas usc [000] contrac | coro, [same one [asin | 4s | 100 woo +00] contracus| aos in. |oame none | avon | ove | 108 * peut teu foc most anchors whichare squared ave egal ege distances dspace nach ection Beenie most anchor re aly ‘Silrcdthe specimen ha els as ore tha 2 ent Inrinfred concrete inane ston. As seen in species DA and MBC. when cack apes hi efor es they rouge and wien ley Asa esl, be specimen ds Iola wer ond than oe which fis more aye. Ti tony sre of his est program in wich ipl spesinens were cour wih etic Bells an sed ih ‘Slr poceases. This preset the oppor examine he ‘Ent afi coking edule ot, which arene inthe spines because ofthe rare rare of enforced enero ichigo Were epenable ware abit Stand devon mere oly percent and 7 ptent epee ely wien ry scepDl or any ype of seta Sm Tene for Prams Suis Many epst of he loa one et species might ave 2 significa ier on te behavior of he specimen a the ‘eitor te we Eve of eof eon scorer nd “npc sng fhe come seamed oh Ben ell ‘Stnled inte Heraze. However, bease of a shoroge of ‘feumentat et ifort, de ses were chon fer ahr ‘uy eg Sstance,conaing Spl partes, 2 supple metry rnoremen. Te for Parmeter Ses—Edge Dinance “eat sere BD (Ede Distnc) sed our species fslate ‘ne eee of eargng edge dance Two sed 7-5 stad i poe snsbor and two weed 70H. sand mutta fsncor sevice ith an Fy of 289 ps. All specimens were ‘tctd sig the mice recommeded pers {ers fr BAS cone, which eomespends fo 6800 pl 28) ‘Sindee Te aac sea gve norman {arte reinforcing et parameters fora of ancar sa ‘ide variety of concrete engi the sted ht oral eases (he mis edge nee Is equal ene al of the sal ‘Banter pas he cover sarge staniads. Acsrting {@AASHTO speciestions or pests concrete th nmr ‘over over eforsing wel | nfo he boom a abe or ‘ver stip and The aims cover equ 2 OF ‘forcing om he topo a where des ay bese ‘Using th infomn, foreach anchor one specimen ws ‘iwi arse dimensions equ tthe spl hanes: plas Pn andthe oer specimen ha taneeve eno gl 6 ihe sal dame pls in Toe species were denied Faowing the FID ements and Were lade not fal "Test esas ae give in Tbe 5. As eg cover incase, the eatin ADA ste, cam be acm that ith Both pes oF thor ths nce neg cover eee he cracking ad ‘nulpace anchors aad 12 percent for Oa lt anchor and iy reticed rack mde a Both 79 percent ad 8 percent Fg Tse edge cove ed in actos ets rea ison nd shouid be early chose fo Be epsetativ of pcan, ‘re 31 shows lod deformation comparisons ofthe ED series specimens. These curves ate peal spay exnined Inca rane petmens sn indete reasonable docty Tey 250 ‘aes found 9y Wu abd Dasher (1) hat esis Ironly 7 power 19 15 peteent of the expected sis based cn he concrete ety modus. Mest of the éeormation