MODULE 1.

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Time Frame: 4 weeks

Objectives: At the end of this chapter, the student is expected to

1. Define the different types of conics section: circle, parabola

2. Determine the importance properties of the equation of conic sections
3. Determine the standard form of the equation of conic sections
3. Sketch the graph of the conic section
4. Recognize the equation and important characteristics of the different types of conic sections
5. Determine the solution of systems of nonlinear equations using techniques such as substitution,
elimination, and graphing

Types of Conic Sections

A plane curve is a curve that lies in a single plane. A plane curve may be closed or open. Some
of the most common open curves are the line, parabola, and hyperbola, and some of the most
common closed curves are the circle and ellipse. In this chapter, we will discuss the three curves:
the parabola, the ellipse (including the circle as a special case), and the hyperbola.

A circle may be considered a special kind of ellipse. For our purpose, we will distinguish between
these two conics.

A. CIRCLE
Definition. Let C be a given point. The set of all points P having the same distance from C is called
a circle. The point C is called the is the center of the circle, and the common distance is radius.

The figure above has center C(h, k) and radius r > 0. A point P(x, y) is on the circle if and only if
PC = r. The standard equation of the circle with center C(h, k) and radius r is (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2.

If the center is the origin, the standard equation is x2 + y2 = r2.

Examples: Give the standard equation of the circles satisfying the given conditions

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1. center at the origin, radius 6 Answer: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16

2. center (−4,3), radius √7 Answer: (𝑥 + 4)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 7
3. center (−2, −1), radius 4 Answer: (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 7
4. circle A in Figure 1.9
5. circle B in Figure 1.9
6. center (5, −6), tangent to the y-axis

Answer: The center is 5 units away from the y-axis, so the radius is r = 5. The equation is
(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 + 6)2 = 25

7. center (5, −6), tangent to the x-axis.

Answer: The center is 6 units away from the y-axis, so the radius is r = 6. The equation is
(𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 + 6)2 = 36

8. concentric with 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 5, radius 7

Answer: Note two circles are said to be concentric if they have the same center.
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 5 + 1 + 4
(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + (𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4) = 10
(𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 10
(𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 49

9. It has a diameter with endpoints A(-1,4) and B(4,2).

−1−4 4−2 3
Answer: The midpoint between A and B is 𝐶 = ( , ) = ( , 3). The radius r is the distance
2 2 2

3 2 29
from the midpoint to A |𝐴𝐶| = √(−1 − ) + (4 − 3)2 = √ . The circle has equation
2 4

3 2 29
(𝑥 − ) + (𝑦 − 3)2 =
2 4

The general form of the circle is given by

𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0, 𝐴 ≠ 0
or

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0

We can determine the standard form of a circle in general form by completing the square in
both variables.

Examples: Identify the center and radius of the circle with the given equation and sketch the graph.

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 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 = 7

Solution: 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 7
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 = 7 + 9
(𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 center (3,0), radius r = 4

2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −14

Solution: 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = −14

𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 49 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = −14 + 49 + 1
(𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 36 center (7, −1), radius r = 6

3. 16𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 96𝑥 − 40𝑦 = 315

Solution: 16𝑥 2 + 96𝑥 + 16𝑦 2 − 40𝑦 = 315

5
16(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥) + 16(𝑦 2 − 𝑦 = 315
2
5 25 25
16(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9) + 16 (𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + ) = 315 + 16(9) + 16 ( )
2 16 16
5 2
16(𝑥 + 3)2 + 16 (𝑦 − ) = 484
4
2 5 2 484 11 2 5 11
(𝑥 + 3) + (𝑦 − ) = =( ) center (−3, ), radius 𝑟 =
4 16 2 4 2

Exercises 1.1

A. Find the standard equation of the circle being described in each item

1. center at the origin, radius 𝑟 = √11 6. center (-6,7), tangent to the y-axis
2. center at the origin, radius 𝑟 = 2√2 7. center (-2,3), tangent to the y-axis
3. center at (15, -20), radius 9 8. center (-2,3), tangent to the y = 8
4. center at (5, 6), through (9, 4) 9. center (-2,3), tangent to the x = -10
5. center (-2,3), tangent to the x-axis 10. It has a diameter with endpoints A (-3, 2) and B (7,4)

B. Identify the center and radius of the circle with the given equation in each item. Sketch its graph,
and indicate the center

1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 46 6. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 25
2. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 40𝑥 − 32𝑦 = 5 7. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 − 10𝑦 = −12
3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 = 0 8. 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 + 18𝑦 = 7
4. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 11 = 0 9. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 20𝑥 + 40𝑦 = −5
5. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 49 10. 9𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 + 42𝑥 + 84𝑦 + 65 = 0

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PARABOLA

Definition. Let F be a given point, and ` a given line not containing F. The set of all points P such that
its distances from F and from ` are the same, is called parabola. The point F is its focus and the line `
its directrix.

Consider a parabola with focus F(0, c) and directrix D having equation x = −c.

The standard equation of a parabola opening upward with vertex V(0, 0) is 𝑥 2 = 4𝑐𝑦.

The standard equation of a parabola opening downward with vertex V(0, 0) is 𝑥 2 = −4𝑐𝑦.

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Properties of Parabolas:

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Equation Focus Directrix Opening Axis

(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑐(𝑥 − ℎ) (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) x=h−c Right y=k
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = −4𝑐(𝑥 − ℎ) (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘) x=h+c left y=k
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑐(𝑦 − 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐) y=k−c upward x=h
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = −4𝑐(𝑦 − 𝑘) (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐) y=k+c downward x=h

Examples:

1. Determine the focus and directrix of the parabola with the given equation. Sketch the graph and
indicate the focus, directrix, vertex, and axis of symmetry.

a. 𝑥 2 = 12𝑦

Solution: 𝑉(0,0) parabola opens upward Directrix: 𝑦 = −3

4𝑐 = 12 axis of symmetry: y-axis or x =0
𝑐=3 F(0, 3)

b. 𝑥 2 = −6𝑦

3
Solution: 𝑉(0,0) parabola opens downward Directrix: 𝑦 =
2
4𝑐 = 6 axis of symmetry: y-axis or x =0
3 3
𝑐= 𝐹 (0, )
2 2

c. 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 12𝑦 = −16

Solution: 𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 − 5𝑥 = −16 Vertex (-4, -6)

5 11
𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 36 = 5𝑥 − 16 + 36 Focus (−4 + , −6) = (− , −6)
4 4
5 21
(𝑦 + 6)2 = 5𝑥 + 20 Directrix: 𝑥 = −4 − = −
4 4
(𝑦 + 6)2 = 5(𝑥 + 4) opening to the right
Axis of symmetry: y = -6
4𝑐 = 5 ℎ = −4, 𝑘 = −6
5
𝑐=
4

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d. 5𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 + 24𝑦 = 51

Solution: 5𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 = −24𝑦 + 51 Vertex (-3, 4)

2 6 14
5(𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 9) = −24𝑦 + 51 + 5(9) Focus (−3 ,4 − ) = (−3, )
5 5
2 6 26
5(𝑥 + 3) = −24𝑦 + 96 Directrix: 𝑦 = 4 + =
5 5
2
5(𝑥 + 3) = −24(𝑦 − 4) opening downward
24
(𝑥 + 3)2 = − (𝑦 − 4) Axis of symmetry: x = -3
5

24
4𝑐 = ℎ = −3, 𝑘 = 4
5
6
𝑐=
5

2. A parabola has focus 𝐹(7,9) and directrix 𝑦 = 3. Find its standard equation.

Solution: directrix 𝑦 = 3 is horizontal

focus 𝐹(7,9) is above the directrix so the parabola opens upward
Distance from Focus to directrix is 2𝑐 = 9 − 3 = 6, 𝑐 = 3, 4𝑐 = 12
Axis of symmetry: x = 7
ℎ = 7, 𝑘 = 6 thus the standard equation is
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑐(𝑦 − 𝑘) → (𝑥 − 7)2 = 12(𝑦 − 6)

3. A parabola has 𝑉(1, −9), 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 (−3, −9). Find its standard equation.

Solution: 𝑉(1, −9) ℎ = 1, 𝑘 = −9

𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 (−3, −9) below the vertex do the parabola opens to the left
Distance from vertex to focus is 𝑐 = −3 − 1 = −4
(𝑦 + 9)2 = −16(𝑥 − 1)

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 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Exercises 1.2

1. Determine the vertex, focus, directrix and axis of symmetry of the parabola with the given
equation. Sketch the graph.

a. 𝑥 2 = −4𝑦
b. 3𝑦 2 = 24𝑥
5 2 9
c. (𝑦 + ) = −5 (𝑥 − )
2 2
d. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 7
e. 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 + 8𝑦 = −40
f. 16𝑥 2 + 72𝑥 − 112𝑦 = −221

2. Find the standard equation of the parabola which satisfies the given conditions.

10
a. vertex (-8,3), directrix 𝑥 = −
2
b. vertex (-4, 2), focus (-4, -1)
c. focus (7,11) directrix 𝑥 = 1
d. focus (7,11) directrix 𝑦 = 4
e. vertex (-5, -7), vertical axis of symmetry through the point P (7, 11)
f. vertex (-5, -7), horizontal axis of symmetry, through the point P (7, 11)

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C. Ellipse

An ellipse is a bounded curve which looks like a flattened circle.

Definition. Let 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 be two distinct points. The set of all points P, whose distances from 𝐹1 and
from 𝐹2 add up to certain constant, is called an ellipse. The points 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 are called the foci of
the ellipse.

𝑥2 𝑦2
The standard equation of an ellipse is given by + = 1, where 𝑎 > 𝑏.
𝑎2 𝑏2
Let 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2

Properties of Ellipse

Some ellipses have their foci aligned vertically, and some have centers not at the origin.
Assume 𝑎 > 𝑏 and 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2. The vertices 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 are 𝑎 units away from the center, the major
axis has length 2𝑎, the covertices 𝑊1 and 𝑊2 are b units away from the center, and the minor axis has
length 2𝑏.

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Note: In the standard equation, if the x- part has the bigger denominator, the ellipse is horizontal.
If the y-part has the bigger denominator, the ellipse is vertical.

Equation (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2

+ +
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑎2

Major axis y=k x=h

Minor axis x=h y=k

Foci (h ± c, k) (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐)

Vertices (h ± a, k) (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎)

Covertices (h, k ± b) (ℎ ± 𝑏, 𝑘)

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Center (h, k) (h, k)

Length of major axis 2a 2a

Length of minor axis 2b 2b

eccentricity 𝑐 𝑐
e= e=
𝑎 𝑎

Examples:
1. Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and covertices of the ellipse with the given
equation.

𝑥2 𝑦2
a. + =1
25 9

Solution: 𝑎2 = 25, 𝑎 = 5 𝑏 2 = 9, 𝑏 = 3 𝑐 = √25 − 9 = √16 = 4

ℎ = 0, 𝑘 = 0
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘) = (0,0)
Foci: (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘) = (±4,0) = (−4,0), (4,0)
Vertices: (ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘) = (±5,0) = (−5,0), (5,0)
Covertices: (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏) = (0 , ±3) = (0,3), (0, −3)

(𝑥+3)2 (𝑦−5)2
b. + =1
24 49

Solution: 𝑎2 = 49, 𝑎 = 7 𝑏 2 = 24, 𝑏 = 2√6 𝑐 = √49 − 24 = √25 = 5

ℎ = −3, 𝑘 = 5
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘) = (−3,5)
Foci: (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐) = (−3, 5 ± 5) = (−3,10), (−3,0)
Vertices: (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎) = (−3,5 ± 7) = (−3,12), (−3, −2)
Covertices: (ℎ ± 𝑏, 𝑘) = (−3 ± 2√6 ,5) = (−3 + 2√6, 5), (−3 − 2√6, 5)

c. 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 − 126𝑥 + 64𝑦 = 71

Solution: 9𝑥 2 − 126𝑥 + 16𝑦 2 + 64𝑦 = 71

9(𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 49) + 16(𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4) = 71 + 9(49) + 4(16)
9(𝑥 − 7)2 + 16(𝑦 + 2)2 = 576
(𝑥−7)2 (𝑦+2)2
+ =1
64 36

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 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

: 𝑎2 = 64, 𝑎 = 8 𝑏 2 = 36, 𝑏 = 6 𝑐 = √64 − 36 = 2√7

ℎ = 7, 𝑘 = −2
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘) = (7, −2)
Foci: (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘) = (7 ± 2√7, −2) = (7 − 2√7, −2), (7 + 2√7, −2)
Vertices: (ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘) = (7 ± 8, −2) = (15, −2), (−1, −2)
Covertices: (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑏) = (7 , −2 ± 6) = (7,4), (7, −8)

2. Find the standard equation of the ellipse whose foci are 𝐹1 (−3,0) and 𝐹2 (3,0), such that for any
point on it. The sum of its distance from the foci is 10.

𝑥2 𝑦2
Solution: We have 2𝑎 = 10, 𝑎 = 5, 𝑐 = 3 𝑏 = √𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 = 4. The equation is + =1
25 16

3. The foci of an ellipse are (-3,-6) and (-3,2). For any point on the ellipse, the sum of its distances
from the foci is 14. Find the standard equation.

Solution: The midpoint (-3,-2) of the foci is the center of the ellipse. The ellipse is vertical (because
the foci are vertically aligned), c = 4 (distance from the foci to the center). From the given sum,
(𝑥+3)2 (𝑦+2)2
2𝑎 = 14, a = 7. Also, 𝑏 = √𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 = √33. The equation is + = 1.
33 49

4. An ellipse has vertices (2 − √61, −5) and (2 + √61, −5) and its minor axis is 12 units long. Find its
standard equation and its foci.

Solution: The midpoint (2,-5) of the vertices is the center of the ellipse, which is horizontal. Each
vertex is 𝑎 = √61 units away from the center. From the length of the minor axis, 2𝑏 = 12, 𝑏 = 6. The
(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦+5)2
standard equation is + = 1. Each focus is 𝑐 = √𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 5 units away from (2, -5), so
61 36

their coordinates are (-3,-5) and (7,-5).

5. An ellipse has focus (-6,-2), covertex (-1, 5), horizontal major axis. Find its standard equation.

Solution: The center is (-1,-2). It follows that 𝑐 = 5, 𝑏 = 7 so 𝑎 = √𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 74. The standard

(𝑥+1)2 (𝑦+2)2
equation is + = 1.
74 49

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 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Exercises 1.3
1. Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and covertices of the ellipse with the given
equation. Sketch the graph.
𝑥2 𝑦2
a. + =1
169 25
𝑥2 𝑦2
b. + =1
144 169

c. 4𝑥 2 + 13𝑦 2 = 52
(𝑥+7)2 (𝑦−4)2
d. + =1
16 25

e. 41𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 246𝑥 − 192𝑦 + 289 = 0

f. 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 72𝑥 − 96 + 144 = 0
g. 36𝑥 2 + 20𝑦 2 − 144𝑥 + 120𝑦 − 396 = 0

2. Find the standard equation of the ellipse which satisfies the given conditions.
a. foci (-7,6) and (-1, 6), the sum of the distances of any points from the foci is 14.
b. center (5,3), horizontal major axis of length 20, minor axis of length 16.
c. major axis of length 22, foci 9 units above and below the center (2,4).
d. covertices (-4,8) and (1-,8), a focus at (3,12).
e. vertices (-10, -4) and (6,-4), and covertices (-2,-9) and (-2,1)

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D. Hyperbola

The graph of a hyperbola consists of two unbounded branches which extend in opposite directions. It
is a misconception that each branch is a parabola.

Definition. Let 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 be two distinct points. The set of all points P, whose distances from 𝐹1 and
from 𝐹2 differ by a certain constant, is called a hyperbola. The points 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 are called the foci
of the hyperbola.

𝑥2 𝑦2
The standard equation of a hyperbola id given by − = 1.
𝑎2 𝑏2

Let 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 .

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Center (h, k)

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 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Equation (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑦 − ℎ)2 (𝑥 − 𝑘)2

− −
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2

Transverse axis y=k x=h

Conjugate axis x=h y=k

Foci (h ± c, k) (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐)

Vertices (h ± a, k) (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎)

Center (h, k) (h, k)

Length of transverse axis 2a 2a

Length of conjugate axis 2b 2b

eccentricity 𝑐 𝑐
e= e=
𝑎 𝑎

Asymptotes 𝑏 𝑎
y = k ± (𝑥 − ℎ) y = k ± (𝑥 − ℎ)
𝑎 𝑏

Examples:
1. Determine the foci, vertices, and asymptotes of the hyperbola with equation.
𝑥2 𝑦2
a. − =1
9 7

Solution: 𝑎2 = 9 , 𝑎 = 3 𝑏 2 = 7, 𝑏 = √7 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 4
ℎ = 0, 𝑘 = 0 the hyperbola is horizontal
Foci: (h ± c, k) = (±4,0) = (4,0), (−4,0)
Vertices: (h ± a, k) = (±3,0) = (3,0), (−3,0)
𝑏 √7
Asymptotes: y = k ± 𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ) = ± 𝑥
3

(𝑦+2)2 (𝑧−7)2
b. 25
−
9
=1

Solution: 𝑎2 = 25, 𝑎 = 5 𝑏 2 = 9, 𝑏 = 3 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = √34

ℎ = 7, 𝑘 = −2 the hyperbola is vertical
Foci: (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐) = (7, −2 ± √34) = (7, −2 − √34), (7, −2 + √34)
Vertices: (h, k ± a) = (7, −2 ± 5) = (7,3), (7, −7)
𝑎 5
Asymptotes: y = k ± 𝑏 (𝑥 − ℎ) = −2 ± 𝑥
3

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 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

c. 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 2 + 32𝑥 + 30𝑦 = 1
Solution: (4𝑥 2 + 32𝑥) − (5𝑦 2 − 30𝑦) = 1
4(𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16) − 5(𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9) = 1 + 4(16) − 9(5)
4(𝑥 + 4)2 − 5(𝑦 − 3)2 = 20
(𝑥+4)2 (𝑦−3)2
− =1
5 4

𝑎2 = 5, 𝑎 = √5 𝑏 2 = 4, 𝑏 = 2 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 3
ℎ = −4, 𝑘 = 3 the hyperbola is horizontal
Foci: (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘) = (−4 ± 3, 3) = (−1,3), (−7,3)
Vertices: (h ± a, k) = (−4 ± √5 ,3) = (−4 − √5 ,3), (−4 + √5 ,3)
𝑏 2
Asymptotes: y = k ± (𝑥 − ℎ) = 3 ± (𝑥 + 4)
𝑎 √5

2. Find the standard equation of the hyperbola whose foci are 𝐹1 (−5,0) and 𝐹2 (5,0), such that for any
point on it, the absolute value of the difference of its distances from the foci is 6.

Solution: We have 2𝑎 = 6, 𝑐 = 5 so 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑏 = √𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 = 4. The hyperbola has equation

𝑥 2 𝑦2
− =1
9 16

3. Find the standard equation of the hyperbola whose foci are 𝐹1 (−5, −3) and 𝐹2 (9, −3), such that for
any point on it, the absolute value of the difference of its distances from the foci is 10.

Solution: The midpoint (2, -3) of the foci is the center of the hyperbola. Each focus is 𝑐 = 7 units away
from the center. We 2𝑎 = 10, 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑏 = √𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 = √24. The hyperbola is horizontal, so the
(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦+3)2
equation is − = 1.
25 24

4. Find the standard equation of the hyperbola whose vertices are (-4,-5) and (-4,9), and one of its
foci is (-4, 2 − √65).

Solution: The midpoint (-4, 2) of the vertices is the center of the hyperbola. Each vertex is 𝑎 = 7
units away from the center. The given focus is 𝑐 = √65 units away from the center. Thus
(𝑦−2)2 (𝑥+4)2
𝑏 = √𝑐 2 − 𝑎2 = 16. The hyperbola is vertical, so the equation is − = 1.
49 16

MAT049 Module 1 | Precalculus 17

 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Exercises 1.4
1. Give the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and the asymptotes of the hyperbola with the
given equation. Sketch the graph.
𝑥2 𝑦2
a. − =1
36 64
𝑥2 𝑦2
b. − =1
25 16

c. (𝑥 − 1)2 − 𝑦 2 = 4
(𝑦+2)2 (𝑥+3)2
d. − =1
15 10

e. 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 − 42𝑥 − 6𝑦 = −67
f. 25𝑥 2 − 39𝑦 2 + 150𝑥 + 390𝑦 = −225

2. Find the standard equation of the hyperbola which satisfies the given conditions.
a. foci are 𝐹1 (−4√2, 0) and 𝐹2 (4√2, 0), such that for any point on it, the absolute value of the
difference of its distances from the foci is 8.
b. vertices (1,9) and (13,9), and one of its foci is (-2,9)
c. foci (-4, -3) and (-4,13), the absolute value of the difference of the distances of any point from the
foci is 14.
d. vertices (-2, 8) and (8, 8), a focus (12, 8)
e. center (-6, 9), vertex (-6, 15), conjugate axis of length 12
4 1 4 41
f. asymptotes 𝑦 = 𝑥 + and 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + , vertex (-1, 7)
3 3 3 3
1 5 1 7
g. asymptotes 𝑦 = 𝑥 + and 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + , a focus (1, 12)
3 3 3 3

MAT049 Module 1 | Precalculus 18

 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Identifying the Conic Section by Inspection

Recall the general form of the equation of conic sections

𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0.

Note: It only after transforming a given general equation to standard form, we can identify its graphs
either as on of the degenerate conic sections (a point, two intersecting lines, or empty) or as one of
the non-degenerate conic sections (circle, parabola, ellipse or hyperbola).

Circle
The equation of a circle is 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0, that is, both coefficient of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 are the
same, but it does not follow that of the coefficient of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 are the same, the graph is a circle.

Examples:
1. 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 5 = 0
1 9 1 9
Solution: 2(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + ) + 2(𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 + ) = −5 + +
4 4 2 2

1 3 2
2 (𝑥 − ) − 2 (𝑦 + ) = 0
2 2

1 3 2 1 3
(𝑥 − ) + (𝑦 + ) = 0 The graph is a single point ( , − ).
2 2 2 2

2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 50 = 0

Solution: 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 = −50
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 + 16 = −50 + 9 + 16
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = −25
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦−4)2
+ =1
−25 −25
(𝑦−4)2 (𝑥−3)2
− − =1 The graph is empty.
25 25

3. 18𝑥 2 + 18𝑦 2 − 24𝑥 + 48𝑦 − 5 = 0

Solution: 18𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 18𝑦 2 + 48𝑦 = 5

4 8
18(𝑥 2 − 𝑥) + 18(𝑦 2 + 𝑦) = 5
3 3

2 4 4 2 8 16
18(𝑥 − 𝑥 + ) + 18(𝑦 + 𝑦 + ) = 5 + 8 + +32
3 9 3 9

2 2 4 2 2 4
(𝑥 − ) + (𝑦 + ) = 45 The graph is circle with 𝐶 ( , − ) radius 3√5
3 3 3 3

MAT049 Module 1 | Precalculus 19

 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Parabola: exactly one of the 𝑥 2 or 𝑦 2 appears

𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0 (𝐷 ≠ 0, opens upward or downward)
𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0 (𝐶 ≠ 0, opens to the right or left)

Examples:
1. 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 26 = 0

Solution: 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 26 = 0
2 1 1
3 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + ) = −2𝑦 − 26 +
3 9 3

1 2 2 77
(𝑥 − ) = − 𝑦 −
3 3 9

1 2 2 77
(𝑥 − ) = − (𝑦 + ) opens downward
3 3 6

2. −2𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 15 = 0

Solution: −2𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 15 = 0

−2(𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1) = −3𝑥 + 15
3
(𝑦 − 1)2 = (𝑥 − 5) opens to the right
2

Ellipse: both 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 2 appear, and their coefficients. A and B have the same sign and are unequal.
If A = B, we will classify the conic as a circle, instead of an ellipse.

Examples:
1. 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 − 10𝑦 − 7 = 0

Solution: 2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 5𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 = 7
2(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) + 5(𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1) = 7 + 8 + 5
2(𝑥 + 2)2 + 5(𝑦 − 1)2 = 20
(𝑥+2)2 (𝑦−1)2
+ =1 (horizontal major axis)
10 4

2. 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 21 = 0

Solution: 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 = −21

4(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = −21 + 16 + 9
4(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 4
(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦−3)2
+ =1 (vertical major axis)
1 4

MAT049 Module 1 | Precalculus 20

 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Hyperbola: both 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 2 appear, and their coefficients A and B have different signs

Examples:
1. 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 − 20𝑥 − 18𝑦 − 22 = 0 (horizontal transverse axis)
2. −4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 24𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 36 = 0 (vertical transverse axis)

The following examples will show the possible degenerate conics.

(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦+1)2
1. 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 + 18𝑦 + 22 = 0 ⟹ + =0
9 4

⟹ one point: (2, -1)

(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦+1)2
2. 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 + 18𝑦 + 61 = 0 ⟹ + = −1
9 4

⟹ empty set

(𝑥−2)2 (𝑦+1)2
3. 4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 − 18𝑦 + 7 = 0 ⟹ − =0
9 4
2
⟹ two lines: 𝑦 + 1 = ± (𝑥 − 2)
3

Exercises 1.5
1. The graphs of the following equations are (nondegenerate) conic section. Identify the following
conic section.
a. 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 − 12𝑦 = 22 f. 5𝑥 2 + 7𝑦 2 − 40𝑥 − 28𝑦 = −73
b. 2𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 12𝑦 = 17 g. 5𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 30𝑦 = −49
c. 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 42𝑥 − 12𝑦 = −154 h. 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 12𝑥 − 12𝑦 = 5
d. 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 18 i. 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 12𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 4
e. 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 36 j. 2𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 5𝑦 = −57

2. The graphs of the following equations are degenerate conic sections. What are the specific
graphs?
a. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 24𝑦 = −52
b. 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 + 18𝑥 − 16𝑦 = 7
c. 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 20𝑦 = −25

MAT049 Module 1 | Precalculus 21

 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Problems Involving Different Conic Section

The following examples requires us to use the properties of different conic sections at the same time.

1. A circle has center at the focus of the parabola 𝑦 2 + 16𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 44, and is tangent to the directrix
of this parabola. Find the standard equation.

Solution: 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 = −16𝑥 + 44 Vertex (h, k) = (3, -2)

𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 = −16𝑥 + 44 + 4 Focus (ℎ − 𝑐 , k) = (−1, −2)
(𝑦 + 2)2 = −16𝑥 + 48 Directrix: 𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑐 = 3 + 4 = 7
(𝑦 + 2)2 = −16(𝑥 − 3) opening to the left
Axis of symmetry: y = -2
4𝑐 = 16 ℎ = 3, 𝑘 = −2
𝑐=4

Center of the circle: F (−1, −2)

Radius is 8 (distance from F to the directrix)
Thus, the equation of the circle is (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 64

2. The vertices and foci of 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 + 50𝑥 + 16𝑦 + 29 = 0 are respectively, the foci and vertices of
an ellipse. Find the standard equation of this ellipse,

Solution: (5𝑥 2 + 50𝑥) − (4𝑦 2 − 16𝑦) = −29

5(𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 25) − 4(𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4) = −29 + 5(25) − 4(4)
5(𝑥 + 5)2 − 4(𝑦 − 2)2 = 80
(𝑥+5)2 (𝑦−2)2
− = 1 Hyperbola
16 20

𝑎2 = 16, 𝑎 = 4 𝑏 2 = 20, 𝑏 = 2√5 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 6

ℎ = −5, 𝑘 = 2 center: (-5, 2)
Foci: (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐) = (−5 ± 6, 2) = (1, 2), (−11, 2)
Vertices: (h ± a, k) = (−5 ± 4 ,3) = (−1 ,2), (−9 ,2)

Ellipse: center: (-5, 2)

Vertices: (1, 2), (−11, 2)
Foci: (−1 ,2), (−9 ,2)
𝑐 = 4 (distance from the center to focus)
𝑎 = 6 (distance from the center to vertex)
𝑏 = √𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 = √20
(𝑥+5)2 (𝑦−2)2
Thus, the standard equation of the ellipse is + =1
36 20

MAT049 Module 1 | Precalculus 22

 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Exercises 1.6

1. Find the standard equation of the hyperbola one branch of which has focus and vertex that are the
same as those of 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 23 and those conjugate axis is on the directrix of the same parabola.

2. Find the standard equation of all circles having center at a focus of 21𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 + 84𝑥 − 24𝑦 = 36
and passing through the farther vertex.

3. An ellipse has equation 25𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 150𝑥 − 32𝑦 = 159 . Find the standard equations of all
parabolas whose vertex is a focus of this ellipse and whose focus is vertex of this ellipse.

4. Find the standard equation of the hyperbola whose conjugate axis is on the directrix of the parabola
𝑦 2 + 12𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 39, having the focus of the parabola as one of its foci, and the vertex of the parabola
as one of its vertices.

5. Find the standard equation of the ellipse whose major and minor axes are the traverse and conjugate
axes (not necessarily in that order) of the hyperbola 4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 − 54𝑦 = 29.

MAT049 Module 1 | Precalculus 23

 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

System of Nonlinear Equations

A. Review of Techniques in Solving System of Linear Equations

Recall the method we used to solve the systems of linear equations. Ther were three methods used:
substitution, elimination, and graphical,

4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6
1. Solve this system { using the three methods.
5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4

Solution:
a. Substitution Method c. Graphical Method

b. Elimination Method

Eliminate y
−3𝐸1 : − 12𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −18 𝐸1 : 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6
𝐸2 : 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4 4(2) + 𝑦 = 6
−7𝑥 = −14 𝑦 = −2
𝑥=2

Exercises 1.7
Solve the following system of equation using the 3 methods
𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 5 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8
1.{ 3. {
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −1 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 4

5𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4 𝑥+𝑦 =5
2. { 4. {
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 9 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 10

MAT049 Module 1 | Precalculus 24

 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

B. Solving System of Equations Using Substitution

𝑥−𝑦+2=0
1. Solve the system and sketch the graph of {
𝑦 − 1 = 𝑥2

Solution:

𝐸1 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
x 0 -2
y 2 0

𝐸1 : 𝑦 − 1 = 𝑥 2 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1
−𝑏 0
𝑥= = =0
2𝑎 2
𝑦=1 V (0, 1)
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 5 2 1 2 5

Exercises 1.8
Solve the following system of equation and sketch the graph.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
1. {
𝑥−𝑦 = 4

𝑦 = 𝑥2
2. {
𝑥 = 𝑦2

MAT049 Module 1 | Precalculus 25

 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

C. Solving Systems of Equations Using Elimination

𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 11
1. Solve the system and sketch the graph of { .
4(3 − 𝑥) = (𝑦 − 3)2

MAT049 Module 1 | Precalculus 26

 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

(𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 10
2. Solve the system and graph the curves: {
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 25

MAT049 Module 1 | Precalculus 27

 MODULE 1. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Exercises 1.9

Solve the system, and graph the curves in one Cartesian Plane showing the point(s) of intersection.

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4
1. {
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
2. {
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −6

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 12
3. { 2
𝑥 − 𝑦2 = 4

𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 = 200
4. {
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 100

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
4. { 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
18
+ 32 = 1

𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 − 12 = 0
5. {
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 36

(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 10
6. {
𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 5

1
4
(𝑥 + 1)2 − (𝑦 + 2)2 = 1
7. { 1
(𝑦 + 2)2 = − 4 (𝑥 − 1)

MAT049 Module 1 | Precalculus 28