HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING I

Relational & Logical Operators

by Prasanna Ghali
 Relational Operators
2

 Relational operators allow you to make

comparisons
Operator Description
< Less than
these 4 operators have similar > Greater than
precedence but lower than
<= Less than or equal to
arithmetic operators
>= Greater than or equal to
these 2 operators have similar == Equal to
precedence but lower than 4
!= Not equal to
operators listed above

Left to right associative order

 Relational Expressions (1/2)
3

 Relational expression evaluates to value 0 if it

is false, or 1 if it is true
Expression Meaning Value
8 < 15 8 is less than 15 1
6 != 6 6 is not equal to 6 0
2.5 > 5.8 2.5 is greater than 5.8 0
5.9 <= 7.5 5.9 is less than or equal to 7.5 1
ASCII value of 'A' is greater than or
'A' >= 'Z' 0
equal to 'Z'
 Relational Expressions (2/2)
4

 Given int a = 3, b = 8, c = 1;
what is value of following expressions?

Expression Meaning Value

a==b==c
a>=b!=b<=a
a < 10 < b
(a < 10) != (10 < b)
 Boolean Values in C89
5

 Older C standards did not have Boolean type

 Hacks involving preprocessor were required to

simulate Boolean type and values

#define TRUE (1)
#define FALSE (0)
#define BOOL int
if (flag == TRUE) {
// do this thing ...
} else {
// do other thing ...
}
 Boolean Values in C99 and C11
6
(1/2)
 Boolean type introduced in C99: _Bool
 C++ provides Boolean type bool and

keywords true and false to indicate values

1 and 0, respectively
 C99 provides new header file <stdbool.h>
that supplies macros bool, true, and false
 This is handy and we’ll use these macros often

through the rest of this semester

 Boolean Values in C99 and C11
7
(2/2)

int year = 2021;

// does year represent centennial?
bool flag = year % 100 == 0; // flag is false
printf("flag: %d\n", flag); // prints 0 to stdout
 Compound Conditions
8

 Often, you need to evaluate more than one

expression to determine whether an action should
take place
 If you worked more than 40 hours and you’re not
a manager, you get overtime pay
 If you make less than $100,000, you pay 10%
tax; more than $100,000 but less than
$1,000,000, you pay 15% tax
 If you were speeding and your speed is less than
twice posted speed limit, you get $100 ticket;
otherwise you get $500 ticket
 Logical Operators
9

 Logical operators allow you to combine

expressions

Unary operators have higher Operator Description

precedence order
high to low
precedence than binary
operators ! Not
&& And
These 2 operators have lower || Or
precedence than relational
operators which in turn have
lower precedence than
arithmetic operators
 Understanding AND Logic (1/3)
10

 Basic monthly cell phone service bill is $40

 Additional $20 billed to customers making

more than 100 calls that last for total of more

than 500 minutes
 Require ability to write following expression
required:
 (calls_made > CALLS) AND (call_minutes > MINUTES)

 This is done in C/C++ as:

 (calls_made > CALLS) && (call_minutes > MINUTES)
 Understanding AND Logic (2/3)
11

 All listed conditions must be met for resulting

action to take place!!!

x y x && y Value
true true true 1
true false false 0
false true false 0
false false false 0
 Understanding AND Logic (3/3)
12

 Each part of logical expression is evaluated

only as far as necessary to determine whether
entire expression is true or false
 Referred to as short-circuit evaluation
 Additional $20 billed to customers making
more than 100 calls that last for total of more
than 500 minutes
 (calls_made > CALLS) && (call_minutes > MINUTES)

Not evaluated if customer has

not made more than 100 calls
 Understanding OR Logic (1/3)
13

 Basic monthly cell phone service bill is $40

 Additional $20 billed to customers making more than
100 calls or send more than 200 text messages
 Require ability to write following expression
required:
 (calls_made > CALLS) OR (texts_sent > TEXTS)
 This is done in C/C++ as:
 (calls_made > CALLS) || (texts_sent > TEXTS)
 Understanding OR Logic (2/3)
14

 Only one of the listed conditions must be met

for resulting action to take place!!!

x y x || y Value
true true true 1
true false true 1
false true true 1
false false false 0
 Understanding OR Logic (3/3)
15

 Short-circuit evaluation implemented here too

 Each part of expression is evaluated only as far as
necessary to determine whether entire expression is
true or false
 Additional $20 billed to customers making more
than 100 calls or send more than 200 text
messages
 (calls_made > CALLS) || (texts_sent > TEXTS)

Not evaluated if customer has

made more than 100 calls
 Understanding NOT Logic (1/2)
16

 Reverses meaning of logical expression

 !(a == b) is same as (a != b)

x !x Value
true false 0
false true 1
 Precedence Table: Arithmetic,
17
Relational, and Logical Operators

Operator(s) Description
! + - Logical negation, unary plus and minus
* / % Multiplication, division, remainder
precedence order
high to low

+ - Addition, subtraction
Less than, less than or equal to, greater
< <= > >=
than, greater than or equal to
== != Equal to, not equal to
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR
 Relation and Logical Expressions
18
(1/2)
Expression Value
!('A' > 'B')
!(6 <= 7)
!7 > !6 !0 is true !7 means false

14 >= 5 && 'A' < 'B'

24 >= 35 && 'A' < 'B'
14 >= 5 || 'A' > 'B'
24 >= (35 || 'A') > 'B'
'A' <= 'a' || 7 != 7
 Relation and Logical Expressions
19
(2/2)
 Given int a = 3, b = 8; what is value
of following expressions
true = 1
false = 0

Expression Meaning Value

!a > b 0

1
!(a > b)
a < 10 < b
a < 10 && 10 < b
true false
0

!a != !b 0
0
0
HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING I
while Loop by Prasanna Ghali
 Iteration Structure
2

 Repeat actions while a condition remains true

expression statement
true
false

while (expression)
statement
statement or
block of statements delimited by braces
 while Loop (1/2)
3

int i = 0; 1

while (i < 20) { // initialize loop control variable(s)

2
// expression tests loop control variable
print("%d ", i); while (expression) {

statement
i += 5; 3
} // update loop control variable
output
}
0 5 10 15
 while Loop (2/2)
4

 What is printed to standard output and what is

value of i after conclusion of loop?

int i = 0;
while (i <= 20) {
print("%d ", i);
i += 5;
}
 Type 1: Counter-Controlled while
5
Loops
 You know how many times certain things need
to be done
// initialize N to specify how many
// times certain things need to be done

// initialize loop control variable

counter = 0;

// test loop control variable

while (counter < N) {
// do the thing ...

// update loop control variable

counter += 1;
}
 Type 1: Counter-Controlled while
6
Loops: Computing Average
 You know how many times certain things need
to be done
int counter = 0, sum = 0;
printf("Enter %d integers\n", N);
while (counter < N) {
int temp;
scanf("%d", &temp);
sum += temp;
counter += 1;
}

double average = (double)sum/N;

printf("sum: %d | average: %.2f\n", sum, average);
 Type 1: Counter-Controlled while
7
Loops: Checkerboard Pattern
 You know how many times certain things need
to be done int main(void) {
printf("Enter rows and cols: ");
int rows, cols;
printf("rows: %d | cols: %d\n", rows, cols);
int r = 0;
while (r < rows) {
int c = 0;
while (c < cols) {
putc('*', stdout);
c = c + 1;
}
putc('\n', stdout);
r = r + 1;
}
}
 Type 2: Sentinel-Controlled while
8
Loops
 You don’t know how many times certain things
need to be done
int sentinel = -1;
printf("Enter integers ending with %d: ", sentinel);
int num;
scanf("%d", &num);

int sum = 0, count = 0;

while (num != sentinel) {
sum += num;
scanf("%d", &num);
count += 1;
}
double average = (double)sum/count;
printf("sum: %d | average: %.2f\n", sum, average);
 Type 3: Flag-Controlled while
9
Loops
 Flag-controlled while loop uses boolean
variable to control loop
// initialize loop control variable
bool found = false;

// test the loop control variable

while (!found) {
...
// update loop control variable
if (expression)
found = true;
...
}
 Type 3: Flag-Controlled while
10
Loops – Number Guessing Game
srand(time(0)); // seed random number generator
int num = rand() % 100;
bool have_guessed = false;
while (!have_guessed) {
printf("Enter a number between 1 and 100: ");
int guess;
scanf("%d", &guess);
if (guess == num) {
prinf("You guessed correct value: %d\n", guess);
have_guessed = true;
} else if (guess < num) {
printf("Your guess is lower than number\n");
} else {
printf("Your guess is higher than number\n");
}
}
 Type 4: EOF Controlled while
11
Loops (1/2)
 Algorithm to implement file copy by copying
one character at a time from input to output
file
1) read character from input file
2) while (character is not end-of-file indicator)
3) write character read to output file
4) read next character
 Type 4: EOF Controlled while
12
Loops (2/2)
 Flag-controlled while loop uses boolean variable
to control loop

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
int main(void) {
int ch = getchar();
int ch;
while (ch != EOF) {
while ((ch = getchar()) != EOF) {
putchar(ch);
putchar(ch);
ch = getchar();
}
}
return 0;
return 0;
}
}
 Infinite Loops
13

 If controlling expression never evaluates to

false, you get an infinite loop
int i = 1;
 Example 1: while (i != 10)
i += 2;

int i = 0;
 Example 2: while (i < 10);
printf("i is %d\n", ++i);

while (1)
 Example 3: printf("Infinite loop ...\n");
HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING I
Conditional Operator by Prasanna Ghali
 Reference
2

 Conditional operator is explained in Chapter 5 of

the text
 Purpose
3

 Write certain if statements with else clauses

more concisely

int max(int x, int y) {

int m; char grade(double pts) {
if (x > y) { if (pts >= 70.0) {
m = x; return 'P';
} else { } else {
m = y; return 'F';
} }
return m; }
}
 Conditional Operator: Syntax (1/2)
4

 expression1 ? expression2 : expression3

int max(int x, int y) {

int m;
if (x > y) { int max(int x, int y) {
m = x;
int m;
} else {
m = x > y ? x : y;
m = y;
} return m;
return m; }
}
int max(int x, int y) {
return x > y ? x : y;
Terser but better
}
 Conditional Operator: Syntax (2/2)
5

 expression1 ? expression2 : expression3

char grade(double pts) {
if (pts >= 70.0) {
return 'P';
} else {
return 'F';
}
}

char grade(double pts) {

return (pts >= 70.0) ? 'P' : 'F';
}
 Conditional Operator and
6
Expression
 Syntax for using conditional operator is
expression1 ? expression2 : expression3
 Evaluation proceeds as follows:
 expression1 is fully evaluated and tested against
zero
 If evaluation of expression1 is not equal to zero,
expression2 is evaluated and its value is result of
entire expression; expression3 is not evaluated
 If expression1 is zero, expression3 is evaluated
and its value is result of entire expression; expression2
is not evaluated
 Precedence and Associativity
7

Operator Meaning Associativity

! + - logical negation unary plus, unary minus R-L
* / % multiplication, division, remainder L-R
+ - addition, subtraction L-R
relational L-R
precedence order
high to low

< <= > >=

== != equivalence L-R
&& logical AND L-R
|| logical OR L-R
?: conditional (ternary) R-L
= assignment R-L
 Conditional Operator and
8
Expression: Example
if (x > y) {
printf("x is larger\n");
} else {
printf("y is larger\n");
}

x > y ? printf("x is larger\n")

: printf("y is larger\n");
 Conditional Operator and
9
Expression: Example

if (x > y) {
z = x + 2;
} else {
z = y + 5;
}

z = x > y ? x + 2 : y + 5;
 Conditional Operator and
10
Expression
 Write function signum that returns 1, -1, or 0
depending on whether its argument is positive,
negative, or zero
int signum(int x) { int signum(int x) {
if (x > 0) return 1; if (x > 0) return 1;
else if (x < 0) return -1; if (x < 0) return -1;
else return 0; return 0;
} }

int signum(int x) {
return (x > 0) ? 1 : (x < 0) ? -1 : 0;
}
 Computing Maximum of 3 Integral
11
Values (1/3)
if (x > y) {
if (x > z) {
max = x;
} else {
max = z;
}
} else {
if (y > z) {
max = y;
} else {
max = z;
}
}
max = x > y ? x>z ? x : z : y>z ? y : z;
 Computing Maximum of 3 Integral
12
Values (2/3)

max = x > y ? x>z ? x : z : y>z ? y : z;

max = (x > y) ? (x>z) ? x : z : (y>z) ? y : z;

max = ((x > y) ? ((x>z) ? x : z) : ((y>z) ? y : z));

 Computing Maximum of 3 Integral
13
Values (3/3)
max = ((x > y) ? ((x>z) ? x : z) : ((y>z) ? y : z));

 Rather than using conditional operator, this is

much better:
int max(int x, int y) {
return x > y ? x : y;
}

int max3(int x, int y, int z) {

return max(max(x, y), z);
}
 Conditional Operator and
14
Expression: Exercises
 If a = 1 and b = 0, what are values of a, b and
c after following statements?

Statement a b c
c = a == b ? a + 2 : b + 5;
c = a = b ? a + 2 : b + 5;
c = a = b ? a + 2 : b += 5;
c = (a = b) ? (a + 2) : (b += 5);
HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING I
for Looping Structure by Prasanna Ghali
 while Loop Structure
2

 Repeat actions while a condition remains true

expression statement
true
false

while (expression)
statement
 for Loop Structure (1/4)
3

 Specialized form of while loop

 Simplifies writing of counter-controlled
initial loops
expression

true
expression statement update expression

initial expression;
false
while (expression) {
statement
update expression;
}
 for Loop Structure (2/4)
4

for (initial expression; expression; update expression)

statement

initial
expression

true
expression statement update expression

initial expression;
false while (expression) {
statement
update expression;
}
 for Loop Structure (3/4)
5

evaluate initial expression once and only once

evaluate update expression

1
goto step 2 5 4

for (initial expression; expression; update expression)

statement

2
execute statement if evaluation of
expression is true evaluate expression
otherwise, jump out of loop 3
 for Loop Structure (4/4)
6

int i = 0;
while (i <= 20) {
printf("%d ", i);
i += 5;
}

for (int i = 0; i <= 20; i += 5) {

0 5 10 15 20 printf("%d ", i);
}
 for Loop: Example 1
7

for (int i = 0; i <= 7; i += 1) {

printf("%d squared is %2d\n", i, i*i);
}
0 squared is 0
1 squared is 1
program output
2 squared is 4
3 squared is 9
4 squared is 16
5 squared is 25
6 squared is 36
7 squared is 49
 Example 2: Find Sum of 1st N
8
Numbers

printf("Enter number of +ve integers to be added: ");

int N;
scanf("%d", &N);
int sum = 0;
for (int counter = 0; counter < N; counter += 1) {
sum += counter;
}
printf("Sum of 1st %d +ve integers is %d\n", N, sum);
 Missing Expressions (1/2)
9

 Any or all of expressions in for statement can be

omitted int i = 1;
for (; i <= 5;) {
printf("%d ", i);
i += 1;
}
 Equivalent to:
int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) {
printf("%d ", i);
i += 1;
}
 Missing Expressions (2/2)
10

 This is an infinite loop

for (; ;) {
printf("This is infinite loop ...\n");
}

 Default value of "no expression" in update

expression in for statement is true
HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING I
Selection: if and if-else by Prasanna Ghali
 Selection Structure
2

expression expression
true true false
false
statement 1 statement 2
statement

if (expression) if (expression)
statement statement 1
else
statement or statement 2
block of statements delimited by braces
 Meaning of C/C++ Statement
3

 statement is: d = sqrt(b*b-4.0*a*c);

;

 expression followed by ;
 Zero or more statements enclosed in
opening brace { and closing brace }

{
{
// empty block
w = x2 - x1;
}
h = y2 - y1;
d = sqrt(w*w + h*h);
}
 One Way Selection: if Statement
4

 C/C++ Syntax:
if (expression)
statement expression
true false
statement

 "If expression is true, then

execute statement"
 "If expression is false, then
don’t execute statement"
 if Statement: Example
5

 Compute absolute value of a number

int value;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &value);

int abs_value = value;

if (abs_value < 0) {
abs_value = -abs_value;
}

printf("Absolute value of %d is %d\n",

value, abs_value);
 if Statement: Common Error
6

 Common error:
Always true!!! Result of assignment expression is 5
if (health = 5)
printf("You are dead!\n");
 More saner:

if (5 == health)
printf("You are dead!\n");
 if Statement: Syntax (1/4)
7

 Recall if statement syntax if (a > b)

if (expression) ;
statement
 statement syntax:
 Zero expression followed by ; if (a > b)
c = 10;
 Expression followed by ;
ifopening
 Zero or more statements enclosed in (a > brace
b) {
{ and closing brace } int c = 10;
a = b*c;
}
 if Statement: Syntax (2/4)
8

 Block with single statement

if (a > b)
printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);

 Block with multiple statements

if (a > b) {
printf("a = %d, ", a);
printf("b = %d\n", b);
}
 if Statement: Syntax (3/4)
9

 Empty statements are valid!!!

if (a > b) if (a > b) {
;
}
 Good habit to put single statement in braces!!!

if (a > b) {
printf("a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);
}
 if Statement: Syntax (4/4)
10

 Another common error:

if (health == 0);
printf("You are dead!\n");

Being aware when programming and carefully reading

diagnostic messages from compiler will prevent these
gotchas from spoiling your day
 Two-way Selection Structure
11

 C/C++ Syntax:
if (expression) expression
statement 1
else true false
statement 2 statement 1 statement 2

 "If expression is true, then

only execute statement 1"
 "If expression is false, then
only execute statement 2"
 Two-way Selection Structure:
12
Example One
is average >=
90?
true false

You pass!!! You fail!!!

int average;
printf("What is your score for HLP1?: ");
scanf(" %d", &average);

if (average >= 90) {

printf("You passed, well done!\n");
} else {
printf("See you next semester...\n");
}
 Two-way Selection Structure:
13
Example Two
is d <= 30?
true false
velocity = 0.425 velocity = 0.625
+ 0.00175d2 + 0.12d - 0.0025d2

...

if (d <= 30.0) {
velocity = 0.425 + 0.00175*d*d;
} else {
velocity = 0.625 + 0.12*d - 0.0025*d*d;
}
 Multiple Selections: Nested if
14
(1/7)
 Some problems require implementation of
more than two alternatives
 Calculating interest on your bank balance

Checking account balance Interest Rate

< $1,000 0%
$1,000 to $24,999.99 3%
$25,000 to $49,999.99 5%
>= $50,000 7%
 Multiple Selections: Nested if
15
(2/7)
double balance, int_rate;

if (balance < 1000.0) {

int_rate = 0.0;
} else {
if (balance < 25000.0) { Checking account balance Interest Rate
int_rate = 0.03; < $1,000 0%
} else {
$1,000 to $24,999.99 3%
if (balance < 50000.0) {
int_rate = 0.05; $25,000 to $49,999.99 5%
} else { >= $50,000 7%
int_rate = 0.07;
}
}
}
 Multiple Selections: Nested if
16
(3/7)
double balance, int_rate;

if (balance >= 50000.0) {

int_rate = 0.07;
} else {
if (balance >= 25000.0) { Checking account balance Interest Rate
int_rate = 0.05; < $1,000 0%
} else {
$1,000 to $24,999.99 3%
if (balance >= 1000.0) {
int_rate = 0.03; $25,000 to $49,999.99 5%
} else { >= $50,000 7%
int_rate = 0.0;
}
}
}
 Multiple Selections: Nested if
17
(4/7)
double balance, int_rate; double balance, int_rate;

if (balance < 1000.0) { if (balance >= 50000.0) {

int_rate = 0.0; int_rate = 0.07;
} else { } else {
if (balance < 25000.0) { if (balance >= 25000.0) {
int_rate = 0.03; int_rate = 0.05;
} else { } else {
if (balance < 50000.0) { if (balance >= 1000.0) {
int_rate = 0.05; int_rate = 0.03;
} else { } else {
int_rate = 0.07; int_rate = 0.0;
} }
} }
} }
 Multiple Selections: Nested if
18
(5/7)
 Alternative indentation that “saves space“
double balance, int_rate;

if (balance < 1000.0) {

double balance, int_rate;
int_rate = 0.0;
} else { if (balance < 1000.0) {
if (balance < 25000.0) { int_rate = 0.0;
int_rate = 0.03; } else if (balance < 24999.99) {
} else { int_rate = 0.03;
if (balance < 50000.0) { } else if (balance < 49999.99) {
int_rate = 0.05; int_rate = 0.05;
} else { } else {
int_rate = 0.07;
int_rate = 0.07;
}
}
}
}
 Multiple Selections: Nested if
19
(6/7)
double balance, int_rate;

if (balance >= 50000.0) {

double balance, int_rate;
int_rate = 0.07;
} else { if (balance >= 50000.0) {
if (balance >= 25000.0) { int_rate = 0.07;
int_rate = 0.05; } else if (balance >= 25000.0) {
} else { int_rate = 0.05;
if (balance >= 1000.0) { } else if (balance >= 1000.0) {
int_rate = 0.03; int_rate = 0.05;
} else { } else {
int_rate = 0.07;
int_rate = 0.0;
}
}
}
}
 Multiple Selections: Nested if
20
(7/7)
 Grading algorithm for an unknown course in
some unknown school
if (average >= 90.0) {
grade = 'A'; Grade point average Letter grade
} else if (average >= 80.0) { >= 90 A
grade = 'B'; 80 to 89.99 B
} else if (average >= 70.0) {
70 to 79.99 C
grade = 'C';
} else if (average >= 60.0) { 60 to 69.99 D
grade = 'D'; < 60 E
} else {
grade = 'E';
}
 Pairing an else with an if (1/3)
21

 How do you (or the compiler) know which else is

paired with which if?
 Remember there’s no standalone else - every else must
be paired with corresponding if
 C/C++ are free form languages, so compilers ignore
indentation - they see just sequence of tokens
if (average >= 90.f)
if (attack > 20)
grade = 'A';
if (damage <= 0)
else if (average >= 80.f)
grade = 'B'; printf("No damage.\n");
else if (grade >= 70.f) else
grade = 'C'; printf("You missed!\n");
else
grade = 'D';
}
 Pairing an else with an if (2/3)
22

 In nested if statement, C associates an else

with most recent if not already paired with
else
if (attack > 20) if (attack > 20)
if (damage <= 0) if (damage <= 0)
printf("No damage.\n"); printf("No damage.\n");
else else
printf("You missed!\n"); printf("You missed!\n");

 Left code fragment is equivalent to right code

fragment
 Known as dangling-else problem
 Pairing an else with an if (3/3)
23

 What if you didn’t mean this?

 Be explicit!!! Wrap if statement with curly

braces!!!
 Everything in braces becomes one (compound)
statement, so inner if is "hidden" from else

if (attack > 20) {

if (attack > 20) if (damage <= 0)
if (damage <= 0) printf("No damage.\n");
printf("No damage.\n"); } else {
else printf("You missed!\n");
printf("You missed!\n"); }
 Summary
24

 Syntactic meaning of C/C++ statement

 if statement and its applications

 if else statement and its applications

 Gotchas to watch out for when writing these

statements
 Big gotcha is dangle else problem