Engineering Mechanics-II
Dynamics
Presented by: M Sajjad
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Sequence of lecture 1
Code of the course: ME-211
Course Contents
Recommended Books
Assessment Criteria
Introduction to the basics related to dynamics
Rules to be followed during the semester
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Pre-requisites of this course
Calculus
• Single variable
• Multivariable
Differential equations Physics
Engineering Mechanics-I: Statics
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Course Contents & Recommended Books
Courtesy: HEC 4
Assessment Criteria
Nature Weightage Total Remarks
Quizzes 5% Two Quizzes Re-attempt not allowed-
in case of announced
sessions
Mid Exam 25% 1 As per policy
Final Exam 50% 1 As per policy
Project 20% 1 Maximum 15 students
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Project
• You make your group (No minimum students limit)
• Project description will be uploaded in three weeks
• Project could be assessed via MCQS (or viva) or both
• No written assignments
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Introduction
Definition of Dynamics
Dynamics deals with the motion of bodies under the
influence of forces
Dynamics
Kinematics Kinetics
Description of motion without reference
Relates forces to the resulting motion
to the forces that caused the motion
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Basic Concepts
Quantity Definition
Region occupied by bodies
Space
Minimal number of variables needed to describe the position of points
Dimension of space
Measure of succession of events
Time
measures resistance to change in translational motion
Mass
measures resistance to change in rotational motion
Mass moment of inertia
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Basic Concepts
Quantity Definition
Cause of motion of bodies
Force
(i) Point(s) at which force is acting, (ii) Direction and (iii) Magnitude
Force is characterised by:
Body of negligible dimensions
Particle or point mass
Changes in shape of body are negligible
Rigid body
Both particle (or point mass) and rigid body concepts are ideal.
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Point mass or Rigid body?????
Route Planning: Altitude Control:
Point mass Rigid body
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Basic Concepts
Quantity Definition
Scalar (i) Number, (ii) Notation: light italic, a, A, (iii) Magnitude |a|
Examples of
scalar Mass, speed, time, energy
quantities
Vector (i) Notation: bold upright (a, A) or underlined (a, A), (ii) Magnitude and direction
Examples of
vector Weight, velocity, force
quantities
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Newton’s first law
• A particle remains at rest or continues to move in a straight line with
constant speed if there is no unbalanced force (i.e. if the total force in all
directions is zero).
• A force is needed to change direction or magnitude of velocity.
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Newton’s second law
The resulting force acting on a particle is equal to the time rate of change of the linear
momentum (G=mv) of the particle and this change is in the direction of the force:
d(mv)
F=
dt
dv ·
If m is constant:
F=m = mv
dt
F = ma 13
Newton’s third law
The forces of action and reaction between interacting bodies are equal in:
(i) magnitude
(ii) opposite in direction
(iii) collinear
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cover of the book. Charts comparing selected quantities in SI and U.S.
customary units are included inside the back cover of the book to facili-
System of Units
tate conversion and to help establish a feel for the relative size of units
in both systems.
The four fundamental quantities of mechanics, and their units and
symbols for the two systems, are summarized in the following table:
DIMENSIONAL SI UNITS U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS
QUANTITY SYMBOL UNIT SYMBOL UNIT SYMBOL
Mass M kilogram kg slug —
Length L Base u meter* m Base foot ft
Time T units second s units u second sec
Force F newton N pound lb
*Also spelled metre.
As shown in the table, in SI the units for mass, length, and time are
taken as base units, and the units for force are derived from Newton’s
second law of motion, Eq. 1/1. In the U.S. customary system the units for
force, length, and time
During theare base units
exam, you and
canthe units
only for mass
look are derived
for conversion within the system.
from the second law. 15
Newton’s law of Gravitation
Bodies of masses m1, m2
r: distance between centre of bodies
Mutual force of attraction:
m1 m2
F= G
r2
m3
G = 6.673 * 10−11 : constant of gravitation
kg s2
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Effect of Altitude m1 m2
F= G r2
The force of gravitational attraction of the earth on a body depends
Gravity close to the surface of earth
on the position of the body relative to the earth. If the earth were a per-
fect homogeneous sphere, a body with a mass of exactly 1 kg would be
attracted to the earth by aAssume
force of 9.825
earthNisonperfect
the surface of the earth,
sphere
9.822
Radius of N at anRaltitude
earth: ofkm
e = 6371 1 km, 9.523 N at an altitude
Mass of of100 km,M
earth: 7.340
e = 5.976 *1024 kg
N at an altitude of 1000 km, and 2.456 N at an altitude equal to the
mean radius of the earth, 6371 km. Thus the variation in gravitational
Bodyattraction
of mass ofm << Me at height
high-altitude h <<and
rockets Re above surface
spacecraft of earth
becomes a major
consideration.
Every object which falls in a vacuum at a given height near the
surface of the earth will have the same acceleration g, regardless of its
Me m Me m ≈ G Me m = m (G Me )
mass.F This
= G result can be obtained F =byGcombining Eqs. 1 /1 and 1 /2 and
(Re term
canceling the + h)2 representing the mass
(Re +ofh)the
2 Re2 object. This
falling Re2
combination gives
Acceleration of body: Gme
g= = 9.825 m/s 2
R2
where me is the mass of the earth and R is the radius of the earth.* The
mass m
Investigate ane and thefor
error mean
h: ifradius 0.82%
of the earth have been
h=26Rkm: found through
experimental measurements to be 5.976(1024) kg and 6.371(106) m, 17
respectively. These values, together with the value of G already cited,
Validity of Newton’s laws
Good approximation of “reality” when:
Velocities much smaller than the speed of light
Otherwise: Einstein’s special theory of relativity
Distances much larger than intermolecular distances
Otherwise: Quantum physics
Measurements in the inertial coordinate system
Otherwise: Einstein's General theory of relativity
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How to contact your teacher?
Via Teams only!
No Whatsapp/Mobile msgs
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Students who need extra help
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Attendance
Each student must attend 12 out of 16 lectures (75% attendance).
A student will not sit in the final exam if attendance is less than 65% (10% relaxation by the Chairman if he
approves).
Nobody enters the class after 8:35 and 11:25. Do not come if you are late.
You are not allowed to take lecture with other sections. However, in case of any unavoidable circumstances,
student need to inform the teacher via teams.
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Thank you
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