2 | B INDEX Me, S.No. Name of the eRraen Date Page No, \rtevduction te MA: JTLAR \Rasic plotting of signals Time and Amplitud Hans formations convolution of gi signe’ calculating fourier lk Z—feans form using MATLAB eo) 6-\4 IS -\B 19-21 2A ~-aS}Experiment L Objut } ddroduchion to MATLAB (©) To difiae amd ust veruabl and fumchion in MATLAB ©) To dif and un Varlors makruices amd polynomials any MAT LAG © To study vawous MATLAB arth mehc opirator amd rrothematy achon @ To cuat ond ust m- fr Peunry i MATURB o> a programming lamqunge daueatect by Math Work Lk ataned owt ob a motuie lena bcatedy um ton lesbna programed wad Gim@li MATLAB dy a foul quinahin Ieghleet PrEguamming languags and datrrachiae envirommd for numutcal computation , visuatizahion and programming TE alimo mathiy mami pubrhon, plotting of qurchoo and dots dirnplimentabion of algoritim tration oh ua sinkinh aces In MATLAB emuinon mink , eumyvariabl do an array Variable can bt dipiad um MATLAB om YH pollrwsery wos Ke 3) Ae dahiniong X and uci Wablaing +t wikia vate Ke AqUtlIG) ‘7, dufiming X amd amitablatng Eb urith am expuasion The clean commond dalits AU Con Hue pect {ced ) varwabh, fem the rin DIY, Lue.Fon exam ple wo: (72@ 9°? wy; Column Veer fo dulimit she cloned pemieaaan ne e (1 @, 93 to5 tty ing Mat) Creaking x malnin isa pudimemtonat annaty oh number « La MATLAB a motr'» bo eneatid Ly entry cachMATLAB En Se amyfll Sie PATER B Enutron ment Lemm amd im dng 1 When eur MATLAB ty cimvopet, He maim wendew called command usindow Jr ecBwalicl . 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They oprale on dale un the urrkspaes,@ fumehion : fumehion brant aloo Proprarm fier write mm ex lerwon — Rumchion com acerbht inputs ord rebum out — Sackennal variable ant local by tus fumehion SLUM AUMUND opnanon fasckin putermed | a using MRTLAB ond wenutlt toss, been beg gn shee Command window: Cucauhion '- 1) Progharn rusk be nile carefully booed error 2). Prognan cam nein be savech ad dtandrad freien narmt_Expeniment_No-- 02 [Object : Basic Plotting of signals 2) To study Vonious MATLAB common And three dimensional plots by Write a MATLAB program to plot the uous time and discrete time signals. 4) Steb Function fi) Impulse Function iii) Exponential Function lv) Ramp Function Vv) Sine Function. Theory: A) Nanious commands creating a-D blots: ds for creating T° following conti The most ba- ste and perhaps most useful command fox producing a aD plot fs Plot ( xvalues, yvalues, “style- option’) Where, xvalue and yvalues ane vectors containin | co-ordinates of points on the Jxabb and the style opt- jon argument that specifies the colon, the Line style, and he point-manker style. All three style options can be she. Cified together. Thus fos two Column vectoss x and y each of length n- the % and ersus 2 with a Solfd tine. Plot (ty) — plots qv th a dashed Line plop (2-9, --') > Plots y versus % wi plot (x) — plots the elements of against +here va index. Legend: The legend commond produces a boxed legend on a plot, the legend commond js quit versatile, It can take several optionad axguments. The most cemmonty used foam of tne Command ase listed here: il ll¥ legend Usbiing!, string2, ---)— produces legend using the ve fo string, stings, -- Ete. oa i legend ( Linestyen, stufngts---) —» shecifies the lines tyle of ect bet: legend t--> pos) a Gag the leqand outside the blot frome if Pos=-1 and inside if legend off a ~ deletes the legend from the plot. es oe Once a plot fs genercted, Myou can change cthe axes Vimits with the axis command: axis (Lxmin xmox ymin ymax) Example: GxISCL-S to 2 229); axy(-s to 2 2243 axistaxy); Gomes loll) ayi= [2 22); axis fax ay); | The axis command may thus be Used +o Zoom in on a bes | Hicwlan section of the plot on +e Zoom out. Line: | The line {5 a low-level grabhics command used by the Blot command +o genevate Lines. [Linebedeta, ydate, Papamites Nome, Ponametey Vales) Nanious commands fon erecting 3-p lots! ATLAB provid extensive facitities fon visudiging B-D- data, Mane ae Basic Commands fon the 3-d blots DNOAe Wea I) “style= option’) | [Viet s The viewing angle of the observer is sheci fied by the Command View (azimuth, elevation)Where arimuth and elevation ane angles specified Fr de big The avtmuthal fs the tation about the 2- ois ee ae UN ter clockwise from the negative yroxis , and the & is fs the Vertical’ angle measured positive above the *4-P bY 4) Step Function: The Step function fs an {portant Signal used fon analysis of many systems. The steb function ts that type of elementy function which exists Only for positive time and is zero for negative time - Ht fs equivalent -fo apply a signal eohose amplitude oo ddenty changes and remains constant forever aftes abpuh cation» Continuous —time uni} steb Function» Steb function utty fs defined as : 1 fort %e EYE = © foxtio The discrete- time unit The continuous unit Stef sequence utn) fs defined as: nzo meg oon ° fornde fi) Iropulse Fune-Hon s i The unit fmbulse function fs the mo- 8t widely used elementary function wed fh the analysis of signals and Systems: The fmpulse function is defined as too tybes: Continuous-time Unit Imbulte function : The continuous -4ime unit Fmpulse funclion sit), also called Dirac detta function.\t fs deffned ax | f Sit dt = 4 4 for t=° fort 4° {Discrete = fme fmpulse Function : i ‘ The discrete- time fmbulsé function sin), alto casted unit sample sequence » {s defined a: 1 forn=o Un) = $9 vn for n tO Hil) Exponential’ Function: Continuous - time real _exbonential signed : , A combinuous - time teok exbonential Signed bas the general fom as a xity= AC Where @ and A ane neal Discrete - time onential sequence : The diserefe- time | reo exponential sequince a” is defined as: | xtn)= a for ald Sid) = iv Ramp. Function’ | The continuous ~ time unit romp function (+) fs that function which stats at t=0 and fnerease> Nineculy with Hime and fs defined as 4 for t%e vit) = { | | | Oo forts ris tult),Cll [Discrefe - Mrne unt} lamb sequence vin)! Unit ramp sequence ony fy deffned os n for nzo oka vO) VY) Sine Function: Sinusoidal confinuous -tirne signal: ; si : , A continuous ~ time Inusridadl signal (nm its most genes form is given by KI) = A Sin (cot + where, ny A= Amplitude wo= Angulan frequency fo gadions d= phase angle fo aadians Discrete ~+ime sinusoldad sequsnce: idol sequence is given by xin) = A sintwnt >) Where, A= Amplitude w= Ping Ulla freq vency $= Phase angle no x fnteger MATLAB Program &- Grab: Ye continuous Time unit steb function 4= -§:0.01:5; steb= [zeros (1,500), ones (ty So1)}; subplot (3,214); plot (ti Steb)s xlabed (Time ¥); YY lobes (* Amplitude’) ; title (Unit Step Function’); oxis(E-le 10 -0-5 1.53); the discrete ~ time The discrete-time sinusoTT — Je Discrete Time Unit Steb Fun ction | sequence e108 3) lo Step = [zeros (110), ones (Uu))s Subblot (Se2) 2); Stem (n, step); Xlabet \" piscrete Time n’); label U* Amblitude’) ; title [Unit Step Sequince’); laxis({{-le }o 0 1.2]); | fis Continuous Time Unit Impulse function t= 1: 0.00431; frnpulse = [reros( tr lo00), ones (111), TEPOS L 1,1000) 1; “> Subplot (3,213) 5 blot Lt, impulse); title’ Unit Impulse signal’): xlabed ("Time t')s NY label l* Amplitude’); loxis(TA + 0 1.53); Impulse +. Discrete Time unit sequence Dao fropulse = [ Zerost 110), Ones( hit), Terosths lo) \4, pomp [svoplot (3124)> Btem(m im pulse) 5 Xlabet (“ discret] Time n°), y Jaber (‘Amplitude’); Litle U* Unit Impulse Sequence)» laxis LE-10 Lo © adds Ife Continuous Time Exponentiad function 4 = 010-001: S3 aay x, = 5% exp (oft); subplot (3, 2,5>5 plet Ct xt)s i tet Exbonentiag Signal’); label (‘Time t’), Ylabed (‘Amplitude’);% Discrete Time ExbonentioW Sequonce N=ort:10, Exponential = expiry; Subblot (3,2, 6)5 stem[O,exponentiad) ; Slobel (° Discrete Time n°); ylabet Amplitude’) ; ttle ("Exponential Sequence’); ‘+ Continuows Time Unit Ramp Function t=O! O01. Gs ‘Yamp* t 5 Subplot (312135 plot { +) amp); label (Time t's Yiabet (“Amplitude )s idle [Unit Ramp function’); + Discrete +me Unit Ramp Sequence Nt ordiio Yamp=n; Subplot (3, 2,2) 5 Stem[n, ramp); Fe \Diserete Time mn’); Yiabel lt’ Amplitude): tel" Unit Ramp Sequence’) ; * Continuous Time Sinusoidal Function =~ 0-05: 0.001: 0-08, f= 100; a> 2; Yt= a*¥ sin(a* pi*£* bt); Subplot (3:213)5 plot(ti Yt) 5 Hitlel* Sinuscided Signal’), ylobet (Time t') ¥ tabet (‘Amplitude’); b/s Discrete Time Sinusoidal Sequence nz 0:20.08: 53 a= 2a0; fetes yre Of sin (a pi* f*): subplot (8) 14) Stem[ nid; lable (“Discrete Time n'y, Yiabel (Amplifude')s title "Discrete Time sinusoidal Siqnad’):i “3 ont 3 ost * coe ye we ee . soy uf es “souanbes esindiay yun ‘Teubis asindua yun cameo : rs, Parra ee eet ee otetetcie se T li] | i Re 0 | 3 so8 : : 44 + wat eas q ‘eouenb™s dais UN 7 ‘uonoung dag aun bchvow, soo roo coo 200 100 0 190 mo wo ror soo(Object: i : Time and Amplitude Fransfoomation Lifude scat IWite @ MATLAB program te perform aU ven signal Ng» time ~scading and time shifting on O 4 cory : mblitude - Scaling: e The amplitude scaling ong ce | uous — time signal xtty can be represented by yey) = Ax) luthere A fs a constant [Time - Scaling! Time scaling may be time expansion ox time compression. the time scaling of a signad xy) can be aceorplished by replacing + by ney te ab: |t can be expressed as: | Tme - Shifting * | The Hime - shifting of 0 Continuous IsignoQ x(t) can be represented by | yup = x(4-T) ATLAB Program & Grabh: te Sinusoidal Signa’ +=-0:051 0.001: 0.05; £ = 100; a: yr> Sin(2* pix fi* ty; Subblot (3,219; plot( ti Y's title(“Sinusoida® Signat”);Klabel (Time ts Ylabetl “Amp! > Amplitude Scaling HE=-0-05! 0.001: 0:08; § = L003 ae ; NU= oF sinc a* pi® ¢¥ £); Subblot( 3,2, 2): blotlt, sys), Kittel Amblifude Scaling Sinusoidad Signal) * Klabe® U Time $"): Niabe® (‘Amplitude’); tle Sinusoidal Signa’ £= -0-0S! 0.001: 0.055 f=too; ae N= oF sinc a® pi*® £* 4); Subblet = (3,23); plot | Ee YNs title (* Sinusvidag Signe’): klabed (‘Time +") ; ylaber L* Arab litude’) > fle Time scaling t= -0-65.0-001! 0.085 f=1003 azts yi a* sin( a® pitg* ty: subplot (3,214) ; plot LS"t, Yd) title (Time Scaling Sinusoidal Signed’); ylobegl® Time 4')4 Ylabeets Amplitude’, HJo Sinusoided Signal = -0-:0§: 0-001: 0.05’ f= Loo, az ty Niz ot sin (a7 pik ft);Subblot (3: 215)5 plot (4, Yds eae Xlabel U Time 4°); Ylabeb Amplitude’); Hs Time Shifting t=- 0:05! 0.001: 0.05; = Loo: CS Miz aFsinca® pix ety: Subblot4 (3,246); plot (4-5), 91) 5 Ele Th ne Shif Hing Sinusoidal Signek”)s labent “Time +’): Ylabed (* Amplitude’)Experiment No-- of @ Object: Convolution of given signals Write o eee Program to Obtain linean convolution of the given 21 quences exbress, sabe ation {s a mothematicol oberation used to No i au ins: mpm selation between input and outbut of an 5 \t relates inbut, ourtbut and impulse resbon Ciro. Wit system as pa ase ee GUD = Wi * hLt) Where ytt) = outbut of LTI Alt) = Fnpat of LTI hit) = Impulse resbonse of LTT There ane too types of convolutions: 2) Continuous Convolution nou Ylo= xID *¥ hit 2 yt) = f xtty hle-D at eo b) Discrete Convolution: Yen) = Wen) x hE) yen = 2 XW) bin-k) peo MATLAB Proqvam wabh: = fnbut [Enter Sequences’ )5 h = input( * Entes Sequancer™?; Nx= lengthexds | Nb= lengihlh); Ny= NxtNh-Ls newy= Lx erst ls NY-Nx)1; Inewh= Lh ters (1, Ny-Nh)]5 for =O Ny-4— @ Sum = 0; fon kzotn Sum = Sum +t newx (ketl)* newh (n-k ts end Seiya = Sum), end Nero. 14 Needs Subblot (3, 11); Stem (Nx, x); title tt xtny’); Qxist Tmincnxy = pheoid:mh- a; | Subplot (3,4, 295 Stem(h, h)s, Aitlet hen)? 45 Axis CL min (nh) —0-S™Max(nh) Dy = MINCDX) +t mininhd: max Subblot (3) 1, 325 steminy. yd; xlabet U discrete time n'): Ylabell “amplitude’); titlet® gens’); axis (LT min(MY)- 0S max(ny)to.s oO Maxtyst 2); disply); OS Maxinx)+0.5 6 ma xO) +1) 5 tos bo maxth)+17): %) tmax(nb):ment No-- oS ® Object: Calculation of transfoams using MATLAB I) Calculate and Signal. bY Caleutote Theory: ) Fourien hansform: Rtt) can be Plot Fouwler teansfosmn of a given Founien transform of a function and plot 2- teantform of a given signal defined as xl) aa’, Xl) = 5 Xtey= f xtt) See dt | ae Xl) represents the frequency spechum ef xt+) and Is Called the shectal density {function tHtence, Xt) fs calded -the fourtes rans form of a sig. Dal xck). Joverse fourier transformation can be exbressed as oe" ety = F [xls] a . ae jet abt) = nee dt ee bilaterad on to sided z-transform of a discrete ~ time signod On a gequince Ltn) js defi. | i l 0 E nedees xtD wen 7” 20 Where z 1s Called the Comblex variable. |then, The one- sided 09 Unilalesa? z- transfor i defined Oh aed ‘ xis FE xen 7% | Tee Calculation: Q), Fourie Teansfoum : Given xy = ooh urs ulty= ey Oe oy fone? + 4 Se gota ode =o o a jut xrwys fF xu eat = =o FP _ cat) wt) {i *o dt lw) = ° xt) = atjo ee atje _ * abt b) Founien Transfoom' Given . iiecigian uin= S19e0 » few h 70 Be. fos NCO . a i z K(2y © 2 Lsinton vim) =F sinan 2” Ging a e -¢€ -—n xID= af ) mm fee 2 tiny? eee)" ‘ © Ae oe x zz & n=o poc|z\r7iMATLAB Progyam & Graph : 0) Fousien Transform : einput signal xt) T= ek (~ 2% b),* heavi side (4)5 Subblot (x; tithe fnbut Signos’); le fourier transfoxm dish (“the founien transfoom of ait) 18795 X= founien cxy X= Simplifyts (I Frequincy response Subplo¢ (31112) € zplot (abs(x)); Htle(* Magnitude response of fouries transfosm’), subplot ( 3,1, 3)5 ezplot (atan (Limaytxy)/ Lreat(%)))) fhitle (“phase resbonse bf fouries transform’), b)Z- Tx om! ‘TeGenexotion of 2- transform of the Sequence Syms ‘a b Wo n; dish (the Sequence xc) fs"); x1£ Sin ( wWO* nH) x] = Tteans (x1), dish the B- trans form of xt4en) is’): y= Simplify x!) Out but + the sequence xi¢n) {5 xL = Sin ( nt two) the 2- trans fowm of d1Cn) is yic (2% sincwo))/ (2°2- eostwoytz +4)_Expotiment 6 ® check 9 cai. HATERS’ fregam * Pet wasnibics ang Thessy 8- 4, X(gwor ie Ft Kjos i nn a 4 combrige Aru Zigral X's Pike 2 ee do | ak ID ar 0d pe (Ue * Ls) me ra ys Ww db & Ombiuay Spector SJ VS dew phase Abecum .frequen 3 Be ot Vin § lotf\eo 3 PM an) Co” Rit Hoots ae Bin (2 Fi ye fipcns m= obs ly 3 P= um worap (amgte Cyd)§ Fe (02 legth Qo7d3” too) levgth (x95 Bupier (2,995 + Piet (4m) 5 Yr ( “Pes. Mogrituds” 3 eee Gas) % , Yloue ( Prove [egies 1 )5 pir (41 9% Bolts 5 gidons Kebbel ( freyirncy [ael);