Activity no.
TITLE: Membrane Transport
COURSE TITLE : Anatomy and Physiology
LAB INSTR/PROFESSOR : Prof. Ronaldo Bigsang
DATE PERFORMED : July 24, 2014
DATE SUBMITTED : August 7, 2014
GROUP NO. : 6
MEMBERS:
Tamama, Sitti Alyssa
Larida, Jane A.
Cadatuan, Rizalyn
Lumapat, Darlene Joy
Abstract
The transports of materials play a big role in the diffusion and osmosis capability of
to maintain equilibrium in an unstable environment. In this activity, 4 tests were conducted
to determine the movement of water and solution in a differentially permeable membrane.
In diffusion of plant pigments, factors were observed to determine the rate of diffusion of a
solution such as temperature. Molecular weight also contributes to a higher rate of diffusion
by determining the length of its radius. The movement of water was also conducted by
determining its tonicity. The more concentrated the solute is, the higher the osmotic
pressure which means the greater water content it attracts.
Introduction
The individual cell is a dynamic microcosm, demonstrating in miniature all the
processes and events that occur in the macrocosm, making the apparent function of the
whole organism the actual function of many individual cells working in unison.
It is important that we understand how the individual cell, the microcosm, functions
so that we can more fully understand how the organism as a whole, the macrocosm,
function. For instance, we can say that if an action potential (or nerve impulse) is to be
generated in a part of the nervous system, a certain electrical stimulation must be present
and certain ions must be moving through appropriate channels. What we sometimes forget
is that these events—in this case the electrical stimulation and the ionic movement—occur
at the cellular level. What seems to be happening in the organism is happening only
because the events are occurring at the level of the individual cell. We could use similar
analogies for every system in the body.
In lecture you examined the molecular intricate of the phospholipid bilayer known as
the cell membrane, and you became aware that the cell membrane is selectively
permeable, meaning that only certain substances can enter and leave the cell by freely
crossing the membrane.
You know, for instance, that the membrane is replete with channels, gates, and
carrier molecules that either facilitates, inhibit, or repel assorted ions and molecules as they
randomly approach the demarcation barrier. This demarcation barrier, the cell membrane,
is functional in maintaining cellular integrity.
You also know that since the cell is microcosm, ions and molecules must cross the
barrier, both as nutrients entering the cell and as wastes leaving the cell. In cell physiology,
we examine how events occur within the cell. Cellular functions follow the basic principles
of physiology. Many of these functions do not lend themselves to easy demonstration,
particularly this early in an introductory course. However, at this point we can demonstrate
a number of functions directly related to membrane transport. And membrane transport is
one of the main keys to cell physiology when we study the nervous system and the
digestive system.
Materials and Methods:
To perform this activity the following chemicals were used Potassium Permanganate
(KMnO4), Methyl Orange, Malachite Green, Methylene Blue, 5% Sodium Chloride (NaCl),
5% Sucrose Solution, 25% Sucrose Solution, agar or gelatin. The following specimens are
also used vegetable oil, longganisa skin, yarn, paper towel, sharp razor blade, Bixaorellana
(Atsuete), Tradescantia spathacea (Bangka-bangkaan), Allium cepa (Onion Bulb) Sugar
Beet. Graduated cylinder, test tube, beaker, petri plate, stirring rod, test tube rack, ruler,
cover slip, microscope slide and microscope are the glass wares that ware being used.
A. Diffusion of Selected Plant Pigments
Label 4 test tubes with numbers 1-4, in each test tubes put 1 gram of atsuete seeds
into the test tubes and add 10 mL of distilled water for test tube no.1 and 2 while test
tube no.3 and 4 put a 10mL of vegetable oil. Place in boiling water bath the test tube
2 and 4. After 30 minutes, shake the tubes and compare the relative color intensities
using the symbols +. Repeat the following procedures using 0.5 grams of sugar
beets.
B. Diffusion in Solids
In four different plates put a gelatin and add the chemical label them accordingly with
the name of chemicals that were added to them, plate 1: potassium permanganate,
plate 2: Methyl Orange, plate 3: Malachite Green and plate 4: Methylene Blue. At 15
minutes interval, measure (in cm.) the radius of the halos of color with a ruler.
C. Osmosis in Artificial Cells
Label three beakers with 1 -3. Put 150 mL distilled water in the first beaker, the
second beaker with 150mL 5% sucrose solution and 150mL 25% sucrose solution in
the last beaker. Fill three longganisa skin with 0mL 5% sucrose solution, fold and tie
off its open end. Blot any excess solution and weigh each bag. Record the weights.
Place the longganisa skin to their respective beakers after 1 hour, remove the bags,
blot them to dry and weigh them again. Record the final weigh and solve the percent
change in weight with the given formula.
final weight-initial weight
%ΔW= *100
initial weight
D. Osmosis in Plant Cells
Strip off thin selections of the lower epidermis of Bangka- bangkaan plant and place
the section in a microscope and add a drop of distilled water. Examine the cells
under LPO. Label the visible parts. Draw off the water with a piece of paper towel
without moving the slide and add a drop of 5% sucrose solution examines again
under LPO and take note the change in cell. Repeat the process with onion bulb.
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
A. Diffusion of Selected Plant Pigments
Set-up Color Intensities (+, ++, +++, ++++)
Atsuete Sugar Beet
Test Tube 1: 10mL distilled water ++ ++++
Test Tube 2: 10mL heated +++ +++
distilled water
Test Tube 3: 10mL vegetable oil + ++
Test Tube 4: 10mL heated ++++ +
vegetable oil
The most intense color for atsuete among all test tubes was test tube number
4, while for sugar was test tube number 1. Atsuete has the most color intensity
because of the heated vegetable oil because the higher the temperature, the faster
the rate of diffusion. Another factor that contributes to its color intensity is that it is
more soluble in vegetable oil. On the other hand, sugar beet diffused faster in
distilled water because it is water soluble.
The role of heat is to make the diffusion process faster. The higher the
temperature, the higher the rate of diffusion which means there is a rapid spreading
of solution in to a certain solvent.
B. Diffusion in Solids
Time Radius of Diffusion Halo (cm)
(min) Potassium Methyl Orange Malachite Green Methylene Blue
Permanganate
15 1.6 2.5 2.7 2.5
30 2.2 2.6 2.9 2.8
45 2.4 2.7 3.2 3.3
60 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.3
75 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.3
90 2.5 2.7 3.2 3.3
The substance that reaches the largest radius after 90 minutes was
Methylene Blue substance.
The methylene blue has the largest radius possible because of its leaser
molecular weight. The lesser the molecular weight, the faster the diffusion which
allows it to spread and reach the largest radius.
Since, the methylene has the least molecular weight, the rate of diffusion
becomes faster and the radius of the substance widens compared to other
substances which have larger molecular weight, the rate of diffusion decreases.
C. Osmosis in Artificial Cells
Set-up Initial Weight Final % Change in Tonicity
(go) Weight Weight (solution to
(g) (g) bag)
Bag in Distilled 7.6g 7g 0.6g 7.90
Water
Bag in 5% Sucrose 8.4g 6.4g 2g 39.29
Bag in 25% 8.4g 5.1g 3.3g 23.81
Sucrose
Note: bag contains 5% sucrose solution
1. What is the direction of movement of water in the following set-ups:
Actual Expected
a) Beaker 1: hypertonic hypotonic
b) Beaker 2: hypertonic isotonic
c) Beaker 3: hypertonic hypertonic
If 10% of sucrose will be added in the bags in beaker number 2 and 3 the
solution will become hypertonic. As a result the osmotic pressure increases and will
attract grater amount of water going to the bag.
Since there is a small amount of sucrose concentration and larger amount of
water content, it can pass through the membrane.
Dialysis is the transport of smaller molecules to a semi permeable membrane.
Since it is a passive transport, the molecules travel from high concentration to low
concentration. In osmosis, the water molecules travel from low concentration to high
concentration through a semi permeable membrane.
Magnification: __400 x___ Magnification: __400x__
Figure 1.Cell of bangka-bangkaan before(left) and after(right)exposure to 5% sucrose
solution.
Magnification: 400x Magnification:_400x__
Figure 2. Cell of onion bulb before (left) and after (right) exposure to 5% sucrose solution.
Based on the observation, a single layer of plant cells is placed on a
microscope slide and either distilled water or 5% sodium chloride solution is added
to the cells. Osmosis will occur resulting in either turgid cells or plasmolysed cells.
Because plasmolysis makes the cell flacid and endo-osmosis makes it turgid. Thus,
these two terms turgidity and plasmolysis are opposite to each other.
Vacuole collapsed after exposing to 5% solution. The function of this structure
is to store water to prevent the plant from plasmolysis.
Effective osmotic pressure is the pressure of water that enters cell and
reached equilibrium given the solution. Cellular osmosis on the other hand is the
movement of water inside the cell from low concentration to higher concentration. In
relevance with effective osmotic pressure, there is a movement of water through the
cell depending on the concentration of the solute.
REFERENCES
1. Ragragio, E. M. and K. V. Evangelista. 2004. Laboratory Manual in Plant Physiology.
University of the Philippines-Manila.
2. http://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/steh/bio3afolder/bio3atransportlab.pdf
3. www.usi.edu/.../Lab%20Ex%20Membranes%20and%20Cell%20Transport
%20Use.ppt
4. http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~harris/files/permL.doc
Documentation:
Osmosis in Plant Cells
Diffusion in Solids
Osmosis in Artificial Cells
Diffusion of Selected Plant Pigments
