This document outlines an experiment to study Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It provides an introduction to Faraday's law, describes the required apparatus which includes a copper wire, iron rod, magnet, and LED. The objective is to determine Faraday's law using this setup. Key points of theory are explained such as magnetic flux, Maxwell's equation, and Lorentz force law. Sources of error and precautions are also listed.
This document outlines an experiment to study Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It provides an introduction to Faraday's law, describes the required apparatus which includes a copper wire, iron rod, magnet, and LED. The objective is to determine Faraday's law using this setup. Key points of theory are explained such as magnetic flux, Maxwell's equation, and Lorentz force law. Sources of error and precautions are also listed.
This document outlines an experiment to study Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It provides an introduction to Faraday's law, describes the required apparatus which includes a copper wire, iron rod, magnet, and LED. The objective is to determine Faraday's law using this setup. Key points of theory are explained such as magnetic flux, Maxwell's equation, and Lorentz force law. Sources of error and precautions are also listed.
This document outlines an experiment to study Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It provides an introduction to Faraday's law, describes the required apparatus which includes a copper wire, iron rod, magnet, and LED. The objective is to determine Faraday's law using this setup. Key points of theory are explained such as magnetic flux, Maxwell's equation, and Lorentz force law. Sources of error and precautions are also listed.
It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will
interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors and many types of electrical motors and generators. Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using the concept of lines of force. These equations for electromagnetic induction are extremely important since they provide a means to precisely describe how, many natural physical phenomena in our universe and behave.
The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us
to gain a better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a host of technological innovations that define modern society. Understanding Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction can be beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function because of the principles behind Faraday's law. From natural phenomena, such as the light we receive from thesun, to technologies that improve our quality of life, such as electric power generation, Faraday's law has a great impact on many aspects of our lives.
(a) Representation of magnetic fields inside a solenoid
(b) Cross-sectional view
Faraday's law describes electromagnetic induction.
Whereby an electric field is induced, or generated by a changing magnetic
field
In Faraday's first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic
induction, he wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or 'tors to induce current. Faraday's law is a single equation describing two di erent phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire, and the transformer EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing magnetic field. APPARATUS REQUIRED
● Insulated Copper wire
● An iron rod
● A strong magnet
● A light emitting Diode (LED)
OBJECTIVE
To determine the Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a strong magnet. THEORY
The magnetic flux ( or B) through a surface is the component of the
magnetic field passing through the surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb), and the CGS unit is maxwell.
Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux meter, which contains
measuring coils and electronics that evaluate the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux.
If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a
surface of vector area S is
ØB.S BScosθ
Where is the magnitude of magnetic field having the unit of Wh/m'(T). is
the area of the surface and is the angle between magnetic field lines and the normal. For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux through a small amount of area where we
may consider the magnetic field to be constant.
dØB = B.ds
From the magnetic vector potential and the
fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic field
may be defined as
ØB = ∮0dsA.dl
where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface, which is denoted as ds
LAW
The most widespread version of Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
states that :-
"The induced electromotive force in any closed surface is
equal to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.'
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds true only when
the closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is
invalid in other circumstances as discussed below. A
di erent version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation is valid in
all circumstances.
The magnetic flux () changes due to the change in magnetic field.
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states that the wire loop
acquires an EMF, defined as the energy
available per unit charge that travels once around the
wire loop.
Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured
by cutting the wire to create an open circuit. And
attaching a voltmeter to the leads.
According to Lorentz force law,
F = q(E + v x B)
And the EMF of the wire loop is
E = 1/q ∮F.dl
E = ∮(E + v x B).dl where (i) E is the electric field
(ii) B is the magnetic field
(iii) dl is the infinite length along the wire
And the line integral is evaluated along the wire.
The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time
varying magnetic field is always accompanied by
spatially varying, non-conservative electric field and
vice versa. The Maxwell-Faraday equation is
∇ x Ε=−db/dt
where V is the curl operatoe and again E(r,t) is the electric field
and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of position r and time t.
The four Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwell-Faraday
equation), along with the Lorentz force law are a su cient
foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism.
Therefore, it is possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with
these equations. Faraday's law could be taken as the starting point
and used to prove the Maxwell-Faraday equation and/or other laws.
CONCLUSION
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, first observed
and publishedbyMichael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century, describes a very important electromagnetic concept. Although its mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday's law is not hard to grasp. It relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many far reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from shining of the sun to electricity and power in our homes. We can all appreciate the profound impact Faraday's law has on us. PRECAUTIONS
● Never touch the live wires
● The experiment should be performed in a place where fire is not prohibited SOURCES OF ERROR
