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    Classification PDF

    Uploaded by

    Faiaz Ahmed
    Organisms can be classified into taxonomic groups based on shared characteristics. The main taxonomic groups are the five kingdoms - Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera. Within these kingdoms, organisms are further classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. The binomial system of naming species uses the genus and specific epithet. Viruses are not considered living as they require a host cell to replicate.

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    Classification PDF

    Uploaded by

    Faiaz Ahmed
    43 views34 pages
    Organisms can be classified into taxonomic groups based on shared characteristics. The main taxonomic groups are the five kingdoms - Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera. Within these kingdoms, organisms are further classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. The binomial system of naming species uses the genus and specific epithet. Viruses are not considered living as they require a host cell to replicate.

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    Organisms can be classified into taxonomic groups based on shared characteristics. The main taxonomic groups are the five kingdoms - Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera. Within these kingdoms, organisms are further classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. The binomial system of naming species uses the genus and specific epithet. Viruses are not considered living as they require a host cell to replicate.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    43 views34 pages

    Classification PDF

    Uploaded by

    Faiaz Ahmed
    Organisms can be classified into taxonomic groups based on shared characteristics. The main taxonomic groups are the five kingdoms - Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera. Within these kingdoms, organisms are further classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. The binomial system of naming species uses the genus and specific epithet. Viruses are not considered living as they require a host cell to replicate.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 34

    Classification of Living Organisms

    Learning Objectives
    1 Understand that organisms can be classified into
    groups by the features they share
    2 Describe a species as a group of organisms that can
    reproduce to produce fertile offspring
    3 Describe the binomial system of naming species as an
    internationally agreed system in which the scientific
    name of an organism is made up of two parts showing
    the genus and species
    4 Construct and use dichotomous keys based on
    identifiable features
    Learning Objectives
    1 State the main features used to place all organisms
    into one of the five kingdoms: Animal, Plant, Fungus,
    Prokaryote, Protoctist
    2 State the main features used to place organisms into
    groups within the animal kingdom, limited to:
    (a) the main groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds,
    reptiles, amphibians, fish
    (b) the main groups of arthropods: myriapods, insects,
    arachnids, crustaceans
    3 State the main features used to place organisms into
    groups within the plant kingdom, limited to ferns and
    flowering plants (dicotyledons and monocotyledons)
    Learning Objectives

    4 Classify organisms using the features identified


    5 State the main features of viruses, limited to
    protein coat and genetic material
    6 Understand that viruses can only replicate in
    living cells
    Introduction
    There are millions of species of organisms on Earth.

    Species definition:
    A species is defined as a group of organisms that
    can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
    These species can be classified into groups by
    the features that they share e.g. all mammals have
    bodies covered in hair, feed young from mammary
    glands and have external ears (pinnas)
    Linnaeus Classification System
    • Organisms were first classified by a Swedish naturalist
    called Linnaeus in a way that allows the subdivision of living
    organisms into smaller and more specialized groups
    • The species in these groups have more and more features in
    common the more subdivided they get
    • He named organisms in Latin using the binomial system where the
    scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts starting with
    the genus (always given a capital letter) and followed by
    the species (starting with a lower case letter)
    • When typed binomial names are always in italics (which indicates
    they are Latin) e.g. Homo sapiens
    • The sequence of classification
    is: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
    Binomial System
    Examples of Binomial Names
    Dichotomous keys
    Mrs. Gren
    The Five Kingdoms
    The first division of living things in the
    classification system is to put them into one
    of five kingdoms. They are:
    – Animals
    – Plants
    – Fungi
    – Protoctists
    – Prokaryotes
    Animal
    Features
    • Multicellular
    • Cells have nucleus but no
    cell wall or chloroplast
    • Feed on organic material
    produced by other living
    organisms
    Plant
    Features
    • they are
    multicellular
    • their cells contain a
    nucleus,
    chloroplasts and
    cellulose cell walls
    • they all feed by
    photosynthesis
    Fungi
    Features
    • usually multicellular
    • cells have nuclei and cell
    walls not made from
    cellulose (made of
    chitin)
    • feed by saprophytic (on
    dead or decaying
    material) or parasitic (on
    live material) nutrition
    Protoctists
    Features
    • most are unicellular but some are multicellular
    • all have a nucleus, some may have cell walls and chloroplasts
    • meaning some protoctists photosynthesize and some feed on
    organic substances made by other living things
    Prokaryotes
    Features
    • often unicellular
    • cells have cell walls (not
    made of cellulose)
    and cytoplasm but no
    nucleus or mitochondria
    • No membrane bound
    organelles
    • No nucleus
    • Some are autotrophs and
    some heterotrophs
    Classifying Animals
    Vertebrates & Invertebrates
    Phylum Vertebrae
    1. Fish
    2. Amphibians
    3. Bird
    4. Reptiles
    5. Mammals
    Fish
    1. Loose scaly skin
    2. Have gills
    3. Have fins
    4. Lives in water
    5. Lays eggs without
    shells in water
    Amphibian
    1. Moist, smooth skin
    2. Eggs laid in water, larva
    lives in water
    3. Adult often lives on land,
    uses water for breeding
    4. Larva has gills, adult has
    lungs
    5. Lay eggs without shells in
    water
    Example: frogs, toads,
    salamander
    Bird
    • Feathers
    • Forelimbs have become
    wings
    • Lay egg with hard shells,
    also waterproof
    • Lay eggs on land
    • Have a beak
    • Endothermic (can
    maintain a constant
    temperature)
    Reptiles
    1. Dry, scaly skin
    2. Eggs with rubbery
    shells, also
    waterproof
    3. Do not need to go to
    water for breeding as
    egg shell waterproof
    Examples: Crocodiles,
    lizards, snakes, turtles
    Mammals

    1. Hair/fur
    2. Have placenta and carry
    baby inside
    3. Young feed on mammary
    gland
    4. Endothermic
    5. External ears/pinnae
    Phylum Arthropods
    1. Insects
    2. Crustaceans
    3. Arachnids
    4. Myriapods

    Characteristics: Exoskeleton and several pairs of


    jointed legs
    Insects
    1. 3 pairs of legs (jointed)
    2. 2 pairs of wings
    3. Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen
    4. Mainly live on the land
    5. One pair of antennae
    Crustaceans
    1. Breathe through gills, so most live in wet places
    or underwater
    2. More than 4 pairs of legs (jointed)
    3. Hard exoskeleton made of calcium
    4. Two pairs of antennae
    Example: Crabs
    Lobsters
    Arachnids
    1. Land dwelling
    2. With 4 pairs of
    jointed legs
    3. Two part body –
    cephalothorax &
    abdomen
    4. No antennae
    Example: Spiders,
    ticks, scorpions
    Myriapods
    1. One pair of antennae
    2. Many segmented body
    3. Each segment has jointed legs
    Ex: millipedes & centipedes
    Classifying Plants
    Ferns
    • Plants with roots, stem and leaves
    • Have leaves called fronds
    • Do not produce flowers
    • Reproduce by spores (underside of the fronds)
    Classifying Plants
    Flowering plants
    • Plants with roots, stem and leaves
    • Reproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds
    • Seeds are produced inside the ovary of the flower
    • Either monocotyledonous(Monocot) or dicotyledonous
    (Dicot)
    Virus
    • Not living
    • Need a host to multiply
    • Made of DNA/RNA & protein coat
    • Smaller than bacteria
    Examples: common cold, influenza,
    AIDS

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