NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY

OF TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
Submitted To Submitted By
Dr. Sarika Goyal KIRTI
2022UEE4549
 1

PRACTICAL
FILE

FCCS002
 2

INdEx
S.No Practical Sign.
Write a C program to input 3 numbers and
1.
print their average.

Write a C program to enter the radius of

2. circle/sphere and compute its

(i) Perimeter (ii)Area and (iii) Volume.

Write a program in C to show that Right shift

3. effectively divides a number by 2 and a left
shift effectively multiplies a number by 2.

Write a C program to find the roots of a

4.
quadratic equation.

Write down a function in C to implement

5.
bitwise AND, OR, XOR and NOT operations.

Given a n integer number write a program

that displays the number as follows

● First line : All digits

6. ● Second Line : All except first digit
● Third line : All except first two digits
● .
● .
● Last line : The last digit.
 3

S.No Practical Date Sign.

Write a program to enter an integer and
7.
print the sum of the digits in the integer.

Write a C program to input an investment

amount and compute its fixed deposit
8.
cumulative return after 10 years at the rate
of interest of 7.75%.

A company has categorized its employees at

4 different levels(from1 to 4). For different
employees at different levels the perks are
as follows

Level TA Allowance

1 7000 3000

2 6000 2000

9. 3 5000 1500

4 5000 1500

For Level 1 Basic Rs 40000 to 60000

salary is between and Tax rate is 10%

For level 2 Basic Rs 30000 to 40000

Salary is between and Tax rate is 8%
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S.No Practical Date Sign.

For level 3 Basic Rs 20000 to 30000

salary is between and Tax rate is 5%

For Level 4 Basic Rs 15000 to 20000

Salary is between and tax rate is 0

Gross Salary is sum of Basic salary, Perks

and HRA which is 25% of Basic Salary Tax is
computed on Gross Salary.

Net Salary is Gross salary- Income tax.

Write a Program that will read Employees

name, Level and Basic pay and will print
Gross salary, Tax and Net Salary.

Use Switch-case statements and if

statements.

Given a number, write a program using a

while loop to reverse the digits of the
10.
number. For example, the number 12345
should be written as 54321.

Write a program to find the prime numbers

between a range of numbers entered by the
11.
user.

Write a program to find the HCF of two

12. integers entered by the user.

13. The numbers in the sequence

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S.No Practical Date Sign.

1123581321…..

are called Fibonacci numbers. Write a

program using do…while loop to calculate
and print the first n Fibonacci numbers.

Write a program to evaluate the following

14. functions to 0.0001% accuracy .

Sinx = x – x 3/3! + x 5/5! – x 7/7!+……..

Write a C program to display the following

Pattern .

15. 121

12321

121

Given the two one dimensional arrays A and

B of size 10 which are sorted in ascending
order. Write a C program to merge them
16.
into single sorted array C that contains
every item from arrays A and B in ascending
order.

Write a program that will count the number

17. of occurrences of a specified character in a
given line of Text.
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S.No Practical Date Sign.

Write a program to enter two 3 x 3 matrices
and find their

18. a. sum

b. Multiplication

c. Transpose

Write a program that counts the number of

19. vowels, consonants and digits in a given line
of string.

Write a program that replaces a substring

20.
with another string in a given line of text.

Write a program that takes as input a line of

text and counts the frequency of each digit
and letter in the input. The program will
21.
treat an uppercase letter and its lowercase
equivalent as the same letter; for example, E
and e increment the same counter.

Write a program that takes as input

maximum 100 numbers from user (+ve
integers) and calculates

22. (I)sum

(ii) mean

(iii)standard deviation and

(iv) variance
 7

S.No Practical Date Sign.

Write a C program to display following
Pattern

23. AB

234

CDEF

56789

Write a program that reads the cost of an

item in the form RRR.PP (Where RRR
24. Represents the Rupees and PP represents
Paise) and converts the value to a string of
words.

Write a program using pointers to read an

25. array of integers and print its elements in
reverse order.

Write a function(using pointer parameters)

that compares two integer arrays to see
26.
whether they are identical. The function
returns 1 if they are identical else 0.

Write a program that takes as input an

integer and prints if the number is Prime or
27.
Fibonacci or both. Use Functions to write the
program.

Write a function substring that, given two

28.
strings s1 and s2, returns the starting
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S.No Practical Date Sign.

position of the first occurrence of s1 in s2. If
s1 is not in s2,return -1.

For example,

substring("mom","thermometer") returns 4
but substring("dad","thermometer") returns
-1.

Write a program in C using pointers to

implement insertion and deletion in a
29. queue. Queue is a data structure that
follows first in first out i.e. the element to go
in first is the one to come out first.

Define a structure data type called

time_struct containing three members hour,
minute and second. Develop a program that
30. will input values from the user and assign
values to the individual members and
display the time in the following format
16:40:40.

A start-up owner is interested in maintaining

the dataset of the newly recruited
employees. She is interested in storing the
Emp_Name (Str), Emp_Mobile(int),
Emp_Age(int), Emp_Degree (Str), Emp_Exp
31.
(Float), Emp_add (Structure). Emp_add
needs one user defined data to store street
no, city, district and state for the employee
address. You Have to design a database
where we can store all the information for at
 9

S.No Practical Date Sign.

least 20 employees. The program should be
an interactive program to input the
employee details and also the program
should be able to retrieve the data of an
employee based on the mobile number.

Write a program that reads text from a file

and stores the frequency of each digit and
letter into another file. The program will

32. treat an uppercase letter and its lowercase

equivalent as the same letter.

For example, E and e increment the same

counter.

Write a function using pointers to add two

33. matrices and to return the resultant matrix
to the calling function.

The prime numbers from 1 to 2500 can be

obtained as follows. From a list of the
numbers 1 to 2500, cross out all multiples of
2 (but not 2 itself). Then, find the next
number (n, say) that is not crossed out and
cross out all multiples of n(but not n). repeat
this last step provided that n hasn't
34.
exceeded 50(the square root of 2500). The
numbers remaining in the list (except 1) are
prime. Write a program that uses this
method to print all primes from 1 to 2500.
Store your output in a file called primes.out.
This Method Is called The Sieve Of
Eratosthenes, named after the Greek
 10

S.No Practical Date Sign.

mathematician, geographer, and

philosopher.
 11

Practical 1
Write a C program to input 3 numbers and print their average.

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num1, num2, num3;
float average;

printf("Enter 3 numbers: ");

scanf("%d %d %d", &num1, &num2, &num3);

average = (num1 + num2 + num3) / 3.0;

printf("Average of %d, %d, and %d is: %.2f", num1, num2,

num3, average);

return 0;
}

Output
Enter 3 numbers: 1 2 3
Average of 1, 2, and 3 is: 2.00
 12

Practical 2
Write a C program to enter the radius of circle/sphere and compute its (i) Perimeter (ii)

Area and (iii) Volume.

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main() {
float radius, perimeter, area, volume;
const double pi = 3.14159;
int shape;
printf("Enter the shape (1 for circle / 2 for
sphere): ");
scanf("%d", &shape);

printf("Enter the radius of the shape:

");
scanf("%f", &radius);
switch(shape) {
case 1:
perimeter = 2 * pi * radius;
area = pi * pow(radius, 2);
printf("Perimeter of the circle is: %f\n", perimeter);
printf("Area of the circle is: %f\n",
area); break;
case 2:
area = 4 * pi * pow(radius, 2);
volume = (4.0/3.0) * pi * pow(radius,3);
printf("Area of the sphere is: %f\n", area);
printf("Volume of the sphere is: %f\ n",
volume); break;
default:
printf("Invalid shape option. Please enter 1 for
circle or 2 for sphere.");
}
return 0;
}
 13

Output
Enter the shape (1 for circle / 2 for sphere): 1
Enter the radius of the shape: 5
Perimeter of the circle is: 31.42
Area of the circle is: 78.54

Enter the shape (1 for circle / 2 for sphere): 2

Enter the radius of the shape: 5
Area of the sphere is: 314.16
Volume of the sphere is: 523.60
 14

Practical 3
Write a program in C to show that Right shift effectively divides a number by 2 and a left

shift effectively multiplies a number by 2.

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num, result;

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d", &num);

/ Right shift
operator
result=num>>1;
printf("%d right shifted by 1 is %d\n", num, result);

/ Left shift operator

result = num << 1;
printf("%d left shifted by 1 is %d\n", num, result);

return 0;
}

Output
8 right shifted by 1 is 4
8 left shifted by 1 is 16
 15

Practical 4
Write a C program to find the roots of a quadratic equation.

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main() {
float a, b, c, root1, root2, imaginary, discriminant;
printf("Enter the coefficients of a quadratic equation (a, b, c):
");
scanf("%f %f %f", &a, &b, &c);
discriminant = b*b-4*a*c;
if (discriminant > 0) {
root1 = (-b + sqrt(discriminant)) / (2*a);
root2 = (-b - sqrt(discriminant)) / (2*a);
printf("Roots are: %f and %f", root1, root2);
}
else if (discriminant == 0) {
root1 = root2 = -b / (2*a);
printf("Both roots are equal: %f", root1);
}
else {
imaginary = sqrt(-discriminant) /
(2*a); root1 = -b / (2*a);
printf("Roots are: %f + i%f and %f - i%f", root1,
imaginary, root1, imaginary);
}

return 0;
}

Output
Enter the coefficients of a quadratic equation (a, b, c): 1 -3 2
Roots are: 1.00 and 2.00
 16

Practical 5
Write down a function in C to implement bitwise AND, OR, XOR and NOT operations.

Program
#include <stdio.h>

void bitwise_operations(int num1, int num2) {

int and_result, or_result, xor_result, not_result;

/ Bitwise AND
operation
and_result=num1 &num2;
printf("Bitwise AND of %d and %d is %d\n", num1, num2,
and_result);

/ Bitwise OR operation
or_result = num1 | num2;
printf("Bitwise OR of %d and %d is %d\n", num1, num2, or_result);

/ Bitwise XOR
operation
xor_result =num1^num2;
printf("Bitwise XOR of %d and %d is %d\n", num1, num2,
xor_result);

/ Bitwise NOT operation

not_result = ~num1;
printf("Bitwise NOT of %d is %d\n", num1, not_result);
}

int main() {
int num1, num2;
printf("Enter two integers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);
bitwise_operations(num1, num2);
return 0;
}
 17

Output
Bitwise AND of 10 and 5 is 0
Bitwise OR of 10 and 5 is 15
Bitwise XOR of 10 and 5 is 15
Bitwise NOT of 10 is -11
 18

Practical 6
Given a n integer number write a program that displays the number as follows

● First line : All digits

● Second Line : All except first digit
● Third line : All except first two digits
● .
● .
● Last line : The last digit.

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main(){

int n, len = 0;

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

int tmp = n, num;

while (tmp != 0)
{
tmp /= 10;
len++;
}

printf("Length = %d\n", len);

for (int i = len; i > 0;i--){

num = n % (int)pow(10, i);
printf("%d\n", num);
}
}
 19

Output
Enter a number: 1542635
Length = 7
1542635
542635
42635
2635
635
35
5
 20

Practical 7
Write a program to enter an integer and print the sum of the digits in the integer.

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num, sum = 0, digit;

printf("Enter an integer: ");

scanf("%d", &num);

while (num > 0) {

digit = num % 10; // get the last
digit sum += digit; // add the digit
to the sum num /= 10; // remove the
last digit
}

printf("Sum of digits: %d\n", sum);

return 0;
}

Output
Enter an integer: 123
Sum of digits: 6
 21

Practical 8
Write a C program to input an investment amount and compute its fixed deposit
cumulative return after 10 years at the rate of interest of 7.75%.

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
floatprincipal,rate,interest,tota;
int time = 10; //time in years

printf("Enter investment amount: ");

scanf("%f", &principal);

rate = 0.0775; // interest rate of 7.75%

total = principal; //initialize total with the

principal
total += principal*rate*time;

printf("Cumulative return after 10 years is: $%.2f\n",

total);
return 0;
}

Output
Enter investment amount: 15000
Cumulative return after 10 years is: $26625.00
 22

Practical 9
A company has categorized its employees at 4 different levels(from1 to 4). For different
employees at different levels the perks are as follows

Level TA Allowance

1 7000 3000

2 6000 2000

3 5000 1500

4 5000 1500

For Level 1 Basic salary is between Rs 40000 to 60000 and Tax rate is 10%

For level 2 Basic Salary is between Rs 30000 to 40000 and Tax rate is 8%

For level 3 Basic salary is between Rs 20000 to 30000 and Tax rate is 5%

For Level 4 Basic Salary is between Rs 15000 to 20000 and tax rate is 0

Gross Salary is sum of Basic salary, Perks and HRA which is 25% of Basic Salary Tax is
computed on Gross Salary.

Net Salary is Gross salary- Income tax.

Write a Program that will read Employees name, Level and Basic pay and will print Gross
salary, Tax and Net Salary.

Use Switch-case statement and if statements.

 23

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
char name[20];
int level;
float basic_pay, tax, gross_salary,
net_salary, TA, entertainment_allowance, HRA;

printf("Enter employee name: ");

scanf("%s", name);
printf("Enter employee level (1-4):");
scanf("%d", &level);
printf("Enter employee basic pay: ");
scanf("%f", &basic_pay);

switch(level) {
case 1:
if (basic_pay >= 40000 && basic_pay <=
60000) { TA = 7000;
entertainment_allowance = 3000;
HRA = basic_pay * 0.25;
gross_salary = basic_pay + TA+entertainment_allowance
+ HRA;
tax = gross_salary * 0.1;
net_salary = gross_salary - tax;
printf("Gross salary: $%f\n", gross_salary);
printf("Tax: $%f\n", tax);
printf("Net salary: $%f\n", net_salary);
} else {
printf("Invalid basic pay for level 1 employee\n");
}
break;
case 2:
if (basic_pay >= 30000 && basic_pay <=
40000) { TA = 6000;
entertainment_allowance = 2000;
HRA = basic_pay * 0.25;
gross_salary = basic_pay + TA + entertainment_allowance
+HRA;
 24

tax = gross_salary * 0.08;

net_salary = gross_salary - tax;
printf("Gross salary: $%f\n", gross_salary);
printf("Tax: $%f\n", tax);
printf("Net salary: $%f\n", net_salary);
} else {
printf("Invalid basic pay for level 2 employee\n");
}
break;
case 3:
if (basic_pay >= 20000 && basic_pay <=
30000) { TA = 5000;
entertainment_allowance = 1500;
HRA = basic_pay * 0.25;
gross_salary = basic_pay + TA + entertainment_allowance
+
HRA;
tax = gross_salary * 0.05;
net_salary = gross_salary - tax;
printf("Gross salary: $%f\n", gross_salary);
printf("Tax: $%f\n", tax);
printf("Net salary: $%f\n", net_salary);
} else {
printf("Invalid basic pay for level 3 employee\n");
}
break;
case 4:
if (basic_pay >= 15000 && basic_pay <=
20000){ TA = 5000;
entertainment_allowance = 1500;
HRA = basic_pay * 0.25;
gross_salary = basic_pay + TA + entertainment_allowance
+
HRA;
tax = 0;
net_salary = gross_salary - tax;
printf("Gross salary: $%f\n", gross_salary);
printf("Tax: $%f\n", tax);
printf("Net salary: $%f\n", net_salary);
} else {
printf("Invalid basic pay for level 4 employee\n");
}
break;
 25

default:
printf("Invalid level. Level should be between 1 and 4\n");
}

return 0;
}

Output
Enter employee name: Shubham
Enter employee level (1-4): 2
Enter employee basic pay: 35000
Gross salary: $51750.00
Tax: $4140.00
Net salary: $47610.00
 26

Practical 10
Given a number, write a program using a while loop to reverse the digits of the number.
For example, the number 12345 should be written as 54321.

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num, reversed = 0;

printf("Enter a number: ");

scanf("%d", &num);

while (num != 0) {
reversed = reversed * 10 + num % 10;
num /= 10;
}

printf("Reversed number: %d\n", reversed);

return 0;
}

Output
Enter a number: 12345
Reversed number: 54321
 27

Practical 11
Write a program to find the prime numbers between a range of numbers entered by the user.

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int lower, upper, i, j;

printf("Enter the range of numbers (lower and upper

limit): "); scanf("%d %d", &lower, &upper);

printf("Prime numbers between %d and %d are: \n", lower, upper);

for (i = lower; i <= upper; i++) {

int isPrime = 1; // assume number is prime

/ check if i is divisible by any number between 2

and i-1 for (j = 2; j < i; j++) {
if (i % j == 0)
{ isPrime =
0; break;
}
}

if (isPrime)
printf("%d ", i);
}
return 0;
}

Output
Enter the range of numbers (lower and upper limit): 50 100
Prime numbers between 50 and 100 are:
 28

53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97

Practical 12
Write a program to find the HCF of two integers entered by the user.

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int n1, n2, i, hcf;

printf("Enter two integers: ");

scanf("%d %d", &n1, &n2);

for(i = 1; i <= n1 || i <= n2; i++) {

if(n1 % i == 0 && n2 % i == 0) {
hcf = i;
}
}

printf("HCF of %d and %d is: %d\n", n1, n2, hcf);

return 0;
}

Output
Enter two integers: 4 32
HCF of 4 and 32 is: 4
 29

Practical 13
The numbers in the sequence 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21….. are called Fibonacci numbers. Write a
program using do…while loop to calculate and print the first n Fibonacci numbers.

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int n, i = 0, j = 1, k, count = 0;

printf("Enter the number of Fibonacci numbers to

generate: "); scanf("%d", &n);

printf("The first %d Fibonacci numbers are: \n", n);

printf("%d\n%d\n", i, j); // print the first two numbers
in the sequence

do {
k = i + j;
printf("%d\n", k);
i = j;
j = k;
count++;
} while (count < n - 2); // -2 because we've already printed
the first two numbers in the sequence

return 0;
}

Output
Enter the number of Fibonacci numbers to generate: 4
The first 4 Fibonacci numbers are:
0
1
1
 30

Practical 14
Write a program to evaluate the following functions to 0.0001% accuracy .

Sinx = x – x 3/3! + x 5/5! – x 7/7!+……..

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main() {

double x, sinx=0,term;

printf("Enter the value of x (in

radians): "); scanf("%lf", &x);

term = x;
sinx = term;

for (int i = 3; fabs(term) > 0.0001;

i+=2) { term = (-term*x*x)/(i*(i-
1));
sinx += term;
}

printf("sin(%lf) = %lf\n", x, sinx);

return 0;
}

Output
Enter the value of x (in radians):
1.57 sin(1.570000) = 1.000000
 31

Practical 15
Write a C program to display the following Pattern .

121

12321

121

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int i, j, k, n;

printf("Enter diagonal length of Diamond:

"); scanf("%d",&n);

for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

// print spaces
for (j = 1; j <= n-i; j++) {
printf(" ");
}

// print numbers
for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
printf("%d ", j);
}

for (j = i-1; j >= 1; j--) {

printf("%d ", j);
}

printf("\n");
}
 32

for (i = n-1; i > 0; i--) {

// print spaces
for (j = 0; j <= n-1-i; j++) {
printf(" ");
}

// print numbers
for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
printf("%d ", j);
}

for (j = i-1; j >= 1; j--) {

printf("%d ", j);
}

printf("\n");
}

return 0;
}

Output
Enter diagonal length of Diamond: 3
1
1 2 1
12321
1 2 1
1
 33

Practical 16
Given the two one dimensional arrays A and B of size 10 which are sorted in ascending order.
Write a C program to merge them into single sorted array C that contains every item from
arrays A and B in ascending order.

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int A[10] = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17,
19}; int B[10] = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,
16, 18, 20}; int C[20], i, j, k;

i = 0;
j = 0;
k = 0;

/ merge A and B into C

while (i < 10 && j < 10) {
if (A[i] < B[j]) {

} else {
C[k++] = B[j++];
}
}

/ copy remaining elements of A, if

any while (i < 10) {
C[k++] = A[i++];
}

/ copy remaining elements of B, if

any while (j < 10) {
C[k++] = B[j++];
}

printf("The merged and sorted array C

is: \n"); for (i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
 34

printf("%d ", C[i]);

}

return 0;
}

Output
The merged and sorted array C is:
1234567891011121314151617181920
 35

Practical 17
Write a program that will count the number of occurrences of a specified character in a
given line of Text.

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
char text[100], ch;
int count = 0, i;

printf("Enter a line of text: ");

fgets(text, sizeof(text), stdin);

printf("Enter the character to count:

"); scanf("%c", &ch);

for (i = 0; i < strlen(text); i++) {

if (text[i] == ch) {
count++;
}
}

printf("The character '%c' appears %d times in the text.\

n", ch, count);

return 0;
}

Output
Enter a line of text: I am a disco dancer.
Enter the character to count: a
The character 'a' appears 3 times in the text.
 36

Practical 18
Write a program to enter two 3 x 3 matrices and find their

a. sum

b. Multiplication

c. Transpose

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int A[3][3], B[3][3], C[3][3], i, j;

printf("Enter the elements of matrix A: \

n"); for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
scanf("%d", &A[i][j]);
}
}

printf("Enter the elements of matrix B: \

n"); for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
scanf("%d", &B[i][j]);
}
}

// Sum of matrices A and B

printf("Sum of matrices A and B: \n");
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
printf("%d ", A[i][j] + B[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

// Multiplication of matrices A and B

 37

printf("Multiplication of matrices A and

B: \n"); for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
C[i][j] = 0;
for (int k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
C[i][j] += A[i][k] * B[k][j];
}
printf("%d ", C[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

// Transpose of matrix A
printf("Transpose of matrix A: \n");
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
printf("%d ", A[j][i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
// Transpose of matrix B
printf("Transpose of matrix B: \n");
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
printf("%d ", B[j][i]);
}
printf("\n");
}

return 0;
}
 38

Output
Enter the elements of matrix A:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Enter the elements of matrix B:
1
1
2
4
5
4
5
5
5
Sum of matrices A and B:
2 3 5
81010
12 13 14
Multiplication of matrices A and B:
24 26 25
54 59 58
84 92 91
Transpose of matrix A:
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
Transpose of matrix B:
1 4 5
1 5 5
2 4 5
 39

Practical 19
Write a program that counts the number of vowels, consonants and digits in a given line of
string.

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

int main() {
char str[100];
int vowels = 0, consonants = 0, digits = 0, i;

printf("Enter a line of text: ");

fgets(str, sizeof(str), stdin);

for (i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++) {

if (isalpha(str[i])) {
== 'a' || str[i] == 'e' || str[i] ==
if (str[i] 'i' ||
== 'o' || str[i] == 'u' || str[i] ==
str[i] 'A' ||
== 'E' || str[i] == 'I' || str[i] ==
str[i] 'O' ||
str[i] == 'U') {
vowels++;
} else
{ consonants
++;
}
} else if (isdigit(str[i])) {
digits++;
}
}

printf("Number of vowels: %d\n", vowels);

printf("Number of consonants: %d\n", consonants);
printf("Number of digits: %d\n", digits);

return 0;
}
 40

Output
Enter a line of text: H I am a Super 9999 Start.
Number of vowels: 6
Number of consonants: 8
Number of digits: 4
 41

Practical 20
Write a program that replaces a substring with another string in a given line of text.

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

void replace_substring(char str[], char search[], char replace[]);

int main() {
char str[100], search[20], replace[20];

printf("Enter a line of text: ");

fgets(str, sizeof(str), stdin);

printf("Enter the substring to be

replaced: "); scanf("%s", search);

printf("Enter the replacement substring:

"); scanf("%s", replace);

replace_substring(str, search,
replace); printf("The modified text
is: %s\n", str); return 0;
}

void replace_substring(char str[], char search[], char

replace[]) { char *pos;
int index;

while ((pos = strstr(str, search)) !=

NULL) { index = pos - str;
str[index] = '\0';
strcat(str, replace);
strcat(str, pos + strlen(search));
}
}
 42

Output
Enter a line of text: Surprise, surprise, surpise, the king is back.
Enter the substring to be replaced: surprise
Enter the replacement substring: hi
The modified text is: Surprise, hi, surpise, the king is back.
 43

Practical 21
Write a program that takes as input a line of text and counts the frequency of each digit and
letter in the input. The program will treat an uppercase letter and its lowercase equivalent as
the same letter; for example, E and e increment the same counter.

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

int main() {
char str[100];
int i, letters[26] = {0}, digits[10] = {0};

printf("Enter a line of text: ");

fgets(str, sizeof(str), stdin);

for (i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++) {

if (isalpha(str[i])) {
letters[tolower(str[i]) - 'a']++;
} else if (isdigit(str[i])) {
digits[str[i] - '0']++;
}
}

printf("Letter frequency: \n");

for (i = 0; i < 26; i++) {
if (letters[i] > 0) {
printf("%c: %d\n", i + 'a', letters[i]);
}
}
printf("\nDigit frequency: \n");
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (digits[i] > 0) {
printf("%d: %d\n", i, digits[i]);
}
}
return 0;
}
 44

Output
Enter a line of text: He is the Master the Blaster, 24x7
Letter frequency:
a: 2
b: 1
e: 5
h: 3
i: 1
l: 1
m: 1
r: 2
s: 3
t: 4
x: 1

Digit frequency:
2: 1
4: 1
7: 1
 45

Practical 22
Write a program that takes as input maximum 100 numbers from user (+ve integers) and
calculates

(I)sum

(ii) mean

(iii)standard deviation and

(iv) variance

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main() {
int num[100], n, i;
double sum = 0, mean, variance = 0,
std_deviation; printf("Enter the number of
elements (<100): "); scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter the elements: ");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &num[i]);
sum += num[i];
}
mean = sum / n;

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {

variance += pow(num[i] - mean, 2);
}
variance /= n;
std_deviation = sqrt(variance);
printf("Sum = %lf\n", sum);
printf("Mean = %lf\n", mean);
printf("Variance = %lf\n", variance);
printf("Standard deviation = %lf\n", std_deviation);

return 0;
 46

Output
Enter the number of elements (<100): 5
Enter the elements: 1 2 3 4 5
Sum = 15.000000
Mean = 3.000000
Variance = 2.000000
Standard deviation = 1.414214
 47

Practical 23
Write a C program to display following Pattern 1

AB2

34

CDEF

56789

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int i, j,n;
int k = 1, w=65;

printf("Enter Max Number: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

int nr = (n+1)/2;

for (i = 1; i <= nr; i++) {

for(j = 1; j < nr+1-i;j++){
printf(" ");
}
for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
if (i%2 != 0){
printf("%d ", k++);
}else {
printf("%c ", w++);
}
}
printf("\n");
}

return 0;
 48

Output
Enter Max Number: 9
1
A B
2 3
4
CDEF
56789
 49

Practical 24
Write a program that reads the cost of an item in the form RRR.PP (Where RRR Represents
the Rupees and PP represents Paise) and converts the value to a string of words. e.g. if we
input 125.75, the output should be “RUPEES ONE HUNDREDTWENTYFIVE AND PAISE
SEVENTY FIVE”

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

char *ones[] = {"", "ONE", "TWO", "THREE", "FOUR", "FIVE", "SIX",

"SEVEN", "EIGHT", "NINE"};
char *tens[] = {"", "", "TWENTY", "THIRTY", "FORTY", "FIFTY",
"SIXTY", "SEVENTY", "EIGHTY", "NINETY"};
char *teens[] = {"TEN", "ELEVEN", "TWELVE", "THIRTEEN",
"FOURTEEN", "FIFTEEN", "SIXTEEN", "SEVENTEEN", "EIGHTEEN",
"NINETEEN"};

void print_num(int num) {

if (num >= 100) {
printf("%s ", ones[num / 100]);
printf("HUNDRED ");
num %= 100;
}
if (num >= 10 && num < 20) {
printf("%s ", teens[num - 10]);
} else {
if (num >= 20) {
printf("%s ", tens[num / 10]);
num %= 10;
}
printf("%s ", ones[num]);
}
}

int main() {
int rupees, paise;
printf("Enter the cost of item in the format RRR.PP: ");
 50

scanf("%d.%d", &rupees, &paise);

printf("RUPEES ");
print_num(rupees);
printf("AND PAISE ");
print_num(paise);
return 0;
}

Output
Enter the cost of item in the format RRR.PP:
100.02 RUPEES ONE HUNDRED AND PAISE TWO
 51

Practical 25
Write a program using pointers to read an array of integers and print its elements in
reverse order.

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int n, i;
printf("Enter the number of elements:
"); scanf("%d", &n);

int arr[n];
printf("Enter the elements: ");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}

printf("Elements in reverse order: ");

for (i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}

return 0;
}

Output
Enter the number of elements: 5
Enter the elements: 1 2 3 4 5
Elements in reverse order: 5 4 3 2 1
 52

Practical 26
Write a function(using pointer parameters) that compares two integer arrays to see
whether they are identical. The function returns 1 if they are identical else 0.

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int compare_arrays(int *arr1, int *arr2,

int size) { int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (*(arr1 + i) != *(arr2 + i)) {
return 0;
}
}
return 1;
}

int main() {
int arr1[] = {1, 2, 3, 5}
4, ;
int arr2[] = {1, 2, 3, 5}

4, ;
int size = sizeof(arr1)
/ sizeof(arr1[0]);

printf("%d", compare_arrays(arr1, arr2, size));

return 0;}

Output
1
 53

Practical 27
Write a program that takes as input an integer and prints if the number is Prime or
Fibonacci or both. Use Functions to write the program.

Program
#include <stdio.h>

int isPrime(int num) {

int i;
if (num <= 1) return 0;
for (i = 2; i <= num/2; i++) {
if (num % i == 0) return 0;
}
return 1;
}

int isFibonacci(int num) {

int a = 0, b = 1, c = 0;
while (c < num) {
c = a + b;
a = b;
b = c;
if (c == num) return 1;
}
return 0;
}

int main() {
int num;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d", &num);

if (isPrime(num)) {
printf("%d is a prime number.\n", num);
} else {
printf("%d is not a prime number.\n", num);
}
 54

if (isFibonacci(num)) {
printf("%d is a fibonacci number.\n", num);
} else {
printf("%d is not a fibonacci number.\n", num);
}
if(isPrime(num) && isFibonacci(num))
{
printf("%d is a Fibonacci prime number",num);
}
return 0;
}

Output
Enter an integer: 3
3 is a prime number.
3 is a fibonacci number.
3 is a Fibonacci prime number
 55

Practical 28
Write a function substring that, given two strings s1 and s2, returns the starting position of the
first occurrence of s1 in s2. If s1 is not in s2,return -1.

For example,

substring("mom","thermometer") returns 4 but substring("dad","thermometer") returns -1.

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int substring(char s1[], char s2[]) {

int i, j, k, flag = 0;
int len1 = strlen(s1);
int len2 = strlen(s2);
for (i = 0; i <= len2 - len1; i++) {
for (j = i, k = 0; k < len1; j++, k+
+) { if (s2[j] != s1[k]) {
flag = 0;
break;
}
flag = 1;
}
if (flag == 1) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
}

int main() {
char s1[100], s2[100];
printf("Enter string 1: ");
scanf("%s", s1);
printf("Enter string 2: ");
scanf("%s", s2);

int pos = substring(s1, s2);

 56

if (pos != -1) {
printf("The substring %s is present in %s starting at
position %d\n", s1, s2, pos+1);
} else {
printf("The substring %s is not present in %s\n", s1, s2);
}

return 0;
}

Output
Enter string 1: king
Enter string 2: king254
The substring king is present in king254 starting at position 1
 57

Practical 29
Write a program in C using pointers to implement insertion and deletion in a queue. Queue is a
data structure that follows first in first out i.e. the element to go in first is the one to come out
first

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef struct Node {

int data;
struct Node *next;
} Node;

Node *front = NULL;

Node *rear = NULL;

void insert(int data) {

Node *new_node = (Node *) malloc(sizeof(Node));
new_node->data = data;
new_node->next = NULL;

if (rear == NULL) {
front = rear = new_node;
return;
}

rear->next = new_node;
rear = new_node;
}

int delete() {
if (front == NULL) {
printf("Queue is empty\n");
return -1;
}

Node *temp = front;

 58

int data = temp->data;

front = front->next;

if (front == NULL) {
rear = NULL;
}

free(temp);

return data;
}

void display() {
Node *temp = front;
while (temp != NULL) {
printf("%d ", temp->data);
temp = temp->next;
}
printf("\n");
}

int main() {
insert(1);
insert(2);
insert(3);
printf("Original queue: ");
display();
printf("Deleted element: %d\n", delete());
printf("Queue after deletion: ");
display();
return 0;
}

Output
Original queue: 1 2 3
Deleted element: 1
Queue after deletion: 2 3
 59

Practical 30
Define a structure data type called time_struct containing three members hour, minute and
second. Develop a program that will input values from the user and assign values to the
individual members and display the time in the following format 16:40:40.

Program
#include <stdio.h>

struct time_struct {
int hour, minute, second;
};

int main(){
struct time_struct time;
int hour, minute, second;

printf("Enter hour (24 hour format):

"); scanf("%d", &time.hour);
printf("Enter minutes: ");
scanf("%d", &time.minute);
printf("Enter seconds: ");
scanf("%d", &time.second);

printf("Time is %.2d:%.2d:%.2d", time.hour, time.minute,

time.second);

return 0;}

Output
Enter hour (24 hour format): 15
Enter minutes: 5
Enter seconds: 2
Time is 15:05:02
 60

Practical 31
A start-up owner is interested in maintaining the dataset of the newly recruited employees.
She is interested in storing the Emp_Name (Str), Emp_Mobile(int), Emp_Age(int),
Emp_Degree (Str), Emp_Exp (Float), Emp_add (Structure). Emp_add needs one user defined
data to store street no, city, district and state for the employee address. You Have to design
a database where we can store all the information for at least 20 employees. The program
should be an interactive program to input the employee details and also the program
should be able to retrieve the data of an employee based on the mobile number.

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX_EMPLOYEES 20

struct Address{
int street_no;
char city[40];
char district[40];
char state[40];
};

struct Employee{
char Emp_Name[40];
int Emp_Mobile;
int Emp_Age;
char Emp_Degree[40];
float Emp_Exp;
struct Address Emp_add;
};

struct Employee
employees[MAX_EMPLOYEES]; int
num_employees = 0;

void add_employee() {
if (num_employees >= MAX_EMPLOYEES) {
printf("Cannot add more employees, database is
full.\n"); return;
}
 61

struct Employee e;
printf("Enter name: ");
scanf("%s", &e.Emp_Name);
printf("Enter mobile number: ");
scanf("%d", &e.Emp_Mobile);
printf("Enter age: ");
scanf("%d", &e.Emp_Age);
printf("Enter degree: ");
scanf("%s", &e.Emp_Degree);
printf("Enter experience: ");
scanf("%f", &e.Emp_Exp);
printf("Enter street number: ");
scanf("%d", &e.Emp_add.street_no);
printf("Enter city: ");
scanf("%s", &e.Emp_add.city);
printf("Enter district: ");
scanf("%s", &e.Emp_add.district);
printf("Enter state: ");
scanf("%s", &e.Emp_add.state);

employees[num_employees++] = e;
printf("Employee added successfully.\n");
}

void retrieve_employee() {
int mobile;
printf("Enter mobile number to search:
"); scanf("%d", &mobile);

for (int i = 0; i < num_employees; i++) {

if (employees[i].Emp_Mobile == mobile)
{
printf("Employee Name: %s\n", employees[i].Emp_Name);
printf("Employee Mobile: %d\n", employees[i].Emp_Mobile);
printf("Employee Age: %d\n", employees[i].Emp_Age);
printf("Employee Degree: %s\n", employees[i].Emp_Degree);
printf("Employee Experience: %f\n", employees[i].Emp_Exp);
printf("Employee Address: %d, %s, %s,
%s\n",
employees[i].Emp_add.street_no,
employees[i].Emp_add.city,
employees[i].Emp_add.district,
 62

employees[i].Emp_add.state);
return;
}
}

printf("Employee not found.\n");

}

int main(){

int choice;
do {
printf("1. Add employee\n");
printf("2. Retrieve employee\n");
printf("3. Exit\n");
printf("Enter your choice: ");
scanf("%d", &choice);
switch (choice) {
case 1:
add_employee();
break;
case 2:
retrieve_employee();
break;
case 3:
printf("Exiting program...\n");
break;
default:
printf("Invalid choice.\n");
}
}

while (choice !=3);

return 0;
}
 63

Output
1. Add employee
2. Retrieve employee
3. Exit

1. Add employee
2. Retrieve employee
3. Exit

1. Add employee
2. Retrieve employee
3. Exit

1. Add employee
2. Retrieve employee
3. Exit
Enter your choice: 3
Exiting program...
 64

Practical 32
Write a program that reads text from a file and stores the frequency of each digit and letter into
another file. The program will treat an uppercase letter and its lowercase equivalent as the
same letter.

For example, E and e increment the same counter.

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>

#define NUM_CHARS 36 // number of distinct characters (26

letters + 10 digits)

int main()
{
int freqs[NUM_CHARS] = {0}; // an array to keep track of the
frequency of each character
char c;
FILE *infile, *outfile;

/ Open input and output files

infile = fopen("input.txt", "r");
outfile = fopen("output.txt",
"w"); if (infile == NULL ||
outfile == NULL)
{
printf("Error: Could not open file.\
n"); return 1;
}

/ Read input file character by

character while ((c =
fgetc(infile)) != EOF)
{
if (isalpha(c))
{
/ Convert to lowercase and subtract 'a' to get index in
freqs array for letters
freqs[tolower(c) - 'a']++;
 65

}
else if (isdigit(c))
{
/ Subtract '0' to get index in freqs array for
digits freqs[c - '0' + 26]++;
}
}

/ Write output file with frequency

counts for (int i = 0; i < NUM_CHARS;
i++)
{
if (freqs[i] == 0)
{
continue;
}
if (i < 26)
{
fprintf(outfile, "%c: %d\n", 'a' + i, freqs[i] + freqs[i +
'A' -
'a']);
}
else
{
fprintf(outfile, "%c: %d\n", '0' + i - 26, freqs[i]);
}
}

/ Close files
fclose(infile)
;
fclose(outfile
);
return 0;
}
 66

Output

Input File
Hi, I am a disco dancer.

Ouput File
a: 3
c: 2
d: 2
e: 1
h: 1
i: 3
m: 1
n: 1
o: 1
r: 1
s: 1
 67

Practical 33
Write a function using pointers to add two matrices and to return the resultant matrix to the
calling function.

Program
#include <stdio.h>
void add_matrices(int *a, int *b, int *result, int rows, int
cols) { int i, j;
for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
*(result + i*cols + j) = *(a + i*cols + j) + *(b + i*cols +
j);
}
}
}
int main() {
int a[2][2] = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}};
int b[2][2] = {{5, 6}, {7, 8}};
int result[2][2];
int i, j;
add_matrices(&a[0][0], &b[0][0], &result[0][0],
2, 2); printf("Resultant matrix:\n");
for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
printf("%d ", result[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

Output
Resultant matrix:
6 8
10 12
 68

Practical 34
The prime numbers from 1 to 2500 can be obtained as follows. From a list of the numbers 1 to
2500, cross out all multiples of 2 (but not 2 itself). Then, find the next number (n, say) that is not
crossed out and cross out all multiples of n(but not n). repeat this last step provided that n
hasn't exceeded 50(the square root of 2500). The numbers remaining in the list (except 1) are
prime. Write a program that uses this method to print all primes from 1 to 2500. Store your
output in a file called primes.out. This Method Is called The Sieve Of Eratosthenes, named after
the Greek mathematician, geographer, and philosopher.

Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#define LIMIT 2500
int main() {
bool primes[LIMIT+1]; // an array to keep track of which
numbers are prime
int i, j;
/ Initialize all numbers as
prime for (i = 2; i <= LIMIT; i+
+) {
primes[i] = true;
}
/ Cross out multiples of each prime
number for (i = 2; i*i <= LIMIT; i++) {
if (primes[i]) {
for (j = i*i; j <= LIMIT; j +=
i) { primes[j] = false;
}
}
}
/ Print all prime numbers to file
"primes.out" FILE *outfile =
fopen("primes.out", "w");
if (outfile == NULL) {
printf("Error: Could not open file for
writing.\n"); return 1;
}
for (i = 2; i <= LIMIT; i++) {
 69

if (primes[i]) {
fprintf(outfile, "%d\n", i);
}
}
printf("Prime numbers written to file successfully.");
fclose(outfile);

return 0;
}

Output
Prime numbers written to file successfully.
 70

Python Language
Programs
 71

S.No Projects Signatur

. e
A company has categorized its employees at 4
1. different levels (from 1 to 4). For different
employees at different levels the perks are as
follows
Level TA entertainment Allowance
1 7000 3000
2. 6000 2000
3 5000 1500
4. 5000 1500
For Level 1 Basic salary is between Rs 40000 to
60000 and Tax rate is 10%
For level 2 Basic Salary is between Rs 30000 to
40000 and Tax rate is 8%
For level 3 Basic salary is between Rs 20000 to
30000 and Tax rate is 5%
For Level 4 Basic Salary is between Rs 15000 to
20000 and tax rate is 0
Gross Salary is sum of Basic salary, Perks and HRA
which is 25% of Basic Salary
Tax is computed on Gross Salary.
Net Salary is Gross salary- Income tax
Write a Program that will read Employees name,
Level and Basic pay and will print Gross
salary, Tax and Net Salary. Use Switch-case
statement and if statements
Given a number, write a program using
2. while loop to reverse the digits of the
number.
For example, number 12345 should be written
as 54321.
 72

3. Write a program to find the HCF of two

integers entered by the user
The numbers in the sequence
4. 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21…. are called Fibonacci numbers.
Write a program using
do…while loop to calculate and print the first m
Fibonacci numbers
Write a program to evaluate the following
5. functions to 0.0001% accuracy
Sinx = x – x3/3! + x5/5! – x7/7!+…….
Write a C program to display following Pattern
1
121
6. 12321
121
1
Given the two one dimensional array A and B of
7. size 10 which are sorted in ascending
order. Write a C program to merge them into
single sorted array C that contains every
item from arrays A and B in ascending order
Write a program that will count the number of
8. occurrences of a specified character in a
given line of Text.
Write a program in Python to calculate
9. percentage of marks in three subjects. Raise
exceptions if marks entered are greater than the
maximum marks.
Using Python Build a collection of
10. employee records, you may use data
structures with any combination of built
in object types (lists, tuples, dictionaries,
strings, numbers).
Then access and modify the individual records
 73

and individual components of data

structure using indexing
Write down a Python code to copy from an
11. existing file named “input.txt” to
another file “output.txt”.
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