OOP  Components are easier to understand/use

Object-Oriented Programming – programming  Simplifies modification and repair

methodology that defines n object rather than functions  Facilitated re-use
and logic. Public Instance Variable – no restriction where you can
Object – an instance of a class use its name.
 Has characteristics or attributes Private instance Variable – name cannot be used to
Example: access it outside a class
class Bicycle { Public method – can invoke anywhere without
// field of class restriction
int gear = 5; Private method – method cannot be invoked within the
// method of class definitions of method.
void braking() { Accessor – returns data from private i.v
} Mutator – changes the data stored in 1 or more private
} // create object i.v
Bicycle sportsBicycle = new Bicycle(); Encapsulation – combining data and actions into a
State – values of an object’s attributes single item
 First gear  Groups instance variable and methods into a
Behaviors – actions that objects can take class
 Breaking, accelerating  Hides implementation details
Method – behavior defined by piece of Java class UML Class Diagram – describe the structure of class by
 Collection of statements that are grouped displaying the:
together to perform an operation. 1. Class name
Class – blueprint for defining an object 2. Variables
 Object of same kind, same data type = same 3. Methods
class Reference – address of the object’s memory location
 Data type of obj. = name of its class  Class types are reference type
Inheritance – one way of organizing classes  Instead of ==, use equals()
 Allows objects of a class to take on properties Constructor – create and initialize an obj.
of objects from another class.  Uses new keyword
 Extends  MyClass mc = new myClass();
Interface – program component that contains the  Does not have a return type
heading for a number of public methods.  Can call methods within its class
 Implements Static Variables – shared by all objects of its class
 Use to specify methods that a class must  Can be public or private
implement.  Not constants
Package – collection of related classes and interface Static Method – method that can be invoked without
 Name of the folder = name of the package using any objects.
 import java.util.Scanner;  Written in a static keyword
 import java.util.*;  Write the class name instead of the object
Void – method is not use to return a value name.
Parameter – list of variables in a method declaration.  Cannot reference an instance variable of the
 Dog1 (String n, String b){ class.
Argument – Actual value that is passed Predefined Math Class – provides a number of standard
Instance variables – variables declared outside the mathematical methods.
method.  Power = Math.pow();
Local variables – variables declared outside the  Absolute value = Math.abs();
method.  Maximum value = Math.max();
this – object’s name receiving the method call  Minimum value = Math.min();
Information hiding – mechanism for restricting access
  Random # = Math.random(); CONSTRUCTORS
 Rounding = Math.round();
 Ceiling = Math.ceil() class Main {
 Floor = Math.floor(); private String name;
 Square root = Math.sqrt();
Overloading – when multiple methods have the same // constructor
name within the same class. Main() {
 Done b having different method definitions System.out.println("Constructor Called:");
Signature – Methods name and the number & types of name = "Programiz";
its parameters. }
Inheritance - the use of existing class to define a new
class public static void main(String[] args) {
Derived class – adding instance variables and methods
to an existing class. // constructor is invoked while
 Subclass // creating an object of the Main class
 Does not inherit any constructors from the base Main obj = new Main();
class. System.out.println("The name is " + obj.name);
Base class – Existing class that the derived class is built }
upon. }
 Superclass
Override – If a derived class defines a method with the THIS KEYWORD
same name, the same number and types of parameters
and the same return type as a method in the base class. class Main {
Super – first action in a constructor definition int instVar;
Polymorphism – ability of an object to take on many Main(int instVar){
forms. this.instVar = instVar;
System.out.println("this reference = " + this);
 Allows to make changes in the method
}
definition.
public static void main(String[] args) {
 Base class reference is used to refer to derived
Main obj = new Main(8);
class object.
System.out.println("object reference = " + obj);
Dynamic Binding – allows many meanings to be
}
associated to one method name.
}
 The definition of a method is not bound to an
invocation of the method until run time.
PRIVATE ACCESS MODIFIER
 Mechanism used by polymorphism
class Data {
Abstract class – base for subclasses
// private variable
Abstract method – declared as abstract and does not
private String name;
have an implementation.
}
 Written without braces followed by a
public class Main {
semicolon.
public static void main(String[] main){
 public abstract void methodName();
// create an object of Data
Data d = new Data();
// access private variable and field from another
class
d.name = "Programiz";
}
}
PUBLIC ACCESS MODIFIER rectangle.getArea();
}
// Animal.java file }
// public class
public class Animal { INFORMATION HIDING
// public variable
public int legCount; class Person {
// public method // private field
public void display() { private int age;
System.out.println("I am an animal."); // getter method
System.out.println("I have " + legCount + " legs."); public int getAge() {
} return age;
} }
// Main.java // setter method
public class Main { public void setAge(int age) {
public static void main( String[] args ) { this.age = age;
// accessing the public class }
Animal animal = new Animal(); }
// accessing the public variable class Main {
animal.legCount = 4; public static void main(String[] args) {
// accessing the public method // create an object of Person
animal.display(); Person p1 = new Person();
} // change age using setter
} p1.setAge(24);
// access age using getter
ENCAPSULATION System.out.println("My age is " + p1.getAge());
}
class Area { }

// fields to calculate area INHERITANCE

int length;
int breadth; class Animal {
// constructor to initialize values // field and method of the parent class
Area(int length, int breadth) { String name;
this.length = length; public void eat() {
this.breadth = breadth; System.out.println("I can eat");
} }
// method to calculate area }
public void getArea() { // inherit from Animal
int area = length * breadth; class Dog extends Animal {
System.out.println("Area: " + area); // new method in subclass
} public void display() {
} System.out.println("My name is " + name);
}
class Main { }
public static void main(String[] args) { class Main {
// create object of Area public static void main(String[] args) {
// pass value of length and breadth // create an object of the subclass
Area rectangle = new Area(5, 6); Dog labrador = new Dog();
 // access field of superclass ACCESS SPECIFIER IN OVERRIDING
labrador.name = "Rohu";
labrador.display(); class Animal {
// call method of superclass protected void displayInfo() {
// using object of subclass System.out.println("I am an animal.");
labrador.eat(); }
} }
} class Dog extends Animal {
METHOD OVERRIDING public void displayInfo() {
System.out.println("I am a dog.");
class Animal { }
public void displayInfo() { }
System.out.println("I am an animal."); class Main {
} public static void main(String[] args) {
} Dog d1 = new Dog();
class Dog extends Animal { d1.displayInfo();
@Override }
public void displayInfo() { }
System.out.println("I am a dog.");
} ABSTRACT CLASS AND METHOD
}
class Main { abstract class Animal {
public static void main(String[] args) { abstract void makeSound();
Dog d1 = new Dog();
d1.displayInfo(); public void eat() {
} System.out.println("I can eat.");
} }
}
USE OF SUPER KEYWORD class Dog extends Animal {
// provide implementation of abstract method
class Animal { public void makeSound() {
public void displayInfo() { System.out.println("Bark bark");
System.out.println("I am an animal."); }
} }
} class Main {
class Dog extends Animal { public static void main(String[] args) {
public void displayInfo() { // create an object of Dog class
super.displayInfo(); Dog d1 = new Dog();
System.out.println("I am a dog."); d1.makeSound();
} d1.eat();
} }
class Main { }
public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog d1 = new Dog();
d1.displayInfo();
}
}
INTERFACE }
}
// create an interface
interface Language { INHERITANCE
void getName(String name);
} // field and method of the parent class
// class implements interface String name;
class ProgrammingLanguage implements Language { public void eat() {
System.out.println("I can eat");
// implementation of abstract method }
public void getName(String name) { }
System.out.println("Programming Language: " +
name); // inherit from Animal
} class Dog extends Animal {
}
// new method in subclass
class Main { public void display() {
public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("My name is " + name);
ProgrammingLanguage language = new }
ProgrammingLanguage(); }
language.getName("Java");
} class Main {
} public static void main(String[] args) {

POLYMORPHISM // create an object of the subclass

Dog labrador = new Dog();
class Language {
public void displayInfo() { // access field of superclass
System.out.println("Common English Language"); labrador.name = "Rohu";
} labrador.display();
}
// call method of superclass
class Java extends Language { // using object of subclass
@Override labrador.eat();
public void displayInfo() {
System.out.println("Java Programming Language"); }
} }
}

class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

// create an object of Java class

Java j1 = new Java();
j1.displayInfo();

// create an object of Language class

Language l1 = new Language();
l1.displayInfo();