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922
Review Article
Sidar et al. WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL
World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research
AND MEDICAL RESEARCH ISSN 2455-3301
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CONCEPT OF PATHYA & APATHYA IN AYURVEDA: A REVIEW ARTICLE

Dr. Janmajay Sidar* and Dr. Pramod Kumar Baghel1

*
P.G.Scholar, Department of Kayachikitsa, Shri Narayan Prasad Awasthi Govt. Ayurved College Raipur (C.G.) Pin-
492001.
1
Lecturer, Department of Kayachikitsa, Shri Narayan Prasad Awasthi Govt. Ayurved College Raipur (C.G.) Pin-
492001.
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Janmajay Sidar
P.G.Scholar, Department of Kayachikitsa, Shri Narayan Prasad Awasthi Govt. Ayurved College Raipur (C.G.) Pin-492001.

Article Received on 14/10/2022 Article Revised on 03/11/2022 Article Accepted on 24/11/2022

ABSTRACT
Ayurveda's goals are to prevent and treat diseases in patients as well as keep healthy people healthy. Modern
lifestyles and changing food cultures have given birth to various diseases. We consume a variety of instant foods
that are not prepared in accordance with Shastra. It causes a wide range of diseases over a long period of
time. In Ayurveda, broad range describes Pathya according to Dosha, Dushya, Deha Prakriti, and Vyadhi.
According to Ayurveda, six seasons are considered, and pathya - apathya are described according to each
season.When we choose a diet for a disease based on pathya kalpna that helps improve the action of the
aushadhi, fight against pathogens, and clear the shrotsa. Ayurveda also addresses other topics like the
combination of food items, their quantities, how they are prepared, how they affect people's emotions, the
nature of the consumer, and environmental factors. Pathaya is essential for maintaining human health and
plays an important role in body nourishment. In this article, we are providing some necessary information
about Pathaya for human wellbeing.

KEYWORDS: Pathya, Apathya, Dosha, Diet and Ayurveda.

INTRODUCTION system) to regain their healthy stage. It assists patients

in keeping their dhatus (basic elements) in a healthy
Ayurveda in Sanskrit means 'Science of life'. This
state, preventing dosha fluctuations. According to the
ancient science of medicine & positive health, first
disease, by selecting the pathya, detoxification can be
originated in India. Acharya Charak has also
done by opening the shrotasa. We use a variety of
emphasizes on health, hygiene, medicine, prophylaxis,
food additives and preservatives in our modern culture,
diet and life-style in Sutra sthan. Over the past few
which contribute to obesity, hypertension, diabetes,
decades, the ancient system of medicine known as
infertility, liver disease, and kidney disease. Although
Ayurveda has experienced a healthy revival. Ayurveda
in Ayurveda, lifestyle disorders are often seen as a
aims to keep a pserson's physical, mental, and
result of „Pragyaparadha‟ (intellectual blasphemy).
adhyatmik aspects in balance. The person develops
health problems and diseases when this equilibrium is
NIRUKTI
disturbed. For this maintenance of equilibrium Aahar
Pathya is derived from the root word "Patha",
is the best medium. In Ayurveda, Aahar is mentioned
which means "a way or channel."
in Trayoupstambh, and it is called Brahma in Shastra.
Acharya Kashyapa has said that food is
DEFINITION
Mahabheshaja. In this series, pathya- kalpana is the
basic and most powerful component in the fight
against disease. It is possible if one uses diet according
the Tridosa, Deha prakriti, Satmya of person as well as Pathya, which is the Aahar-vihar that calms the mind, is
panchabhautika composition of dietary substances. beneficial to the body, and provides nutrients, and
Pathaya Aahar, based on Panchabhoutic principles and Apathya, which is the opposite of Pathya.[1]
shows effect accordingly.
|(Su.Su.46/526). It can In M. Monier-Williams (582)
cure a wide range of diseases. Pathya is used during Pathya is a Sanskrit word that means:- "belonging to a
Panchakarma to boost the fatigued Annavaha Srotas particular way" or being healthy, fit, suitable or
(digestive system) and Purishavaha Srotas (excretory appropriate.

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Sidar et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

They include He mention that when channels of circulation become

 Foods indicated for healthy people. hard by aggravated and Pathya helps to soften the
 Foods contraindicated for healthy people. shrotasa (channels of circulation) and alleviate vitiated
 Pathya-Apathya toward the patient. dosha.[7]

SYNONYMS[2] Acharya charak providing a general list of Pathya and

Pathya- Satmya, Swasth-hitakara, Upshaya, Apathya Dravya for patients and “Sansarjana Karma”
Swavasthaparipaalaka, HitaAhara, for Panchakarma Therapy patients. Acharya Sushruta
Swasthaaurjaskara, Sharmakara, Dhatua- Avirodhi, detail describe Hita-Ahitiya Aadhyay in Sutra Sthan.
Sukha-parinaamkara, Dhatu- Saamyakara.
Acharya Kashyapa describes the therapeutic potential
Apathya- Asatmya, Swastha-Ahitkara, Ahitkara, of aahar (food) and its preventative health benefits.
Anupashaya, Asukha- Parinaamakara, Ashrmakara, He emphasized that food is the most effective medicine.
Dhatu- Asamyakara. No drug can match the benefits of food in diseased
state. Only wholesome food can keep a person
Lifestyle diseases are those that are linked to how healthy.[8]
people live and how they live their lives. These are
categorised under non- communicable diseases. They Acharya Harita emphasised the importance of Pathya
are commonly caused by lack of physical activity, and Apathya by stating that if a person ignores the
unhealthy eating, stressful life routines, Tobacco, concept of Pathya-Apathya and consumes Apathya
smoking, alcohol and drugs abuse. Which leading liver, (unhealthy), illness will never leave the body.[9]
kidney and lungs disease.[3]
According to Yogaratnakara, the aetiology of the
disease, the drug to be used, and Pathya are three
important aspects that should be investigated prior to
beginning treatment. Yogaratnakara compares a
progressive disease to an Ankura (seedling) for
progressive form of the diseases. this Ankura will be
dry and destroyed if it is not nourished by water;
similarly, disease will be destroyed if a patient
consume apathya Aahara and Vihar.[10]
One may develop a variety of diseases if the effects of
Santarpana are not properly addressed. Like- urinary
Vaidya Lolimbraja indicated the essentiality of Pathya
disorders including diabetes, urticaria, itching, Pandu
Aahar by stating that a patient does not require
(anemia), Amaja diseases (due to formation of Aama),
medication if they consume healthy food, and that a
Jwara, persevering skin diseases, diseases secondary
patient does not require medication if they consume
to vitiation of Aama, dysuria, anorexia or appetite
Apathya Aahar ona regular basis.[11]
related complaints, Tandra (drowsiness/sleepiness),
Klaibya (erectile dysfunctions), obesity, laziness,
The Charak Samshita describes some of the important
heaviness of the body, adhesion or blockages in the
pathyas for disease as fallow.
channels as well as sense organs, delusion, various
types of oedema, and other such diseases.[4] Pathya Ahara in Jwara - Ch.Ci.3/178
Yavagu, Odana, and Lajaa are used of a patient
General Pathya and Apathya suffering from Jwara. Rakta Shali along with
Acharya Charak stated some diets which should shashtika type of rice should be used only after they
always be consumed by healthy persons. These food have become purana.
articles include Shashtika (variety of rice), Shali
(variety of rice), Mudga (Phaseolus radiatus Linn.), Pathya ahar in Raktapitta - Ch.Ci.4/36 Shali,
Saindhav, Aamlaka (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), rain Shashatika, Nivara, Koradusa Prashantika, Shyamaka
water, Ghee, and honey. Similarly, Acharya Charak and Priyangu.
has also mentioned some food articles which should
be avoided by healthy persons. Such food articles are Pathya ahar in Gulma- Ch.Ci.5/164-166 Old corns
Vallura (dried meat), dried vegetables, lotus rhizome and cereals, meat of animals soups, mudga and
and stalk and one should never consume meat of kulattha Vegetables dishes - prepared of pippali,
diseased animals.[5] naagra, bilva, and chitraka prepared by adding
bijapuraka, hingu, amlavetasa, khsara, dadima, butter
Importance of Pathya and Apathya milk, oil and ghee.
The importance of Pathya and Apathya in Ayurveda
are often deduced from the very fact that Acharya Pathya Ahara in Prameha- Ch.Ci.6/20-21
Charaka had detailed Pathya as a synonym for Barley(Yava) should constitute the principal
treatment.[6] ingredient offood of the patient suffering from

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Sidar et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

prameha. Old Shali rice cooked and mixed withthe soup regimens. yava, shyamaka and kodrava along with
of mudga etc. vegetables coocked with water and oil without adding
salt.
Pathya Ahara in Kustha- Ch.Ci.7/82-83 Light and
wholesome food. Vegetables having bitter taste. Food Pathya in Vatarakta - Ch.Ci.29/50-51 Cereals like old
preparations and medicated ghee prepared by boiling barley, wheat and Shali as well as shashtika type of
bhallataka, triphala, and nimba. rice. Soup of the meat of viskira and pratuda birds.
Soup of adhaki, chanka, mudga, masura, and
Pathya Ahara in Rajyakshma - Ch.Ci.8/68-70 The makustha added with ghee in liberal quantity.
soup of mulaka and kulattha should be properly
prepared. The patient should drink the upper portion of Table No. 1: Pathya Ahara for Sthoulya[12] (Obesity).
varuni or water boiled withpanchamula. Varga Aharadravya
Purana Shali, Raktashali,
Pathya Ahara in Unmad - Ch.Ci.9/96 A Person who Anna varga Shasthika shali, Yava,
abstains from eating meat and drinking alcohol, and Chanaka, Kulatha
takes only wholesome food, who is disciplined and Sheeta Jala,
pure, and who has strong will power does not get Jalavarga Panchkolasidhha Jala,
affected by either endogenous or exogenous type of Shunti siddha jala, Madhu
unmada. Madyavarga Purana Sidhu
Mutravarga Gomutra
Pathya Ahara in Shvayathu - Ch.Ci. 12/62-63 The Kanda varga Ardraka, Lasuna, Sunthi
soup of kulattha along with pippali or the soup of Ksheeravarga Takra
mudga along with trikatu and yavakshar is useful for Patola, Karavellaka,
the patient suffering form shvayathu. Preparations of Shakavarga Varthaka, Nimbapatra,
jaggery, pastries, curd, sesame, slimy food and drinks, Shigru
sour alcoholic preparations.
Table No. 3: Pathya for Galganda.
Pathya Ahara in Arsh - Ch.Ci.14/95 Rakta Shali, PathyaAhara Hypothyroid Diet
Maha Shali, Sita, Sharada and Shashtika. Saindhava salt Iodine rich salt is advised
Cereals are rich in
Pathya Ahara in Hikka & Shwasa - Ch.Ci.17/100 Rakta sali
selenium[14]
Old Shali, Shashtika, Godhum and yava.
Fish – rich in selenium and
Rohitamatsya
iodine[15]
Pathya Ahara in Visa - Ch.Ci.23/224-227 Food- Shali,
Cow’s milkand Cow milk is rich in iodine and
Shashtika, Koradusa, Priyangu, Saindhava.
Ghee selenium[16]
Vegetables- Tanduliyaka, Jivanti, Vartaka, and
Iodine rich water. Sea water
Kulaka. Amladravya- Amalaki and Dadima
contains 60ppb of iodine
Mansarasa- Ena, Sikhi, Svavit,Lava and Tittiri.
Rain Water concentration. Iodine ends up
in surface water through rains
Pathya in Urustambha - Ch.Ci.27/26-27 The patient of
from evaporation[17]
urustambha should be constantly given ununctuous

Table No. 2: Pathya for Madhumeha[13]

Varga Aharadravya
Jeerna Shali, Shashtika, Kodrava, Yava,
Shook Dhanya
Godhuma, Uddalaka, Shyamaka
Shimbi Dhanya Chanaka, Aadhaki, Kulattha, Mudga
The leafy vegetables with a predominance of
ShakaVarga
tikta-kashayarasa, Patola, Karvellaka
Jambu, Aamlaki, Kapitha,Talaphala,
PhalaVarga
Kharjura
Taila Varga Sarshapa Taila
UdakaVarga Sarodaka, Kushodaka,Madhudaka
Kritanna Varga Apupa, Saktu, Yavodana,Vatya, Yusha
Others Madhu, Hingu, Saindhava,Maricha, Lasuna

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Sidar et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

PATHYAAPTHYA ACCORDING TO quantity or should not drink at all and even

RITUCHARYA if one drinks, he should drink along
Regimen of Winter Season (Ch.Su.6/11-18) with plenty of water.
PATHYA Avoid exercise
Take the unctuous, sour and salty juices of Avoid taking diets which are excessive salty,
meat of aquatic and marshy which are fatty. sour, pungent or hot.
Drinks madira sidhu, and honey.
The meat of burrow-dwelling animals and Regimen of Rainy Season – (Ch.Su.6/35-40)
prepared of animals of prasaha. PATHYA
Take preparations of cow milk, cane One should generally use honey in preparing diets,
juice, fat, oil, new rice, hot water. drinks and other.
Excessive sexual intercourse during winter. Take such of diets as are conspicuously sour, salty
Wear heavy and warm clothes. and unctuous.
Massage, application of Oil on the head. Drink the madhvika or arishta type of liquor.
Fomentations of Jentaka process. It is advisable to rub the body, apply unction, take
APATHYA bath and wear fragrant garlands during the season.
One should not expose himself to cold APATHYA
Avoid food and drink which are light andare Avoid the taking mantha diluted in excess.
liable to vitiate vata. Day sleep, Frosts, Moving in sun, Water from river.
Underfeeding and intake of gruel are also to Excessive exercise
be avoided. To avoid excessive sexual activity.

Regimen of Dewy Season (Ch.Su.6/19-21) Regimen of Autumn Season (Ch.Su.6/42-45)

PATHYA PATHYA
Similar to winter season. In this season sweet, light, cold and bitter foods and
The cloudy, windy, and rainy conditions prevail. drinks which have potentialities to alleviate pitta.
APATHYA The meats of Lava, Kapinjala, Ena, Urabhra, Sharbha
Avoid taking are possessed of pungent, bitter and Shasa, rice, barely and wheat.
and astringent taste Intake of ghee prepared with bitter medicines, purgation
Drinks, a light diet, and the cold should not be and bloodletting.
taken. Use Hanshodaka.
APATHYA
Regimen of Spring Season (Ch.Su.6/23-26) Avoid taking sun bath.
PATHYA Vasa, Tail, Meat of aquatic and marshy land animals
With lukewarm water, the excretory orifices Alkaline salt preparation, Curd, - Avoid the sleep during
should be cleaned frequently. day time.
At the advent of spring one should habitually
resort to exercise, unction, smoking, gargling Best among the wholesome in CharakSamhita[18]
and collyrium. Best among the
No. Categories -
Take food consisting of barley and wheat, meat wholesome
of sharabha, shasha, lava and kapinjala. 1. Shukadhanya - Lohitashalya
Lepa his body with chandana and aguru. 2. Shamidhanya - Mudga
APATHYA Antariksha
3. Udak -
Avoid heavy , unctuous, sour, and sweet diets. udaka
Avoid sleep during day time(Diwaswapna) 4. Lavan - Saindhava
5. Shaka - Jeevanti
Regimen of Summer Season (Ch.Su.6/27-29) 6. Mriga mansha - Aena
PATHYA 7. Pakshi - Lava
During the night, after having besmeared 8. Bileshaya - Godha
the body with chandan paste, 9. Matsya - Rohita
One should sleep on the house's open, airy 10. Sarpi - Gavya Sarpi
roof, which is cooled by the moonlight. 11. Ksheer - Goksheer
During day time one should sleep in an 12. Sthavar sneha - Tila taila
air-cooled place. 13. Anupmrig vasa - Varah vasa
One decorated with pearls should be 14. Matsya vasa - Chuluki vasa
comfortably seated on a chair enjoying fans Jalcharvihang
and the touch of tender hand. 15. - Hans vasa
vasa
APATHYA 16. Vishkirshakuni - Kukkuta vasa
One should either drink alcohol in little

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Sidar et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

vasa like Laghu, Snigdha, Shitaguna, Madhur rasa,

17. Shakkha meda - Aaja meda Madhur Vipak, and Shitavirya. Ahar having the
18. Kand - Shringvera above properties prevents aggravation of pitta,
19. Phala - Mridwika pacifies samanavayu and causes agnidipana,
20. Ekshu vikar - Sharkara amapachan and vatanulomana. Snigdhaahar regulates
Vayu and reduces rukshata in the intestinal mucosa.
The wholesome in Charak Samhita[19] The diet planning that is mentioned in our classical
No. Categories - Unwholesome literature is very logical and is based on a few
1. Shukadhanya - Yavak fundamentals.
2. Shamidhanya - Masha
According to Kashyapa samhita, puranashaali,
3. Udak - Varshanadey
mudra, masura, harenu, milk and gogrita,
4. Lavan - Ushar
jangalamamsa, kalayashaaka, pautika, flowers of
5. Shaka - Sarshap
Vasa are considered as Pathya in Amlapitta.
6. Mriga mansha - Gomansa
7. Pakshi - Kankapota
8. Bileshaya - Bhek
9. Matsya - Chilichim
10. Sarpi - Aavik
11. Ksheer - Aaviksheer Therapeutics measures pleasant to the brain and
faculties advance Tushti (mental fulfillment), Urja
12. Sthavar sneha - Kushumbha
(mental strength), and Sukhopabhogata as a
13. Anupmrig vasa - Mahish vasa
consequence of which the strength of disease gets
14. Matsya vasa - Kumbhirvasa
decreased.[22]
Jalcharvihang
15. - Kakmdguvasa
vasa Importance of understanding “PathyaKalpana” can be
Vishkirshakuni observed from the following points.
16. - Chatak vasa
vasa  The ingredients in these preparations are minimal
17. Shakkha meda - Hasti meda and readily available.
18. Kand - Aalu  Simple methods of preparation are veryeasy.
19. Phala - Nikuch  These methods are very cost-effective.
20. Ekshu vikar - Phanita
 Very easy selection of ingredients for pathyahar
according to disease.
Effect of Pathya In Ayurveda[20]
 It nourishes body (Shareera Upachaya) Practically, Pathya Kalpana is recommended as a diet
 It provides vitality, complexion, and happiness. for "healthy people" to keep them fit. patient who is
(BalaVarna Sukha Ayusha) getting ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of
 Promote longevity (Jivitham) chronic disease Ppathya ahar promotes the efficacy of
 Enhances voice (Sausvaryam) the medicine and normalises the dhatus, doshas, and
 Promote growth of tissue (Shareera Dhatu mahasrotasa.
Urjayathi)
 Make your body workable and healthy CONCLUSION
(Prashadan) Pathya and apathya are utilized for both disease
 rovide nourishment and strength (Tusti prevention and treatment. In his book "Vaidya-
pushtirbalam) jeevanam," Vaidya Lolimbraj describe a very
 Enhances intelligence (Medha) important principle about Pathya and Apathya.The
pathyaharvyavastha (arrangement of diet) is
Acharya Sushruta described the food as that which mentioned in the Ayurveda in a very scientific
nourishes and directly increases the body's strength. It way.The diet that is good for the mind and body is called
improves memory, digestive power, energy, "pathya" (healthy) aahar, while the diet that adversely
strengthens the mind, increases „Ojas‟ and increases affects the mind and body is called "apthyaahar"
the longevity of life.[21] (unhealthy diet).
DISCUSSION Kala (time) is the prime factor in dietary management
The majority of disorders result from faulty eating which helps to bring normal stage of Agni and
habits. Amlapitta is one of them. Dietary factors may amapachan. Dietary habits play a significant role in
be considered the first and foremost group of both disease management and disease prevention.
Amlapitta's etiological factors. Aharavidhividhana
and Aharavidhiviseshayatana is included.

Pathya is regarded as Amlapitta Ahar, with properties

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Sidar et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

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