Structural Steel Design CE 434

Analysis and Design of Compression Members

Lecture 22

Prof. Ghazi Abu-Farsakh

Eng. Mutaz AL-Dwairy

1
 Major and Minor Effective Lengths
Example

Consider column ABCD as shown in Figure Column cross-sections

y x
which is subject to an ultimate compression
Case (1) x x y y
force Pu kips. Let the column section to have a
W-shape. The column can either be positioned y x
as indicated in case (1) or as in case (2). x y
Determine: The required optimum column-
Case (2) y y x x
position to give the maximum possible
y
strength.
a) Buckling in X'Y'-plane b) Buckling in Y'Z'-plane

2
 Design of Compression Members 3

P P

D D
Buckling Shape
L1
C C L3
Y' B Y'
L2 B
L4
A A
X' Z'

a) Buckling in X'Y'-plane b) Buckling in Y'Z'-plane

Buckling shapes in X'Y' and Y'Z'-planes.

Civil Engineering Department

Prof. Ghazi A. Abu-Farsakh
Eng. Mutaz M AL-Dwairy
 Design of Compression Members 4

Example
Consider the following information:
Total column-length (L) =400-in, Kx=Ky= 1.0,
L1=150-in, L2=250-in, L3=180-in, L4=220-in.
Consider W-section radii of gyration are: rx=5-in, ry=2.5-in. Use A36-steel, Fy= 36ksi.
Area of cross-section (Ag=10-in2).

Civil Engineering Department

Prof. Ghazi A. Abu-Farsakh
Eng. Mutaz M AL-Dwairy
 Design of Compression Members 5

Steps of Solution
• Determine the effective lengths (KL) for all column parts; K1L1, K2L2, K3L3, and K4L4.

• Find the maximum effective length of all, which is in our case here (KL)max =K2L2
=250-in. In this case the maximum effective length will be known as the major
effective length.

• Divide the major effective length by the major radius of gyration, which is here rx.
Hence, the plane-of-buckling corresponding to (KL)max =250-in will occur with
respect to the local x-x axis of the section. That is; (KL)maj-2 = K2L2 = (KxLx)2 =250-in
and the other major effective length ratio (KL)maj-1 =K1L1 = (KxLx)1 =150-in.
Civil Engineering Department
Prof. Ghazi A. Abu-Farsakh
Eng. Mutaz M AL-Dwairy
 Design of Compression Members 6

Steps of Solution
• The corresponding out-of-plane buckling in this case will be specified as buckling
about the local y-y axis of section, which is known as the minor-axis of section
and the corresponding effective lengths will be defined as the minor effective
lengths. All the effective length ratios in this plane will be divided by ry .
• The maximum slenderness-ratio obtained from this case will be defined as the
𝐾𝐿
critical slenderness-ratio. ( )cr =88 → obtained from Case (2).
𝑟

• Determine the corresponding  c Fcr →20.4 ksi (as shown in the next Table).

Civil Engineering Department

Prof. Ghazi A. Abu-Farsakh
Eng. Mutaz M AL-Dwairy
 Design of Compression Members 7

Column- Buckling in X'Y'-plane Buckling in Y'Z'-plane  c Fcr

position (ksi)
Case (1) Buckling about local y-y axis of Buckling about local x-x axis
section of section
 K y L y   1.0 x150   K x Lx   1.0 x180 
     60       36
 r   2.5   x 3
r  5 
 y 1
 K y Ly   K x Lx 
  
1.0 x 220 
    1.0 x250   100    44
 r   x 4 
r 5 
 y  2  2.5 

Critical-slenderness ratio =100 18.1 Pun=(18.1)(10)=181 kips

Case (2) Buckling about local x-x axis of Buckling about local y-y axis
section of section
 K x Lx   1.0 x150   K y L y   1.0 x180 
      30      72
 r 1  5   r   2 .5 
x  y 3
 K x Lx   1.0 x 250   K y Ly 
      50     1.0 x220   88
 rx  2  5   r 
 y  4  2.5 
Pun=(20.4)(10)=204 kips
Critical-slenderness ratio =88 20.4

Civil Engineering Department

Prof. Ghazi A. Abu-Farsakh
Eng. Mutaz M AL-Dwairy
 Design of Compression Members 8

Strength according to case (1)

Pun=(18.1)(10)=181 kips

Strength according to case (2)

Pun=(20.4)(10)=204 kips

Finally, we conclude that section according to case (2) will give the maximum possible
strength of 204 kips.

Civil Engineering Department

Prof. Ghazi A. Abu-Farsakh
Eng. Mutaz M AL-Dwairy
 Design of Compression Members 9

Summary Procedure
P P

D D
Buckling Shape
L1 KL=150” KL=180”
C C L3
Y' B Y'
L2 B
KL=250” L4
KL=220”
A A
X' Z'

a) Buckling in X'Y'-plane b) Buckling in Y'Z'-plane

Buckling shapes in X'Y' and Y'Z'-planes.

Civil Engineering Department
Prof. Ghazi A. Abu-Farsakh
Eng. Mutaz M AL-Dwairy
 Design of Compression Members 10

Summary Procedure
• Determine KL for each column-part;
For X'Y'-plane: 150”, 250”
For Y'Z'-plane: 180”, 220”
The maximum effective-length (250”) occurs in case for buckling in X'Y'-plane.
• Divide this value by the major-r which is rx=5” in our case. Hence, this plane will be for
buckling about x-x axis (major-axis). The other plane (Y'Z'-plane) will be the plane for
buckling about y-y axis (minor-axis).
• This indicates the maximum possible strength occurs for column in case (2), Pun=204
kips. This indicates; no need to try the two cases.

Civil Engineering Department

Prof. Ghazi A. Abu-Farsakh
Eng. Mutaz M AL-Dwairy
 Design of Compression Members 11

Column-Hinged Base-Plate
.

Elevation cross-section of column-footing

Plan-view of column-footing
Civil Engineering Department
Prof. Ghazi A. Abu-Farsakh
Eng. Mutaz M AL-Dwairy
 Design of Compression Members 12

Column-Hinged Base-Plate
Dimensioning of base plate:
For bearing on concrete footing
Pun   c Pn  Pu ,  c  0.6

Pn  0.85 f cA1
A2
 1.7 f cA1
A1
A2
 2  A1  A2  4 A1
A1

A1  BxN , A 2  BxN 
A1: Area of steel base-plate, A2: Area of concrete-footing

f’c = the specified 28-days compressive concrete strength, ksi

Civil Engineering Department
Prof. Ghazi A. Abu-Farsakh
Eng. Mutaz M AL-Dwairy
 Dimensioning of Column Base-Plate
Bmin  b f  4emin  B  B
2 Pu
t n  n
NB 0.9 Fy 
, where
N min  d  4emin  N   N
B and N → to be rounded to the nearest 0.5” db f
n 
4
Determination of plate thickness
2 X  4db f  Pu 
N  0.95d   1, X   
2 

 d  b f   Pun 
2 Pu
tm  m , m 1 1 X
NB 0.9 Fy  2
2 Pu B  0.8b f t→ to be rounded to the nearest 1/16”
tn  n , n
NB 0.9 Fy  2
Use column base-plate txBxN
2 Pu
 max(m, n, n)
NB 0.9 Fy 
t req
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