Year 3 Fluid Mechanics MA3006

Year 2022-2023 Semester 1

Tutorial 6 – Viscous Pipe Flow/Laminar and turbulent flow

1. For steady laminar pipe flow:

(a) Show that the mean velocity V is half the centreline velocity Vc.
(b) If the centreline velocity in a 0.1 m diameter tube is 3 m/s, and the fluid has a density
of 1260 kg/m3 and viscosity of 0.9 N.s/m2, calculate the Reynolds number and the
pressure gradient necessary for the flow. (Ans: Re = 210, -4.3 kN/m2/m)

2. Fluid (specific gravity = 0.95) is discharged from a small enclosure through a

horizontal tube 45 mm long, 0.75 mm diameter, at 0.12x10-3 l/s. The pressure at
upstream end of the tube is 1.31 kPa and downstream at the end of the tube discharge
is atmospheric. Calculate the viscosity of the fluid. (Ans. µ = 0.00188 kg/m.s)

3. A fluid of density ρ = 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity µ = 0.30 N.s/m2 flows steadily down a
vertical 0.10 m diameter pipe and exits as a free jet from the lower end. Determine the
maximum pressure allowed in the pipe at a location 10 m above the pipe exit, if the
flow is to be laminar. ( Ans : -37.6 kPa )

4 Glycerin flows upward in a vertical 75 mm diameter pipe with a centre line velocity of
1.0 m/s. Determine the head loss and pressure drop in a 10-m length of the pipe.
( dynamic viscosity of glycerin = 1.5N.s/m2, density = 1260 kg/m3)
( Ans : 166 kPa ; 3.43 m )
 1)

P P, UP
, = -

DP = P , -
Pz
-

pressure drop
to show

Force Balance

2 2
P, Ter -
(P,
-
OP ) Ter -
I 2Erl = 0

2
☐ Ptr =
I Ztrl

DP

e-
=
¥
-

not a function of r . make RHS not a function of r to

satisfy equation
I=Cr→ constant

Denote Iw : C '

?
C = 2
D

T:
2T¥ - r

÷ -41¥ .nl .

4T¥ 4T¥
UP
= ⇒ op :
e-

I = -

udtdf ⇒
dug = -

since
:-(E)
°

%= F- ⇒ e- =
3%
du
= - QI
Ille

du =
,÷µrdr
-

/ du = -

¥_µ / rdr

u = - Ird + c
41W

When surface ¥
OPDZ lbl.tl
r at r= 4=0
, , ,
c =

when r=o
,
Vc :c =
%÷e
-­
 cont .

OMI
U= -

¥÷ +
16mL
y
VC

=
:÷ ÷÷=::÷l
.
-
. -

¥1
=

v11 1¥51-

=
Veli 1¥51 -
=
roll -

)
( E)

since Q= UA

Q: Juda =
/ Vell -
(E)2) DA
R

:/ Vc[
O
1- (E)2) -
2ñrdr

R
①
f? ¥21T
=
2TLrdr -
Vc rdr

① =
k" k¥P - =
KIRI

V: ¥ =
V" ÷ TLRZ

V =
¥ (proven )

b) D= 0.1m

Vc : 3m15

f. 1260kg / m3
=

it =
0.9 N÷

Re =

FYI =

'2°°j§ = 210

01¥
Vc =

16Mt
⇒ op :
16k¥
÷= 161314¥
i
-4320 7m€
Specific gravity : ffmid-n-o.gs
fwater
→ Pz= 0

ffiuid =
0.959 water 17=1.31 kPa
=
950kg / m3
_= 0.045m
① = 0.12×10-3 lls ⇒
-

1.2×10 7m31s

Q=VA ①= ¥
,

v=

1
=
0.2716 Mls

Assuming laminar flow ,

Rec 2100

①=
E0PD4_ ⇒ µ=
IDPD4_
128µL 12810
"
(a) (1.31×103) (7.5×10-4)
I =

valid for (128710-045) (1.2×10-7)

Only
laminar flow
=
1.88×10-3
kg / m .s
 m3
f 1000kg /
=

N.SI m2
t -- - -

f
u= 0.3
-

, om
flow is laminar

Exit
Pexit = Okpa

For horizontal pipe

% :&
For inclined
pipe

oP-qlSinO_ =
¥

oP
since vertical pipe ,
=
¥ ( 0=-90 for downwards flow )

Max flow if laminar ,

Re =
2100

FVD = 2100
I

✓=
210,4¥ = 210010.2€
( 1000710.1 )

= 6. 3m15

0¥
V=
¥ =

dllbue )
=

for vertical pipe ✓=

(0P+fg
,

32µL

COP + gge ) =

327¥
up =

324¥ -

gge

gp =

3210-371,1%(-6-3) -
(1000×9.813110)

DP = -
37620Pa

= -
37.62 kPa

Max at above exit =

-37.62hPa
pressure 10m
Vc
¥
1. 0m15

÷ V÷t
=

t t Z, =
1- Zz the
V: ¥ = 0 - 5m15

D= 0.075m

all =
1.5 NS / m2

f 1260
kg / m3
=

✓= COP -

fglsino ) ☐
32µL

op =
32T¥ t
fgesino ,
0=900 ( flow upwards tre )

gp (327C 0 5) ( 1- 5) ( 10 )
( 1260×9.81×10 ✗
-

)
=
+ Sin 90
2
( 0.07 5)

=
166272Pa

=
166.27 kPa

¥ ¥ t t Z, =

÷ V÷t 1- Zz the

(Pj (÷Vg +

L
+ ( 2- ,
-
Zz ) =
he

0
,
D= Air, =
Azvz ( constant diameter )

'

( +
fio) =
hi

hh :
3.43m
 MA3006 Fluid Mechanics

Tutorial 7 – Viscous Pipe Flow/Laminar and

turbulent flow

Dr. Shen Xinhui

Research Fellow

Email: shenxh@ntu.edu.sg
MA2003 Intro to Thermofluids
Lecture 7: Bernoulli’s Equation

MA2003 Intro to Thermofluids

Lecture 1: Introduction
g

θ
 L
g 2

1
θ

Our derivation Lecture notes derivation

Laminar
V
 P   g  z  D 2   2 r  
1
2

V
 P   gL sin   D 2   2r  
1
2

velocity        
profile 16  L   D   16  L   D  
Centerline
Vc 
 P   g z  D 2
Vc 
 P   gL sin   D 2
Velocity 16  L 16  L
* P  P1  P2 * P  P1  P2
** z  z1  z2 ** θ is +ve if flow direction is uphill,
Always START minus END θ is -ve if flow direction is downhill
 g

dr
r
θ

1in
I =

=
10

ac 19(-
3E
-

Laminar Flow Summary D

Our derivation Lecture notes derivation

Laminar
V
 P   g z  D 2 1   2r 2  V
 P   gL sin   D 2 1   2r 2 
Velocity        
Profile 16  L   D   16  L   D  
Centerline
Vc 
 P   g z  D 2 Vc 
 P   gL sin   D 2
Velocity 16  L 16  L
Average
V 
 P   g z  D 2 V 
 P   gL sin   D 2
Velocity 32  L 32  L
Volume
Q
 P   g z  D 4 Q
 P   gL sin   D 4
Flow Rate 128 L 128 L
* P  P1  P2 * P  P1  P2
** z  z1  z2 ** θ is +ve if flow direction is uphill,
Always INITIAL minus FINAL θ is -ve if flow direction is downhill
Turbulent Flow Summary (https://youtu.be/gZgtT-JxmtM)

Flow Velocity at a Point

u (m/s)

Time t (s)

 For turbulent flow,

 The mean flow velocity is

1. For steady laminar flow through a horizontal pipe:
(a) Show that the mean velocity V is half the centerline velocity Vc.
(b) If the centerline velocity in a 0.1 m diameter tube is 3 m/s, and the fluid has a
density of 1260 kg/m3 and viscosity of 0.9 N⋅s/m2, calculate the Reynolds number
and the pressure gradient necessary for the flow.
2. Fluid (specific gravity = 0.95) is discharged from a small enclosure through a
horizontal tube 45 mm long, 0.75 mm diameter, at 0.12x10-3 L/s. The pressure at
upstream end of the tube is 1.31 kPa and downstream at the end of the tube
discharge is atmospheric. Calculate the viscosity of the fluid.
3. A fluid of density ρ = 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity µ = 0.30 N⋅s/m2 flows steadily
down a vertical 0.10 m diameter pipe and exits as a free jet from the lower end.
Determine the maximum pressure allowed in the pipe at a location 10 m above
the pipe exit, if the flow is to be laminar.
4. Glycerin flows upward in a vertical 75 mm diameter pipe with a centerline
velocity of 1.0 m/s. Determine the head loss and pressure drop in a 10-m length
of the pipe. (dynamic viscosity of glycerin = 1.5N⋅s/m2, density = 1260 kg/m3)