Class time table (16BM):

Tuesday 10:00 to 11:00 PST

Wednesday 11:00 to 13:00 PST

INTRODUCTION TO
SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
‫احسان احمد عرساڻي‬ Lecture 1
Teaching plan
Chapter Chapter title No. of
No. Lectures
1 Introduction 5
2 Time domain analysis 8
3 System representation in Laplace domain 4
Frequency domain representation and analysis
4 9
of S&S
5 Continuous-time filters 8
6 Sampled continuous-time signals and systems 10
Frequency domain representation of discrete-
7 8
time signals

Pre-requisite: Complex Variables and Transforms

Co-requisite: Feedback Control Systems
The reading material
 The text book
 Signals and Systems
 Alan V. Oppenheim
 Alan S. Willsky
 S. Hamid Nawab
 2nd Edition

 Web based demos

 The reading material
 An auxiliary book
 Signalsand Linear
Systems Analysis with
Matlab
 Gordon E. Carlson
 Second Ed.
Tests
 Two tests
5 marks each
 The best score

 Non objective type

 No MCQ, No Blanks, No True/false
 Subjective type tests only
 Definitions,
Descriptions, Mathematical Evidences
 Arguments, Comparisons, Interpretations, Calculations,
and Conclusions etc.
Chapter 1

S. No. of
Topic
No. Lectures
1 Basic concepts of Signals and Systems 1
2 Signal representation and models 1
Classification of signals and Basic operations on
3 1
signals
System characteristics, linear time-invariant (LTI)
4 1
systems
System response, system equations and impulse
5 1
response, system order, Causality and Stability
Total 5
Definitions
 Signal  Carrier of information
 Signal transmitted from a radio
antenna

 Signal Processing  Manipulating, Modifying,

transforming
 Amplification/attenuation, Rectification,
Modulation, Filtering, Mixing
 A setup / set of components that
 System processes the signals
 Man
 Robot
Classification of Signals
 Electrical and non-electrical
 Continuous-time / Discrete-time
 Periodic / Aperiodic
 Time-limited / time-unlimited
 Right/Left handed
 Deterministic / Random
 Even / Odd
Classification of Signals
 Electrical and non-electrical xt 
 Continuous-time / Discrete-time 1

0.5
 Periodic / Aperiodic
01
 Time-limited / time-unlimited -0.5
0.5

 Right/Left handed -10

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

 Deterministic / Random -0.5

xnT 
1

 Even / Odd -1
0.5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

01

-0.5
0.5

-10
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

-0.5

-1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Classification of Signals
 Electrical and non-electrical
 Continuous-time / Discrete-time
 Periodic / Aperiodic
 Time-limited / time-unlimited
 Right/Left handed
 Deterministic / Random
 Even / Odd
Classification of Signals
 Electrical and non-electrical
 Continuous-time / Discrete-time
 Periodic / Aperiodic
 Time-limited / time-unlimited
 Right/Left handed
 Deterministic / Random
 Even / Odd

xt  T   xt 

xn  N T   xnT 
Classification of Signals
Time-unlimited Signals

 Electrical / Non-electrical 1

0
 Continuous-time / Discrete-time
-1

Periodic / Aperiodic
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

1

 Time-limited / time-unlimited 0.8

0.6
0.4

 Right/Left handed 0.2

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

 Deterministic / Random 1
Time-limited Signals

 Even / Odd 0.5

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Classification of Signals
 Electrical / Non-electrical
 Continuous-time / Discrete-time
 Periodic / Aperiodic
 Time-limited / time-unlimited
 Right/Left handed
 Deterministic / Random
 Even / Odd
Classification of Signals
 Electrical / Non-electrical
 Continuous-time / Discrete-time
 Periodic / Aperiodic
 Time-limited / time-unlimited
 Right/Left handed
 Deterministic / Random
 Even / Odd Time-unlimited Signals
1

-1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Classification of Signals
 Electrical / Non-electrical
 Continuous-time / Discrete-time
 Periodic / Aperiodic
 Time-limited / time-unlimited
 Right/Left handed
 Deterministic / Random
 Even / Odd
Classification of Signals
 Electrical / Non-electrical
 Continuous-time / Discrete-time
 Periodic / Aperiodic
 Time-limited / time-unlimited
 Deterministic / Random
 Right/Left handed
 Even / Odd
Classification of Signals
 Electrical and non-electrical  Even Signal
Periodic / Aperiodic
x t   xt 


 Continuous-time / Discrete-time
 Time-limited / time-unlimited x n  xn
 Deterministic / Random
 Right/Left handed
 Even / Odd
 Odd Signal
x t    xt 
x n   xn
Classification of Signals
 Electrical and non-electrical
 Periodic / Aperiodic
 Continuous-time / Discrete-time
 Time-limited / time-unlimited
 Deterministic / Random
Time-unlimited Signals
 Right/Left handed 1

 Even / Odd 0

-1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

-1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Even or Odd ?
2

1 Even
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
1

0 Odd
-1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
2

1 Neither Even
0
Nor Odd
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Signal Representation
Simple definition
f t   e

t
for all t
 Continuous throughout
the domain from -∞ to ∞

 Piecewise definition
e  t t  0
f t   
 Continuous in the
subdomains and
discontinuities at the  0 t0
junctions
Basic Time-Operations on Signals
 Time-Shifting yt   xt   
 Time advance  0
 Time delay  0

 Time-Scaling yt   xat  a0

 Compression a 1
 Expansion a 1

 Time-Reversal yt   x t 

Time Shifting
 Time-Shifting yt   xt   
 Time advance  0
 Time delay  0
Time Shifting
1
x(t+tau)

0.5

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time

1
x(t)

0.5

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time
 Time Shifting
 Time-Shifting yt   xt   
 0
Advanced
 Time advance
 0
Advanced by 2 seconds

 Time delay

Time Shifting
1 X(t-torque)=
x(t-2)= x(t+2)
x(t+tau)

Earlier
Advanced 0.5

The value
0
of torque
is -2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time

1 X(t-torque)=
x(t-2)
Later
x(t)

0.5
Delay
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time
 Time Scaling
 Time-Scaling yt   xat  a0
 Compression a 1
 Expansion a 1
Time Scaling
1
Compres
x(2t)

0.5

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1
Expand
x(0.5t)

0.5

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1
Actual
x(t)

0.5

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
 Time Reversal
 Time-Reversal yt   x t 
Time Reversal
1
x(-t)

0.5

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
time

1
x(t)

0.5

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
time
Even or Odd ?
2

1 Even
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
1

0 Odd
-1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
2

1 Neither Even
0
Nor Odd
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
x(t) = xe(t) + xo(t)
xt   xe t   xo t 

+ x t   xe  t   xo  t 
x t   xe t   xo t 
Even Signal Odd Signal

xt   x t   2 xe t  xt   x t   2 xo t 

xo t   xt   x t 
1
xe t   xt   x t 
1
2 2
x(t) = xe(t) + xo(t)
xt   xe t   xo t 

+ x t   xe  t   xo  t 
x t   xe t   xo t 
Even Signal Odd Signal

xt   x t   2 xe t  xt   x t   2 xo t 

xo t   xt   x t 
1
xe t   xt   x t 
1
2 2
x(t) = xe(t) + xo(t)
xt   xe t   xo t 

+ x t   xe  t   xo  t  -
x t   xe t   xo t 
Even Signal Odd Signal

xt   x t   2 xe t  xt   x t   2 xo t 

xo t   xt   x t 
1
xe t   xt   x t 
1
2 2
x(t) = xe(t) + xo(t)
xt   xe t   xo t 

+ x t   xe  t   xo  t  -
x t   xe t   xo t 
Even Signal Odd Signal

xt   x t   2 xe t  xt   x t   2 xo t 

xo t   xt   x t 
1
xe t   xt   x t 
1
2 2
x(t) = xe(t) + xo(t)

Even Signal Odd Signal

xt   x t  xo t  
xt   x t 
xe t  
2 2
xt   x t  xt   x t 
xe t   xo t   
2 2
xt  x t  xt  x t 
xe t   xo t     
2 2 2 2
xt  xt 
xe t   xo t     xt 
2 2
Break into Even and Odd parts

x(t)
2

1.5

0.5

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time (seconds)
 Break into Even and Odd parts
x(t)
2

1.5

0.5

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time (seconds)

 2(t  1) 1  t  0
x t   ?

xt    2 0  t 1

 0 elsewhere
 Break into Even and Odd parts

Graphically Mathematically

 2(t  1)  1  t  0
x(-t)


2

x t    2 0  t  1
1.5 
 0 elsewhere
1

0.5  2(1  t ) 0  t 1

x t    2 1  t  0

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
time (seconds)
0.5 1 1.5 2
 0 elsewhere
Break into Even and Odd parts
Graphically
x(t) x(-t)
2 2

1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5

0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2

Even Part Odd Part

2 1

1.5 0.5
1 0
0.5 -0.5

0 -1
-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2
Break into Even and Odd parts

Mathematically
 2(t  1) 1  t  0  2(1  t ) 0  t 1
 
xt    2 0  t 1 x t    2 1  t  0
 
 0 elsewhere  0 elsewhere

2(t  1)  2  1  t  0 2(t  1)  2  1  t  0
 
xt   x t    2  1  t 0  t  1 xt   x t    2  1  t 0  t  1
 00  00
 elsewhere  elsewhere

 2(t  2) 1  t  0

xt   x t    3t 0  t 1

 0 elsewhere
System Characteristics
 Electrical/Non-Electrical
 Memory/memoryless
 System order
 Causality
 Causal / Non-causal
 Stability
 Stable/Non-stable
 Time-invariance
 Time-variant/Time-invariant
 Linearity
 Linear/Non-linear
 Invertibility
 Invertible/Non-invertible
System Characteristics
 Electrical/Non-Electrical
 Memory/memoryless
 System order
 Causality
 Causal / Non-causal
 Stability
 Stable/Non-stable
 Time-invariance
 Time-variant/Time-invariant
 Linearity
 Linear/Non-linear
 Invertibility
 Invertible/Non-invertible
System Characteristics
 Electrical/Non-Electrical
 Memory/memoryless
 System order
 Causality
 Causal / Non-causal
 Stability
 Stable/Non-stable
 Time-invariance
 Time-variant/Time-invariant
 Linearity
 Linear/Non-linear
 Invertibility
 Invertible/Non-invertible
System Characteristics
 Electrical/Non-Electrical
 Memory/memoryless
 System order
 Causality
 Causal / Non-causal
 Stability
 Stable/Non-stable
 Time-invariance
 Time-variant/Time-invariant
 Linearity
 Linear/Non-linear
 Invertibility
 Invertible/Non-invertible
System Characteristics
 Electrical/Non-Electrical
 Memory/memoryless
y t   2 xt   xt  1  xt  2 
1
 System order
2
 Causality

yn  2 xn  xn  1  xn  2

 Causal / Non-causal 1
 Stability 2
 Stable/Non-stable
 Time-invariance
y t   2 xt   xt  1  xt  2 
 Time-variant/Time-invariant
1
 Linearity 2
yn  2 xn  xn  1  xn  2
 Linear/Non-linear 1
 Invertibility
2
 Invertible/Non-invertible
System Characteristics
 Electrical/Non-Electrical  BIBO stability
 Memory/memoryless
 Bounded output for
 System order
 Causality
bounded input
 Causal / Non-causal
 Stability
 Stable/Unstable
 Time-invariance
 Time-variant/Time-invariant
 Linearity
 Linear/Non-linear
 Invertibility
 Invertible/Non-invertible
System Characteristics
 Electrical/Non-Electrical
 Memory/memoryless
 System order
 Causality
 Causal / Non-causal
 Stability
 Stable/Non-stable
 Time-invariance
 Time-variant/Time-invariant
 Linearity
 Linear/Non-linear
 Invertibility
 Invertible/Non-invertible
System Characteristics

xt   yt 
 Electrical/Non-Electrical
 Memory/memoryless
 System order
Causality

xt     yt   


 Causal / Non-causal
 Stability
 Stable/Non-stable
 Time-invariance
 Time-variant/Time-invariant
 Linearity
 Linear/Non-linear
 Invertibility
 Invertible/Non-invertible
System Characteristics



Electrical/Non-Electrical
Memory/memoryless
x1  y1
 System order x2  y2
 Causality
 Causal/Non-causal Ax1  Bx2  Ay1  By2
 Stability
 Stable/Non-stable
 Time-invariance
 Time-variant/Time-invariant
 Linearity
 Linear/Non-linear
 Invertibility
 Invertible/Non-invertible
System Characteristics
2

 Electrical/Non-Electrical 1

Memory/memoryless

y(t)
0

-1
 System order
-2
 Causality -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
x(t)
0.5 1 1.5 2

4
 Causal/Non-causal 2

 Stability

y(t)
0

 Stable/Non-stable -2

 Time-invariance -4
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
x(t)
0.5 1 1.5 2

 Time-variant/Time-invariant 3.5
4

 Linearity 2.5
3

Linear/Non-linear
y(t)

2

1.5

 Invertibility 0.5
1

 Invertible/Non-invertible 0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0
x(t)
0.5 1 1.5 2
System Characteristics
 Electrical/Non-Electrical
 Memory/memoryless
 System order
 Causality
 Causal/Non-causal
 Stability
 Stable/Non-stable
 Time-invariance
 Time-variant/Time-invariant
 Linearity
 Linear/Non-linear
 Invertibility
 Invertible/Non-invertible
System Representation

Block Diagram System Component

System Representation

Block Diagram System Component