Form 4 Chapter 1: Introduction to Physics 1. Base Quantities- Quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other base quantities 2. Derived Quantities- Quantities that are obtained by combining base quantities 3. Scalar Quantities- Quantities that have only magnitude 4. Vector Quantities- Quantities that have both mé 5. Consistency- Ability of an instrument to register same reading when a measurement is repeated 6. Accuracy- Degree of how close a measurement is to the actual value 7. Sensitivity- Ability of an instrument to detect a small change in the quantity measured tude and direction Chapter 2: Forces and Motion Speed- Rate of change of distance Velocity- Rate of change of displacement Acceleration- Rate of change of of velocity |. Deceleration- Rate of decrease in velocity . Inertia- Tendency of an object to remain at rest or continue moving . Newton's First Law- Inertia 7. Linear Momentum- Product of mass and velocity 8, Principle of Conservation of Momentum- Total momentum of a system remains unchanged if no extemal force acts on the system 9, Force- Anything that changes the state of rest or motion of an object moving in a straight line 10. Newton's 2nd Law Acceleration, a, is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, F, and inversely proportional to its mass, m 11, Impulse- Change in momentum 12, Impulsive force- Rate of change of momentum, 13, Gravitational Force- Pulled force towards centre of earth 14, Free fall- Object falling under the force of gravity only 15, Gravitational Acceleration- Acceleration of falling object due to gravity a 16. Gravitational Field- Region around the earth in which an object experience gravitational attraction 17. Resultant Force- Single force that represents the combined effect of two or more forces 18. Unbalanced Force- Produce an acceleration to the object 19 Forces in Equilibrium- Whea resulting force acting on the object is zero 20, Newton's 3rd Law- To every action, there is an equal but opposite direction 21. Work: Product of force, F, and its displacement, s, in the direction of applied force 22. Energy- Ability to do work23, Gravitational Potential Energy- Energy stored in object due to its position in a force field 24, Kinetic Energy- Energy possessed by an object due to its motion 25 26, Power- Amount of work done per second 27. Efficiency- Percentage of the energy input that is transferred into useful energy 28, Elasticity- Ability to return to its original shape after external force is removed 29. Elastic Limit- Maximum force that can be applied to a spring such that the spring will be able to restored to its original length when the force is removed 30. Hooke's Law- Extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force 31. Spring Constant- Force that is required to produce one unit extension of the spring 32. Elastic Potential Energy- Energy stored in a spring when it is extended or compressed. Chapter 3: Force and Pressure Pressure- Force acted on a unit of surface area Atmospheric Pressure- Weight of the air on the Earth's surface Gas Pressure- Force exerted by gas molecules as they collide with the walls of their container . Pascal's Principle- When pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, pressure will be transmitted equally throughout the whole enclosed fluid 5. Buoyant Force- Upward force resulting from an object being wholly or partially immersed in a fluid 6. Archimedes’ Principle- When an object is immersed in a fluid, buoyant force on the object is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the object 7. Bernoulli's Principle- Pressure of a moving liquid decreases as the speed of the fluid increases Chapter 4: Heat 1. Temperature- Degree of hotness of an object 2. Heat- Energy transferred from hot to cold object 3. Thermal equilibrium Rates of heat transfer between two objects is equal 4, Thermometric Property- Subtance which is sensitive and varies linearly with changes in temperature of the material 5. Ice Point- Temperature of pure melting ice 6. Steam Point- Temperature of water steam that is boiling under standard atmospheric pressure 7. Heat Capacity- Amount of heat that must be supplied to increase its temperature by 1*C 8. Specific Heat Capacity- Amount of heat required to to increase temperature by 1*C for 1 kg mass of subtance 9. Latent Heat- Heat absorbed or released at a constant temperature during change of phase 10. Specific Latent Heat of Fusion- Amount of heat required to change the phase of Ikg of substance from solid to Liquid11. Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation- Heat required to change phase of Ikg of a substance from liquid to gas 2. Specific Latent Heat- Heat required to change phase of Ikg of a substance 13, Boyle's Law- Pressure is inversely proportional to its volume when temperature is kept constant 14, Charles' Law- Volume of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature when its, pressure is kept constant 15, Pressure Law- Pressure of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature when volume is kept constant