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2 – NATIONALISM IN INDIA

✓ Nationalism – A feeling of collective belonging to one’s nation, sharing common

feelings of identity
✓ Satyagraha – A method of protest based on Truth & non violence
✓ Martial Law – Law of Military government, when Martial laws are imposed,
ordinary laws are suspended
✓ Colonialism – The Policy of acquiring full or partial political control over a
weaker country by a powerful country and exploiting it economically
✓ Boycott – A Method of resistance used by Indian people where they refuse to
cooperate with British in any sphere, like refusing to buy foreign goods, not
attending their schools etc.
✓ Rowlatt Act – An Act passed by British government in India in 1919, which
authorized the government to arrest & imprison a person without a trial
✓ Hartal – Closure of shops, work places and other daily services as a protest or
mark of sorrow
✓ Khilafat Movement – Movement by Indian Muslims allied with Indian
Nationalists, to protest against the injustice done to Turkey (Caliph) after First
World War. It was led by Ali Brothers (Mohammed Ali & Shaukat Ali)
✓ Non – cooperation Movement – Launched in 1920 by Gandhiji, which aimed to
show resentment to British actions by revoking the cooperation by Indians with
the colonial government and force British to grant self-governance
✓ Swaraj – Self-governance or Independence (to India)
✓ Civil Disobedience movement – Launched by Gandhiji in March 1930, which
professed active refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or
commands of a government.
✓ Gandhi – Irwin Pact – Agreement Signed in 1931 under which CDM was called
off
✓ Dandi March – Gandhiji along with his followers started walking from his
Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi on the sea coast, and broke the salt law by making salt
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✓ Poona Pact – It is a Pact signed between Gandhiji & Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, it gave
the depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils
✓ Quit India Movement – Movement launched by Gandhiji at the failure of
Cripps Mission, and discontent among the Indians due to ill effects of WWII, he
called for complete withdrawal of British from India
✓ Plantation System – A system of large-scale agriculture involving the cultivation
of industrial and food crops like tea and coffee over a very large area
✓ Communalism – Ideology of allegiance to one’s community characterised by
similar race or religion
✓ Separate Electorates – Are that type of elections in which minorities select their
own representatives separately
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JALLIANWALLAH BAGH MASSACRE

• The Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command. On 13 April
the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place.
• Some came to protest against the Governments' new repressive measures.
Others had come to attend the Annual Baisakhi fair. Most villagers were
unaware of the martial law that was passed.

• Dyer entered the area blocked the exit and opened fire on the crowd. His object
was to create in the minds of Satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.
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• As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many
North Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on

government building
• The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and
terrorise people: Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground,
crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs.

KHILAFAT ISSUE

The First World War

had ended with the
defeat of Ottoman
Turkey. And there were
rumours that a harsh
peace treaty was going
to be imposed on the
Ottoman emperor - the
spiritual head of the
Islamic world (the
Khalifa).

A Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919. Brothers Muhammad

Ali and Shaukat Ali led this movement.
Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified
National Movement.
He convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in
support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.
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Different Strands Within the Non-Cooperation Movement

# The Movement in the Towns

• The NCM In Cities and town started with the middle-class

participation. • Students left their government-controlled schools &
colleges, Teachers, headmasters resigned; lawyers gave away their legal
practices • Foreign goods were boycotted & liquor shops were picketed.

Rebellion in The Countryside

• Begar - Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any payment.
• The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, an abolition of begar,
and social boycott of oppressive landlords. In many places nai - dhobi bandhs
were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of even
barbers and washermen.

• The Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up by Jawaharlal Nehru & Baba Ramchandra.

• Movement soon turned violent, the houses of Talukdars and merchants were
attacked, bazaars were looted, and grain hoards were taken over.

#Movement in Gudem Hills Andhra Pradesh

• NCM among the tribals started from the ‘Gudem Hills’ of Andhra Pradesh
• Britishers had denied tribals from entering large parts of forests in the name of
Reserved Forests.
• Tribals saw this as an attack on their birth right. They could not believe as if
how can someone stop them from entering their birthplace. Raju led this
movement.
• Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers: he could
make correct astrological predictions and heal people and he could survive even
bullet shots.
• Raju persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
• But at the same time, he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of
force…
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Gandhi ji withdrew the NCM as:

• The movement was turning violent in several places just like in chauri – chaura.
• Gandhiji believed that satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they
enter into mass struggles.
• Congress leaders now wanted to participate in elections.

SIMON COMMISSION: -
•
Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. The
commission was to review the constitutional system in India and suggest
changes.
•
The problem was that the commission did not have a single Indian member.
They were all British. When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it
was greeted with the slogan Go back Simon.

Swaraj In the Plantations (Non-Cooperation)

• Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not
permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission and in fact, they were
rarely given such permission.
• When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement thousands of workers
defied the authorities left the plantations and headed home. They believed
that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own
villages.
• So, they ran away from the plantations. However never reached their
destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike. They were
caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

Gandhi ji withdrew the NCM as:

• The movement was turning violent in several places just like in chauri –
chaura.
• Gandhiji believed that satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they
enter into mass struggles.
• Congress leaders now wanted to participate in elections.
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CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

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DANDI MARCH

Woman Participation:
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• Another important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the

large-scale participation of women. During Gandhiji's salt march
thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him.
• They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed
Foreign Cloth and Liquor Shops. Many went to jail. In urban areas these
women were from high-caste families; in rural areas, they came from
rich peasant households.
• Moved by Gandhiji's call, they began to see service to the nation as a
sacred duty of women. Yet this increased public role did not necessarily
mean any radical change in the way the position of women was
visualised.
• Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after
home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives.

POONA PACT: -
Dr B.R. Ambedkar who organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in
1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table Conference by
demanding separate electorates for Dalits.
When the British Government conceded Ambedkar's demand, Gandhiji began a fast
unto death. He believed that separate electorates for Dalits would slow down the
process of their integration into society.
Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji's position and the result was the Poona Pact
of September 1932. It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Schedule
Castes) reserved seats in Provincial and Central Legislative councils but they were to
be voted in by the general electorate.

Lukewarm Response of MUSLIMS: -

From the mid-1920s the Congress came to be more visibly associated with openly
Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
Hindu-Muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates if
Muslims were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in
proportion to the population in the Muslim-dominated provinces.
M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise
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The Sense of Collective Belonging

It was in the Twentieth Century with the growth of Nationalism that the identity of
India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was
first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and
myths and led the movement for folk revival.

In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive Four-volume collection of Tamil folk

tales, The Folklore of Southern India.
During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was
designed. It had Eight lotuses representing Eight provinces of British India and a
crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims.

By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red, green
and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the Gandhian ideal of
self-help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of
defiance