Traction Converter

Introduction:

Due to technical and economic reasons electric traction vehicles are nowadays provided
with three-phase asynchronous traction motors. The three-phase voltage required for
operating the traction motors is generated on the vehicle by means of one or several
UW2423 traction converters connected between. the vehicle's main transformer (single
phase) and the traction motors.

The UW2423-converter allows a vehicle (train) not only to drive but also to brake electrically.

To control the tractive or braking effort, and hence the speed of the vehicle, both the
frequency and the amplitude of the three-phase converter output voltage are continuously
changed according to the demands from the driver's cab. This allows continuous adjustment
of the driving or braking torque of the traction motors, thereby ensuring that the driving speed
changes smoothly (no jerking).

When braking electrically the traction motors act as generators. In the converter the
resulting three-phase electrical energy is converted into single-phase energy which is fed
back into the line (recuperation brake).
 1) Calculation of GTO Branch pair

The present work deals with the description, calculation and simulation of the connection of
the GTO branch pair. The simulation was carried out using the NETASIM program on a
MICRO VAX.
First, the time course of the currents and voltages is simulated and the switching processes are
described.
Second, the L, R, C parameters are determined on the basis of the design criteria. In addition,
the losses in the one-way throttle resistor R1 are determined by drawing up energy balances.
Due to time constraints, it was not possible to complete the work.
The following chapters were planned, but could not be created:
a) Calculation of the losses in the semiconductors
b) Calculation of the effective currents in the capacitors
c) Calculation of the losses in the limiting throttle L1

How the circuit works

1.1 Temporal progression of the current and Voltages (NETASIM Simulation) The NETASIM
simulation was carried out for normal operation and in the event of a fault. In normal operation,
the maximum permissible breaking current is 2250 A (Data sheet) and the nominal DC link
voltage is 2800 V (calculated). In the event of a fault, the maximum permissible breaking
current is 2700 A (Data sheet) and the maximum DC link voltage is 3400 V.
1. Step-down mode:
a) Normal operation: oscillogram see appendix 3 and 4
b) Malfunction: oscillogram see appendix 5 and 6
2. Step-up mode:
a) Normal operation: oscillogram see appendix 7 and 8
b) Malfunction: oscillogram see appendix 9 and 10

1.2 Description of the switching processes

Two modes of operation are described, namely the stepdown converter mode and the step-up
converter mode. Only the processes of normal operation are described because the processes
in the event of a fault are analogous. The network used for the simulation is shown in Appendix
11.
Step-down mode
l. Initial state:
a) Oscillogram: See Appendix 3 and 4 t ≤ t0
b) Network: See Appendix 12 Fig. 1
c) Description:
UCl = 2800 V
UCl1 = 0 V
ILl = 2250 A
ILSl = 2250A
ILS2 = 0 A.
ILS4 = 0 A.
ILS5 = 0 A.
ILS6 = 0 A.
ILS7 = 0 A.
ILS8 = 2250A
2. Switching off the GTO V1:
a) Oscillogram: See Appendix 3 and 4 t0 ≤ t ≤ t1
b) Network: See Appendix 12, Figure 2
c) Description:
At time t = t0, GTO V1 is switched off. The diode V11 becomes conductive. The capacitor Cll
charges itself with a constant current on the DC link voltage.

3. Compensation process I:
a) Oscillogram: See Appendix 3 and 4 t1 ≤ t ≤ t2
b) Network: See Appendix 12, Figure 3
c) Description:
At time t =t1 The diodes V12 and V6 leading both Capacitors Cl and Cll switch themselves
about the Diodes V6 and V12 parallel. A network with 10 independent energy storage systems
is created. In the Consideration the magnitude of the leakage inductance and the inductance L1
(much larger) reduces itself the Consideration of only two independent oscillating circuits. The
first resonant circuit, consisting of L1, Rl and the Parallel connection of C1 and Cll (Appendix
13, Fig 9) has a larger time constant and lower natural frequency than the second Oscillating
circuit consisting of Cl1, LS5, Cl, LS7, R5, LS8, LS6 and R4. Overcharging occurs and then
the capacitors C11 and C1 are discharged to the intermediate circuit voltage. At the same time,
the current builds up. The throttle Ll with a large time constant across the resistor R1. The
diode D6 takes over the load current with a large di / dt .
4.Steady state I:
a) Oscillogram: See Appendix 3 and 4 t2 ≤ t ≤ t3
b) Network: See Appendix 12, Figure 4
c) Description:
UC1 = 2800 V
UC11 = 28 00 V
IL1 = 0A.
ILS1 = 0A
ILS2 = 0A
ILS4 = 0A
ILS5 = 0A
ILS6 = 0A
ILS7 = 0A
ILS8 = 0A
5.Switching on the GTO V1
a) Oscillogram: See Appendix 3 and 4 t3 ≤ t ≤ t4
b) Network: See Appendix 14 Fig. 5
c) Description:
At time t = t3, the GTO Vl is switched on and the load current commutates from the diode V6
to the GTO Vl. A network is created with independent energy stores. Similar to the
compensation process I described under 3., the observation is reduced to only two oscillating
circuits, as can be seen from the pictures 11 and 12 in Appendix 13. These two oscillating
circuits have parameters that differ greatly from one another. The current in the GTO V1 builds
up through the throttle L1 with a large di / dt. The commutation time is very short compared to
the periods of the two oscillating circuits. There is a very slight discharge of the capacitor C1.

6.Compensation process II:

a) Oscillogram: See Appendix 3 and 4 t4 < t < t5
b) Network: See Appendix 14, Figures 6 and 7
c) Description:
In the time t =t4 blocks the diode D6. The resulting network with one another independent
pending energy storage results, among the same neglects as before, two themselves strongly
distinguishing oscillating circles. It arises following processes: The capacitor Cll begins
themselves on Zero volt to discharge and the capacitor C1 starts to overcharge. The current
through inductor L1 continues to build on. By doing Time, while the capacitor is discharged,
the diode Vll conductive (see Appendix 14,Fig. 7). The compensation process that now follows
can be simplified again by two independent ones Describe oscillating circuits according to
Appendix 15, Figs. 15 and 16. The resonant circuit shown in Fig. 15 has a larger time constant
and a much lower natural frequency than that of Fig. 16. The current through the choke L1 is
reduced to the load current via the resistor Rl with a large time constant. The capacitor C1
discharges to the intermediate circuit voltage after overcharging.
7.Swung-in state II:
a) Oscillogram: See Appendix 3 and 4 t ≥ t5
b) Network: See Appendix 14 Fig. 8.
c) Description:
See initial condition under number 1.
Step-up mode
1. Initial state
a) Oscillogram: See Appendix 7 and 8 t ≤ t0
b) Network: See Appendix 16 Fig. 1
c) Description:
UCl = 2800 V
UCll = 2800V
IL1 = 0A.
ILS1 = 2250A
ILS2 = 0 A.
ILS4 = 0 A.
ILS5 = 0 A.
ILS6 = 0 A.
ILS7 = 0 A.
ILS8 = 2250 A
2. Switching off the GTO V2
a) Oscillogram: See Appendix 7 and 8 t0 ≤ t < t1
b) Network: See Appendix 16 Fig. 2
c) Description:
GTO V2 is switched off at time t = t0. The load current almost suddenly takes over the capacitor
Cl1 and begins linearly to zero volts. At the same time, the capacitor C1 is overcharged, the
load current built up in the resistor Rl and reduced in the intermediate circuit voltage source
Ud.

3. Compensation process I:
a) Oscillogram: See Appendix 7 and 8 t1 ≤ t ≤ t2
b) Network: See Appendix 16 Fig. 3
c) Description:
At time t = t1 diodes V5 and Vl1 become conductive. The oscillating circuits that result in a
simplified manner are shown in Appendix 17, Figures 9 and 10 shown. Again, they differ
strong in their natural frequency and time constant. The capacitor Cl1 discharges to the
intermediate circuit voltage with a relatively large time constant. The current through the choke
Ll builds up with the same time constant on the load current.
4.Steady state I
a) Oscillogram: See Appendix 7 and 8 t2 ≤ t ≤ t3
b) Network: See Appendix 16 Fig. 4
c) Description:
UCl = 2800 V
UCl1 = 0 V
ILl = 2250A.
ILSl = 0 A
ILS2 = 0 A
ILS4 = 0 A
ILS5 = 0 A
ILS6 = 0 A
ILS7 = 0 A
ILS8 = 0 A

5.Switching on the GTO V2

a) Oscillogram: See Appendix 7 and 8 t3 <t <t4
b) Network: See Appendix 18 Fig. 5
c) Description:
At time t = t3 GTO V2 is switched on and the load current commutates from diode V5 the GTO
V2. The resulting simplified Oscillating circuits according to Appendix 17, Figures 11 and 12
again have characteristic values that differ greatly from one another. The commutation is much
smaller than a quarter of the period of the two oscillating circuits. A small discharge of the
capacitor C1 occurs. The negative current through the choke Ll builds up with a large di / dt to
the value zero.
6.Compensation process II
a) Oscillogram: See Appendix 7 and 8 t4 <t ≤ t5
b) Network: See Appendix 18, Figures 6 and 7
c) Description:
At time t = t4 blocks the diode V5 and the Diode Vll becomes conductive. The resulting
simplified oscillating circuits according to Appendix 19, Fig. 13 and 14 differ again strong in
their parameters. After the zero crossing, the current through the choke L1 increases sinusoidal
in the positive direction with the same initial di / dt. The capacitor Cll begins to charge. At the
point in time when the voltage UC11 exceeds the intermediate circuit voltage reached, the
diode Vl2 becomes conductive (see Appendix 18, Fig.7). Again, two oscillating circuits with
widely differing parameters can be found identify those in Appendix 19, Figures 15 and 16 are
shown. The two capacitors Cl and Cl1 switch via the GTO V2 and the diodeVl2 parallel. There
is an overload and then a discharge of the two Capacitors Cl and Cll on the intermediate circuit
voltage. The current through the choke L1 is reduced to zero by the resistor Rl with a large
time constant.
7. Swung-in state II
a) Oscillogram: See Appendix 7 and 8 t ≥ t5
b) Network: See Appendix 18 Fig. 8
c) Description:
See initial condition under number 1.
Assessment criteria
When selecting and dimensioning the components of the branch pair, the following
dimensioning criteria must be taken into account:
1. The wiring and the loads on the GTO when switching off and on must not fall below or
exceed the following limit values:
a) CS ≥ CS according to data sheet
b) USPIKE ≤ UDs. 0.9
C.) iTQ, malfunction ≤ ITQM .0.9
d) UTH, worst case ≤ VDRM 0.9
e) ITQ, normal operation ≤ ITQM. 0.75
f) UKA ≤ |URRM|
2. The minimum switch-on time of the GTO must not be undercut:
Ton MIN ZV ≥ ton MIN
3. The minimum switch-off time of the GTO must not be exceeded:
TOFF MIN ZV ≥ Toff MIN

4. The commutation di / dt of the return diodes must not exceed a maximum value given in the
data sheet, even under unfavourable conditions:
𝑑𝑖𝐷𝐻 𝑑𝑖
| 𝑑𝑡 | ≤ | 𝑑𝑡𝐹 |𝑚𝑎𝑥 according to data sheet

5. It must be possible to dissipate the power loss of the GTO in any case. Maximum permissible
junction temperature of the GTO stationary:
Tj ≤ Tjmax -10 K
6. It must be possible to dissipate the power loss of the return diodes in any case. Maximum
permissible junction temperature of the return diodes stationary:
Tj ≤ Tjmax -10 K
7. The passive components of the branch pair(capacitors, chokes, resistors) must not be
thermally, mechanically or electrically overloaded at any permanently or transiently permitted
operating point.

8. The minimum switch-off time effective for the formation of the load voltage mean value (1)
of the branch pair should not exceed the following upper limit value:
TOUT min ZV ≤ TOUT OF MIN LIMIT

(l) The minimum switch-off time of a branch pair is the shortest possible time while the load current flows through
one of the two return diodes, depending on the polarity. This corresponds in the oscillogram for the Step-down
chopper (Appendix 3 and 4) the time interval t1 ≤ t ≤ t2 and for the Up adjuster (Enclosure 7 and 8) the Time
interval t1 ≤ t ≤ t2

Determination of the L, R, C parameters

1) Determination of the limiting throttle Ll

The 4 measurement criterion, together with the Basic equation

𝑑𝑖𝐿1 (7.1)
𝑈𝐿1 = 𝐿1
𝑑𝑡

the determining equation for Ll.

Thus, under the condition that the inductance of the supply line to the voltage source Ud is zero
and the inductance L1 is subject to tolerances:
𝑑𝐼𝐹 7.2
𝑈𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝐿1𝑚𝑖𝑛 | |𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑡

𝑈𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 7.3
𝐿1𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥
𝑑𝐼
| 𝐹 |𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑡

And

and after the introduction of the relative tolerance for the Inductivity Ll (Δl1) becomes:
𝑈𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 7.4
𝐿1 (1 − ∆𝑙1) ≤
𝑑𝐼
| 𝐹 |𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑡

𝑈𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 Udmax = 3400 V L1 ≤ 14.31

𝐿1 ≤
| 𝑑𝑡 |𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 250 A/μs (Diode max di/dt L1 = 12 μH
𝑑𝐼𝐹 𝑑𝐼𝐹
| | .(1−∆𝑙1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥
as per data sheet)
∆l1 = 5% (Assumption)

2) Determination of the throttle freewheel resistance Rl

After choosing the inductance of L1, together with the 8. The dimensioning criterion that
determines the throttle freewheeling resistance Rl. If one demands that after the minimum
switch-off time of the branch pair has expired, all balancing processes have subsided to such
an extent that a residual current of no more than 5% in the wiring diodes Vll and V12(Empirical
value) of the load current flows, so can from this condition together with the 8 design
Determine the criterion of resistance R1.
The following applies to the time course of the current in the wiring diodes Vll and V12 during
the minimum switch-off time:
𝑖𝑉11,𝑉12 = 𝑖 𝑇𝑄 . 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏 7.6

𝐿1 7.7
𝜏=
𝑅1

from the equation follows with the requirement mentioned above:

𝑖𝑉11,𝑉12(𝑡 ) ≤ 𝑖 𝑇𝑄 . 0.05
𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑍𝑉
7.8
and
From this it follows with equation (7.6)
𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 min 𝑍𝑉 (7.9)
𝑒− 𝜏 ≤ 0.05

𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 min 𝑍𝑉 (7.10)

𝜏 ≤
3

replace in equation (7.10) toffmin ZV corresponding the assessment criterion toff min limit Point 8
with I according to equation (7.7)

𝐿1 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 min 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (7.11)

≤
𝑅1 3

If one also takes into account that L1 and R1 are subject to tolerances, then equation (7.11) is
to be written as follows:

𝐿1𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 min 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (7.12)

≤
𝑅1𝑚𝑖𝑛 3

Thus the following applies to the determination of R1min:

𝐿1𝑚𝑎𝑥 (7.13)
𝑅1𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ 3.
𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 min 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

and after the introduction of the relative tolerances for the Resistance (∆r1) and inductance (∆l1)
will be:

𝐿1 (1 + ∆𝑙1) (7.14)
𝑅1 (1 − ∆𝑟1 ) ≥ 3.
𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 min 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

𝑅1 L1 = 12μH R1 ≥ 0.192 Ω
𝐿1 (1 + ∆𝑙1) toff min limit = 200μs R1 = 0.2 Ω
≥ 3. ∆r1 = 5% (assumption)
𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 min 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (1 − ∆𝑟1 )

(7.15)

3) Determination of the wiring capacitor Cll and C1

The choice of the wiring capacitor Cll is a compromise. According to the dimensioning
criterion point 1.a), the wiring capacitor Cll ≥ CS and at the same time the series connection Cl
and Cl1 must be ≥ CS. On the other hand, Cl and Cll are to be chosen so that the sum of their
construction volume is minimal.
Practical studies of this problem have shown that for a first iteration step the ratio of the two
capacities Cl and Cll with

𝐶1
=5
𝐶11

can be accepted.

This means that the determination of the both Capacitance C1 and Cll two determining
equations:
𝐶1 𝐶11 (7.16)
𝐶𝑠 ≤
𝐶1 + 𝐶11
𝐶1 = 5 𝐶11 (7.17)

And

From these equations it follows:

𝐶1 ≥ 6 𝐶𝑠 (7.18)
6 (7.19)
𝐶11 ≥ 𝐶𝑠
5

If one again takes into account, the tolerance of Cl (∆C1) and C11 (∆C11), the equations (7.18)
and (7.19) read:
𝐶1 . (1 − ∆𝐶1 ) ≥ 6. 𝐶𝑠 (7.20)
5 (7.21)
𝐶11 (1 − ∆𝐶11 ) ≥ 𝐶𝑠
6

Thus the equations for C1 and Cl1 are:

𝐶𝑠 CS = 6μF (for EON) C1 ≥ 25.26 μF

𝐶1 ≥ 6. CS = 4 μF (for EOFF) as per C1 = 30 μF
(1 − ∆𝐶1 )
data sheet
∆C1 = 5% (assumption) (7.22)
6 𝐶𝑠 C11 = 6μF
𝐶11 ≥ . (7.23)
5 (1 − ∆𝐶11 )

4) Determination of "Maximum permissible inductance LS1 the lead to voltage source Ud

When the GTO is switched off, the peak value of the voltage above the GTO according to the
dimensioning criterion point 1.d) must comply with the following limit value:

𝜗𝑇𝐻,𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 ≤ 0.9 𝑉𝐷𝑅𝑀

In the ideal case, the peak voltage ʋTH corresponds to the voltage across the capacitors C1 and
C11 connected in parallel for the step-down converter and to the step up converter Voltage
across the capacitor Cl.

In both cases you get the same equivalent circuit (see Appendix 20) with the difference that the
resulting capacitance C for the step-down converter is equal to h Cl + C1l and for the step-
up converter is equal to Cl. This means that the function of the voltage UC(t) is the same for
the step-down chopper and the step-up chopper.

The solution of the third order differential equation for the voltage ʋc (t) can be found in
Appendix A.

The characteristic equation of this differential equation depends on the parameters of the
network either three real solutions or one real solution and a conjugate complex solution pair.
The general form of the time function uc(t) is:

a) for three-way solutions of the characteristic Equation:

𝑈𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝐴. 𝑒 𝐵𝑡 + 𝐷. 𝑒 𝐸𝑡 + 𝐹. 𝑒 𝐺𝑡 + 𝑈𝑑 (7.18)

b) for a real solution and one conjugate complex Solution pair:

𝑈𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝐻. 𝑒 𝐾𝑡 + 𝐿. 𝑒 𝑀𝑡 sin(𝑝𝑡 + ∅) + 𝑈𝑑 (7.19)

The principal time course of these two functions is shown

The numerical determination of the Maximum from Uc(t) is described in Appendix B.

Using this procedure described in Appendix B to Determination of the maximum of the

capacitor voltage Uc(t) must now iteratively determine the maximum permissible inductance
LS1 of the Supply line to the voltage source Ud can be determined.

In a first iteration step, the known parameters

𝑅1 = 𝑅1𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐿1 = 𝐿1𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶 = 𝐶1𝑚𝑖𝑛

the maximum of Capacitor voltage Uc max as a function the inductance LS1 shown
The permissible maximum of LS1 is reached when Uc,max =0.9 VDRM. If the value of LS1 is of
an order of magnitude that can also be implemented in practice, then the calculation is finished.
If this is not the case, however, the calculation from paragraph 7.3 must be repeated with ever
larger ratios of Cl / C11 until the inductance LS1 appears feasible.

Comparative ideal with the real behaviour of the Shutdown processes

If you compare the ideal with the real substitute circuit diagram for the step-down converter
operation when switching off the GTO V1 for the time interval t1 ≤ t < t2 (see Appendix 21
you can see the additional one in the real equivalent circuit diagram Oscillating circuit C1, LS7,
R5, LS8, LS6, R4, Cl1, LS5. This resonant circuit, stimulated by the commutation of the load
current from the circuit capacitor Cll to the return and circuit diodes V5 and Vll, increases the
maximum peak voltage across the GTO Vl to the side 22 Fig. 1 (ideal voltage curve shown in
dashed lines).
The same consideration also applies to the upward operation (see Appendix 22), only this time
is the resulting resonant circuit in the real equivalent circuit diagram, the circuit LS4, Cl1, R4,
LS6, and the associated time curve the real and ideal GTO voltage Fig. 2 shown.

Principal time course of the

function u(t)

a) Three real solutions to the

characteristic equation

b) A real solution and

conjugated in complex
Solution pair of the
characteristic equation

Dependence of the maximum of the capacitor Uc max of the inductance of LS1 Supply line Ud
Ideal and real voltage curve of the function Uc (t)
a) For step-down converter operation

b) For step-up converter operation

Determination of the losses in the one-way throttle resistor R1

The losses in the one-way throttle resistor R1 can be determined with the help of an energy
balance. The establishment of an energy balance for the time interval of a commutation process
often saves Differential equations. Besides the magnetic and electrical accumulators to also
take into account the proportions of energy supplied or withdrawn from the voltage sources
and current sources during the commutation time. sight. To create an energy balance for a
commutation section from tp to tB. is as follows approach:

At times tA and tB, the amount of energy in the energy stores of the network (inductivities,
capacitors) is determined. During the period from tA to tB the energy supplied by the energy
sources (positive sign) and the energy absorbed by the energy sinks (negative sign) is
determined.
These Partial energies obtained in this way are now used in the following equation for the
energy balance:

∑𝑊𝐶 (𝑡𝐴 ) + ∑𝑊𝐿 (𝑡𝐴 ) + ∑𝑊𝑄 (𝑡𝐴𝐵 ) + ∑𝑊𝑆 (𝑡𝐴𝐵 ) = ∑𝑊𝑐 (𝑡𝐵 ) + ∑𝑊𝐿 (𝑡𝐵 ) + ∆𝑊𝑋 (𝑡𝐴𝐵 )

∆𝑊𝑋 (𝑡𝐴𝐵 ) = ∆𝑊𝑅1 (𝑡𝐴𝐵 ) 8.1

The part ∆𝑊𝑋 (𝑡𝐴𝐵 ) in equation (8.1) of the energy balance represents the energy loss converted
into heat. In the specific case of the circuit examined here, this is the Energy loss converted
into heat in the throttle freewheel resistance Rl.

This energy loss is to be determined for the following 4 cases:

1. Step-down converter: V1 is switched off

2. Step-down converter: V1 is switched on
3. Up adjuster: V2 is switched off
4. Up adjuster: V2 is switched on
8.1 Down converter: V1 is switched off

8.1.1 Current and voltage time curves:

8.1.2 Calculation of the energy in the energy stores at time t0:

For a description of the initial state, see the outline 5.2.1 point 1.
1
𝑊′𝐶1 = 2 𝑈𝑑2 . 𝐶1 8.2
𝑊′𝐶11 = 0 8.3
1
𝑊′𝐿1 = 2 𝐼𝐿2 . 𝐿1 8.4

8.1.3 Calculation of the energy in the sources and sinks for t0 ≤ t ≤ t1 :

Equivalent circuit 

𝑡1
∆𝑊′𝑈0 = ∫ 𝑈0 𝐼𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑈0 𝐼𝐿 ∆𝑡01
𝑡0
𝑡1
∆𝑊′𝐼𝐿 = − ∫ 𝑈𝐿 (𝑡) 𝐼𝐿 𝑑𝑡
𝑡0
1
=−𝑈 𝐼 ∆𝑡
2 0 𝐿 01
The ∆𝑡01 is the discharge time of the capacitor Cll.
𝑈0 . 𝐶11 U0 = 2800V (Calculated) ∆t01 = 6.22μs
∆𝑡01 = C11 = 5μF (calculated)
𝐼𝐿
IL = 2250A (maximum
breaking current –datasheet)
 ∆𝑊′𝑢0 = 𝑈02 . 𝐶11 ∆W’U0 = 39.2 W
1 ∆W’IL = -19.6 W
∆𝑊′𝐼𝐿 = − 𝑈02 . 𝐶11
2

8.1.5 Calculation of the energy in the sources and sinks for t1 ≤ t ≤ t2

Equivalent circuit 

𝐶 = 𝐶1 || 𝐶11

𝑡2
∆𝑊′′𝑈0 = ∫ 𝑈0 . 𝐼𝑈0 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑡1
𝑡2
= 𝑈0 ∫ 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑡1
𝑡2
The Integral ∫𝑡 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 is zero
1
because the voltage is the same at capacitor C at time t1 and at the end of the interval at time
t2 .
∆𝑊′′𝑈0 = 0
∆𝑊′′𝐼𝐿 -Parallel to the power source and the diode V6 conductive. That means:
𝑡2 𝑡2
∆𝑊′′𝐼𝐿 = ∫ 𝐼𝐿 . 𝑈𝐼𝐿 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑖𝐿 𝑈𝑉6 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑡1 𝑡1

8.1.6 Calculation of the energy in the energy stores at time t2:

For a description of the final state, see the outline 5.2.1 point 4.
1 𝑊′′𝐶1 = 117.6 𝑊
𝑊′′𝐶1 = 𝑈𝐷2 𝐶1
2
𝑊′′𝐿1 = 0 𝑊′′𝐿1 = 0
1 2 𝑊′′𝐶11 = 19.6 𝑊
𝑊′′𝐶11 = 𝑈 𝐶
2 𝐷 11
∆t12 = 4. τ τ = L1 / R1 (as capacitor τ = 60 ms
voltage is almost same,
therefore approx. time ∆t12 = 240 ms(approx.)
constant)

8.1.7 Calculation of the energy loss in Rl for t0 ≤ t ≤ t2

The energy balance according to equation (8.1) shows that the energy converted into heat in
resistor Rl is equal to the energy stored in Ll at time t0.

1 2 IL = 2250 A (max Breaking ∆𝑊𝑅1 = 30.375 𝑊

∆𝑊𝑅1 = 𝐼 𝐿
2 𝐿 1 current, as per datasheet- 0.9
ITGQM )
L1 = 12μH (calculated)

8.2 Down converter: Vl is switched on

8.2.1 Current and voltage time curves:

8.2.2 Calculation of the energy in the energy stores at time t3

For a description of the initial state, see the outline 5.2.1 point 4.

1 2 Ud = 2800V 𝑊′𝐶1 = 117.6 𝑊

𝑊′𝐶1 = 𝑈 .𝐶 C1 = 30μF (calc)
2 𝑑 1
𝑊′𝐿1 = 0 𝑊′𝐿1 = 0
1 Ud = 2800 V 𝑊′𝐶11 = 19.6 𝑊
𝑊′𝐶11 = 𝑈𝑑2 . 𝐶11 C11 = 5 μF (calc)
2

8. 2.3 calculation the Energy in the source and sink for t3 ≤ t ≤ t4:
Equivalent circuit diagram 

𝑡4
1 2
∆𝑊′𝑈0 = ∫ 𝑈0 𝐼𝑈0 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐼 𝐿
𝑡3 2 𝐿 1
𝑡4
∆𝑊′𝐼𝐿 = − ∫ 𝑈𝐼𝐿 (𝑡) 𝐼𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑡3

8.2.4 Calculation of the energy in the sources and sinks for t4 ≤ t ≤ t5:

Equivalent circuit 

for t4 ≤ t ≤ t‘5 For t‘5 ≤ t ≤ t5

𝑡5 𝑡5
∆𝑊′′𝑈0 = ∫ 𝑈0 . 𝐼𝑈0 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑈0 𝐼𝐿 ∆𝑡45 + 𝑈0 ∫ 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑡4 𝑡4
 𝑡
The Integral ∫𝑡 5 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 is zero because the voltage is on Capacitor Cl at time t4 and at the same
4
time t5 is
∆𝑊′′𝑈0 = 𝑈0 𝐼𝐿 ∆𝑡45

𝑡5 𝑡5
∆𝑊′′𝐼𝐿 = − ∫ 𝐼𝐿 . 𝑈𝐼𝐿 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = −𝑈0 𝐼𝐿 ∆𝑡45 + 𝑈0 ∫ 𝐼𝐿 𝑈𝐿1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑡4 𝑡4
𝑡5
The Integral ∫𝑡𝑈𝐿1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 is zero , because the current Throttle Ll at the beginning through
4
which and end of the interval Δt45 equal
∆𝑊′′𝐼𝐿 = −𝑈0 𝐼𝐿 ∆𝑡45

8.2.5 Calculation of the energy in the energy storage in Time t5:

For a description of the final state, see the outline 5.2.1 point 7.
1 𝑊′′𝐶1 = 117.6 𝑊
𝑊′′𝐶1 = 𝑈𝑑2 . 𝐶1
2
𝑊′′𝐶11 = 0 𝑊′′𝐶11 = 0
1 2 𝑊′′𝐿1 = 30.375 𝑊
𝑊′′𝐿1 = 𝐼 .
2 𝐿 𝐿1

8.2.6 Calculation of the energy loss in Rl for t3 ≤ t ≤ t5

The energy balance according to equation (8.1) shows that the energy loss converted in resistor
R1 is equal to the energy stored in C11 at time t3. The loss Energy comes from the discharge
of the capacitor Cl1.

1 2 ∆𝑊𝑅1 = 19.6 𝑊
∆𝑊𝑅1 = 𝑈 𝐶
2 𝐷 11

8.3 Up adjuster: V2 is switched off

In this case, it is not possible to avoid setting up and solving a differential equation for the
interval ∆t02

8.3.1 Current and voltage time curves

-

8.3.2 Calculation of the energy in the energy stores at time t0:

For a description of the initial state, see the outline 5.2.2 Point 1.
1 𝑊′𝐶1 = 117.6 𝑊
𝑊′𝐶1 = 𝑈𝑑2 . 𝐶1
2

𝑊′𝐿1 = 0 𝑊′𝐿1 = 0
1 𝑊′𝐶11 = 19.6 𝑊
𝑊′𝐶11 = 𝑈𝑑2 . 𝐶11
2

8.3.3 Calculation of the energy in the sources and sinks for t0 ≤ t ≤ t1:

Equivalent circuit 

1 𝑡1 𝐼𝐿 ∆𝑡01
∆𝑈𝐶1 = ∫ 𝑖𝐶1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜏 (1 − 𝑒 − 𝜏 ) , 𝜏 = 𝑅1 . 𝐶1
𝐶1 𝑡0 𝐶1
𝑈0 .𝐶11
With ∆𝑡01 = 𝐼𝐿
𝑡1
∆𝑊′𝑈0 = ∫ 𝑈0 𝐼𝑢0 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑈0 𝐶1 ∆𝑈𝐶1
𝑡0
 𝑡1 𝑡1
∆𝑊′𝐼𝐿 = − ∫ 𝐼𝐿 𝑈𝐼𝐿 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = −𝐼𝐿 ∫ [𝑈0 − 𝑈𝐶1 (𝑡) + 𝑈𝐶11 (𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡
𝑡0 𝑡0
1
∆𝑊′𝐼𝐿 = −[ 𝑈02 𝐶11 − 𝐼𝐿 𝑅1 𝐶11 𝑈0 + 𝐼𝐿 𝜏 ∆𝑈𝐶1 ]
2

𝐼𝐿 ∆𝑡01 U0 = 2800 V ∆𝑡01 = 6.22 𝜇𝑠

∆𝑈𝐶1 = 𝜏 (1 − 𝑒 − 𝜏 ) C11 = 5μF
𝐶1 𝜏 = 6𝜇𝑠
𝜏 = 𝑅1 . 𝐶1 IL = 2250 A ∆𝑈𝐶1 = 290.414 𝑊
𝑈0 . 𝐶11 (Datasheet)
∆𝑡01 = R1 =0.2 Ω
𝐼𝐿
(calc)
C1 = 30μF
(calc)
∆𝑊′𝑈0 = 𝑈0 𝐶1 ∆𝑈𝐶1 ∆𝑊′𝑈0 = 24.394 𝑊
1 ∆𝑊′𝐼𝐿 = 17.215 𝑊
∆𝑊′𝐼𝐿 = −[ 𝑈02 𝐶11 − 𝐼𝐿 𝑅1 𝐶11 𝑈0
2
+ 𝐼𝐿 𝜏 ∆𝑈𝐶1 ]

8.3.4 Calculation of the energy in the energy storage at time tl:

1 2 𝑊′′𝐶1 = 143.2598𝑊
𝑊′′𝐶1 = (𝑈𝐷 + ∆𝑈𝐶1 ) 𝐶1
2
𝑊′′𝐿1 = 0 𝑊′′𝐿1 = 0
𝑊′′𝐶11 = 0 𝑊′′𝐶11 = 0

8.3.5 Calculation of the energy loss in Rl for t0 ≤ t ≤ t1:

𝑡1
∆𝑊′𝑅1 = ∫ 𝑈𝑅1 (𝑡). 𝑖𝑅1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡0
𝑡1 𝑡 2
∆𝑊′𝑅1 = ∫ 𝑅1 [𝐼𝐿 {1 − 𝑒 − 𝜏 )] 𝑑𝑡
𝑡0
∆𝑡01 𝜏 ∆𝑡01
∆𝑊′𝑅1 = 𝑈𝐷 . 𝐼𝐿 . 𝑅1 , 𝐶11 − 𝑅1 𝐼𝐿2 . 2. 𝜏. (1 − 𝑒 − 𝜏 ) + 𝑅1 . 𝐼𝐿2 . (1 − 𝑒 − 𝜏 )
2

∆𝑊′𝑅1 = ∆𝑊′𝑋

Because of the Confusion the expression ∆𝑊′𝑅1 = ∆𝑊′𝑋 for a quantitative assessment of this
amount of energy t the numerical values of the simulation for the Normal operation forwarded
according to paragraph 5.1.

This results in the following amounts of

∆𝑊′𝑈𝐷 = 26.60 𝑊𝑠
∆𝑊′𝐼𝑙 = −20.30 𝑊𝑠
 𝑊′𝐶1 = 117.60 𝑊𝑠
𝑊′′𝐶1 = 146.00 𝑊𝑠
𝑊′𝐶11 = 23.52 𝑊𝑠
𝑊′′𝐶11 = 0.00 𝑊𝑠
∆𝑊′𝑅1 = 1.69 𝑊𝑠
∆𝑊′𝑅1 = ∆𝑊′𝑋

With these amounts of energy and the following energy the following conclusion can be drawn:

𝑊′′𝐶1 = ∆𝑊′𝑈𝑑 + ∆𝑊′I1 + 𝑊′𝐶11 − ∆𝑊𝑅1 + 𝑊′𝐶1

The excess energy supplied by the voltage source UD and the majority of the energy output by
C11 are stored in the capacitor C1. The remainder of the energy released by Cl1 (approx.7; 5
%) is consumed in Rl.

The dependence of this remainder on the resistance value Rl and the ratio Cl / Cll is shown in
Appendix 25. With R1 = 0.2 ohm one is already in the vicinity of the maximum possible energy
loss in Rl.

8.3.6 Calculation of the energy in the energy storage in Time t1:

1 2 𝑊′𝐶1 = 859.5 𝑊
𝑊′𝐶1 = (𝑈𝐷 + ∆𝑈𝐶1 ) 𝐶1
2
𝑊′𝐿1 = 0 𝑊′𝐿1 = 0
𝑊′𝐶11 = 0 𝑊′𝐶11 = 0

8.3.7 Calculation of the energy in the sources and sinks for t1 ≤ t ≤ t2:

Equivalent circuit ->

𝑡2 𝑡2
∆𝑊′′𝑈0 = ∫ 𝑈0 𝐼𝑢0 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑈0 𝐼𝐶1 𝑑𝑡
𝑡1 𝑡1
 ∆𝑊′′𝑈0 = −𝑈0 . 𝐶1 . ∆𝑈𝐶1
𝑡2 𝑡2
∆𝑊′′𝐼𝐿 = − ∫ 𝐼𝐿 𝑈𝐿1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = −𝐼𝐿 ∫ 𝑈𝐿1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡1 𝑡1
∆𝑊′′𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐿2 . 𝐿1
∆𝑊′′𝑈0 = −𝑈0 . 𝐶1 . ∆𝑈𝐶1 U0 = 2800 V ∆𝑊′′𝑈0 = 24.36
∆UC1 = 290.414 W
∆𝑊′′𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐿2 . 𝐿1 ∆𝑊′′𝐼𝐿 = 60.75 𝑊

8.3.8 Calculation of the energy in the energy storage in Time t2:

For a description of the final state, see the outline 5.2.2 Point 4.
1 𝑊′′𝐶1 = 117.6 𝑊
𝑊′′𝐶1 = 𝑈𝑑2 . 𝐶1
2
𝑊′′𝐶11 = 0 𝑊′′𝐶11 = 0
1 𝑊′′𝐿1 = 30.375 𝑊
𝑊′′𝐿1 = 𝐼𝐿2 . 𝐿1
2

8.3.9 Calculation of the energy loss in R1 for t1 ≤ t ≤ t2:

According to equation (8.1) it follows:

1 1 2 𝑊′′𝑅1 = 147.975 𝑊
𝑊′′𝑅1 = 𝐼𝐿2 . 𝐿1 + 𝑉𝐶1 . 𝐶1
2 2

In this case, too, the numerical values of the simulation for normal operation according to
paragraph 5.1 are used numerically, since ∆UC1 is using the equation 8.33 must be determined.

The calculation of the individual energy amounts results in

∆𝑊′𝑈𝐷 = −26.90 𝑊𝑠
∆𝑊′𝐼𝑙 = 60.75 𝑊𝑠
𝑊′𝐶1 = 146.00 𝑊𝑠
𝑊′′𝐶1 = 117.60 𝑊𝑠
𝑊′𝐶11 = 0.00 𝑊𝑠
𝑊′′𝐶11 = 0.00 𝑊𝑠
∆𝑊′𝑅1 = 31.38 𝑊𝑠
∆𝑊′𝑅1 = ∆𝑊′𝑋
With these amounts of energy and the following energy balance, the following conclusion can
be drawn:

𝑊′′𝑋 = ∆𝑊′′𝑈𝑑 + ∆𝑊′′I1 − 𝑊′′𝐶11 − 𝑊′′𝐿1 + 𝑊′𝐶1

The power source supplies more energy than the voltage power source UD. Most of that
difference ∆𝑊′′𝑈𝑑 + ∆𝑊′′I1 is in the Throttle Ll saved and the rest in Resistance R1 is
consumed in the Resistance Rl still converts the energy from the discharge of Cl to the
intermediate circuit voltage UD into heat.

Overall, the energy consumed in R1 is approximately the same as the energy absorbed by Ll
during this time interval.
𝐶
For the theoretical limit case with 𝐶 1 → ∝ the simple equation would result for the energy
11
balance of the process under consideration with ΔWR1 = 0 and ΔUc1 = 0:

1 2 ∆𝑊𝑅1 = 30.375 𝑊
∆𝑊𝑅1 = 𝐼 .𝐿
2 𝐿 1

In the case considered here realistically, one deviates from this ideal result

∆𝑊′R1 + ∆𝑊′′𝑅1 − ∆𝑊′′𝐿1

100 = 10.6 %
∆𝑊′′L1
from.
Whether this deviation can be neglected must be assessed based on the total energy converted
in R1 pre switching cycle.

8. 4 Calculation of the energy loss in Rl for t0 ≤ t ≤ t2 '

8.4 Up adjuster: V2 is switched on

8.4.1 Current and voltage time curves:

8.4.2 Calculation of the energy in the energy stores at time t3

8.4.3 Calculation of the initial state.

1 𝑊′𝐶1 = 117.6 𝑊
𝑊′𝐶1 = 𝑈𝑑2 . 𝐶1
2
𝑊′𝐶11 = 0 𝑊′𝐶11 = 0
 1 2 𝑊′𝐿1 = 30.375
𝑊′𝐿1 = 𝐼 .
2 𝐿 𝐿1

8.4.3 Calculation of the energy in the energy stores at time t3 ≤ t ≤ t4

Equivalent circuit ->

𝑡4 𝑡4
∆𝑊′𝑈0 = ∫ 𝑈0 𝐼𝑢0 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑈0 [𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝐶1 (𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡
𝑡3 𝑡3

𝑡4
𝑈0 𝑈02
∆𝑊′𝑈0 = ∫ 𝑈0 [𝐼𝐿 + ( . 𝑡 − 𝐼𝐿 )]𝑑𝑡 = . ∆𝑡34
𝑡3 𝐿1 𝐿1
1 𝐿1 . 𝐼𝐿
∆𝑊′𝑈0 = 𝐼𝐿2 . 𝐿1 , ∆𝑡34 =
2 𝑈0
𝑡4
∆𝑊′𝐼𝐿 = − ∫ 𝐼𝐿 𝑈𝐿1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑡3
∆𝑊′𝐼𝐿 = −𝐼𝐿 𝑈0 . ∆𝑡34
∆𝑊′𝐼𝐿 = −𝐼𝐿2 . 𝐿1

𝑈02 U0 = 2800V ∆𝑡34 = 9.642 𝜇𝑠

∆𝑊′𝑈0 = . ∆𝑡34 IL = 2250A ∆𝑊′𝑈0 = 30.375 𝑊
𝐿1
1 L1 = 12 μH
∆𝑊′𝑈0 = 𝐼𝐿2 . 𝐿1
2
𝐿1 . 𝐼𝐿
∆𝑡34 =
𝑈0

∆𝑊′𝐼𝐿 = −𝐼𝐿 𝑈0 . ∆𝑡34 ∆𝑊′𝐼𝐿 = −60.75 𝑊

∆𝑊′𝐼𝐿 = −𝐼𝐿2 . 𝐿1

8.4.3 Calculation of the energy in the energy stores at time t4 ≤ t ≤ t5

Equivalent circuit 
For t4 ≤ t ≤ t’5 For t’5 ≤ t ≤ t5

𝑈𝐷 1
𝑖𝐿1 (𝑡) = sin 𝜔𝑡 , 𝜔=
𝐿1 √𝐿1 . 𝐶11
√
𝐶11
𝑡′5 𝑡′5
∆𝑊′′𝑈𝐷 = ∫ 𝑈𝐷 𝐼𝑢𝐷 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑈𝐷 [𝐼2 + 𝐼𝐶1 (𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡
𝑡4 𝑡4
∆𝑊′′𝑈𝐷 = 𝑈𝐷 𝐼𝐿 ∆𝑡′45 + 𝑈𝐷2 . 𝐶11
𝑡′5
∆𝑊′′I𝐿 = − ∫ 𝐼𝐶 𝑈𝐼𝐿 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = −𝑈𝐷 . 𝐼𝐿 . ∆𝑡′54
𝑡4
𝑡5 𝑡5
∆𝑊′′𝑈𝐷 = ∫ 𝑈𝐷 𝐼𝑢𝐷 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑈𝐷 [𝐼2 + 𝐼𝐶1 (𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡
𝑡′5 𝑡′5
∆𝑊′′U𝐷 = 𝑈𝐷 . 𝐼𝐿 . ∆𝑡′55
𝑡5
∆𝑊′′I𝐿 = − ∫ 𝐼𝐶 𝑈𝐼𝐿 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = −𝑈𝐷 . 𝐼𝐿 . ∆𝑡′55
𝑡′5

∆𝑊′′𝑈𝐷 = 𝑈𝐷 𝐼𝐿 ∆𝑡′45 + 𝑈𝐷2 . 𝐶11

∆𝑊′′U𝐷 = 𝑈𝐷 . 𝐼𝐿 . ∆𝑡′55
∆𝑊′′I𝐿 = −𝑈𝐷 . 𝐼𝐿 . ∆𝑡′55

8.4.5 Calculation of the energy in the energy stores at time t5:

For a description of the final state, see the outline 5.2.2 Point 7.
1 𝑊′′𝐶1 = 117.6 𝑊
𝑊′′𝐶1 = 𝑈𝑑2 . 𝐶1
2
1 𝑊′′𝐶11 = 19.6 𝑊
𝑊′′𝐶11 = 𝑈𝑑2 . 𝐶11
2
𝑊′′𝐿1 = 0 𝑊′′𝐿1 = 0
8.4.6 Calculation of the energy loss in R1 for t3 ≤t ≤ t5

If you look at the energy balance according to the equation (8.1) for the examined time interval,
one recognizes that in Resistance R1 only during the time interval t5' ≤ t ≤ t5 Energy is
consumed and is as much as in the Time t = t5'is stored in the throttle L1.

1 2 ∆𝑊𝑅1 = 19.6 𝑊
∆𝑊𝑅1 = 𝑈 .𝐶
2 𝑑 11

8.5 Total power loss in R1

To determine the total power loss in resistor R1, depending on the operating mode of the branch
pair (step-up converter, step-down converter, inverter), using the GTO clock frequency fTGTo
and the root mean square of GTO cut-off currents
the following relationships are specified:

a) Step-down mode:
In the case of downward converter operation, the Energy amounts according to equations (8.16)
and (8.29).
This will:

1 2 1 Pv,R1 step down = 6996.5 W

𝑃𝑉,𝑅1,𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝−𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = ( 𝐼𝑇𝑄 . 𝐿1 + 𝑈𝐷2 . 𝐶11 ) . 𝐹𝑇𝐺𝑇𝑂 ITQ = 2250A
2 2
FT = 140 HZ (as per
datasheet)
b) Step-up mode:

If one sets the in paragraph for the step-up converter operation The theoretical limit case
𝐶
described in 8.3.9 𝐶 1 → ∝ is preceded by the following with equations (8.58) and (8.81) as
11
with the step-down converter:

1 2 1 Pv,R1 step-up = 6996.5 W

𝑃𝑉,𝑅1,𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝−𝑢𝑝 = ( 𝐼𝑇𝑄 . 𝐿1 + 𝑈𝐷2 . 𝐶11 ) . 𝐹𝑇𝐺𝑇𝑂
2 2
1 2
However, the above requirement does not apply justifying, so instead of the expression 𝐼𝑇𝑄 . 𝐿1
2
in equation (8.83) the equations (8.43) and together with the equations (8.33) and (8.34) can be
used.

C) Inverter operation:

In inverter operation, the two operating modes discussed above occur in a mixed manner.
During one half oscillation of the alternating load current, step-up converter operation and
during the other half-oscillation step-down converter operation. This means that only half the
GTO clock frequency must be used in the two equations (8.82) and (8.83). If the equations
obtained in this way for the alternating step-up and step-down converter operation are added,
with the prerequisite agreed under b):

1 2 1 Pv,R1 inverter = 6996.5 W

𝑃𝑉,𝑅1,𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ( 𝐼𝑇𝑄 . 𝐿1 + 𝑈𝐷2 . 𝐶11 ) . 𝐹𝑇𝐺𝑇𝑂
2 2

However, if the above-mentioned requirement does not apply, then for the corresponding part
of the step-up converter operation in equation (8.84) as under b) paragraph two.

9 Final remark

This circuit implemented according to T. Undeland has certain advantages and properties
compared to previous circuits.
These advantages and features are:
a) Smaller number of components
b) Smaller losses in the wiring
c) Constructive very complex, difficult is sufficiently low to achieve leakage inductances.

Appendix
t
di di 1
U 0  ls 1  l1 l1   idt  U c (t1 )
1 dt dt C 0
di
ir1 .R1   L1 l1
dt
i  ir1  il1
t
1
U c (t )   i.dt
C t1
laplace  transform
I (s)
U 0  s.Ls1.I ( s )  Ls1.I l  s.L1.I l1 ( s )  L1.I l  ........(1)
s.c
1
I ( s )[ s.Ls1  ]  s.L1.I l1 ( s )  I l ( Ls1  l1 ).................(2)
s.C
I r1 ( s).R1   s.L1I l1 ( s)  L1.I l ......................(3)
I ( s)  I r1 ( s)  I l1 ( s)..........................(4)
Putting 2 into 3 we get
s.L1.I l1 ( s )  R1.I l1 ( s )  R1.I ( s )  L1. I l
R1 L1
 I l1  I ( s ).  Il ..........(5)
s.L1  R1 s.L1  R1
Putting 4 into 1 we get
1 R1 L1
I ( s )[ s.Ls1  ]  sL1[ I ( s )  Il ]  I l ( L1  Ls1 )
s.C s.L1  R1 s.L1  R1
s.L1 Ls1  R1 ( Ls1  L1 )
 I ( s )  s.C.I l
s .c.L1.Ls1  s 2 .c.R1 ( Ls1  L1 )  s.L1  R1
3

Putting in eq 4 we get
s.L1.Ls1  R1 ( Ls1  L1 ) U
U c (s)  Il 3  0
s .c.Ls1.L1  s .c.R1 ( Ls1  L1 )  s.L1  R1 s
2

R1 ( Ls1  L1 )
s
I L1.Ls1 U
U c ( s)  l .  0
c s 3  R1 ( Ls1  L1 ) s 2  1 s  R1 s
L1.Ls1 c.Ls1 c.Ls1.L1
I s  U
U c ( s )  l 3  0
c s s  s 
2
s
R (L  L ) 1 R1
  1 s1 1 ,   , 
Ls1 L1 Ls1 L1 c.Ls1 L1
f (s)  s3   s 2   s  

substitute, y  s 
3
reduced _ form, f ( y )  y 3  py  q
2 2 3 
where, p    ,q   
3 27 3
p q
D  ( )3  ( ) 2
3 2
For D<0
p3
 
27
q
cos   
2
 
S1  2 3  .cos 
3 3
 2 
S 2  2 3  .cos(  ) 
3 3 3
 4 
S3  2 3  .cos(  ) 
3 3 3
f ( s )  ( s  S1 )( s  S 2 )( s  S3 )
(s   )
F (s) 
( s  S1 )( s  S 2 )( s  S3 )
g ( s )  s    c.s 2  b.s  a
a   , b  1, c  0
Q1  a  b.S1  c.S12
Q2  a  b.S 2  c.S 2 2
Q3  a  b.S3  c.S32
Q1
k1 
( s  S 2 )( s  S3 )
Q1
k2 
( s  S1 )( s  S3 )
Q1
k3 
( s  S1 )( s  S 2 )
Il
U c (t )  ( k1e s1t  k2 e s2t  k3e s3t )  U 0
c

For D > 0
q
u3  D
2
q
v3  D
2

S4  u  v 
3
uv  u v
S5  [  ] j 3
2 3 2
uv  u v
S6  [  ] j 3
2 3 2
(s   )
F (s) 
( s  S 4 )( s  S5 )( s  S6 )
(s   )
F (s) 
( s  S1 )( s  2.Re{S5 }.s  [Re{S5}]2  [Im{S5}]2
2

w  [Re{S5 }]2  [Im{S5 }]2

Re{S5 }

w
(s   )
F ( s) 
( s  S 4 )( s 2  2w.s  w2 )
g ( s )  s    c.s 2  b.s  a
a   , b  1, c  0
R  w 1  2 (2.c..S 4 w  cw2  bS 4  a )
S  w.(2.c..S4 w  c.w2  b.S 4  a)  a.S 4  b.w2  cw2 S 4
N  S4 2  2.S4 .w  w2
R
  arctg
S
Q4  a  b.S 4  c.S 4 2
Q
k4  4
N
R2  S 2
k5 
w. (1   2 ).N
I
U c ( s)  l [k4e S4t  k5e.wt sin( w 1  2 t   )]  U c
c

Energy balance V1 OFF

Storage + Source and Sink = Storage + Losses

C1 , C11 , L1 Ud , IL C1 , C11 , L1 R1
Time interval
Time ∆t01 ∆t12 t2 ∆t02
t1
1 w 'u 0  U 0 2 .C11 w''u 0  0 1 1 2
w 'c1  u0 2 .C1 w''c1  u0 2 .C1 wR1  I L .L1
2 1 w'' I L  0 2 2
w 'c11  0 w 'I L  U 0 2 .C11 1
2 w''c11  u0 2 .C11
1 2 2
w 'L1  I L .L1
2 w L1  0
''

Energy balance V1 ON

Storage + Source and Sink = Storage + Losses

C1 , C11 , L1 Ud , IL C1 , C11 , L1 R1
Time interval
Time ∆t34 ∆t45 t5 ∆t35
t3
1 1 2 w''u 0  u0 I L t45 1 1
w 'c1  u0 2 .C1 w 'u 0  I L L1 w''c1  u0 2 .C1 wR1  U 0 2C11
2 2 w'' I L  u0 I L t45 2 2
1 w 'I L  0 w c11  0
''
w 'c11  u0 2 .C11
2 1 2
w 'L1  0 w'' L1  I L L1
2
 Energy balance V2 ON
Storage + Source and Sink = Storage + Losses
C1 , C11 , L1 Ud , IL C1 , C11 , L1 R1
Time interval
Time ∆t34 ∆t’45 ∆t’55 t5 ∆t35
t3
1 1 2 w''u 0  u0 I L t '45  u0 2C11 w''u 0  u0 I L t '55 1 1
w 'c1  u0 2 .C1 w 'u 0  I L L1 w''c1  u0 2 .C1 wR1  U 0 2C11
2 2 w'' I L  u0 I L t '45 w'' I L  u0 I L t '55 2 2
w 'c11  0 w 'I L   I L 2 L1 1
w''c11  u0 2 .C11
1 2
w 'L1  I L 2 L1
2 w L1  0
''

Energy balance V2 OFF

Storage + Source and Sink = Storage + Losses
C1 , C11 , Ud , IL C1 , C11 , R1
L1 Time interval L1
Time ∆t01 ∆t12 t2 ∆t02 ∆t12
t0
1 w 'u 0  U 0 2 .C1.uc1 w''u 0  u0. .C1.uc1 '' 1 .I''L 2 . 1 I 2 1
w 'c1  u0 2 .C1 w c1  u0 2 .C1 w' R  U D I L .R1.C11  R1.I L 2 .2. (1  e t01 / )  R
1w R1 (1 Le .L1  ) uc1 .C1
t01 / 2

2 2 2 2
w 'I L   U 0 2 .C11  I L .R1.C11.u0 w
 II LL .z.
1 '' 2
I Lt .L1
1
2
1 2
w 'c11  u0 .C11 2
01 w c11  0
''

2 1
w 'L1  0 w'' L1  I L 2 .L1
2
Criteria for the design of the MUB resistance of a 2P converter with regulated
intermediate circuit voltage, fed from the AC network

2. Assessment criteria

a) The max. Occurring cut-off current of the MUB-GTO may in no case exceed the following
limit value:

𝐼𝑇𝑄 ≤ 0.75. 𝐼𝑇𝑄𝑀,𝐶𝐵

The value of ITQM CB is determined by the selected circuit capacitance CB of the MUB-GTO.

b) In driving and braking operation, the MUB resistor must briefly exceed the max. can take
over power going through the intermediate circuit.

c) The max. Instantaneous value of the blocking voltage on a ZVGTO and thus the max. The
instantaneous value of the DC link
voltage during a protective shutdown must in no case exceed the following limit value:

𝑈𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝐷𝑀 ≤ 0.9. 𝑉𝐷𝑅𝑀

d) The max. permissible junction temperature of MUB-GTOs must not be exceeded at any
moment:

𝑉𝑗 ≤ 𝑉𝑗𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 10𝐾

3. Evaluation of the assessment criteria

3.1 Determination of RMUBmin

According to criterion a), the maximum current that can be switched off is limited by the MUB-
GTO.
𝐼𝑇𝑄 ≤ 0.75. 𝐼𝑇𝑄𝑀,𝐶𝐵 (1. 1)

The maximum current ITQ to be switched off can be determined by the following
consideration.

Figure 1 shows the principle circuit diagram of the intermediate circuit.

The MUB-GTO is only switched on in accordance with the protection characteristic 4a (see
Figure 2) when the voltage threshold UdMuB3 is exceeded and switched off again when the
voltage falls below UdMub4.

According to this characteristic curve 4a and Figure 1, the course of the current through the
MUB-GTO looks as follows
and the corresponding equation

𝑈𝑑
𝑖𝑀𝑈𝐵 = .𝑚
𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵

The current to be switched off through the MUB-GTO results according to the protection
characteristic 4a with the equation (1.2) at time t2

𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵4
𝑖 𝑇𝑄 = = 𝑖𝑀𝑈𝐵 (𝑡2 )
𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵

Assuming that the voltage threshold UdMUB4 and the MUB resistor are subject to tolerances,
the following applies to the maximum current to be switched off using equation

𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵4𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑖 𝑇𝑄 =
𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵𝑚𝑖𝑛
This results in the minimum permissible value of RMUB with the requirement in the equation
(1.1) to

𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵4𝑚𝑎𝑥 UdMUB4max = 2600 V 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.541 𝛺

𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (assumption)
0.75 . 𝐼𝑇𝑄𝑀,𝐶𝐵
ITQM,CB = 2250(max
allowable periodic turn off
current - from datasheet)

3.2 Determination of RMUBmax

According to criterion b}, the MUB resistor must briefly take over the maximum power going
through the intermediate circuit. This means that the maximum mean value of the intermediate
circuit current must briefly flow through the MUB resistor at the switch-on time. The
corresponding equation at time t1 (See image 3) reads.

𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3
𝑖𝑀𝑈𝐵 (𝑡1 ) = ̅
= 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵

The most unfavourable moment corresponds to the switch-on time, in which the MUB-GTO
switches on when the minimum threshold value UdMus3 and the maximum resistance value
occur. Thereby results in the max. permissible resistance using the equation (1. 6) to

𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
̅
𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥

The maximum occurring mean value of the intermediate circuit current can be determined for
this point in time with the following consideration.

For the max. power per intermediate circuit applies

 𝑎𝑀 . 𝑃2𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃𝑑,𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜂𝐹𝑀 . 𝜂𝐴𝑆𝑅

Where, 𝑎𝑀 = no of parallel motors

𝑃2𝑚𝑎𝑥 = max power on motor shaft per motor

and thus for the mean value of the intermediate circuit

𝑃𝑑,𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥
̅
𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑈𝑑𝑁

Replaced in the equation (1.7) Idmax through Eq. (1.9) it follows

𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3𝑚𝑖𝑛 . 𝑈𝑑𝑁
𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑃𝑑,𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥

If one replaces 𝑃𝑑,𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥 in equation (1.10) by Eq. (1.8), the maximum permissible value of
RMUB results

𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 UdMUB3min = 3400 V 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3.44 𝛺

𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3𝑚𝑖𝑛 . 𝑈𝑑𝑁 . 𝜂𝐹𝑀 . 𝜂𝐴𝑆𝑅 UdN = 2800 V
= 𝜂𝐹𝑀 = 0.96 – TR efficiency
𝑎𝑀 . 𝑃2𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜂𝐴𝑆𝑅 = 0.96 – TM efficiency
𝑎𝑀 = 3-no of parallel motors
𝑃2𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 850 KW max output
shaft power of motor

This maximum permissible resistance must now be according to the Criterion c) must be
checked. This means that in the case of an SA the max. occurring intermediate circuit voltage
Ud (Ud = VDM at ZV-GTO) must not exceed the value of 0.9 VDRM. The calculation of the
voltage overshoot in the intermediate circuit as a result of a protective shutdown is carried out
in Appendix A1.
The time course of the intermediate circuit voltage in an SA looks as follows.
Annex 1 Calculations to point 3.2

Al.1 Time course of the intermediate circuit voltage for an SA

Protective shutdown in time to:
- NSR clock lock
- ASR clock lock
- MUB-GTO switched on
- Neglected suction circuit
- No feedback from the motor
- Main switch when switched on. Equivalent

circuit diagram:

Initial and parameter values:

IiN(to) = r. IzvSAR
Ud(t0) = UDSAR
LN'' = LNmax''/r
CD = Cdmin
RMUB = RMUBmax
r = Number of network circuits
Adoption:
Process much smaller in time than the grid period. This means that the transformer secondary
voltage can be regarded as constant in this time range.

Applying Kirchhoff’s law results in the following meshes

𝑑𝑖𝐿 1
̂𝑉0 = 𝐿′′𝑁 .
𝑈 + ∫ 𝑖𝐶𝑑 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑑

1
∫ 𝑖𝐶𝑑 . 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑖𝑅 . 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵
𝐶𝑑

𝑖𝐼𝑁 = 𝑖𝐶𝑑 + 𝑖𝑅

With the transformation into the Laplace domain and a few lines of calculation, the resolution
opens up
𝑈𝑑 (𝑡0 ) ̂𝑉0 − 𝑈𝑑 (𝑡0 )
𝑈
𝑈𝑑 (𝑠) = +
𝑠 1 1
𝑠. 𝐿′′ 𝑁 . 𝐶𝑑 . (𝑠 2 + 𝐶 𝑅 . 𝑠 + 𝐶 𝐿′′ )
𝑑 𝑀𝑈𝐵 𝑑 𝑁
𝑖𝐼𝑁 (𝑡0 ) 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 − 𝑈𝑑 (𝑡0 )
+
1 1
𝑠. 𝐿′′ 𝑁 . 𝐶𝑑 . (𝑠 2 + 𝐶 𝑅 . 𝑠 + 𝐶 𝐿′′ )
𝑑 𝑀𝑈𝐵 𝑑 𝑁

With the inverse transformation, the Ud (t), results after a few steps

̂𝑉0 + [(𝑈𝑑 (𝑡0 ) − 𝑈

𝑈𝑑 (𝑡) = 𝑈 ̂𝑉0 ). cos 𝜔𝑅 𝑡
̂𝑉0
2. 𝑖𝐼𝑁 (𝑡0 ). 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . −𝑈𝑑 (𝑡0 ) − 𝑈
+ . sin 𝜔𝑅 𝑡]. 𝑒 − 𝑡/𝜏
2. 𝜔𝑅 𝜏

With

1 1
𝜔𝑅 = √ −
𝐶𝑑 . 𝐿′′𝑁 4. 𝜏 2

𝜏 = 𝐶𝑑. 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵
𝑈𝑑 (𝑡) 𝐿′′𝑁 = 𝜏 = 28.525 ms
̂ ̂
= 𝑈𝑉0 + [(𝑈𝑑 (𝑡0 ) − 𝑈𝑉0 ). cos 𝜔𝑅 𝑡 2.1/2=1.05 mH 𝜔𝑅 =288.377
̂
2. 𝑖𝐼𝑁 (𝑡0 ). 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . −𝑈𝑑 (𝑡0 ) − 𝑈𝑉0 (transformer Udmax = 3215.39
+ . sin 𝜔𝑅 𝑡]. 𝑒 − 𝑡/𝜏 leakage V
2. 𝜔𝑅 𝜏
inductance per @ Tx = 3.084ms
circuit)
1 1 Cd =11.41 mF
𝜔𝑅 = √ − 2 (calc)
𝐶𝑑 . 𝐿′′𝑁 4. 𝜏
 RMUB = 2.5 Ω
𝜏 = 𝐶𝑑. 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 (avg of min &
max)

The max. from Ud at time tx results in the following Derivation.

𝑑𝑈𝑑 (𝑡)
𝑓(𝑡) =
𝑑𝑡

𝑓(𝑡𝑋 ) = 0

After a few lines of calculation, the time tx results from the equations (Al.8) and (Al.9) to

1
𝑡𝑋 = . 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡 𝐴
𝜔𝑅
With

4. 𝜔𝑅 . 𝜏. [𝑖𝐼𝑁 (𝑡0 ). 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 − 𝑈𝑑 (𝑡0 )]

𝐴=
̂𝑉0 . (4. 𝜔𝑅2 . 𝜏 2 + 1)
2. [ 𝑖𝐼𝑁 (𝑡0 ). 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 ] + 𝑈𝑑 (𝑡0 ). (4. 𝜔𝑅2 . 𝜏 2 − 1) − 𝑈

Accordingly, the maximum overvoltage Udmax that occurs is calculated using Eq. (Al.5)
calculated at time tx, where tx is given by Eq. (Al.10) and A.G l. (Al.11) must be replaced.

A2.l Time course of the intermediate circuit voltage while the MUB-GTO is switched on.

Equivalent circuit diagram:

Initial values:
𝑈𝑑 (𝑡0 ) = 𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3

Differential equations in time

𝑑𝑖1 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑖2 (𝑡)

+ =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑈𝑑 (𝑡)
𝑖1 (𝑡) = 𝐶𝑑 .
𝑑𝑡
𝑈𝑑 (𝑡)
𝑖2 (𝑡) =
𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵

In Laplace domain

𝑠. 𝐼1 (𝑠) − 𝑖1 (𝑡0 ) + 𝑠. 𝐼2 (𝑠) − 𝑖2 (𝑡0 ) = 0

𝐼1 (𝑠) = 𝐶𝑑 . [𝑠. 𝑈𝑑 (𝑠) − 𝑈𝑑 (𝑡0 )]

𝑈𝑑 (𝑠)
𝐼2 (𝑠) =
𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵

After a few lines of calculation and inverse transformation, the time course of the intermediate
circuit voltage results

̅
𝑈𝑑 (𝑡) = 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ̅
+ (𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 )𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏
With
𝜏 = 𝐶𝑑 . 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵

A2.2cover time the intermediate circuit voltage during M.UB-GTO turned off.

Equivalent circuit diagram

Initial values:
𝑈𝑑 (𝑡0 ) = 𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵4
Equations in time domain

1 𝑡
𝑈𝑑 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝐼̅ 𝑑𝑡
𝐶𝑑 0 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥

̅
𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑈𝑑 (𝑡) = . 𝑡 + 𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵4
𝐶𝑑

A2.3 RMS value of the current through the MUB resistor during the MUB-GTO clocks

See the course of the ZK voltage in Figure 6.

The equation of the ZK voltage while the MUB-GTO is clocking results with equations (A1.19)
and (Al1.23)

𝑡
̅
𝑈𝑑 (𝑡) = 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ̅
+ (𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ). 𝑒 −𝜏 , 𝑡 𝜖 [0, 𝑇𝑂𝑁 ]

̅
𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑈𝑑 (𝑡) = . 𝑡 + 𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵4 , 𝑡 𝜖 [0, 𝑇𝑂𝐹𝐹 ]
𝐶𝑑

The MUB-GTO does not conduct during the TOFF time, so the following equation applies to
the effective value of the current through the MUB resistor.

𝑇𝑂𝑁 2
2
1 𝑈𝑑 (𝑡)
𝐼𝑀𝑈𝐵 = ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝑡
𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 0 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵

ud (t) = According to equation (Al.24) for t E [0, T0N

After a few lines of calculation, the effective value results

𝐼𝑀𝑈𝐵
𝑇𝑂𝑁 𝑇𝑂𝑁
−
̅
2 ̅ ̅
. 𝑇𝑂𝑁 2. 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝜏. (𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ). (1 − 𝑒 𝜏 ) ̅
𝜏. (𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 )2 . (1 − 𝑒 −2 𝜏 )
√𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
= + + 2
𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 2. 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵

A2.4 Medium Power loss of the MUB-GTO

The power loss of the MUB-GTO is made up of three components: switch-on, conduction and
switch-off losses.

The calculation of the losses is done with the help of the thermal Calculation data sheet for the
MUB-GTO.
The time profile of the power loss in the MUB-GTO in relation to the profile in Figure 6 looks
as follows:

The same applies to the average power loss

𝑃𝐸 . 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑃𝐷 . 𝑡𝐷 + 𝑃𝐴 . 𝑡𝑓
𝑃𝑉𝐺𝑇𝑂 =
𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇

𝑃𝐸 . 𝑡𝑟 = 𝑊𝐸 , 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑈𝐵 − 𝐺𝑇𝑂 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡

𝑃𝐴 . 𝑡𝑓 = 𝑊𝐴 , 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑀𝑈𝐵 − 𝐺𝑇𝑂 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡
𝑃𝐷 , 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑀𝑈𝐵 − 𝐺𝑇𝑂 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡
𝑡𝐷 = 𝑇𝑂𝑁 − 𝑡𝑓 − 𝑡𝑟
𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇

The effective value and the arithmetic mean value of the current through the MUB-GTO are
required for the on-state losses.

The effective value of the current through the MUB-GTO is calculated according to equation
(Al.26) calculated.

The following applies for the mean value of the current through the MUB-GTO

𝑇𝑂𝑁
1 𝑈𝑑 (𝑡)
̅
𝐼𝑀𝑈𝐵 = ∫ . 𝑑𝑡
𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 0 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵

After a few lines of calculation, the mean value is Idrnax

 𝑇𝑂𝑁
̅
𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝑇𝑂𝑁 𝜏. (𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ). (1 − 𝑒 − 𝜏 )
𝐼𝑀𝑈𝐵 = +
𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 . 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵

3.3 The energy loss in the MUB resistor due to a time limited clocking of the MUB-GTO

The purpose of this investigation is to determine the energy loss in the MOB resistance until
the junction temperature of the MUB GTO, which continuously clocks, reaches the maximum
permissible temperature. According to criterion d), this temperature must not be exceeded.

𝑉𝑗 ≤ 𝑉𝑗𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 10𝐾

This results in a maximum allowable energy to be burned in the MUB resistor.

This energy can be determined by the following consideration:

Assumptions made:
- NSR continuously transmits the maximum possible power for driving.
- ASR clock lock
MUB-GTO clocks according to the protection characteristic 4a (see figure 2)
With these assumptions made, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The basic circuit diagram of the SR according to Figure 1 can be replaced by the following
equivalent circuit diagram.

In which Idrnax is equal to the maximum occurring mean value of the intermediate circuit
current. With the equations

𝑎𝑀 . 𝑃2𝑚𝑎𝑥
̅
𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜂𝐹𝑀 . 𝜂𝐴𝑆𝑅 . 𝑈𝑑𝑁

The time course of the intermediate circuit voltage looks as follows:

With the rms value of current through the MUB resistor

𝐼𝑀𝑈𝐵
𝑇𝑂𝑁 𝑇𝑂𝑁
𝐼 2̅ ̅
. 𝑇𝑂𝑁 2. 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ̅
. 𝜏. (𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ). (1 − 𝑒 − 𝜏 ) ̅
𝜏. (𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 )2 . (1 − 𝑒 −2 𝜏 )
= √ 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 + + 2
𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 2. 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵
The energy to be burned in the MUB resistor during the so-called time TDuration 'to the junction
temperature of the MUB-GTOs reached the maximum allowable temperature is the same
2
𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵 = 𝐼𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝑇𝐷𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

If one replaces in Eq. (1.21) IMUB through Eq. (1.20), this results in the maximum permissible
energy to be burned
𝑇𝑂𝑁
̅
2
𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝑇𝑂𝑁
̅
2. 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ̅
. 𝜏. (𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ). (1 − 𝑒 − 𝜏 )
𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵 = [ +
𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵
𝑇𝑂𝑁
̅
𝜏. (𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 )2 . (1 − 𝑒 −2 𝜏 )
+ 2 ] . 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝑇𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2. 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵
The Tduration time can be determined using the thermal equivalent circuit diagram of the MUB
GTO with oil cooler.

First, the clock period of the MUB-GTO is determined. See Figure 6.

The time course of the intermediate circuit voltage while the MUB GTO is switched on is
described by the following equation

̅
𝑈𝑑 (𝑡) = 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ̅
+ (𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ). 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏

The intermediate circuit voltage is according to Figure 6 UdMus4 at time t = ToN

𝑈𝑑 (𝑇𝑂𝑁 ) = 𝑈𝑀𝑈𝐵4

Thus, the duty cycle TON results from equations (1.23) and (1.24) too

̅
𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵4 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇𝑂𝑁 = −𝜏. ln
̅
𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥

The switch-off time TOFF is calculated with the same consideration. See Figure 6.

The time curve of the intermediate circuit voltage during the time Toff is (Attachment A2.2)

̅
𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑈𝑑 (𝑡) = . 𝑡 + 𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵4
𝐶𝑑

At time t = Toff as shown in Figure 6, the intermediate circuit voltage is the same

𝑈𝑑 (𝑇𝑂𝑓𝑓 ) = 𝑈𝑀𝑈𝐵3

This gives the Toff time with the equations

𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵4
𝑇𝑜𝑓𝑓 = . 𝐶𝑑
𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥

The two times Ton and Toff added together give the clock period of the MUB-GTO

𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 = 𝑇𝑜𝑓𝑓 + 𝑇𝑂𝑁

𝑎𝑀 . 𝑃2𝑚𝑎𝑥 am = 3 Idmax = 988.18 A

̅
𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜂𝐹𝑀 . 𝜂𝐴𝑆𝑅 . 𝑈𝑑𝑁 P2max = 850 KW
Efficiency = 0.96
 𝑇𝑂𝑁 𝜏 = 28.525 𝑚𝑠 (calc) TON = 56.21 ms
̅
𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵4 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 RMUB = 2.5 Ω (calc)
= −𝜏. ln UdMUB4 = 2600V (assume)
̅
𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
UdMUB3 = 3400 V (assume)
Idmax = 988.18 A (calc)
𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵4 TOFF = 9.237 ms
𝑇𝑜𝑓𝑓 = . 𝐶𝑑
𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 = 𝑇𝑜𝑓𝑓 + 𝑇𝑂𝑁 TTAKT = 65.447 ms

IMUB IMUB = 1070 A

𝐼𝑀𝑈𝐵
𝑇𝑂𝑁 𝑇𝑂𝑁
−
̅
2 ̅ ̅
. 𝑇𝑂𝑁 2. 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝜏. (𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ). (1 − 𝑒
𝜏 ) ̅
𝜏. (𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 )2 . (1 − 𝑒 −2𝜏 )
√𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
= + + 2
𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 2. 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵

The next step is to calculate the average power loss of the MUB-GTO, which is made up of the
switch-on, conduction and switch-off losses. See the calculation in Appendix A2.4.

𝑃𝐸 . 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑃𝐷 . 𝑡𝐷 + 𝑃𝐴 . 𝑡𝑓
𝑃𝑉𝐺𝑇𝑂 =
𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇

This average power loss is now fed into the thermal equivalent circuit diagram of the MUB-
GTO with oil cooler and between until the junction temperature reaches the maximum
permissible temperature Ambient
The mean course of the junction temperature looks like this. with the equation

𝜗𝑗 (𝑡) = 𝑃𝑉𝐺𝑇𝑂 . 𝑍𝑡ℎ (𝑡) + 𝜗𝑎𝑚𝑏

As a last step, the required time T0Mu 'during the is now with the help of the transient heat
resistance of GTO and cooler Vj has reached the maximum permissible temperature, is
determined.

According to Figure 8 and the equation (1.31) applies at time T = TDURATION

 𝜗𝑗 (𝑇𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) = 𝑃𝑉𝐺𝑇𝑂 . 𝑍𝑡ℎ (𝑇𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) + 𝜗𝑎𝑚𝑏 = 𝜗𝑗𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 10𝐾

With the equation (1.32) results in the transient thermal resistance Zth (Tduration)

𝜗𝑗𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 10𝐾 − 𝜗𝑎𝑚𝑏

𝑍𝑡ℎ (𝑇𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) =
𝑃𝑉𝐺𝑇𝑂

Using the characteristic for Zth (t) and the equation (1.33) Leaves the required time Determine
Tduration

This gives the maximum allowable energy to be burned in the MUB resistor with Eq. (1.22)
and the time TDURATION
𝑇𝑂𝑁
̅
2
𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝑇𝑂𝑁
̅
2. 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ̅
. 𝜏. (𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 ). (1 − 𝑒 − 𝜏 )
𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵 = [ +
𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵
𝑇𝑂𝑁
̅
𝜏. (𝑈𝑑𝑀𝑈𝐵3 − 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝐼𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 )2 . (1 − 𝑒 −2 𝜏 )
+ 2 ] . 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 . 𝑇𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2. 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐾𝑇 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵

3.4 Energy loss in the MUB resistor through a protective shutdown

The purpose of this investigation is to determine the energy loss in the MUB resistance that is
to be eliminated when an SA is triggered.

With an SA there is an NSR and ASR clock lock and the MUB-GTO is switched on to unload
the ZK. After the delay time has elapsed, the SR is disconnected from the network by opening
the HS.

This results in the following equivalent circuit diagram:

The Loss energy in the MUB resistor is made up of the energy stored in the energy stores,
transformer leakage inductance, suction circuit, ZK capacitor and the energy fed back from the
motor.

3.4.1 Energy loss in the MUB resistor without considering the motor (EMUBl)

The energy loss in the MUB resistor, without taking the motor into account, corresponds to the
stored energy in the network inductance for an SA at time t = t0,in the transformers true
inductance, in the intermediate circuit capacitor and in suction circuit capacitor.

2
𝐿′′ 𝑁 . 𝑖𝐼𝑁 (𝑡0 ) (𝐶𝑑 + 𝑘 2 . 𝐶2 ). 𝑈𝑑2 (𝑡0 )
𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵1 = +
2 2

The SA time to, to which the following instantaneous values correspond, leads to the highest
thermal load on the MUB resistor

2 2
𝑟. 𝐿′′𝑁𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝐼𝑍𝑉𝑆𝐴𝑅 + (𝐶𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑘 2 . 𝐶2𝑚𝑎𝑥 ). 𝑈𝐷𝑆𝐴𝑅
𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵1 =
2

3.4.2 Energy loss in the MUB resistor with consideration of the motor (EMUB2)

In this chapter, the proportion of the motor as well as the total energy loss in the MUB resistor
is determined. With the ASR clock lock (SA) is the feeding of the rotating Asynchronous motor
interrupted.

Corresponding equivalent circuit diagram 11:

If an ASM is disconnected from the supply, stops according to the law of induction a rotor
direct current maintains the air gap flow This air gap flow induces a voltage in the stator
winding whose frequency corresponds to the rotor speed and it sounds with the main field time
constant H from.

The amplitude of the induced voltage at the motor terminals Amounts

̂𝑖 = 2. √3. 𝜋. (𝑓1 − 𝑓2 ). 𝐼̂𝜇 . 𝐿𝜇 . 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏𝐻

𝑈

with the main field time constant tH equal

𝐿𝜇 + 𝐿′𝜎2
𝜏𝐻 =
𝑅′2

As soon as the DC link voltage has reached the arithmetic mean of the rectified motor terminal
voltage falls, the ASM supplies energy to the intermediate circuit. provided that the discharge
time constant of the intermediate circuit RMUB (Cd + C2l) is less than the main field time
constant of the motor.

The arithmetic mean of the rectified motor terminal voltage is the same

̂𝑑𝑖 = 1.35. 2. √3. 𝜋. (𝑓1 − 𝑓2 ). 𝐼̂𝜇 . 𝐿𝜇 . 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏𝐻

𝑈

As soon as the feedback begins, the DC link voltage falls with the time constant of the air gap
field, which is between the main field time constant and the stray field time constant of the
motor Ever according to the size of the MUB resistance.

̂𝑑𝑖 = 1.35. 2. √3. 𝜋. (𝑓1 − 𝑓2 ). 𝐼̂𝜇 . 𝐿𝜇 . 𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏𝑍𝐾

𝑈

The decay time constant tzK of the intermediate circuit voltage is derived from the field time
constant tH with the aid of a correction factor tzK calculated.
 𝐿𝜇 + 𝐿′𝜎2
𝜏𝑍𝐾 =
𝑅′2 . 𝑘𝑍𝐾

The entire course of the DC link voltage and motor terminal voltage from SA time to looks like
this

With the energy fed back from the motor into the ZK, the kinetic energy of the motor shaft is
burned in the MUB resistor until the air gap flow remains constant with the decay time ZK has
subsided.

The burned energy in the MUB resistor results from the following Equation
 𝑈𝑑2 (𝑡)
∞
𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵2 =∫ 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵

Replace one in the equation (1.42) ud (t) by Eq. (1.40) so the energy loss results in the MUB
resistor to

2
∞ [1.35. 2.
√3. 𝜋. (𝑓1 − 𝑓2 ). 𝐼̂𝜇 . 𝐿𝜇 ]
𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵2 = ∫ . 𝑒 −2𝑡/𝜏𝑍𝐾 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵

After calculating a few lines, the energy loss in the MUB resistor results

2 𝐿𝜇 + 𝐿𝜎2
𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵2 = [1.35. 2. √3. 𝜋. (𝑓1 − 𝑓2 ). 𝐼̂𝜇 . 𝐿𝜇 ] .
2. 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 𝑅′2 𝑘𝑍𝐾

The protection. Aging in the type point of the ASM leads to the highest thermal load on the
MUB resistor. The parameter values in Eq. (1.44) can be found in the motor data sheet for the
type point.

Correction factor kz depending on the MUB resistance:

The total energy loss in the MUB resistor that has to be burned with an SA results from the
equations (1.36) and (1.44)
 𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵 = 𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵1 + 𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵2

𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵1 r = 2 (no of EMUB1 = 0.1303 MW

2 2
𝑟. 𝐿′′𝑁𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝐼𝑍𝑉𝑆𝐴𝑅 + (𝐶𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑘 2 . 𝐶2𝑚𝑎𝑥 ). 𝑈𝐷𝑆𝐴𝑅 ckt)
= LNmax = 2.1
2
mH (T/F
leakage
inductance)
IZvsar = 2500
A(protective
threshold
current)
Cdmax =
11.41 mF
K= 1.5
C2max = 4.21
mF
(calculated)
UDSAR =
3350 V
(protective
threshold
voltage,
datasheet )
𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵2 = [1.35. 2. √3. 𝜋. (𝑓1 F1 = 60 hz EMUB2 = 0.439586
2 𝐿𝜇 + 𝐿𝜎2 F2 = 0.78 hz MW
− 𝑓2 ). 𝐼̂𝜇 . 𝐿𝜇 ] . Iμ = 88.03A
2. 𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐵 𝑅′2 𝑘𝑍𝐾
Lμ = 37.926
mH
Lσ2 = 1.278
mH
R’2 = 0.0602
Ω
Kzk = 2.5
(correction
factor,
graph)
𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵 = 𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵1 + 𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵2 EMUB = 0.5698 MW

3.5 Energy loss in the MUB resistor due to an interruption in the network connection

The reason for this investigation is the energy loss in the MUB to determine the state that is to
be burned at maximum braking power in the event of an interruption in the mains connection.
When the mains connection is interrupted, the MUB resistor must absorb the full braking power
for a certain time ß1. If, after the time has elapsed, there is still no network connection is
present, the braking power transferred from the ASR to the ZK is linearly regulated back to
zero in the time interval ß2.

The performance over time in the MUB resistor looks like this.

The energy loss in the MUB resistor when the network connection is interrupted is shown in
Figure 13

∆𝑡2
𝐸𝑀𝑈𝐵 = 𝑃𝑑,𝐵𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 . (∆𝑡1 + )
2

with max. Braking power in the ZK the same

𝑃𝑑,𝐵𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜂𝐹𝑀 . 𝜂𝐴𝑆𝑅 . 𝑎𝑚 . 𝑃2𝑚𝑎𝑥

ABBREVIATIONS
S.No Abbreviation Description Value calculated/predicted
1. V1 – V2 Main Thyristor
2. V5 – V6 Main Diode
3. V11 – V12 Wiring Diode
4. C1 Overcharge Capacitor
5. C11 ,C15 Wiring Capacitor
6. R1 Throttle freewheel Resistance
7. R4 - R5 Damping Resistance
8. R15 Wiring Resistance
9. R21 Discharge Resistance
10. L1 Limiting Choke Stray
11. LS1 -LS8 Leakage Inductance
12. ITQ Maximum current to be switched
off by GTO
13. ITQM,CB Max. periodically switchable of the
GTO at a certain value of CB
14. VDM Maximum instantaneous value of
blocking voltage on GTO
15. VDRM Periodic peak blocking voltage of
the GTO according to the data sheet
16. VJ Junction temp of GTO
17. VJ max Maximum permissible junction
temperature according to the data
sheet
18. IMUB Current through the MUB resistor
DC link voltage
19. UD Intermediate circuit voltage
20. RMUB MUB resistor
21. m Modulation factor of MUB-GTO
22. UD,MUB4 MUB switch off voltage threshold
23. UD.MUB3 MUB switch ON voltage threshold
24. Idmax Max mean value of intermediate
circuit current
25. Pd,drive,max Max DC link power while driving
26. am Number of motor
27. P2max Max power on motor shaft
28. ηFM Efficiency of traction converter
29. ηASR Efficiency of the ASR
30. UDN Nominal value of UD
31. UV0 Valve side transformer open circuit
voltage (rms)
32. UDSAR Protection cut off voltage threshold
33. IZVSAR Current protection switch off
threshold
34. LN Transformer leakage inductance
35. r Number of network circuit
36. PVGTO Average power loss of GTO
37. PE Switch ON losses of GTO
38. PD Transmission loses of GTO
39. PA Switch off losses of GTO
40. tr Rise time of GTO
41. tD Passage time of GTO
42. tf Fall time of GTO
43. EMUB Energy loss in MUB resistor
44. k Overvoltage constant
45. Iμ Magnetising current of ASM (rms)
46. Lμ Magnetising inductance of ASM
47. f1 Stator frequency
48. f2 Rotor frequency
49. L’σ2 Rotor leakage inductance based on
primary side
50. R’2 Rotor winding resistance based on
primary side
51. Pd,drive-max Max DC link power in braking
52. Rth Thermal resistance of GTO
53. Zth(t) Transient thermal reistance of GTO
and oil cooler
54. Cth Heat capacity of GTO
55. IMUB Rms value of current through MUB
branch
56. 𝐼̂𝑀𝑈𝐵 Arithmetic mean value of current
through MUB branch
57. ̂𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑈 Max instantaneous value of DC link
voltage during protective shutdown
SUCTION CIRCUIT

Time course and effective value of the suction circuit current Figure 1 shows the basic circuit
diagram. of Line converter

The currents and voltages on the alternating current side can be shown in the vector diagram

Only the basic speed generated by the mains voltage is used shares considered.
Let go of the pointer diagram· the following relationships can be derived from vector diagram
̂𝑛 sin 𝜔𝑛 𝑡
𝑈𝑛 = 𝑈
𝐼𝑛1 = 𝐼̂
𝑛1 sin(𝜔𝑛 𝑡 + ∅)

𝑈𝑠1 = 𝑈̂
𝑠1 sin( 𝜔𝑛 𝑡 − 𝜑)

Since the NSR itself has no energy storage apart from the communication elements, the
power must be on the alternating side and direct current side the same in every moment.
𝑃𝑎𝑐 = 𝑃𝑑𝑐
Only the mean value is used for ud.
After a few lines, this results in calc_the intermediate circuit current increases

În1 U
̂ s1
id = . {cos(φ + ∅) − cos(2. ωn t − φ + ∅)}
2. Ud
This results in the suction circuit current due to the resonance frequency of the suction circuit
is equal to 2ωn

În1 U
̂ s1
ic2 = . cos(2. ωn t − φ + ∅)
2. Ud

the Effective current to

În1 U
̂ s1
ic2 =
2. √2. Ud
After the introduction of the modulation factor
𝑈𝑠1
𝑚
̂=
𝑈𝑑
results in the. Suction circuit effective value current to
1.2 Determination of the modulation factors m
The modulation factor is the same
𝑈𝑠1
𝑚
̂=
𝑈𝑑

The actuator voltage-can be determined by the following relationships.

When using Kirchhoff's law for the input circuit of the line converter (Figure 1) results in the
mesh described by the pointer size too

Us1 = 𝑈𝑁𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝐼𝑁1𝑒𝑓𝑓 . 𝑒 −𝑗∅ . (𝑅𝑁 + 𝑗𝜔𝑛 . 𝐿𝑛 )

After a few lines of calculation, the real and imaginary part of the actuator voltage results.
𝑅𝑒(Us1 ) = 𝑈𝑁𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝐼𝑁1𝑒𝑓𝑓 . (𝑅𝑁 cos ∅ + 𝜔𝑛 . 𝐿𝑛 sin ∅)

𝐼𝑚𝑔(Us1 ) = 𝑈𝑁𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝐼𝑁1𝑒𝑓𝑓 . (𝑅𝑁 sin ∅ + 𝜔𝑛 . 𝐿𝑛 cos ∅)

This gives Us1 to

Us1 = √2[(Re{Us1 })2 + (Im{Us1 })2 ]

as well as m to

√2[(Re{Us1 })2 + (Im{Us1 })2 ]

m
̂ =
Ud
 1) Filter capacitor and inductance
1.1 Criteria

a) The resonance frequency of the suction circuit must be twice the mains frequency.

b) The ax. periodically occurring peak value of the suction circuit capacitor voltage,
which is at a max. Circuit current occurs must not exceed a specified value in any
operating state. This predetermined value is an empirical value.

c) As an alternative to criterion b), it can be required that the total weight of the suction
circuit is minimal.

1.2. A. design of the suction circuit

1.2.1 First method

1.2.2 Determination of C2min and L2max

The criterion under point 1.1b) leaves through the following Express equation

𝑈𝑐2𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘 · 𝑈 𝑑𝑛. (𝑙 + . 𝛥𝑈𝑑𝑛+)

The factor k is in the range from 1.2 to 1.3 and is an empirical value, the range of which
corresponds to the projects carried out to date.

It is important to ensure that the max. occurring peak value of suction circuit capacitor
voltage in no operating state (not even for a short time.) the permissible peak voltage of the
capacitor. The requirement is

𝑈𝑐2𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 𝑈𝑠

The relationship between the capacitor capacitance C2 and Uc2 leaves. themselves is
expressed by the following equation
𝐼𝑐2𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶2 =
𝜔2 ∗ 𝑈𝑐2.𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥

Using the equation for Uc2max 'gives. the max. occurring AC voltage rms value to

1
𝑈𝐶2𝐴𝐶𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = {𝑈𝑐2𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑈𝑑𝑛(1 + ∆𝑈𝑑𝑛 +)]
√2

𝑈𝑐2𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1/√2 ∗ 𝑈𝑑𝑛. (𝐾 − 1). (1 + ∆𝑈𝑑𝑛)

1
Ic2effmax = M IN1effmax
2 max
The suction circuit resonance frequency ω2 results from the criterion under point 2a)

1
𝜔2 =
√𝐿2.𝐶2

𝜔2 = 2𝜔𝑛
· Thus, for the determination of c2

Ic2max
C2 =
2𝜔𝑛 . 𝑈𝑑𝑛 . (k − 1). (1 + Δ𝑈𝑑𝑛 )

În1 U
̂ s1 In1 = 1140 *2 A Ic2max =
ic2max =
2. Ud Us1 = 1794.64 V 730.675 A
Ud = 2800 V
C2 ωn = 50 HZ C2 = 0.0407
Ic2max udn = 2800 V mF
= ∆Udn + = 50 V
2𝜔𝑛 . 𝑈𝑑𝑛 . (k − 1). (1 + Δ𝑈𝑑𝑛 +)

If one also takes into account that C2 is subject to tolerances, then C2 is equal C2min.

With the min. permissible suction circuit capacity result the Max. permissible circuit
inductance can be calculated from equation 1.
The total battery C2N is made up of a certain number of individual capacitors connected in
parallel and a compensation capacitor. The capacity of a single capacitor C2Nl in the suction
circuit battery is the same
𝐶𝑛
𝐶2𝑁1 =
(𝑛 − 1) + 0.75
The trim capacitor has one Tap from 1/4, 2/4, _3/4 and 4/4 the capacity a single capacitor.
By this definition a comparison of the-Resonance frequency in positive and negative
direction, depending on the finished product actual value tolerance -the suction circuit
throttle.
3.2 second method

The suction circuit inductive and suction circuit capacity should be chosen so that they
together give the minimum possible weight and also the criteria under point 2a) & 2b)
The weight of the Suction circuit throttle is shown in terms of inductivity, and also the weight
of the suction circuit capacitor as a function of capacity.
Weight curve of the suction circuit

A2. l)· Weight curve of the suction circuit capacitor

The weight curve of the Suction circuit condenser can be derived simply from an example.
A plate capacitor with a plane-parallel arrangement is given. Required data:
C capacitance [F]
ω frequency [HZ]
S area [m2]
d distance [m]
kh' constant [m / VY
kc constant [F / m]
kg constant [kg / m3]
kG constant [F/ m3 J
Uo Capacitor voltage at time to

The Derivation:
With

𝑆 𝑑.𝐶
𝐶 = 𝑘𝑐 . 𝑑 𝑆= 𝑘𝑐

𝐼
𝑑 = 𝑘ℎ . (𝑈0 + )
𝜔. 𝐶
𝑑2. 𝐶 𝑘ℎ2 𝐼 2
𝑉 = 𝑠. 𝑑 = = (𝑈0 + ) .𝐶
𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑐 𝜔. 𝐶

𝑘ℎ2 𝐼 2
𝐺 = 𝑘𝑔 . 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑔 . (𝑈 + ) .𝐶
𝑘𝑐 0 𝜔. 𝐶
Therefore,

𝐼 2
𝐺 = 𝑘𝐺 . (𝑈0 + ) .𝐶
𝜔. 𝐶
The weight in function of the capacity ergi practice to
A2 .2) Weight curve of the suction circuit throttle

The weight curve of the suction circuit choke as a function of inductance is specified by the
manufacturer.
Example:
2
air throttle 𝐺𝐿 = 𝑔1 . (𝐿. 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 )0.6
Iron throttle 𝐺𝐿 = 𝑔𝑒 . (𝐿. 𝐼̂. 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓
2
)0.75

g1 and ge are construction-dependent constants

A2 .3) Weight curve of the suction circuit

Figure 1 shows a qualitative weight curve for the suction circuit.

Criterion GL + Ge – minimal
 1 f2 = 100 HZ L2 = 0.602 mH
𝜔2 = 2 C2 = 4.21mF (calc)
√𝐿2 𝐶2

2. DC Link Capacitor

General calculation of DC link capacitor effective current for a mains circuit

The equation given for calculating the effective DC link capacitor current Icdeff was created
using the modulation function of the line converter
m(t ) = M sin (ωt) 1.1
calculated. Where M is the degree of modulation of the converter.

In general, the modulation function m (t) is the limit crossing the temporal course of the
modulation factor te (t) / TTakt for TTakt 0 or fTakt inf ( see also picture2)

For the temporal course of Effective and pulsed quantity (e.g. current in Image using
the modulation function Mean values applies at
2
𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑖 2 (𝑡) ∗ 𝑚(𝑡) 1.2
𝐼𝑎𝑣 (𝑡) = 𝑖(𝑡) ∗ 𝑚(𝑡) 1.3

If the modulation function is defined in such a way that the degree of modulation M
never exceeds 1, then for a mains converter (NSR) it is equal to the ratio of the NSR
input voltage Uac to the intermediate circuit voltage Ud (see also Figure 1).

𝑈𝑎𝑐 (𝑡)
𝑚(𝑡) = 1.4
𝑈𝑑 (𝑡)

𝑈𝑎𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑈𝑎𝑐 ∗ sin(𝜔𝑡) 1.5

Ud(t)= constant 1.6

so we get m (t) as shown in equation 1.1,

𝑈
With 𝑀 = 𝑈𝑎𝑐 1.7
𝑑

𝑖𝑎𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝑎𝑐 ∗ sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛾) 1.8

with the help of equations 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.7 and1.8 Calculate the rms and mean value time curve of the
NSR output current on the DC link side iNSR2 (see also Figure 1).
2 2
𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑅2𝑒𝑓𝑓 (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑎𝑐 ∗ sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛾)2 . 𝑀. sin(𝜔𝑡) 1.9

𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑅2𝑎𝑣 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝑎𝑐 . sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛾). 𝑀. sin(𝜔𝑡) 1.10

These two time courses are mixed quantities with the period1,in which T
is equal to half the period of the feeding AC network.

The rms value and mean value of the NSR output current are finally obtained
1 2𝑇
𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑅2𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (𝑇 ∫0 𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑅2𝑒𝑓𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡)1/2 1.11
𝑇
𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑅2𝑎𝑣 = ∫0 𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑅2𝑎𝑣 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 1.12

With this both Sizes and the Basic equations for mixed sizes accordingly
2 2 2
𝐼𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝐼𝑎𝑣 1.13
2 2 2 2
𝐼𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝐴𝑐1𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 𝐼𝐴𝑐2𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 𝐼𝐴𝑐3𝑒𝑓𝑓 + ⋯ .. 1.14

the rms value of the DC link alternating current is obtained

2 2 2
𝐼𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑅2𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝐼𝑁𝑆𝑅2𝑎𝑣 1.15
2 2 2
And with 𝐼𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝐼𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 1.16
 IAceff
ISkeff = M. 1.17
2
finally follows an interim calculation for the ratio of the effective values of the intermediate circuit
capacitor current Icctef f to the NSR input current IAc

1 1/2
𝐼𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓 (1+ .cos 2𝛾) (2+cos 2𝛾)
3
= {2. 𝑀 [ − 𝑀. ]} 1.18
𝐼𝑎𝑐 𝜋 8

calculation of DC link capacitor reffective current For 2 and 3

network circuits
The influence of 2 or 3 network circuits with offset cycles on the
DC link capacitor effective current rn Icdef f is taken into account
with the factors K2 for two network circuits and K3 for three
network circuits. These factors were calculated with the help of
Mathematica as a function of the degree of modulation M and shown
graphically in Figures 3 and 4.
The development of these two functional processes is not discussed
here in detail. In principle, they reflect the ratio of the
capacitor effect current of two or three network circuits with
offset cycles. The modulation function m (t) was again used for
their calculation.
The following applies to the ratio of the effective values of Intermediate
circuit capacitor current Icges ¢ with two or three offset clocking ‘line
converters to the NSR input current of a network Ia.

𝐼𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓2 𝐼𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓
= . 𝐾2
𝐼𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝐴𝑐

𝐼𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓3 𝐼𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑓
= . 𝐾3
𝐼𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝐴𝑐
Since both equations 2.1 and 2.2 are only functions of the two parameter M and y are they were
made with the help of Mathematica as a three-dimensional graphic in Figures 5 and 6shown.
 TRACTION MOTOR:
For load 5200 KN to pull required 523 KN force (from TE-BE diagram)
Max power required: Pmax = F*V/3.6 KW
Where, V =speed at which max power gereated i.e 34 kmph (calculated) for WAG-9
Pmax = 4.9394 MW
Pmax/per motor = 4.9394/6 = 823.24 KW
TYPE 6FRA6068
Motor output max 823.24*1.04 = 856.14 KW SF = 4% , nearby motor
available = 850 KW
Slip 𝑛∗𝑃 P = no of pole i.e 6
(1 − ) ∗ 100 n = rotor speed
60 ∗ 𝑓1
Rotor Speed (nr) 𝑖𝑚𝑝 Imp=impulse from sensor
∑
𝑆𝑛 ∗ 𝑇 ∗ 60 Sn= scale factor
T= time period for rpm
measurement
Power factor Total power/Apparent power Pf=850/1019.48 = 0.834
Efficiency Output power/input power

Equivalent ckt for IM

𝑈1
𝐿𝜇 = 103
√3. 2𝛱. 𝑓1 . 𝐼𝜇

Iμ = 32.6% of full load current

U1 = input voltage
f1 = stator frequency

RS = 49.28 mΩ/ phase – as per no load & blocked rotor test

LS = 2mH/phase -------do-----

Losses: At nominal rating

V=2180V, I= 270 A, Slip = 0.013, rotor speed = 1283 rpm
Input power 𝑝𝑖𝑛 = √3 ∗ 𝑉 ∗ 𝐼 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ɸ Pin = 882.874KW
For V=2180V, I=270A,
cosɸ=0.866
Stator copper Losses 3. 𝐼 2 . 𝑅𝑠 Stator losses =10.77 KW
I = 270A, Rs =49.28 m Ω
Air gap power Pg = Pin – Psl Pg = 872.104 KW
Rotor losses Prl = s.Pg Prl = 11.337 KW
s = 0.013
Windage and friction losses 27.7 KW
Output power Pin – Ploses 833.067 KW
Efficiency η = Pout/Pin η = 94.36 %
Torque T = Pout / ωm ωm = 134.355 rad
ωm = 2*Π*nr/60 T=6.2 KN
Tmax 𝑇 2 Sm = 0.0821
= 𝑠
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 [ + 𝑠𝑚 ] S =0.013 (@ full load)
𝑠𝑚 𝑠 Tmax = 20.068 KN
𝑅′2
𝑠𝑚 = 2
2
√𝑅𝑡ℎ + (𝑋 ′ 𝑡ℎ + 𝑋 ′ 2 )2
Tst 𝑇𝑠𝑡 2 S=1 (at starting)
= 𝑠 𝑠 Sm = 0.0821
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 [ + 𝑚 ]
𝑠𝑚 𝑠 Tst = 3.26 KN
 TRANSFORMER

OHE Parameter – 25KV (19KV – 27 KV), Imax = 600A

To get 2800 V DC min input voltage required:

Max current per winding = 3*373*1.02 = 1141.38A (considering 2% variation)
Power rating required = 4934 KVA (Traction converter) +334 KVA (BUR) + 400 KVA
(Filter) = 5679.13 * 1.15 = 6531 KVA (15% tolerance)
Secondary voltage = 1269 V

Ratio:
𝑉𝑃 𝑉𝑃 𝑉𝑃
= 19.70 , = 25.0 , = 21.66
𝑉𝑇𝑟 𝑉𝐵𝑈𝑅 𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟

Winding Power (KVA) Voltage (V) Current (A)

Primary 6531 25000 261.25
Traction 4*1449 1269 4*1142
Filter 400 1154 347
Bur 334 1000 334

Inductance calculation for reactors:

Abbreviation

f: frequency [HZ]
ɸ: Magnetic flux [Wb]
X: a.c. reactance [Ω]
I: a.c. current rms value [A]
IP: a.c. current peak value [A]
U: a.c. voltage rms value [V]
UP: a.c. voltage peak value [V]
Um: a.c. voltage mean value [V]
L: inductance [H]

𝑋 (1)
𝐿=
2 .𝛱 .𝑓
𝑈 (2)
𝑋=
𝐼
𝑈𝑝 2 . 𝛱 . 𝑓. ɸ (3)
𝑈= =
√2 √2
2 2 (4)
𝑈𝑚 = . 𝑈𝑝 = . 2 . 𝛱 . 𝑓 . ɸ = 4 . 𝑓 . ɸ
𝛱 𝛱
𝛱 (5)
3 + 4 ===> 𝑈 = 𝑈𝑚 . 2 .√2
 𝐼𝑝 𝑈𝑚 .𝛱 (6)
5 + 2 with 𝐼 = ===> 𝑋 =
√2 𝐼𝑝 .2

6 in 1 gives:

𝑈𝑚 (7)
𝐿=
4 . 𝑓 . 𝐼𝑝
  Calculation of locomotive resistance and adhesion

Starting resistance calculation:

𝐹𝑞 = [(𝜔′𝑞 + 𝑖𝑞 )𝑃 + (𝜔′′𝑞 + 𝑖𝑞 )𝐺] ∗ 0.00981

Total resistance of locomotive starting

ω'q – Basic resistance of starting unit of locomotive set 5 KN for calculation
ω’’q – Basic resistance of starting unit of rolling vehicle, set 3+0.4 iq KN for
calculation
iq – consider the thousands of slopes at starting area
P – t(123t) locomotive quality
G – t (5200t) Traction quality

Traction Slope (%) Basic resistance of rolling Starting Resistance

Quality (t) bearing starting (KN) (KN)

500 5 5 61.1163
20 11 182.22075
35 17 303.3252
50 23 424.42965
66 29.4 553.60773
1000 5 5 110.1663
20 11 334.27575
35 17 558.3852
50 23 782.49465
66 29.4 1021.54473
2000 5 5 208.2663
20 11 638.38575
35 17 1068.5052
50 23 1498.62465
66 29.4 1957.41873
3000 5 5 306.3663
20 11 942.49575
35 17 1578.6252
50 23 2214.75465
66 29.4 2893.29273
4000 5 5 404.4663
20 11 1246.60575
35 17 2088.7452
50 23 2930.88465
66 29.4 3829.16673
5000 5 5 502.5663
20 11 1550.71575
35 17 2598.8652
50 23 3647.01465
66 29.4 4765.04073
 5200 5 5 522.1863
20 11 1611.53775
35 17 2700.8892
50 23 3790.24065
66 29.4 4952.21553

Running Resistance Calculations

𝐹𝑒 = [(𝜔′0 + 𝑖𝑓 )𝑃 + (𝜔′′0 + 𝑖𝑓 )𝐺] ∗ 0.00981

13.17 0.057
𝜔′0 = 0.647 + + 0.00933 𝑣 + ∗ 𝑁𝑣 2 𝑘𝑔/𝑇
𝑊 𝑊
𝜔′′0 = 1.65 + 0.0001 𝑣 + 0.000179 𝑣 2

If – Consider per thousands of slopes

ω'0 – operating unit basic resistance (KN)
ω’’0 – Rolling bearings running units of basic resistance (KN)
v – Running speed
W – Axle Weight
N- Axle Numbers

Traction Slope 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

(%)
500 0
5
20
35
50
66
2000 0
5
20
35
50
66
3500 0
5
20
35
50
66
5200 0
5
20
35
50
66
Adhesion Traction calculations:

𝐹𝜇 = 𝜇 𝑃𝜇 ∗ 9.81

12
𝜇 = 0.28 +
100 + 8𝑣
Pμ – locomotive adhesion weight
μ – Adhesive factor, 0.4 while starting

Traction Force calculation

𝑣
𝑃=𝐹∗
3.6

P (KW) – wheel power of locomotive

F (KN) – locomotive traction
V (km/h) – locomotive running speed