More Than 400 Studies on the

Failure of Compulsory Covid

Interventions (lockdowns, use
of face masks, school closures,
and mask mandates) were
largely ineffective and caused
crushing harms
LOCKDOWNS

“Analysis shows that while infection levels decreased, they did so before
1) Lockdown Effects on Sars-CoV-2 lockdown was effective, and infection numbers also decreased in
neighbour municipalities without mandates…direct spill-over to
Transmission – The evidence from neighbour municipalities or the simultaneous mass testing do not
Northern Jutland, Kepp, 2021 explain this…data suggest that efficient infection surveillance and
voluntary compliance make full lockdowns unnecessary.”

“Analysis was conducted to assess the impact of timing and type of

2) A country level analysis measuring the
national health policy/actions undertaken towards COVID-19 mortality
impact of government actions, country and related health outcomes…low levels of national preparedness, scale
preparedness and socioeconomic factors of testing and population characteristics were associated with increased
national case load and overall mortality….in our analysis, full lockdowns
on COVID-19 mortality and related health
and wide-spread COVID-19 testing were not associated with reductions
outcomes, Chaudhry, 2020 in the number of critical cases or overall mortality.”

“Extrapolating pre-lockdown growth rate trends, we provide estimates

3) Full lockdown policies in Western Europe of the death toll in the absence of any lockdown policies, and show that
these strategies might not have saved any life in western Europe. We
countries have no evident impacts on the also show that neighbouring countries applying less restrictive social
COVID-19 epidemic, Meunier, 2020 distancing measures (as opposed to police-enforced home containment)
experience a very similar time evolution of the epidemic.”

4) Effects of non-pharmaceutical “Inferences on effects of NPIs are non-robust and highly sensitive to
interventions on COVID-19: A Tale of Three model specification. Claimed benefits of lockdown appear grossly
exaggerated.”
Models, Chin, 2020

5) vvvlrNPIs). In this way, it may be possible “Assessing mandatory stay-at-home and business closure effects on the
spread of COVID-19…we do not find significant benefits on case growth
to isolate the role of mrNPIs, net of lrNPIs of more restrictive NPIs. Similar reductions in case growth may be
and epidemic dynamics. Here, we use achievable with less-restrictive interventions.”“After subtracting the
Sweden and South Korea as the epidemic and lrNPI effects, we find no clear, significant beneficial effect
of mrNPIs on case growth in any country.”“In the framework of this
counterfac-tuals to isolate the effects of analysis, there is no evidence that more restrictive nonpharmaceutical
mrNPIs in5) Assessing mandatory stay-at- interventions (‘lockdowns’) contributed substantially to bending the
home and business closure effects on the curve of new cases in England, France, Germany, Iran, Italy, the
Netherlands, Spain or the United States in early 2020.”
spread of COVID-19, Bendavid, 2020

“We therefore conclude that the somewhat counterintuitive results that

school closures lead to more deaths are a consequence of the addition
of some interventions that suppress the first wave and failure to
prioritise protection of the most vulnerable people.When the
interventions are lifted, there is still a large population who are
susceptible and a substantial number of people who are infected. This
6) Effect of school closures on mortality then leads to a second wave of infections that can result in more deaths,
but later. Further lockdowns would lead to a repeating series of waves of
from coronavirus disease 2019: old and infection unless herd immunity is achieved by vaccination, which is not
new predictions, Rice, 2020 considered in the model. A similar result is obtained in some of the
scenarios involving general social distancing. For example, adding
general social distancing to case isolation and household quarantine was
also strongly associated with suppression of the infection during the
intervention period, but then a second wave occurs that actually
concerns a higher peak demand for ICU beds than for the equivalent
scenario without general social distancing.”

“Official data from Germany’s RKI agency suggest strongly that the
spread of the corona virus in Germany receded autonomously, before
any interventions become effective. Several reasons for such an
autonomous decline have been suggested. One is that differences in
host susceptibility and behavior can result in herd immunity at a
7) Was Germany’s Corona Lockdown
relatively low prevalence level. Accounting for individual variation in
Necessary? Kuhbandner, 2020 susceptibility or exposure to the coronavirus yields a maximum of 17%
to 20% of the population that needs to be infected to reach herd
immunity, an estimate that is empirically supported by the cohort of the
Diamond Princess cruise ship. Another reason is that seasonality may
also play an important role in dissipation.”

“Lockdowns Only Had a Small Effect on COVID-19…studies which

8) A First Literature Review: Lockdowns differentiate between the two types of behavioral change find that, on
average, mandated behavioral changes accounts for only 9% (median:
Only Had a Small Effect on COVID-19, 0%) of the total effect on the growth of the pandemic stemming from
Herby, 2021 behavioral changes. The remaining 91% (median: 100%) of the effect
was due to voluntary behavioral changes.”

“We show that relaxing the assumption of homogeneity to allow for

individual variation in susceptibility or connectivity gives a model that
has better fit to the data and more accurate 14-day forward prediction
9) Trajectory of COVID-19 epidemic in of mortality. Allowing for heterogeneity reduces the estimate of
Europe, Colombo, 2020 “counterfactual” deaths that would have occurred if there had been no
interventions from 3.2 million to 262,000, implying that most of the
slowing and reversal of COVID-19 mortality is explained by the build-up
of herd immunity.”

10) Modeling social distancing strategies to

“A national lockdown has a moderate advantage in saving lives with
prevent SARS-CoV2 spread in Israel- A Cost- tremendous costs and possible overwhelming economic effects.”
effectiveness analysis, Shlomai, 2020

“As we have stressed throughout, a direct test of lockdowns on cases is

11) Lockdowns and Closures vs COVID – 19: the most appropriate test. This direct test is a before after test i.e. a
COVID Wins, Bhalla, 2020 comparison of what happened post lockdown versus what would have
happened. Only for 15 out of 147 economies the lockdown “worked” in
making infections lower; for more than a hundred countries, post
 lockdown estimate of infections was more than three times higher than
the counter factual. This is not evidence of success – rather it is evidence
of monumental failure of lockdown policy…“we also test, in some detail,
the hypothesis that early lockdowns, and more stringent lockdowns,
were effective in containing the virus. We find robust results for the
opposite conclusion: later lockdowns performed better, and less
stringent lockdowns achieved better outcomes.” “For the first time in
human history, lockdowns were used as a strategy to counter the virus.
While conventional wisdom, to date, has been that lockdowns were
successful (ranging from mild to spectacular) we find not one piece of
evidence supporting this claim.”

13) Government mandated lockdowns do “Lockdowns do not reduce Covid-19 deaths. This pattern is visible on
not reduce Covid-19 deaths: implications each date that key lockdown decisions were made in New Zealand. The
for evaluating the stringent New Zealand apparent ineffectiveness of lockdowns suggests that New Zealand
suffered large economic costs for little benefit in terms of lives saved.”
response, Gibson, 2020

“The lockdowns in most Western countries have thrown the world into
the most severe recession since World War II and the most rapidly
developing recession ever seen in mature market economies. They have
also caused an erosion of fundamental rights and the separation of
powers in a large part of the world as both democratic and autocratic
14) Did Lockdown Work? An Economist’s regimes have misused their emergency powers and ignored
constitutional limits to policy-making (Bjørnskov and Voigt, 2020). It is
Cross-Country Comparison, Bjørnskov, therefore important to evaluate whether and to which extent the
2020 lockdowns have worked as officially intended: to suppress the spread of
the SARS-CoV-2 virus and prevent deaths associated with it. Comparing
weekly mortality in 24 European countries, the findings in this paper
suggest that more severe lockdown policies have not been associated
with lower mortality. In other words, the lockdowns have not worked as
intended.”

“A Bayesian inverse problem approach applied to UK data on first wave

15) Inferring UK COVID-19 fatal infection Covid-19 deaths and the disease duration distribution suggests that fatal
infections were in decline before full UK lockdown (24 March 2020), and
trajectories from daily mortality data: were
that fatal infections in Sweden started to decline only a day or two later.
infections already in decline before the UK An analysis of UK data using the model of Flaxman et al. (2020, Nature
lockdowns ?, Wood, 2020 584) gives the same result under relaxation of its prior assumptions on
R.”

16) The 1illusory effects of non- “We show that their methods involve circular reasoning. The purported
effects are pure artefacts, which contradict the data. Moreover, we
pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 demonstrate that the United Kingdom’s lockdown was both superfluous
in Europe, Homburg, 2020 and ineffective.”

“The COVID-19 pandemic is undermining nutrition across the world,

particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). The
worst consequences are borne by young children. Some of the strategies
17) Child malnutrition and COVID-19: the to respond to COVID-19—including physical distancing, school closures,
time to act is now, Fore, 2020 trade restrictions, and country lockdowns—are impacting food systems
by disrupting the production, transportation, and sale of nutritious,
fresh, and affordable foods, forcing millions of families to rely on
nutrient-poor alternatives.”

“Found that 180-day of mandatory isolations to healthy <60 (i.e. schools

12) SARS-CoV-2 waves in Europe: A 2- and workplaces closed) produces more final deaths…e mandatory
stratum SEIRS model solution, Djaparidze, isolations have caused economic damages and since these enforced
isolations were sub-optimal they involuntarily increased the risk of
2020
covid-19 disease-related damages.”
18) Covid-19 Mortality: A Matter of
“Countries that already experienced a stagnation or regression of life
Vulnerability Among Nations Facing Limited
expectancy, with high income and NCD rates, had the highest price to
Margins of Adaptation, De Larochelambert, pay. This burden was not alleviated by more stringent public decisions.”
2020

19) Impact of non-pharmaceutical “Closure of education facilities, prohibiting mass gatherings and closure
of some non-essential businesses were associated with reduced
interventions against COVID-19 in Europe: incidence whereas stay at home orders and closure of all non-businesses
A quasi-experimental study, Hunter, 2020 was not associated with any independent additional impact.”

“Given that the evidence reveals that the Corona disease declines even
20) Israel: thefatemperor, 2020 without a complete lockdown, it is recommendable to reverse the
current policy and remove the lockdown.”

“The response to COVID-19 has been overwhelmingly to lockdown much

the world’s economies in order to minimize death rates as well as the
immediate negative effects of COVID-19. I argue that such policy is too
often de-contextualized as it ignores policy externalities, assumes death
rate calculations are appropriately accurate and, and as well, assumes
focusing on direct Covid-19 effects to maximize human welfare is
21) Smart Thinking, Lockdown and COVID- appropriate. As a result of this approach current policy can be
misdirected and with highly negative effects on human welfare.
19: Implications for Public Policy, Altman, Moreover, such policies can inadvertently result in not minimizing death
2020 rates (incorporating externalities) at all, especially in the long run… such
misdirected and sub-optimal policy is a product of policy makers using
inappropriate mental models which are lacking in a number of key areas;
the failure to take a more comprehensive macro perspective to address
the virus, using bad heuristics or decision-making tools, relatedly not
recognizing the differential effects of the virus, and adopting herding
strategy (follow-the-leader) when developing policy.”

“Another fascinating outlier – often cited as a case in which a

government handled the pandemic the correct way – was Taiwan.
Indeed, Taiwan presents an anomaly in the mitigation and overall
handling of the Covid-19 pandemic. In terms of stringency, Taiwan ranks
among the lowest in the world, with fewer controls than Sweden and far
lower than the U.S….The government did test at the border and
introduce some minor controls but nowhere near that of most counties.
In general, Taiwan rejected lockdown in favor of maintaining social and
economic functioning.” “Despite Taiwan’s closer proximity to the source
of the pandemic, and its high population density, it experienced a
22) The Mystery of Taiwan, Janaskie, 2020 substantially lower-case rate of 20.7 per million compared with New
Zealand’s 278.0 per million. Rapid and systematic implementation of
control measures, in particular effective border management (exclusion,
screening, quarantine/isolation), contact tracing, systematic
quarantine/isolation of potential and confirmed cases, cluster control,
active promotion of mass masking, and meaningful public health
communication, are likely to have been instrumental in limiting
pandemic spread. Furthermore, the effectiveness of Taiwan’s public
health response has meant that to date no lockdown has been
implemented, placing Taiwan in a stronger economic position both
during and post-COVID-19 compared with New Zealand, which had
seven weeks of national lockdown (at Alert Levels 4 and 3).”

“While expert consensus regarding the ineffectiveness of mass

quarantine of previous years has recently been challenged, significant
23) What They Said about Lockdowns
present-day evidence continuously demonstrates that mass quarantine
before 2020, Gartz, 2021 is both ineffectual at preventing disease spread as well as harmful to
individuals.”
 “In the debate over coronavirus policy, there has been far too little focus
on the costs of lockdowns. It’s very common for the proponents of these
interventions to write articles and large studies without even mentioning
24) Cost of Lockdowns: A Preliminary the downsides…a brief look at the cost of stringencies in the United
Report, AIER, 2020 States, and around the world, including stay-at-home orders, closings of
business and schools, restrictions on gatherings, shutting of arts and
sports, restrictions on medical services, and interventions in the
freedom of movement.”

25) Leaked Study From Inside German

Government Warns Lockdown Could Kill “The lockdown and the measures taken by the German federal and
More People Than Coronavirus, Watson, central governments to contain the coronavirus apparently cost more
2020 lives, for example of cancer patients, than of those actually killed by it.”
“Half a million more will die from tuberculosis.”
German Minister: Lockdown Will Kill More
Than Covid-19 Does

“Previous studies have claimed that shelter-in-place orders saved

26) Evaluating the effects of shelter-in- thousands of lives, but we reassess these analyses and show that they
place policies during the COVID-19 are not reliable. We find that shelter-in-place orders had no detectable
health benefits, only modest effects on behavior, and small but adverse
pandemic, Berry, 2021
effects on the economy.”

“A study has found that the “stay at home” lockdown order in the
United States will “destroy at least seven times more years of human
life” than it saves and that this number is “likely” to be more than 90
27) Study: Lockdown “Will Destroy at Least times greater… Research shows that at least 16.8% of adults in the
Seven Times More Years of Human Life” United States have suffered “major mental harm from responses to
Covid-19…Extrapolating these numbers out, the figures show that
Than it Saves, Watson, 2020 “anxiety from responses to Covid-19 has impacted 42,873,663 adults
and will rob them of an average of 1.3 years of life, thus destroying 55.7
million years of life.”

“Failing to account for these four stylized facts may result in overstating
the importance of policy mandated NPIs for shaping the progression of
28) Four Stylized Facts about COVID-19, this deadly pandemic… The existing literature has concluded that NPI
Atkeson, 2020 policy and social distancing have been essential to reducing the spread
of COVID-19 and the number of deaths due to this deadly pandemic. The
stylized facts established in this paper challenge this conclusion.”

“Policy-makers should therefore consider combining lockdowns with

policy interventions meant to reduce economic distress, guarantee
access to health care, and facilitate effective economic reopening under
health care policies to limit SARS-CoV-19 spread…assess the long-run
29) THE LONG-TERM IMPACT OF THE effects of the COVID-19 economic recession on mortality and life
COVID-19 UNEMPLOYMENT SHOCK ON expectancy. We estimate the size of the COVID-19-related
unemployment shock to be between 2 and 5 times larger than the
LIFE EXPECTANCY AND MORTALITY RATES, typical unemployment shock, depending on race and gender, resulting in
Bianchi, 2021 a significant increase in mortality rates and drop in life expectancy. We
also predict that the shock will disproportionately affect African-
Americans and women, over a short horizon, while the effects for white
men will unfold over longer horizons. These figures translate in more
than 0.8 million additional deaths over the next 15 years.”

“The question is whether lockdowns worked to control the virus in a way

that is scientifically verifiable. Based on the following studies, the answer
30) Lockdowns Do Not Control the is no and for a variety of reasons: bad data, no correlations, no causal
Coronavirus: The Evidence, AIER, 2020 demonstration, anomalous exceptions, and so on. There is no
relationship between lockdowns (or whatever else people want to call
them to mask their true nature) and virus control.”
 “The link between limiting pathogen exposure and improving public
health is not always so straightforward. Reducing the risk that each
member of a community will be exposed to a pathogen has the
31) Too Little of a Good Thing A Paradox of attendant effect of increasing the average age at which infections occur.
Moderate Infection Control, Cohen, 2020 For pathogens that inflict greater morbidity at older ages, interventions
that reduce but do not eliminate exposure can paradoxically increase
the number of cases of severe disease by shifting the burden of infection
toward older individuals.”

“Generally speaking, the ineffectiveness of lockdown stems from

voluntary changes in behavior. Lockdown jurisdictions were not able to
prevent noncompliance, and non-lockdown jurisdictions benefited from
voluntary changes in behavior that mimicked lockdowns. The limited
effectiveness of lockdowns explains why, after one year, the
32) Covid Lockdown Cost/Benefits: A unconditional cumulative deaths per million, and the pattern of daily
Critical Assessment of the Literature, Allen, deaths per million, is not negatively correlated with the stringency of
lockdown across countries. Using a cost/benefit method proposed by
2020
Professor Bryan Caplan, and using two extreme assumptions of
lockdown effectiveness, the cost/benefit ratio of lockdowns in Canada,
in terms of life-years saved, is between 3.6–282. That is, it is possible
that lockdown will go down as one of the greatest peacetime policy
failures in Canada’s history.”

“Belarus’s beleaguered government remains unfazed by covid-19.

President Aleksander Lukashenko, who has been in power since 1994,
33) Covid-19: How does Belarus have one has flatly denied the seriousness of the pandemic, refusing to impose a
of the lowest death rates in Europe? lockdown, close schools, or cancel mass events like the Belarusian
football league or the Victory Day parade. Yet the country’s death rate is
Karáth, 2020 among the lowest in Europe—just over 700 in a population of 9.5 million
with over 73 000 confirmed cases.”

“For each country put forward as an example, usually in some pairwise

comparison and with an attendant single cause explanation, there are a
host of countries that fail the expectation. We set out to model the
disease with every expectation of failure. In choosing variables it was
obvious from the outset that there would be contradictory outcomes in
the real world. But there were certain variables that appeared to be
reliable markers as they had surfaced in much of the media and pre-
print papers. These included age, co-morbidity prevalence and the
seemingly light population mortality rates in poorer countries than that
34) PANDA, Nell, 2020 in richer countries. Even the worst among developing nations—a clutch
of countries in equatorial Latin America—have seen lighter overall
population mortality than the developed world. Our aim therefore was
not to develop the final answer, rather to seek common cause variables
that would go some way to providing an explanation and stimulating
discussion. There are some very obvious outliers in this theory, not the
least of these being Japan. We test and find wanting the popular notions
that lockdowns with their attendant social distancing and various other
NPIs confer protection.”

Graphics reveal no relationship in stringency level as it relates to the

35) States with the Fewest Coronavirus
death rates, but finds a clear relationship between stringency and
Restrictions, McCann, 2021 unemployment.

“Studies at the economic level of analysis points to the possibility that

deaths associated with economic harms or underfunding of other health
issues may outweigh the deaths that lockdowns save, and that the
36) COVID-19 Lockdown Policies: An extremely high financial cost of lockdowns may have negative
Interdisciplinary Review, Robinson, 2021 implications for overall population health in terms of diminished
resources for treating other conditions. Research on ethics in relation to
lockdowns points to the inevitability of value judgements in balancing
different kinds of harms and benefits than lockdowns cause.”
 “Covid unleashed a version of tyranny in the United States. Through a
surreptitious and circuitous route, many public officials somehow
managed to gain enormous power for themselves and demonstrate that
all our vaunted limits on government are easily transgressed under the
37) Comedy and Tragedy in Two Americas,
right conditions. Now they want to use that power to enact permanent
Tucker, 2021 change in this country. Right now, people, capital, and institutions are
fleeing from them to safe and freer places, which only drives the people
in power to madness. They are right now plotting to shut down the free
states through any means possible.”

“We suspect that one day, the quarantining of entire societies that was
carried out in response to the coronavirus pandemic, leading to vast
swaths of the population becoming unhealthier overall and ironically
38) Lockdowns Worsen the Health Crisis, more susceptible to severe outcomes from the virus, will be seen as the
Younes, 2021 21st century version of bloodletting. As the epidemiologist Martin
Kulldorff has observed, public health is not just about one disease, but
all health outcomes. Apparently, in 2020, the authorities forgot this
obvious truth.”

“Biological and cultural reasons why young people, mostly referring to

those under the age of 30, are particularly vulnerable to the isolation as
well as lifestyle disruptions brought about by lockdowns… “Adults under
39) The Damage of Lockdowns to Young 30 experienced the highest increase in suicidal thinking in the same
People, Yang, 2021 period, with rates of suicidal ideation rising from 12.5% to 14% in people
aged 18-29. For many of the young adults surveyed, these mental health
challenges persisted into the summer, despite a loosening of
restrictions.”

“COVID-19 has affected daily life in unprecedented ways. Drawing on a

longitudinal dataset of college students before and during the pandemic,
40) Lifestyle and mental health disruptions we document dramatic changes in physical activity, sleep, time use, and
during COVID-19, Giuntella, 2021 mental health. We show that biometric and time-use data are critical for
understanding the mental health impacts of COVID-19, as the pandemic
has tightened the link between lifestyle behaviors and depression.”

“One in four young adults between the ages of 18 and 24 say they’ve
considered suicide in the past month because of the pandemic,
41) CDC: A Quarter of Young Adults Say according to new CDC data that paints a bleak picture of the nation’s
mental health during the crisis. The data also flags a surge of anxiety and
They Contemplated Suicide This Summer substance abuse, with more than 40 percent of those surveyed saying
During Pandemic, Miltimore, 2020 they experienced a mental or behavioral health condition connected to
the Covid-19 emergency. The CDC study analyzed 5,412 survey
respondents between June 24 and 30.”

“For doctors who treat them, the pandemic’s impact on the mental
health of children is increasingly alarming. The Paris pediatric hospital
caring for Pablo has seen a doubling in the number of children and
42) Global rise in childhood mental health young teenagers requiring treatment after attempted suicides since
issues amid pandemic, LEICESTER, 2021 September.Doctors elsewhere report similar surges, with children —
some as young as 8 — deliberately running into traffic, overdosing on
pills and otherwise self-harming. In Japan, child and adolescent
suicides hit record levels in 2020, according to the Education Ministry.”

“The global lockdowns, on this scale with this level of stringency, have
been without precedent. And yet we have examples of a handful of
43) Lockdowns: The Great Debate, AIER, countries and US states that did not do this, and their record in
2020 minimizing the cost of the pandemic is better than the lockdown
countries and states. The evidence that the lockdowns have done net
good in terms of public health is still lacking.”
44) COVID-19 containment policies through “Show that temporally restricted containment efforts, that have the
time may cost more lives at potential to flatten epidemic curves, can result in wider disease spread
and larger epidemic sizes in metapopulations.”
metapopulation level, Wells, 2020

“Yet there was no such careful calculation for the lockdowns imposed in
haste to combat Covid-19. Lockdowns were simply assumed not only to
be effective at significantly slowing the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but also to
45) The Covid-19 Emergency Did Not Justify
impose only costs that are acceptable. Regrettably, given the novelty of
Lockdowns, Boudreaux, 2021 the lockdowns, and the enormous magnitude of their likely downsides,
this bizarrely sanguine attitude toward lockdowns was – and remains –
wholly unjustified.”

“Now that the 2020 figures have been properly tallied, there’s still no
convincing evidence that strict lockdowns reduced the death toll from
Covid-19. But one effect is clear: more deaths from other causes,
especially among the young and middle-aged, minorities, and the less
affluent.The best gauge of the pandemic’s impact is what statisticians
46) Death and Lockdowns, Tierney, 2021 call “excess mortality,” which compares the overall number of deaths
with the total in previous years. That measure rose among older
Americans because of Covid-19, but it rose at an even sharper rate
among people aged 15 to 54, and most of those excess deaths were not
attributed to the virus.”

“The brief notes that if the country fails to invest in solutions that can
help heal the nation’s isolation, pain, and suffering, the collective impact
of COVID-19 will be even more devastating. Three factors, already at
work, are exacerbating deaths of despair: unprecedented economic
failure paired with massive unemployment, mandated social isolation for
months and possible residual isolation for years, and uncertainty caused
47) The COVID Pandemic Could Lead to by the sudden emergence of a novel, previously unknown microbe…the
75,000 Additional Deaths from Alcohol and deadly impact of lockdowns will grow in future years, due to the lasting
Drug Misuse and Suicide, Well Being Trust, economic and educational consequences. The United States will
experience more than 1 million excess deaths in the United States
2021 during the next two decades as a result of the massive “unemployment
shock” last year… lockdowns are the single worst public health mistake
in the last 100 years,” says Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, a professor at Stanford
Medical School. “We will be counting the catastrophic health and
psychological harms, imposed on nearly every poor person on the face
of the earth, for a generation.”

“Economics professor Doug Allen wanted to know why so many early

models used to create COVID-19 lockdown policies turned out to be
highly incorrect. What he found was that a great majority were based on
false assumptions and “tended to over-estimate the benefits and under-
estimate the costs.” He found it troubling that policies such as total
lockdowns were based on those models. “They were built on a set of
assumptions. Those assumptions turned out to be really important, and
48) Professor Explains Flaw in Many the models are very sensitive to them, and they turn out to be false,”
Models Used for COVID-19 Lockdown said Allen, the Burnaby Mountain Professor of Economics at Simon
Fraser University, in an interview.”“Furthermore, “The limited
Policies, Chen, 2021 effectiveness of lockdowns explains why, after one year, the
unconditional cumulative deaths per million, and the pattern of daily
deaths per million, is not negatively correlated with the stringency of
lockdown across countries,” writes Allen. In other words, in his
assessment, heavy lockdowns do not meaningfully reduce the number
of deaths in the areas where they are implemented, when compared to
areas where lockdowns were not implemented or as stringent.”

49) The Anti-Lockdown Movement Is Large “The lesson: lockdown policies failed to protect the vulnerable and
otherwise did little to nothing actually to suppress or otherwise control
and Growing, Tucker, 2021 the virus. AIER has assembled fully 35 studies revealing no connection
between lockdowns and disease outcomes. In addition, the Heritage
 Foundation has published an outstanding roundup of the Covid
experience, revealing that lockdowns were largely political theater
distracting from what should have been good public health practice.”

“By following the data and official communications from global

50) The Ugly Truth About The Covid-19 organisations, PANDA unravels what transpired that led us into
Lockdowns, Hudson, 2021 deleterious lockdowns, which continue to have enormous negative
impacts across the world.”

“It is also noteworthy that these irrational and unreasonable restrictive

actions are not limited to any one jurisdiction such as the US, but
shockingly have occurred across the globe. It is stupefying as to why
governments, whose primary roles are to protect their citizens, are
taking these punitive actions despite the compelling evidence that these
policies are misdirected and very harmful; causing palpable harm to
human welfare on so many levels. It’s tantamount to insanity what
governments have done to their populations and largely based on no
51) The Catastrophic Impact of Covid scientific basis. None! In this, we have lost our civil liberties and essential
Forced Societal Lockdowns, Alexander, rights, all based on spurious ‘science’ or worse, opinion, and this erosion
of fundamental freedoms and democracy is being championed by
2020
government leaders who are disregarding the Constitutional (USA) and
Charter (Canada) limits to their right to make and enact policy. These
unconstitutional and unprecedented restrictions have taken a staggering
toll on our health and well-being and also target the very precepts of
democracy; particularly given the fact that this viral pandemic is no
different in overall impact on society than any previous pandemics.
There is simply no defensible rationale to treat this pandemic any
differently.”

“It is clear that social distancing measures such as lockdown during the
COVID-19 pandemic will have subsequent effects on the body including
52) Cardiovascular and immunological the immune and cardiovascular systems, the extent of which will be
implications of social distancing in the dependent on the duration of such measures. The take-home message
of these investigations is that social interaction is an integral part of a
context of COVID-19, D’Acquisto, 2020
wide range of conditions that influence cardiovascular and
immunological homeostasis.”

“Our analysis demonstrates that the time from a state’s first case to
voluntary changes in residence mobility, which occurred before the
imposition of shelter-in-place orders in 43 states, indeed quelled the
time to reach the maximum growth in per capita cases. On the other
hand, our analysis also indicates that these behavioral changes were not
significantly effective in quelling mortality… our simulations find a
negative effect of the time from a state’s first case to the imposition of
shelter-in-place orders on the time to reach the specified per capita
mortality thresholds. Our analysis also finds a slightly smaller negative
53) A Statistical Analysis of COVID-19 and effect on the time from a state’s first case to the imposition of
prohibitions on gatherings above 500 people…. shelter-in-place orders
Government Protection Measures in the can also have negative unforeseen health-related consequences,
U.S., Dayaratna, 2021 including the capacity to cause patients to avoid visits to doctors’ offices
and emergency rooms. In addition, these policies can result in people,
including those with chronic illnesses, skipping routine medical
appointments, not seeking routine procedures to diagnose advanced
cancer, not pursuing cancer screening colonoscopies, postponing non-
emergency cardiac catheterizations, being unable to seek routine care if
they experience chronic pain, and suffering mental health effects,
among others…drug overdose deaths, alcohol consumption, and suicidal
ideation have also been noted to have increased in 2020 compared to
prior years.”
 “Articles citing a “tightening” of rules only briefly acknowledge that
Taiwan never locked down. Instead, they blame the increase in cases on
a loosening of travel restrictions and on people’s becoming “more
relaxed or careless as time goes by.” A closer look reveals that this harsh
turn in restrictions consists of capping gatherings at 500 for outdoors
54) Lockdowns in Taiwan: Myths Versus
and 100 for indoors to 10 and 5 respectively — more in line with
Reality, Gartz, 2021 gathering limits imposed by Western nations.The reality is that the
hyperbolic 124 action items misrepresent the Taiwanese approach.
Relative to other countries, Taiwan serves as a beacon of freedom:
children still attended school, professionals continued to go to work, and
businesspeople were able to keep their businesses open.”

“Lockdowns do not provide any meaningful benefit and they cause

unnecessary collateral damage. Voluntary actions and light-handed
accommodations to protect the vulnerable according to comprehensive
55) Lockdowns Need to Be Intellectually analysis, not cherry-picked studies with overly short timelines, provide
Discredited Once and For All, Yang, 2021 similar, if not better, virus mitigation compared to lockdown policies.
Furthermore, contrary to what many keep trying to say, it is lockdowns
that are the causal factor behind the unprecedented economic and
social damage that has been dealt to society.”

“The Canadian COVID-19 lockdown strategy is the worst assault on the

working class in many decades. Low-risk college students and young
56) Canada’s COVID-19 Strategy is an professionals are protected; such as lawyers, government employees,
journalists, and scientists who can work from home; while older high-risk
Assault on the Working Class, Kulldorff, working-class people must work, risking their lives generating the
2020 population immunity that will eventually help protect everyone. This is
backwards, leading to many unnecessary deaths from both COVID-19
and other diseases.”

“While mortality is inevitable during a pandemic, the COVID-19

lockdown strategy has led to more than 220,000 deaths, with the urban
working class carrying the heaviest burden. Many older workers have
been forced to accept high mortality risk or increased poverty, or both.
57) Our COVID-19 Plan would Minimize While the current lockdowns are less strict than in March, the lockdown
and contact tracing strategy is the worst assault on the working class
Mortality and Lockdown-induced Collateral since segregation and the Vietnam War.Lockdown policies have closed
Damage, Kulldorff, 2020 schools, businesses and churches, while not enforcing strict protocols to
protect high-risk nursing home residents. University closures and the
economic displacement caused by lockdowns have led millions of young
adults to live with older parents, increasing regular close interactions
across generations.”

“It’s becoming clear that a lot of people have been exposed to the virus
58) The costs are too high; the scientist and that the death rate in people under 65 is not something you would
lock down the economy for,” she says. “We can’t just think about those
who wants lockdown lifted faster; Gupta, who are vulnerable to the disease. We have to think about those who
2021 are vulnerable to lockdown too. The costs of lockdown are too high at
this point.”

59) Review of the Impact of COVID-19 First “Restrictive measures in the first wave of the COVID19 pandemic in
2019-20 led to wide-scale, global disruption of cancer care. Future
Wave Restrictions on Cancer Care, restrictions should consider disruptions to the cancer care pathways and
Collateral Global, Heneghan; 2021 plan to prevent unnecessary harms.”

60) German Study Finds Lockdown ‘Had No

“Stanford researchers found “no clear, significant beneficial effect of
Effect’ on Stopping Spread of Coronavirus, [more restrictive measures] on case growth in any country.”
Watson, 2021
61) Lockdown will claim the equivalent of
560,000 lives because of the health impact “Lockdowns will end up claiming the equivalent of more than 500,000
of the ‘deep and prolonged recession it will lives because of the health impact of the ‘deep and prolonged recession
it will cause.”
cause’, expert warns, Adams/Thomas/Daily
Mail, 2020

“Likewise, a 2020 paper about quarantines published in The

Lancet states: “Separation from loved ones, the loss of freedom,
uncertainty over disease status, and boredom can, on occasion, create
dramatic effects. Suicide has been reported, substantial anger
generated, and lawsuits brought following the imposition of quarantine
in previous outbreaks. The potential benefits of mandatory mass
quarantine need to be weighed carefully against the possible
psychological costs.”Yet, when dealing with Covid-19 and other issues,
62) Anxiety From Reactions to Covid-19 politicians sometimes ignore this essential principle of sound decision-
Will Destroy At Least Seven Times More making. For a prime example, NJ Governor Phil Murphy
Years of Life Than Can Be Saved by recently insisted that he must maintain a lockdown or “there will be
blood on our hands.” What that statement fails to recognize is that
Lockdowns, Glen, 2021 lockdowns also kill people via the mechanisms detailed above… In other
words, the anxiety from reactions to Covid-19—such as business
shutdowns, stay-at-home orders, media exaggerations, and legitimate
concerns about the virus—will extinguish at least seven times more
years of life than can possibly be saved by the lockdowns.Again, all of
these figures minimize deaths from anxiety and maximize lives saved by
lockdowns. Under the more moderate scenarios documented above,
anxiety will destroy more than 90 times the life saved by lockdowns.”

“Reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress

symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine
duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies,
63) The psychological impact of quarantine inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers
have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is
and how to reduce it: rapid review of the deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer
evidence, Brooks, 2020 than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information
about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to
altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to
wider society can be favourable.”

“A new study by German scientists claims to have found evidence that

64) Lockdown ‘had no effect’ on lockdowns may have had little effect on controlling the coronavirus
coronavirus pandemic in Germany, pandemic. Statisticians at Munich University found “no direct
connection” between the German lockdown and falling infection rates in
Huggler, 2021
the country.”

“The restrictions against the coronavirus have killed as many people as

the virus itself. The restrictions have first and foremost hit the poorer
parts of the world and struck young people, the researchers believe,
65) Swedish researchers: Anti-corona pointing to children who died of malnutrition and various diseases. They
restrictions have killed as many people as also pointed to adults who died of diseases that could have been
treated. “These deaths we see in poor countries are related to women
the virus itself, Peterson, 2021
who die in childbirth, newborns who die early, children who die of
pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria because they are malnourished or not
vaccinated,” Peterson said.”

“In normal times, London runs on a sprawling network of trains and

buses that bring in millions of commuters to work and spend. Asking
66) Lockdowns Leave London Broken, those people to work from home ripped the heart out of the economy,
Burden, 2021 leaving the U.K. capital more like a ghost town than a thriving
metropolis.The city is now emerging from a year of lockdowns with
deeper scars than much of the rest of the U.K. Many restaurants,
theaters and shops remain shuttered, and the migrant workers that
 staffed them fled to their birth countries in the tens of thousands. Even
when most of the rules expire in June, new border restrictions since the
U.K. left the European Union will make it harder for many to return. As a
result, the city’s business model focused on population density is in
upheaval, and many of London’s strengths have turned to weaknesses.”

“The truth is that using lockdowns to halt the spread of the coronavirus
was never a good idea. If they have any utility at all, it is short term: to
help ensure that hospitals aren’t overwhelmed in the early stages of the
67) Lockdowns Are a Step Too Far in pandemic. But the long-term shutdowns of schools and businesses, and
Combating Covid-19, Nocera, 2020 the insistence that people stay indoors — which almost every state
imposed at one point or another — were examples of terribly misguided
public policy. It is likely that when the history of this pandemic is told,
lockdowns will be viewed as one of the worst mistakes the world made.”

68) Stop the Lies: Lockdowns Did Not and

“Lockdowns didn’t protect the vulnerable, but rather harmed them and
Do Not Protect the Vulnerable, Alexander, shifted the morbidity and mortality burden to the underprivileged.”
2021

“The dispute over masks—like those over school closures, business

shutdowns, social-distancing guidelines and all the rest—should always
69) Why Shutdowns and Masks Suit the
properly have been a discussion of acceptable versus unacceptable risk.
Elite, Swaim, 2021 But the preponderance of America’s cultural and political leaders
showed no ability to think about risk in a helpful way.”

“Find that following the implementation of SIP policies, excess mortality

increases. The increase in excess mortality is statistically significant in
the immediate weeks following SIP implementation for the international
comparison only and occurs despite the fact that there was a decline in
70) The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic the number of excess deaths prior to the implementation of the policy…
and Policy Responses on Excess Mortality, failed to find that countries or U.S. states that implemented SIP policies
earlier, and in which SIP policies had longer to operate, had lower excess
Agrawal, 2021 deaths than countries/U.S. states that were slower to implement SIP
policies. We also failed to observe differences in excess death trends
before and after the implementation of SIP policies based on pre-SIP
COVID-19 death rates.”

“We have drawn upon existing economic studies on the health effects of
unemployment to calculate an estimate of how many years of life will
71) COVID-19 Lockdowns Over 10 Times have been lost due to the lockdowns in the United States, and have
weighed this against an estimate of how many years of life will have
More Deadly Than Pandemic Itself, been saved by the lockdowns. The results are nothing short of
Revolver, 2020 staggering, and suggest that the lockdowns will end up costing
Americans over 10 times as many years of life as they will save from the
virus itself.”

“COVID-19 pandemic measures caused significant disruption to

72) The Impact of Interruptions in childhood vaccination services and uptake. In future pandemics, and for
the remainder of the current one, policymakers must ensure access to
Childhood Vaccination, Collateral Global, vaccination services and provide catch-up programs to maintain high
2021 levels of immunisation, especially in those most vulnerable to childhood
diseases in order to avoid further inequalities.”

73) Shelter-in-place orders didn’t save lives “Researchers from the RAND Corporation and the University of Southern
during the pandemic, research paper California studied excess mortality from all causes, the virus or
otherwise, in 43 countries and the 50 U.S. states that imposed shelter-
concludes, Howell, 2021 in-place, or “SIP,” policies. In short, the orders didn’t work. “We fail to
COVID-19 lockdowns caused more deaths find that SIP policies saved lives. To the contrary, we find a positive
instead of reducing them, study finds association between SIP policies and excess deaths. We find that
following the implementation of SIP policies, excess mortality increases,”
 the researchers said in a working paper for the National Bureau of
Economic Research (NBER).”

“There is no indication whatsoever that states with longer periods of

lockdown and forced social distancing fared better economically than
states that abandoned covid restrictions much earlier. Rather, many
74) Experts Said Ending Lockdowns Would states that ended lockdowns early—or didn’t have them at all—now
Be Worse for the Economy than the show less unemployment and more economic growth than states that
Lockdowns Themselves. They Were Wrong, imposed lockdowns and social distancing rules much longer. The
complete lack of any correlation between economic success and covid
MisesInstitute, 2021 lockdowns illustrates yet again that the confident predictions of the
experts—who insisted that states without long lockdowns would endure
bloodbaths and economic destruction—were very wrong.”

“When you read about failures of intelligence, probably the most

spectacular being the weapons of mass destruction fiasco, the lesson
that they were supposed to learn from that, and maybe have learned, is
that you need to encourage cognitive dissonance. You need to
encourage critical thinking. You need to have people who are looking at
75) The Harms of Lockdowns, The Dangers things differently than your mainstream view, because it will help to
prevent you from making catastrophic errors. It will help to keep you
of Censorship, And A Path Forward, AIER, honest.And we’ve done exactly the opposite instead of encouraging
2020 critical thinking, different ideas, we’ve stifled it. That’s what makes the
actions of the Ontario College of Physicians and Surgeons towards you
so shocking because it’s absolute the opposite of what we need to do.
And it’s been that absence of critical thinking of incorporating critical
thinking in our decision-making that has led to one mistake after
another in handling COVID-19.”

76) UNDERSTANDING INTER-REGIONAL “We cannot argue that the phased adoption of these measures has any
impact on risk mitigation. This is an important consideration for policy
DIFFERENCES IN COVID-19 MORTALITY makers who must carefully balance the benefits of a phased lockdown
RATES, PANDA, 2021 strategy with the economic harm caused by such an intervention.”

“Extensive public health infrastructure established in Taiwan pre-COVID-

19 enabled a fast coordinated response, particularly in the domains of
77) Potential lessons from the Taiwan and early screening, effective methods for isolation/quarantine, digital
New Zealand health responses to the technologies for identifying potential cases and mass mask use. This
timely and vigorous response allowed Taiwan to avoid the national
COVID-19 pandemic, Summers, 2020
lockdown used by New Zealand. Many of Taiwan’s pandemic control
components could potentially be adopted by other jurisdictions.”

78) 5 Times More Children Committed “Five times more children and young people committed suicide than
died of COVID-19 during the first year of the pandemic in the United
Suicide Than Died of COVID-19 During Kingdom, according to a study, which also concluded that lockdowns are
Lockdown: UK Study, Phillips, 2021 more detrimental to children’s health than the virus itself.”

“Deaths of despair due in large part to social isolation. Regardless of

whether they think lockdowns work, policymakers must be cognizant of
79) Study Indicates Lockdowns Have the fact shutting down society also leads to excess deaths. Whether it’s
Increased Deaths of Despair, Yang, 2021 from the government policies themselves or the willful compliance of
society enforcing the soft despotism of popular hysteria, social isolation
is taking its toll on the lives of many.”

“Presumably social isolation is part of the mechanism that turns a

80) DEATHS OF DESPAIR AND THE pandemic into a wave of deaths of despair. However, the results in this
INCIDENCE OF EXCESS MORTALITY IN 2020, paper do not say how much, if any, comes from government stay-at-
home orders versus various actions individual households and private
Mulligan, 2020
businesses have taken to encourage social distancing.”
81) Effects of the lockdown on the mental
“Although physical isolation and lockdown represent essential public
health of the general population during the health measures for containing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic,
COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Results from they are a serious threat for mental health and well-being of the general
population. As an integral part of COVID-19 response, mental health
the COMET collaborative network, Fiorillo,
needs should be addressed.”
2020

“The Covid-19 pandemic has alarming implications for individual and

collective health and emotional and social functioning. In addition to
providing medical care, already stretched health care providers have an
Mental Health and the Covid-19 Pandemic,
important role in monitoring psychosocial needs and delivering
Pfefferbaum, 2020 psychosocial support to their patients, health care providers, and the
public — activities that should be integrated into general pandemic
health care.”

“For developed countries, lockdowns undoubtedly imposed significant

economic and health costs. Many workers in the service sector, like the
food industry, for example, were left unemployed and had to rely on
government stimulus checks to get them through the bumpiest stages of
the pandemic. Some businesses had to shutter their doors entirely,
82) Why Government Lockdowns Mostly
leaving many employers without jobs as well. This is to say nothing of
Harm the Poor, Peterson, 2021 the severe mental health consequences of government lockdown
orders…These irresponsible government actions are especially acute and
more harmful in developing countries and among the poor because
most workers can’t afford to sacrifice weeks or perhaps months of
income, only to be confined to what is effectively house arrest.”

“In the debate over coronavirus policy, there has been far too little focus
83) Cost of Lockdowns: A Preliminary on the costs of lockdowns. It’s very common for the proponents of these
Report, AIER, 2020 interventions to write articles and large studies without even mentioning
the downsides.”

84) In Africa, social distancing is a privilege “Social distancing could probably work in China and in Europe – but in
few can afford, Noko, 2020 many African countries, it is a privilege only a minority can afford.”

85) Teargas, beatings and bleach: the most

“Violence and humiliation used to police coronavirus curfews around
extreme Covid-19 lockdown controls globe, often affecting the poorest and more vulnerable.”
around the world, Ratcliff, 2020

86) “Shoot them dead”: Philippine

“Later that night, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte took to the
President Rodrigo Duterte orders police
airwaves with a chilling warning for his citizens: Defy the lockdown
and military to kill citizens who defy orders again and the police will shoot you dead.”
coronavirus lockdown, Capatides, 2020

“Bogotá, which has logged a quarter of the nation’s cases, had already
87) Colombia’s Capital Locks Down as Cases applied restrictions on mobility and alcohol sales in order to contain
gatherings and the spread of the virus before expanding the
Surge, Vyas, 2021
measures.”“The nationwide unrest was triggered by a proposed tax-
Colombia Protests Turn Deadly Amid Covid- collection overhaul and stringent pandemic lockdowns that have been
19 Hardships blamed for causing mass unemployment and throwing some four million
people into poverty.”

88) Argentina receives AstraZeneca jabs “New COVID-19 restrictions have been imposed in and around Buenos
Aires in effort to stem recent rise in infections…Argentines took to the
amid anti-lockdown protests, AL JAZEERA, streets on Saturday, however, to protest against new coronavirus-
2021 related restrictions in and around the capital, Buenos Aires, that came
into effect on Friday… Horacio Rodriguez Larreta, head of the city
 government, said last week that Buenos Aires “totally disagree[s] with
the decision of the national government to close schools.”

“Economists in the rich world have largely supported stringent

89) Lives vs. Livelihoods Revisited: Should containment measures, rejecting any trade-off between lives and
livelihoods…strict lockdowns in countries where a significant share of the
Poorer Countries with Younger Populations
population is poor are likely to have more severe consequences on
Have Equally Strict Lockdowns? Von welfare than in richer countries. From a macro perspective, any negative
Carnap, 2020 economic effect of a lockdown is reducing a budget with already fewer
resources in a poor country.”

“If testing, contact tracing and other early containment measures had
been adequately done in a timely manner to stem viral transmission,
nationwide lockdowns would not have been necessary, and only limited
90) Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic areas would have had to be locked down for quarantine purposes. The
in Developing Countries: Lessons from effectiveness of containment measures, including lockdowns, are
Selected Countries of the Global South, typically judged primarily by their ability to quickly reduce new
infections, ‘flatten the curve’ and avoid subsequent waves of infections.
Chowdhury, 2020 However, lockdowns can have many effects, depending on context, and
typically incur huge economic costs, unevenly distributed in economies
and societies.”

91) Battling COVID-19 with dysfunctional “Find that India’s centralized lockdown was at best a partial success in a
federalism: Lessons from India, handful of states, while imposing enormous economic costs even in
areas where few were affected by the pandemic.”
Choutagunta, 2021

“Now begins the grand effort, on display in thousands of articles and

news broadcasts daily, somehow to normalize the lockdown and all its
destruction of the last two months. We didn’t lock down almost the
92) The 2006 Origins of the Lockdown Idea,
entire country in 1968/69, 1957, or 1949-1952, or even during 1918. But
Tucker, 2020 in a terrifying few days in March 2020, it happened to all of us, causing
an avalanche of social, cultural, and economic destruction that will ring
through the ages.”

“The damage to society was certainly extensive, with a 3.5 percent

annualized economic retraction record in 2020 and a 32.9 percent
decline in Q2 of 2020, making this one of the sharpest economic
declines in modern history. However, the level of suffering and trauma
caused by these policies cannot be appropriately expressed by economic
data alone. Lockdown policies may have caused a substantial amount of
financial damage but the social damage is just as concerning, if not more
93) Young People Are Particularly so. Across the board, there have been increased reports of mental
Vulnerable To Lockdowns, Yang, 2021 health issues, such as depression and anxiety, that are linked to social
isolation, substantial life disruptions, and existential dread over the state
of the world. Unlike lost dollars, mental health problems leave real and
lasting damage which could lead to complications later in life, if not self-
harm or suicide. For young people, a drastic increase in suicides has
claimed more lives than Covid-19. That is because they are far less
vulnerable to Covid than older segments of the population but far more
negatively impacted by lockdowns.”

“Before Covid, an American youth died by suicide every six

hours. Suicide is a major public health threat and a leading cause of
death for those aged under 25 — one far bigger than Covid. And it is
94) More “Covid Suicides” than Covid something that we have only made worse as we, led by politicians and
‘the science,’ deprived our youngest members of society — who
Deaths in Kids, Gartz, 2021 constitute one-third of the US population — of educational, emotional
and social development without their permission or consent for over a
year… the biggest increase in youth deaths occurred in the 15-24 age
bracket — the age group most susceptible to committing suicide, and
which constitutes 91% of youth suicides… such “deaths of despair” tend
 to be higher among youths, particularly for those about to graduate or
enter the workforce. With economic shrinkage due to lockdowns and
forced closures of universities, youths face both less economic
opportunity and limited social support — which plays an important role
in reporting and preventing self-harm — through social networks.”

“Linked family practitioner, prescribing, laboratory, hospital and death

95) Comparison of COVID-19 outcomes records and compared COVID-19 outcomes among shielded and non-
shielded individuals in the West of Scotland. Of the 1.3 million
among shielded and non-shielded population, 27,747 (2.03%) were advised to shield, and 353,085
populations, Jani, 2021 (26.85%) were classified a priori as moderate risk…in spite of the
shielding strategy, high risk individuals were at increased risk of death.”

““Locking down is saving time,” he said last year. “It’s not solving
anything.” In essence the country “front-loaded” its deaths and
decreased those deaths later on…Despite Sweden inevitably feeling
undertow from economies that did lock down, “Covid-19 has had a
96) Sweden: Despite Variants, No rather limited impact on its economy compared with most other
European countries,” according to the Nordetrade.com consulting firm.
Lockdowns, No Daily Covid Deaths, “Softer preventative restrictions against Covid-19 earlier in the year and
Fumento, 2021 a strong recovery in the third quarter contained the GDP contraction,” it
said.Thus, the country the media loved to hate is reaping the best of all
worlds: Few current cases and deaths, stronger economic growth than
the lockdown countries, and its people never experienced the yoke of
tyranny.”

“Never take radical action without overwhelming evidence that it will

work. The authorities took all manner of drastic actions and weren’t the
least bit interested in offering evidence and they still aren’t. Unelected
bureaucrats, who know nothing about us, dictated how we live our lives
down to the tiniest details. The authorities coerced hundreds of millions
of people to wear masks. They assumed that would reduce transmission.
There is now evidence that masks are worse than
useless.Be extremely reluctant to commit sweeping violations of the
Constitution. The Constitution is our country’s greatest asset and our
97) Lockdown lessons, Ross, 2021 north star. Ignoring it or trampling on it is never a good idea. The
Constitution is what makes us who we are. We ought to treat it like the
treasure it is.Always consider both costs and benefits and make best-
effort projections of both. The costs of virtually every aspect of the
lockdown were more than the benefits, usually far more…it has
increased the amount of depression and number of suicides, especially
among those age 18 and younger. The postponement and cancellation
of medical appointments have resulted in thousands of premature
deaths.”

“I would beg to disagree. I think there is an alternative, and that

alternative involves reducing the deaths that this pandemic might cause
by diverting our energies to protecting the vulnerables. Now, why would
I say that? The main reason to say that is because the costs of
alternative strategies such as lockdown are so profound that we are left
98) Prof. Sunetra Gupta — New Lockdown
with a contemplation of how to go ahead, go forwards, in this current
is a Terrible Mistake, Gupta, 2020 sort of situation without inflicting harm, not just to those who are
vulnerable to COVID, but to the general population in a way that meets
with those standards that we set ourselves from the moment we were,
maybe not born, but from the moment that we became cognizant of
those responsibilities towards society.”

99) The harms of lockdown will vastly

“Nearly 1.2 m people waiting at least six months for vital services.”
outweigh the benefits, Hinton, 2021
 “Lockdowns don’t work. That simple sentence is enough to ignite a
firestorm of controversy these days, whether you say it in public (to
someone at least six feet away, of course) or online. As soon as the
words leave your lips, they begin to be interpreted in extraordinary
ways. Why do you want to kill old people? Why do you think the
economy is more important than saving lives? Why do you hate science?
100) Lockdowns don’t work, Stone/AEI, Are you a shill for Trump? Why are you spreading misinformation about
2020 the severity of COVID? But here’s the thing: there’s no evidence of
lockdowns working. If strict lockdowns actually saved lives, I would be all
for them, even if they had large economic costs. But, put simply, the
scientific and medical case for strict lockdowns is paper-thin… If you’re
going to essentially cancel the civil liberties of the entire population for a
few weeks, you should probably have evidence that the strategy will
work.”

“Lockdowns destroyed people, Atlas said, by “shutting down medical

care, stopping people from seeking emergency medical care, increasing
drug abuse, increasing death by suicide, more psychological damage,
particularly among the younger generation. Hundreds and thousands of
101) Science Killed itself over COVID-19, child abuse cases went unreported. Teenagers’ self-harm cases have
Raleigh/Federalist/Atlas, 2021 tripled… Mortality data showing that anywhere from a third or half of
the deaths during the pandemic were not due to COVID-19,” Atlas said.
“They were extra deaths due to the lockdowns…we should offer
targeted protections for high-risk people but no lockdowns of low-risk
people.”

“Overall there is a minimal positive impact from quarantine policy,

isolation requirements, Test and Trace regimes, social distancing,
102) Assembling Covid Jigsaw Pieces Into a masking or other non-pharmaceutical interventions. Initially, these were
Complete Pandemic Picture, Brookes, 2021 the only tools in the tool-box of interventionist politicians and scientists.
At best they slightly delayed the inevitable, but they also caused
considerable collateral harms.”

“Public policy by ransom occurs when a government imposes a

behavioral requirement on individuals and enforces this by punishing the
general public in aggregate until a stipulated level of compliance is
attained. The method relies on members of the public and public
commentators—like Marcotte—who will attribute blame for these
negative consequences to recalcitrant citizens who fail to adopt the
preferred behaviors of the governing class. In the weltanschauung that
103) Covid Lockdowns Signal the Rise of underpins this type of governance, government reactions to public
behaviors are “metaphysically given” and are treated as a mere
Public Policy by Ransom, epiphenomenon of the actions of individual members of the public who
O’Neill/MisesInstitute, 2021 dare to behave in ways disliked by public authorities… what has
emerged as an ominous mode of thinking in this atmosphere is
the reflexive attribution of blame to recalcitrant members of the public
for any subsequent negative consequences imposed on the public by
government policies. If the government chooses to impose a negative
consequence on the public—even conditionally on the behavior of the
public—that consequence is a chosen policy of the government and
must be viewed as a policy choice.”

“I think people will probably think very carefully about these total
shutdowns, how good they really were…t hey may have had an effect in
104) Sweden Saw Lower Mortality Rate the short term, but when you look at it throughout the pandemic, you
Than Most of Europe in 2020, Despite No become more and more doubtful…data published by Reuters that show
Sweden, which shunned the strict lockdowns embraced by most nations
Lockdown, Miltimore, 2021
around the world, experienced a smaller increase in its mortality rate
than most European countries in 2020.”
 “Yet there was no such careful calculation for the lockdowns imposed in
haste to combat Covid-19. Lockdowns were simply assumed not only to
be effective at significantly slowing the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but also to
impose only costs that are acceptable. Regrettably, given the novelty of
105) Weighing the Costs of COVID Versus the lockdowns, and the enormous magnitude of their likely downsides,
the Costs of Lockdowns, Leef/National this bizarrely sanguine attitude toward lockdowns was – and remains –
wholly unjustified. And the unjustness of this reaction is further
Review, 2021 highlighted by the fact that, in a free society, the burden of proof is on
those who would restrict freedom and not on those who resist such
restrictions… policy-makers should be just as interested in the costs of
the problem as in the costs of any proposed solution to it.”

106) Increase in preterm stillbirths and

reduction in iatrogenic preterm births for “Lockdown restrictions in a high-income setting, in the absence of high
rates of COVID-19 disease, were associated with a significant increase in
fetal compromise: a multi-centre cohort preterm stillbirths, and a significant reduction in iatrogenic PTB for
study of COVID-19 lockdown effects in suspected fetal compromise.”
Melbourne, Australia, Hui, 2021

107) Impact of the COVID19 pandemic

on cardiovascular mortality “During the COVID-19-related lockdown a significant increase in
and catherization activity cardiovascular mortality was observed in central Germany, whereas
catherization activities were reduced.”
during the lockdown in central Germany:
an observational study, Nef, 2021

“Before the lockdowns, we had made so much progress in the war on

cancer. Between 1999 and 2019, cancer mortality dropped by an
astonishing 27% in the United States, down to 600,000 deaths in
2019. Worldwide, the age-standardized death rate from cancer
has decreased by 15% since 1990. Cancer, like COVID-19, is by
proportion an old person’s disease, with 27% of cases afflicting people
108) Editor’s Note – Cancer Review Issue,
70 and over and over 70% of cases afflicting people 50 and
Collateral Global, 2021 over. Despite progress against the disease, 18.1 million new cases were
diagnosed worldwide in 2018, and 9.6 million people died from cancer…
N\nearly eight out of ten cancer patients reported delays in care, with
almost six out ten skipping doctor visits, one in four skipping imaging,
and one in six missing surgery…the toll from cancer, exacerbated by
lockdown and panic, will continue into the indefinite future.”

“COVID-19 and lockdown had mixed impacts on self-care and

management behaviours. Greater clinical care and attention should be
109) Impact of COVID-19 and partial provided to people with diabetes with multiple comorbidities and
lockdown on access to care, self- previous mental health disorders during the pandemic and
lockdown…the pandemic and quarantine measures may have led to
management and psychological well-being many losses including a loss of loved ones, employment, financial
among people with diabetes: A cross- security, direct social contacts, educational opportunities, recreation
sectional study, Yeoh, 2021 and social support. A review of the psychological impact of quarantine
demonstrated a high prevalence of psychological symptoms and
emotional disturbance.”

110) Mental Health During the COVID-19 “Findings suggest that many US residents are experiencing high stress,
Pandemic in the United States: Online depressive, and anxiety symptomatology, especially those who are
underinsured, uninsured, or unemployed.”
Survey, Jewell, 2020

“Increased psychological morbidity was evident in this UK sample and

111) Mental health in the UK during the found to be more common in younger people, women and in individuals
COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional who identified as being in recognised COVID-19 risk groups. Public
health and mental health interventions able to ameliorate perceptions
analyses from a community cohort study, of risk of COVID-19, worry about COVID-19 loneliness and boost positive
mood may be effective.”
Jia, 2020

“Based on these studies, a great amount of psychologic symptoms or

112) The psychological impact of problems developed during the quarantine period, including anxiety
(228/649, 35.1%), depression (110/649, 16.9%), loneliness (37/649,
quarantine on coronavirus disease 2019 5.7%) and despair (6/649, 0.9%). One study (Dong et al., 2020) reported
(COVID-19), Luo, 2020 that people quarantined had suicidal tendencies or ideas than those not
quarantined.”

113) COVID-19 pandemic leads to major “23 million children missed out on basic childhood vaccines through
backsliding on childhood vaccinations, new routine health services in 2020, the highest number since 2009 and 3.7
million more than in 2019”
WHO, UNICEF data shows, WHO, 2021

“All around the world, the coronavirus and its restrictions are pushing
already hungry communities over the edge, cutting off meager farms
from markets and isolating villages from food and medical aid. Virus-
linked hunger is leading to the deaths of 10,000 more children a month
over the first year of the pandemic, according to an urgent call to action
from the United Nations shared with The Associated Press ahead of its
114) Virus-linked hunger tied to 10,000
publication in the Lancet medical journal…The parents of the children
child deaths each month, Hinnant, 2020 are without work,” said Annelise Mirabal, who works with a foundation
that helps malnourished children in Maracaibo, the city in Venezuela
thus far hardest hit by the pandemic. “How are they going to feed their
kids?…in May, Nieto recalled, after two months of quarantine in
Venezuela, 18-month-old twins arrived at his hospital with bodies
bloated from malnutrition.”

“The evidence shows the overall impact of COVID-19 restrictions on the

mental health and well-being of children and adolescents is likely to be
115) CG REPORT 3: The Impact of severe… Eight out of ten children and adolescents report worsening of
behaviour or any psychological symptoms or an increase in negative
Pandemic Restrictions on Childhood feelings due to the COVID-19 pandemic. School closures contributed to
Mental Health, Collateral Global, 2021 increased anxiety, loneliness and stress; negative feelings due to COVID-
19 increased with the duration of school closures. Deteriorating mental
health was found to be worse in females and older adolescents.”

116) Unintended Consequences of “Using variation in the intensity of government-mandated lock-downs in

India, we show that domestic violence complaints increase 0.47 SD in
Lockdowns: COVID-19 and the Shadow districts with the strictest lockdown rules. We find similarly large
Pandemic, Ravindran, 2021 increases in cyber-crime complaints.”

“A percentage point increase in unemployment was associated with a

1.0% increase in suicide between 2000 and 2018. In the first scenario,
117) Projected increases in suicide in the rise in unemployment rates resulted in a projected total of 418
excess suicides in 2020-2021 (suicide rate per 100,000: 11.6 in 2020). In
Canada as a consequence of COVID-19, the second scenario, the projected suicide rates per 100,000 increased
McIntyre, 2020 to 14.0 in 2020 and 13.6 in 2021, resulting in 2114 excess suicides in
2020-2021. These results indicate that suicide prevention in the context
of COVID-19-related unemployment is a critical priority.”

“In the high scenario, the worldwide unemployment rate would increase
from 4·936% to 5·644%, which would be associated with an increase in
suicides of about 9570 per year. In the low scenario, the unemployment
118) COVID-19, unemployment, and would increase to 5·088%, associated with an increase of about 2135
suicide, Kawohl, 2020 suicides… expect an extra burden for our mental health system, and the
medical community should prepare for this challenge now. Mental
health providers should also raise awareness in politics and society that
rising unemployment is associated with an increased number of suicides.
The downsizing of the economy and the focus of the medical system on
 the COVID-19 pandemic can lead to unintended long-term problems for
a vulnerable group on the fringes of society.”

119) The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

“Substantial increases in the number of avoidable cancer deaths in
on cancer deaths due to delays in diagnosis
England are to be expected as a result of diagnostic delays due to the
in England, UK: a national, population- COVID-19 pandemic in the UK.”
based, modelling study, Maringe, 2020

“Premature cancer deaths resulting from diagnostic delays during the

120) Economic impact of avoidable cancer first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK will result in significant
deaths caused by diagnostic delay during economic losses. On a per-capita basis, this impact is, in fact, greater
than that of deaths directly attributable to COVID-19. These results
the COVID-19 pandemic: A national emphasise the importance of robust evaluation of the trade-offs of the
population-based modelling study in wider health, welfare and economic effects of NPI to support both
England, UK, Gheorghe, 2021 resource allocation and the prioritisation of time-critical health services
directly impacted in a pandemic, such as cancer care.”

“In just four cancer types (breast, colon, lung and oesophagus), studies
during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (published July 2020 [3])
predicted 60,000 lost life years. The quality-adjusted life years and the
121) Cancer during the COVID-19 productivity losses due to these excess cancer deaths have been
pandemic: did we shout loudly enough and estimated in this new article to be 32,700 and £104 million over 5 years,
did anyone listen? A lasting legacy for respectively. This is nearly 1.5 times higher per capita than that of
deaths directly related to COVID-19 in that time. The authors confirm
nations, Price, 2021 that this is a conservative estimate for these cancer groups as it does not
take into account additional productivity losses due to delays or
reduction in quality of treatment and stage migration.”

122) Donation and transplantation activity “Compared with 2019, the number of deceased donors decreased by
in the UK during the COVID-19 lockdown, 66% and the number of deceased donor transplants decreased by 68%,
larger decreases than we estimated.”
Manara, 2020

123) Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact

“Children and adolescents are probably more likely to experience high
of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the
rates of depression and most likely anxiety during and after enforced
Mental Health of Children and Adolescents isolation ends. This may increase as enforced isolation continues.”
in the Context of COVID-19, Loades, 2020

“Using data available up to 28 June 2021, the estimated additional

deaths from a mitigation strategy are 1,750 to 4,600, implying a Cost per
Quality Adjusted Life Year saved by locking down in March 2020 of at
least 13 times the generally employed threshold figure of $62,000 for
124) The Costs and Benefits of Covid-19
health interventions in New Zealand; the lockdowns do not then seem to
Lockdowns in New Zealand, Lally, 2021 have been justified by reference to the standard benchmark. Using only
data available to the New Zealand government in March 2020, the ratio
is similar and therefore the same conclusion holds that the nation-wide
lockdown strategy was not warranted.”

125) Trends in suicidal ideation over the “The percentage of respondents endorsing suicidal ideation was greater
with each passing month for those under lockdown or shelter-in-place
first three months of COVID-19 lockdowns, restrictions due to the novel coronavirus, but remained relatively stable
Killgore, 2020 and unchanged for those who reported no such restrictions.”

126) Cardiovascular Mortality during the “The greater occurrence of CVD deaths at home, in parallel with lower
COVID-19 Pandemics in a Large Brazilian hospitalization rates, suggests that CVD care was disrupted during the
City: a Comprehensive Analysis, Brant, COVID-19 pandemics, which more adversely affected older and more
socially vulnerable individuals, exacerbating health inequities in BH.”
2021
127) Excess Deaths in People with “Mortality data suggest indirect effects on CVD will be delayed rather
than contemporaneous (peak RR 1.14). CVD service activity decreased
Cardiovascular Diseases during the COVID- by 60–100% compared with pre-pandemic levels in eight hospitals
19 Pandemic, Banerjee, 2021 across China, Italy, and England.”

“Hospitalizations for acute cardiovascular conditions have declined,

128) Cardiovascular Deaths During the raising concern that patients may be avoiding hospitals because of fear
of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome- coronavirus-2 (SARS-
COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States, CoV-2)…there was an increase in deaths caused by ischemic heart
Wadhera, 2021 disease and hypertensive diseases in some regions of the United States
during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.”

“On April 1, 2020 Dr Anthony Fauci indicated that lockdowns would have
to continue until there were zero new cases. This policy indicated a
strategy whose goal was eradication of the virus through lockdown. The
premise that the virus could be eradicated was a false one. While
individual virus particles can certainly be killed, the Covid-19 virus
cannot be eradicated. If the virus could be eradicated, then Australia
129) Lockdowns of Young People Lead to
would have already succeeded with its brutal lockdown. All of the
More Deaths from Covid-19, Berdine, 2020 scientific data, as opposed to the wishful thinking coming out of Garbage
In Garbage Out models, indicates that the virus is here forever – much
like influenza. Given the fact that the virus will eventually spread to the
entire young and economically active population, lockdowns of the
young cannot possibly achieve reduced mortality compared to voluntary
action.”

“It is likely that soon there will be increased calls for a second hard
lockdown as it gets worse, either countrywide or in particular provinces.
130) A second lockdown would break
Should such a decision be implemented it will probably take many South
South Africans, Griffiths, 2020 Africans over their breaking point as some may well lose what they so
desperately attempted to save during the initial lockdown.”

“During the COVID-19 pandemic, children and adolescents spent more

time than usual away from structured school settings, and families who
131) CDC, Longitudinal Trends in Body
were already disproportionally affected by obesity risk factors might
Mass Index Before and During the COVID- have had additional disruptions in income, food, and other social
19 Pandemic Among Persons Aged 2–19 determinants of health.† As a result, children and adolescents might
have experienced circumstances that accelerated weight gain, including
Years — United States, 2018–2020, Lange,
increased stress, irregular mealtimes, less access to nutritious foods,
2021 increased screen time, and fewer opportunities for physical activity (e.g.,
no recreational sports) (2,3).”

“1.4 million additional tuberculosis deaths due to lockdown disruptions,

500,000 additional deaths related to HIV, Malaria deaths could double to
770,000 total per year, 65 percent decrease in all cancer screenings,
Breast cancer screenings dropped 89 percent, Colorectal screenings
dropped 85 percent, At least 1/3 of excess deaths in the U.S. are already
not related to COVID-19, Increase in cardiac arrests but decrease in EMS
132) The Truth About Lockdowns, Rational
calls for them, Significant increase in stress-related cardiomyopathy
Ground, 2021 during lockdowns, 132 million additional people in sub-Saharan Africa
are projected to be undernourished due to lockdown disruptions, Study
estimates up to 2.3 million additional child deaths in the next year from
lockdowns, Millions of girls have been deprived of access to food, basic
healthcare, and protection and thousands exposed to abuse and
exploitation.”

“Micro evidence contradicts the public-health ideal in which households

133) The Backward Art of Slowing the would be places of solitary confinement and zero transmission. Instead,
Spread? Congregation Efficiencies during the evidence suggests that “households show the highest transmission
rates” and that “households are high-risk settings for the transmission of
COVID-19, Mulligan, 2021
[COVID-19].”
 “Six months into the Covid-19 pandemic, the U.S. has now carried out
two large-scale experiments in public health—first, in March and April,
the lockdown of the economy to arrest the spread of the virus, and
134) The Failed Experiment of Covid
second, since mid-April, the reopening of the economy. The results are
Lockdowns, Luskin, 2020 in. Counterintuitive though it may be, statistical analysis shows that
locking down the economy didn’t contain the disease’s spread and
reopening it didn’t unleash a second wave of infections.”

“Well, I mean, we thought that was necessary because we were just

surrounded by people who have bought into the lockdown ideology. And
they will have in their minds, a very facile sort of reason why lockdowns
should work. And so, we addressed that very directly in that section as
you know. We say, “Look, on the surface of it, the idea is that you
prevent people from interacting with each other and therefore,
transmitting the virus. That’s what people believe. That’s what they
think when they think lockdown, they think, “That’s what I’m doing.” But
they don’t realize how many other collateral problems are happening
135) An Interview with Gigi Foster, Warrior
and also how little that particular objective is actually being serviced,
Against Lockdowns, Brownstone, 2021 because of the fact that we live in these interdependent societies now.
And we also are trapping people often in large buildings, sharing air
together, and not able to go outside as much and so we’re actually
potentially increasing the spread of the virus, at least within
communities, our communities. So, it basically is an example of trying to
engage with the people we feel are misguided on this issue in a calm
way, not screaming at each other, not sort of taking the radical position
on either side and just saying, “I’m going to play gotcha with you”
because that’s not productive.”

Regarding Sweden: “As an aside, the report clearly states: “The best way
of comparing the mortality impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19)
pandemic internationally is by looking at all-cause mortality compared
136) The Politicisation of Science Funding with the five-year average.” So what do the new numbers show?
in the US, Carl, 2021 Sweden has had negative excess mortality. In other words, the level of
mortality between January 2020 and June 2021 was lower than the five-
year average. If this isn’t a vindication of Anders Tegnell’s approach, I
don’t know what is.”

“Starting from the rationale of the lockdown, in this paper we explored

and exposed the other consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic
measures such as the use or abuse of human rights and freedom
restrictions, economic issues, marginalized groups and eclipse of all
other diseases. Our scientific attempt is to coagulate a stable position
and integrate current opposing views by advancing the idea that rather
137) Pandemic lockdown, healthcare than applying the uniform lockdown policy, one could recommend
instead an improved model targeting more strict and more prolonged
policies and human rights: integrating
lockdowns to vulnerable risk/age groups while enabling less stringent
opposed views on COVID-19 public health measures for the lower-risk groups, minimizing both economic losses
mitigation measures, Burlacu, 2020 and deaths. Rigorous (and also governed by freedom) debating may be
able to synchronize the opposed perspectives between those advocating
an extreme lockdown (e.g., most of the epidemiologists and health
experts), and those criticizing all restrictive measures (e.g., economists
and human rights experts). Confronting the multiple facets of the public
health mitigation measures is the only way to avoid contributing to
history with yet another failure, as seen in other past epidemics.”

138) Mental Health, Substance Use, and 25.5% of persons 18 to 24 years old seriously considered suicide in the
Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 prior 30 days (Table 1).CDC: A Quarter of Young Adults Say They
Pandemic — United States, June 24–30, Contemplated Suicide This Summer During Pandemic – Foundation for
Economic Education (fee.org)
2020, Czeisler, 2020
 “Separate from their limited value in containing the virus — efficacy that
has often been “grossly exaggerated” in published papers — lockdown
policies have been extraordinarily harmful. The harms to children of
closing in-person schooling are dramatic, including poor learning, school
dropouts, social isolation, and suicidal ideation, most of which are
far worse for lower income groups. A recent study confirms that up to
78% of cancers were never detected due to missed screening over three
months. If one extrapolates to the entire country, where
about 150,000 new cancers are diagnosed per month, three-fourths to
139) Will the Truth on COVID Restrictions over a million new cases over nine months will have gone undetected.
Really Prevail?, Atlas, 2021 That health disaster adds to missed critical surgeries, delayed
presentations of pediatric illnesses, heart attack and stroke patients too
afraid to call emergency services, and others all well documented…
Beyond hospital care, CDC reported four-fold increases in depression,
three-fold increases in anxiety symptoms, and a doubling of suicidal
ideation, particularly among young adults after the first few months of
lockdowns, echoing the AMA reports of drug overdoses and
suicides. Domestic abuse and child abuse have been skyrocketing due to
the isolation and specifically to the loss of jobs, particularly in
the strictest lockdowns.”

“Since the very beginning of the covid panic, the narrative has been this:
implement severe lockdowns or your population will experience a
bloodbath. Morgues will be overwhelmed, the death total toll will be
astounding. On the other hand, we were assured those jurisdictions
140) With Low Vaccination Rates, Africa’s that do lock down would see only a fraction of the death toll… The
Covid Deaths Remain Far below Europe lockdown narrative, of course, has already been thoroughly overturned.
Jurisdictions that did not lock down or adopted only weak and short
and the US, Mises Wire, 2021 lockdowns ended up with covid death tolls that were either similar to—
or even better than—death tolls in countries that adopted draconian
lockdowns. Lockdown advocates said locked-down countries would be
overwhelmingly better off. These people were clearly wrong.”

“Lockdowns have also resulted in a wide-range of unintended

ramifications. Economic damage, delays in “non-urgent” surgeries,
diagnoses, and treatments, and excess deaths arising from the
“collateral effects” of lockdown measures should all be considered as
policy-makers weigh future measures.Dr. Joffe argues that Canadians
have been essentially presented with a “false dichotomy” – between a
141) Rethinking lockdowns, Joffe, 2020 choice of either economically-damaging lockdowns or lethal inaction.
However, his analysis finds that the costs of the lockdown measures
compare poorly against their purported benefits when measured by
Quality Adjusted Life Years, or QALY. “Various cost-benefit analyses from
different countries, including some of these costs, have consistently
estimated the cost in lives from lockdowns to be at least five to 10 times
higher than the benefit, and likely far higher.”

142) Non-pharmaceutical public health

“Home quarantine of exposed individuals to reduce transmission is not
measures for mitigating the risk and impact
recommended because there is no obvious rationale for this measure,
of epidemic and pandemic influenza, WHO, and there would be considerable difficulties in implementing it.”
2020

“More Americans could lose their lives to deaths of despair, deaths due
to drug, alcohol, and suicide, if we do not do something immediately.
143) Projected deaths of despair from
Deaths of despair have been on the rise for the last decade, and in the
COVID-19, Well Being Trust, 2020 context of COVID-19, deaths of despair should be seen as the epidemic
within the pandemic.”
144) Dr Matthew Owens: Undoing the “A sense of proportion is now needed to help mitigate the negative
untold harms of COVID-19 on young impact of the ‘lockdown’ measures and encourage the healthy
development and wellbeing of all young people.”
people: a call to action, 2020

145) Stay at Home, Protect the National

“The costs of continuing severe restrictions are so great relative to likely
Health Service, Save Lives”: A cost benefit
benefits in lives saved that a rapid easing in restrictions is now
analysis of the lockdown in the United warranted.”
Kingdom, Miles, 2020

“Both COVID-19 itself and the lockdown policy reactions have had
enormous adverse consequences for patients in the US and around the
world. While the harm from COVID-19 infections are well represented in
146) Great Barrington Declaration, Gupta, news stories every day, the harms from lockdowns themselves are less
Kulldorff, Bhattacharya, 2020 well advertised, but no less important. The patients hurt by missed
medical visits and hospitalizations due to lockdowns are as worthy of
attention and policy response as are patients afflicted by COVID-19
infection.”

147) Sweden saw lower 2020 death spike “Sweden, which has shunned the strict lockdowns that have choked
much of the global economy, emerged from 2020 with a smaller
than much of Europe – data, Ahlander, increase in its overall mortality rate than most European countries, an
2021 analysis of official data sources showed.”

148) Open Letter from Medical Doctors “If we compare the waves of infection in countries with strict lockdown
policies to countries that did not impose lockdowns (Sweden, Iceland …),
and Health Professionals to All Belgian
we see similar curves. So there is no link between the imposed
Authorities and All Belgian Media, AIER, lockdown and the course of the infection. Lockdown has not led to a
2020 lower mortality rate.”

“Robert is working from home again, along with over 50 million

149) Will Months of Remote Learning students, as schools in 48 states have shut down in-person classes to
curb the spread of the novel coronavirus. How will the long absence
Worsen Students’ Attention Problems? from traditional school routines affect Robert and the millions of other
Harwin, 2020 students across the country who struggle with self-control, focus, or
mental flexibility?”

“Yet the elites are far removed from the ramifications of their
nonsensical, illogical, specious policies and edicts. Dictates that do not
apply to them or their families or friends. The ‘laptop’ affluent class
could vacate, work remotely, walk their dogs and pets, catch up on
reading their books, and do tasks they could not do had they been in the
workplace daily. They could hire extra teachers for their children etc.
Remote working was a boon. The actions of our governments however,
150) COVID-19 Mandates Will Not Work for
devastated and long-term hurt the poor in societies and terribly and
the Delta Variant, Alexander, 2021 perversely so, and many could not hold on and committed
suicide. AIER’s Ethan Yang’s analysis showed that deaths of
despair skyrocketed. Poor children, especially in richer western nations
such as the US and Canada, self-harmed and ended their lives, not due
to the pandemic virus, but due to the lockdowns and school
closures. Many children took their own lives out of despair, depression,
and hopelessness due to the lockdowns and school closures.”

151) Open letter from medical doctors and “If we compare the waves of infection in countries with strict lockdown
health professionals to all Belgian policies to countries that did not impose lockdowns (Sweden, Iceland …),
we see similar curves. So there is no link between the imposed
authorities and all Belgian media, The lockdown and the course of the infection. Lockdown has not led to a
American Institute of Stress, 2020 lower mortality rate. If we look at the date of application of the imposed
lockdowns we see that the lockdowns were set after the peak was
 already over and the number of cases decreasing. The drop was
therefore not the result of the taken measures.”

“Whether or not lockdowns are justifiable on public-health grounds,

they certainly represent the greatest infringement on civil liberties in
152) Lockdown Scepticism Was Never a
modern history. In the UK, lockdowns have contributed to
‘Fringe’ Viewpoint, Carl, 2021 the largest economic contraction in more than 300 years, as well as
countless bankruptcies, and a dramatic rise in public borrowing.”

“The frequently voiced government mantra that lives are being

prioritised and that the issue is “lives versus the economy” is described
153) Actuaries warn Ramaphosa of a in the Panda report as a false dichotomy. The report notes: “Viruses kill.
But the economy sustains lives, and poverty kills too.”It points out that
‘humanitarian disaster to dwarf Covid-19′ if the admitted intention of the lockdown is to “flatten the curve”, to
restrictive lockdown is not lifted, Bell, 2020 spread expected virus deaths over time, so as not to overburden
hospital systems. This “saves lives to the extent that avoidable deaths
are prevented, but merely shifts the timing of the rest by some weeks.”

“In line with our May results, our survey indicates that the next
administration will lead a country where unprecedented numbers of
154) THE STATE OF THE NATION: A 50- younger individuals are experiencing depression, anxiety, and, for some,
thoughts of suicide. These symptoms are not concentrated among any
STATE COVID-19 SURVEY REPORT #23:
particular subgroup or region in our survey; they are elevated in every
DEPRESSION AMONG YOUNG ADULTS, group we examined. Our survey results also strongly suggest that those
Perlis, 2020 with direct economic and property losses resulting from COVID-19
appear to be at particular risk, so strategies focusing on these individuals
may be critical.”

“Global extreme poverty is expected to rise in 2020 for the first time in
over 20 years as the disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic compounds
the forces of conflict and climate change, which were already slowing
poverty reduction progress, the World Bank said today.The COVID-19
pandemic is estimated to push an additional 88 million to 115 million
155) COVID-19 to Add as Many as 150 people into extreme poverty this year, with the total rising to as many as
Million Extreme Poor by 2021, The World 150 million by 2021, depending on the severity of the economic
contraction. Extreme poverty, defined as living on less than $1.90 a day,
Bank, 2020
is likely to affect between 9.1% and 9.4% of the world’s population in
2020, according to the biennial Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report.
This would represent a regression to the rate of 9.2% in 2017. Had the
pandemic not convulsed the globe, the poverty rate was expected to
drop to 7.9% in 2020.”

“Incident AHF hospitalization significantly declined in our centre during

156) The impact of COVID-19 on heart the COVID-19 pandemic, but hospitalized patients had more severe
failure hospitalization and management: symptoms at admission. Further studies are needed to investigate
whether the incidence of AHF declined or patients did not present to
report from a Heart Failure Unit in London hospital while the national lockdown and social distancing restrictions
during the peak of the pandemic, Bromage, were in place. From a public health perspective, it is imperative to
2020 ascertain whether this will be associated with worse long-term
outcomes.”

The side effects so far seem to outweigh the positive effects and a
recent historical overview of outbreaks concludes that: “History suggests
that we are actually at much greater risk of exaggerated fears and
157) For the Greater Good? The misplaced priorities” (Jones D. S., 2020; p. 1683). The main side effects
are: Excess mortality from causes other such as hunger, delayed health
Devastating Ripple Effects of the Covid-19 care, increase in effects mental health issues, suicide, increase in
Crisis, Schippers, 2020 diseases such as measles, and increased inequalities due to school
closures and job loss. These have ripple effects throughout society. In
many countries emergency admissions, e.g., for cardiac chest pain and
transient ischemic attacks, are decreased by about 50%, as people are
avoiding hospital visits, which eventually will lead to higher death rates
 from other causes, such as heart attack and strokes (Sarner, 2020). Also,
many medical treatments such as chemotherapy have not been given
and were postponed (Sud et al., 2020). In terms of mental health effects,
vulnerable groups, such as people with prior mental health issues might
be at especially high risk (Jeong et al., 2016). Indeed, a survey by Young
Minds revealed that up to 80% of young people with a history of mental
health issues reported a worsening of their condition as a result of the
pandemic and lockdown measures (Sarner, 2020). The mental health
effects arguably affect the general population as a whole, and it has
been suggested that this will be a global catastrophe (Izaguirre-Torres
and Siche, 2020).

“Yet, as this Article demonstrates—with diverse examples drawn from

across the world—there are unmistakable regressions into
authoritarianism in governmental efforts to contain the virus. Despite
the unprecedented nature of this challenge, there is no sound
justification for systemic erosion of rights-protective democratic ideals
158) COVID-19 emergency measures and and institutions beyond that which is strictly demanded by the
exigencies of the pandemic. A Wuhan-inspired all-or-nothing approach
the impending authoritarian pandemic, to viral containment sets a dangerous precedent for future pandemics
Thomson, 2020 and disasters, with the global copycat response indicating an impending
‘pandemic’ of a different sort, that of authoritarianization. With a
gratuitous toll being inflicted on democracy, civil liberties, fundamental
freedoms, healthcare ethics, and human dignity, this has the potential to
unleash humanitarian crises no less devastating than COVID-19 in the
long run.”

“Document declines in employment and income in all settings beginning

March 2020. The share of households experiencing an income drop
159) Falling living standards during the ranges from 8 to 87% (median, 68%). Household coping strategies and
COVID-19 crisis: Quantitative evidence government assistance were insufficient to sustain precrisis living
from nine developing countries, Egger, standards, resulting in widespread food insecurity and dire economic
conditions even 3 months into the crisis. We discuss promising policy
2021 responses and speculate about the risk of persistent adverse effects,
especially among children and other vulnerable groups.”

“The violation of basic human rights in the form of curfews, lockdowns,

and coercive closure of business has been amply illustrated during the
COVID-19 crisis. Naturally, the COVID-19 example is indicative rather
than representative and its lessons cannot be generalized. During the
160) COVID-19 and the Political Economy COVID-19 crisis, several authors have argued that from a public health
of Mass Hysteria, Bagus, 2021 point of view, these invasive interventions such as lockdowns have been
unnecessary and, indeed, detrimental to overall public health. In fact,
prior scientific research on disease mitigation measures during a
possible influenza pandemic had warned against such invasive
interventions and recommended a more normal social functioning.”

“Our results suggest: (i) a refined estimate of mean weekly COVID-19

161) COVID-19 mortalities in England and excess deaths that is 63% of standard excess deaths; and (ii) a positive
Wales and the Peltzman offsetting effect, net excess mortality impact of the lockdown. We make a case that (ii) is
due to the Peltzman offsetting effect, i.e. the intended mortality impact
Williams, 2021
of the lockdown was more than offset by the unintended impact.”

“The number of yearly deaths caused by respiratory diseases and

influenza in Argentina before the pandemic was similar to the total
162) Progression of COVID-19 under the number of deaths attributed to COVID-19 cumulated on April 25, 2021,
more than a year after the pandemic started. The failure to detect any
highly restrictive measures imposed in benefit on ameliorating COVID-19 by the long and strict nation-wide
Argentina, Sagripanti, 2021 lock-downs in Argentina should raise world-wide concerns about
mandating costly and ineffective restrictive measures during ongoing or
future pandemics.”
 “This does not show that locking down made no difference relative to a
counterfactual scenario (and a full analysis would need to consider
provincial trajectories too), but it does mean that a detailed (and
provincial) analysis needs to be undertaken before we can evaluate the
effectiveness of lockdown measures in the South African context. Were
163) COVID-19 in South Africa, Broadbent,
we to try to “read off” the effect of the interventions from the shape of
2020 the epidemic, we would have to conclude they had no effect. Likewise
we would have to attribute the slow progress of the epidemic in the
country to background features (e.g. the relative youthfulness of the
population). This is a caution against such “reading off” both in this
context and others.”

164) The effects of non-pharmaceutical “Our simulated epidemic trajectories show that the partial curfew
measure greatly reduced and delayed the height of the peak in P1, yet
interventions on SARS-CoV-2 transmission
significantly elevated and hastened the peak in P2. Modest cross-
in different socioeconomic populations in transmission between P1 and P2 greatly elevated the height of the peak
Kuwait: a modeling study, Khadadah, 2021 in P1 and brought it forward in time closer to the peak of P2.”

165) Hard, not early: putting the New “The cross-country evidence shows that restrictions imposed after the
Zealand Covid-19 response in context, inflection point in infections is reached are ineffective in reducing total
deaths. Even restrictions imposed earlier have just a modest effect.”
Gibson, 2020

“Specifically, there are three priorities including the following: first,

protect those most at risk by separating them from the threat
(mitigation); second, ensure critical infrastructure is ready for people
166) The SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in High who get sick (preparation and response); and third, shift the response
from fear to confidence (recovery). We argue that, based on Emergency
Income Countries Such as Canada: A Better
Management principles, the age-dependent risk from SARS-CoV-2, the
Way Forward Without Lockdowns, Joffe, minimal (at best) efficacy of lockdowns, and the terrible cost-benefit
2021 trade-offs of lockdowns, we need to reset the pandemic response. We
can manage risk and save more lives from both COVID-19 and
lockdowns, thus achieving far better outcomes in both the short- and
long-term.”

“Governments conditioned policy choice on recent pandemic dynamics,

and were found to de-escalate the associated stringency of
implemented NPIs more cautiously than in their escalation, i.e., policy
mixes exhibited significant hysteresis. Finally, at least 90% of the
167) On the effectiveness of COVID-19 maximum effectiveness of NPIs can be achieved by policies with an
average Stringency index of 31–40, without restricting internal
restrictions and lockdowns: Pan metron movement or imposing stay at home measures, and only recommending
ariston, Spiliopoulos, 2021 (not enforcing) closures on workplaces and schools, accompanied by
public informational campaigns. Consequently, the positive effects on
case and death growth rates of voluntary behavioral changes in
response to beliefs about the severity of the pandemic, generally
trumped those arising from mandatory behavioral restrictions.”

“While no lockdown resulted in higher mortality, the difference between

strict lockdown and lax lockdown was not terribly different and favored
lax lockdown. Only one of the top 44 countries had long and strict
168) Covid-19: Comparisons by Country restrictions. Strict restrictions were more common in the worst
and Implications for Future Pandemics, performing countries in terms of Covid mortality. The United States had
both the largest economic growth coupled with the largest rate of
Mehl-Madrona, 2021
mortality. Those who did well economically, had lower mortality and less
pressure on their population. Yet they had less mortality than average
and less than their neighbors.”

169) Does Social Isolation Really Curb “There appears to be strong empirical evidence that, in Brazil, the
COVID-19 Deaths? Direct Evidence from adoption of restrictive measures increasing social isolation have
Brazil that it Might do the Exact Opposite, worsened the pandemic in that country instead of mitigating it, likely as
a higher-order effect emerging from a combination of factors.”
de Souza, 2020

“The trend of R(t) tending to increase shortly after the measures became
effective does not allow to exclude that the enforcement of such
170) The tiered restrictions enforced in restrictions might have been counterproductive. These results are
instrumental in informing public health efforts aimed at attempting to
November 2020 did not impact the
manage the epidemic efficiently. Planning further use of the tiered
epidemiology of the second wave of restrictions and the associated containment measures should be
COVID-19 in Italy, Rainisio, 2021 carefully and critically revised to avoid a useless burden to the
population with no advantage for the containment of the epidemic or a
possible worsening.”

“Study employed a systematic search and screening procedure in which

18,590 studies are identified that could potentially address the belief
posed. After three levels of screening, 34 studies ultimately qualified. Of
those 34 eligible studies, 24 qualified for inclusion in the meta-analysis.
They were separated into three groups: lockdown stringency index
studies, shelter-in-place order (SIPO) studies, and specific NPI studies. An
analysis of each of these three groups support the conclusion that
171) LITERATURE REVIEW AND META- lockdowns have had little to no effect on COVID-19 mortality. More
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF LOCKDOWNS specifically, stringency index studies find that lockdowns in Europe and
the United States only reduced COVID-19 mortality by 0.2% on average.
ON COVID-19 MORTALITY, Herby, 2022
SIPOs were also ineffective, only reducing COVID-19 mortality by 2.9%
on average. Specific NPI studies also find no broad-based evidence of
noticeable effects on COVID-19 mortality. While this meta-analysis
concludes that lockdowns have had little to no public health effects,
they have imposed enormous economic and social costs where they
have been adopted. In consequence, lockdown policies are ill-founded
and should be rejected as a pandemic policy instrument.”

“The outcomes in NJ, NY, and CA were among the worst in all three
categories: mortality, economy, and schooling. UT, NE, and VT were
leaders in all three categories. The scores have a clear spatial pattern,
perhaps reflecting spatial correlations in demographic, economic, and
political variables…three states stand out as having combined scores
well above the others: Utah, Nebraska, and Vermont. They were
substantially above average in all three categories. Six more states
172) A Final Report Card on the States’
followed, including Montana and South Dakota almost two standard
Response to COVID-19, Kerpen, 2022 deviations above the average in terms of economy but 0.8 to 1.0 below
in terms of mortality (i.e., higher death rates). New Hampshire and
Maine were about 1.5 standard deviations above average on mortality
while also somewhat above average economically. Although sometimes
criticized as having policies that were “too open,” Florida proved to have
average mortality while maintaining a high level of economic activity and
96 percent open schools.”

“From April 2020 through at least the end of 2021, Americans died from
non-Covid causes at an average annual rate 97,000 in excess of previous
trends. Hypertension and heart disease deaths combined were elevated
32,000. Diabetes or obesity, drug-induced causes, and alcohol-induced
causes were each elevated 12,000 to 15,000 above previous (upward)
173) NBER, Non-Covid Excess Deaths, trends. Drug deaths especially followed an alarming trend, only to
significantly exceed it during the pandemic to reach 108,000 for
2020-21: Collateral Damage of Policy calendar year 2021. Homicide and motor-vehicle fatalities combined
Choices?, Mulligan, 2022 were elevated almost 10,000. Various other causes combined to add
18,000. While Covid deaths overwhelmingly afflict senior citizens,
absolute numbers of non-Covid excess deaths are similar for each of the
18-44, 45-64, and over-65 age groups, with essentially no aggregate
excess deaths of children. Mortality from all causes during the pandemic
was elevated 26 percent for working-age adults (18-64), as compared to
18 percent for the elderly. Other data on drug addictions, non-fatal
 shootings, weight gain, and cancer screenings point to a historic, yet
largely unacknowledged, health emergency.”

“The USA and its 50 state jurisdictions provide a natural experiment to

test whether excess all-cause deaths can be directly attributed to
implementing the social and economic structural large-scale changes
174) Evaluating the Effect of Lockdowns On induced by ordering general-population lockdowns. Ten states had no
All-Cause Mortality During the COVID Era: lockdown impositions and there are 38 pairs of lockdown/non-lockdown
Lockdowns Did Not Save Lives, Rancourt & states that share a land border. We find that the regulatory imposition
and enforcement of statewide shelter-in-place or stay-at-home orders
Johnson, 2022 conclusively correlates with larger health-status-corrected, per capita,
all-cause mortality by state. This result is inconsistent with the
hypothesis that lockdowns saved lives.”

SCHOOL CLOSURES

“While one would expect the financial, mental, and physical stress due
1) Suffering in silence: How COVID-19 to COVID-19 to result in additional child maltreatment cases, we find
that the actual number of reported allegations was approximately
school closures inhibit the reporting of 15,000 lower (27%) than expected for these two months. We leverage a
child maltreatment, Baron, 2020 detailed dataset of school district staffing and spending to show that the
observed decline in allegations was largely driven by school closures.”

2) Association of routine school closures

with child maltreatment reporting and “Results suggest that the detection of child maltreatment may be
substantiation in the United States; 2010- diminished during periods of routine school closure.”
2017, Puls, 2021

3) Reporting of child maltreatment during “Precipitous drops in child maltreatment reporting and child welfare
the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in New York City interventions coincided with social distancing policies designed to
mitigate COVID-19 transmission.”
from March to May 2020, Rapoport, 2021

4) Calculating the impact of COVID-19 “The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a precipitous drop in CAN
pandemic on child abuse and neglect in the investigations where almost 200,000 children are estimated to have
been missed for prevention services and CAN in a 10-month period.”
U.S, Nguyen, 2021

“We therefore conclude that the somewhat counterintuitive results that

school closures lead to more deaths are a consequence of the addition
of some interventions that suppress the first wave and failure to
prioritise protection of the most vulnerable people. When the
interventions are lifted, there is still a large population who are
susceptible and a substantial number of people who are infected. This
5) Effect of school closures on mortality then leads to a second wave of infections that can result in more deaths,
but later. Further lockdowns would lead to a repeating series of waves of
from coronavirus disease 2019: old and infection unless herd immunity is achieved by vaccination, which is not
new predictions, Rice, 2020 considered in the model. A similar result is obtained in some of the
scenarios involving general social distancing. For example, adding
general social distancing to case isolation and household quarantine was
also strongly associated with suppression of the infection during the
intervention period, but then a second wave occurs that actually
concerns a higher peak demand for ICU beds than for the equivalent
scenario without general social distancing.”

6) Schools Closures during the COVID-19 “This extreme measure provoked a disruption of the educational system
involving hundreds of million children worldwide. The return of children
Pandemic: A Catastrophic Global Situation, to school has been variable and is still an unresolved and contentious
Buonsenso, 2020 issue. Importantly the process has not been directly correlated to the
severity of the pandemic s impact and has fueled the widening of
 disparities, disproportionately affecting the most vulnerable
populations. Available evidence shows SC added little benefit to COVID-
19 control whereas the harms related to SC severely affected children
and adolescents. This unresolved issue has put children and young
people at high risk of social, economic and health-related harm for years
to come, triggering severe consequences during their lifespan.”

“COVID-19-related school closure was associated with a significant

decline in the number of hospital admissions and pediatric emergency
department visits. However, a number of children and adolescents lost
access to school-based healthcare services, special services for children
7) The Impact of COVID-19 School Closure with disabilities, and nutrition programs. A greater risk of widening
educational disparities due to lack of support and resources for remote
on Child and Adolescent Health: A Rapid learning were also reported among poorer families and children with
Systematic Review, Chaabane, 2021 disabilities. School closure also contributed to increased anxiety and
loneliness in young people and child stress, sadness, frustration,
indiscipline, and hyperactivity. The longer the duration of school closure
and reduction of daily physical activity, the higher was the predicted
increase of Body Mass Index and childhood obesity prevalence.”

8) School Closures and Social Anxiety “Reported on the effects that social isolation and loneliness may have on
children and adolescents during the global 2019 novel coronavirus
During the COVID-19 Pandemic, disease (COVID-19) pandemic, with their findings suggesting associations
Morrissette, 2020 between social anxiety and loneliness/social isolation.”

9) Parental job loss and infant health, “Husbands’ job losses have significant negative effects on infant health.
Lindo, 2011 They reduce birth weights by approximately four and a half percent.”

“For some children education is their only way out of poverty; for others
school offers a safe haven away from a dangerous or chaotic home life.
Learning loss, reduced social interaction, isolation, reduced physical
10) Closing schools is not evidence based activity, increased mental health problems, and potential for increased
and harms children, Lewis, 2021 abuse, exploitation, and neglect have all been associated with school
closures. Reduced future income6 and life expectancy are associated
with less education. Children with special educational needs or who are
already disadvantaged are at increased risk of harm.”

“School closures as part of broader social distancing measures are

associated with considerable harms to CYP health and wellbeing.
11) Impacts of school closures on physical Available data are short-term and longer-term harms are likely to be
magnified by further school closures. Data are urgently needed on
and mental health of children and young longer-term impacts using strong research designs, particularly amongst
people: a systematic review, Viner, 2021 vulnerable groups. These findings are important for policy-makers
seeking to balance the risks of transmission through school-aged
children with the harms of closing schools.”

“Based on the existing reviewed evidence, the predominant finding is

that children (particularly young children) are at very low risk of
acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection, and if they do become infected, are at
very low risk of spreading it among themselves or to other children in
the school setting, of spreading it to their teachers, or of spreading it to
other adults or to their parents, or of taking it into the home setting;
12) School Closure: A Careful Review of the children typically become infected from the home setting/clusters and
adults are typically the index case; children are at very low risk of severe
Evidence, Alexander, 2020 illness or death from COVID-19 disease except in very rare
circumstances; children do not drive SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 as they do
seasonal influenza; an age gradient as to susceptibility and transmission
capacity exists whereby older children should not be treated the same
as younger children in terms of ability to transmit e.g. a 6 year-old versus
a 17 year-old (as such, public health measures would be different in an
elementary school versus a high/secondary school); ‘very low risk’ can
also be considered ‘very rare’ (not zero risk, but negligible, very rare);
 we argue that masking and social distancing for young children is
unsound policy and not needed and if social distancing is to be used,
that 3-feet is suitable over 6-feet and will address the space limitations
in schools; we argue that we are well past the point where we must
replace hysteria and fear with knowledge and fact. The schools must be
immediately re-opened for in-person instruction as there is no reason to
do otherwise.”

“If we look at all hospital admissions reported by the NICE Foundation

between 1 January and 16 November 2021, 0.7% were younger than 4
13) Children, school and COVID-19, RIVM,
years old. 0.1% were aged 4-11 years and 0.2% were aged 12-17 years.
2021 The vast majority (99.0%) of all people admitted to hospital with COVID-
19 were aged 18 years or older.”

14) FEW CARRIERS, FEW TRANSMITTERS”:

A STUDY CONFIRMS THE MINIMAL ROLE OF “Children are few carriers, few transmitters, and when they are
contaminated, it is almost always adults in the family who have
CHILDREN IN THE COVID-19 EPIDEMIC, contaminated them.”
Vincendon, 2020

15) Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in children “Investigated data from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
aged 0 to 19 years in childcare facilities and 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected 0-19 year olds, who attended schools/childcare
facilities, to assess their role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission after these
schools after their reopening in May 2020, establishments’ reopening in May 2020 in Baden-Württemberg,
Baden-Württemberg, Germany, Ehrhardt, Germany. Child-to-child transmission in schools/childcare facilities
2020 appeared very uncommon.”

“AHPPC continues to note that there is very limited evidence of

transmission between children in the school environment; population
16) Australian Health Protection Principal screening overseas has shown very low incidence of positive cases in
Committee (AHPPC) coronavirus (COVID- school-aged children. In Australia, 2.4 per cent of confirmed cases have
19) statements on 24 April 2020, Australian been in children aged between 5 and 18 years of age (as at 6am, 22 April
2020). AHPPC believes that adults in the school environment should
government, 2020 practice room density measures (such as in staff rooms) given the
greater risk of transmission between adults.”

“Critical illness is very rare (~1%). In data from China, the USA and
17) AN EVIDENCE SUMMARY OF Europe, there is a “U shaped” risk gradient, with infants and older
adolescents appear most likely to be hospitalised and to suffer from
PAEDIATRIC COVID-19 LITERATURE, Boast, more severe disease. Deaths in children remain extremely rare from
2021 COVID-19, with only 4 deaths in the UK as of May 2020 in children <15
years, all in children with serious comorbidities.”

18) Transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2

“While children become infected by SARS-CoV-2, they do not appear to
within families with children in Greece: A transmit infection to others.”
study of 23 clusters, Maltezou, 2020

“Children are thought to be vectors for transmission of many respiratory

diseases including influenza. It was assumed that this would be true for
COVID-19 also. To date however, evidence of widespread paediatric
transmission has failed to emerge. School closures create childcare
19) No evidence of secondary transmission issues for parents. This has an impact on the workforce, including the
of COVID-19 from children attending healthcare workforce. There are also concerns about the impact of
school in Ireland, 2020, Heavey, 2020 school closures on children’s mental and physical health… examination
of all Irish paediatric cases of COVID-19 attending school during the pre-
symptomatic and symptomatic periods of infection (n = 3) identified no
cases of onward transmission to other children or adults within the
school and a variety of other settings. These included music lessons
(woodwind instruments) and choir practice, both of which are high-risk
 activities for transmission. Furthermore, no onward transmission from
the three identified adult cases to children was identified.”

“The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization estimates that

138 countries have closed schools nationwide, and several other
countries have implemented regional or local closures. These school
20) COVID-19, school closures, and child closures are affecting the education of 80% of children worldwide.
poverty: a social crisis in the making, Van Although scientific debate is ongoing with regard to the effectiveness of
school closures on virus transmission, the fact that schools are closed for
Lancker, 2020 a long period of time could have detrimental social and health
consequences for children living in poverty, and are likely to exacerbate
existing inequalities.”

“School closures come with many trade-offs, and can create unintended
21) Impact of school closures for COVID-19 child-care obligations. Our results suggest that the potential contagion
prevention from school closures needs to be carefully weighted with the
on the US health-care workforce and net potential loss of health-care workers from the standpoint of reducing
mortality: a modelling study, Bayham, 2020 cumulative mortality due to COVID-19, in the absence of mitigating
measures.”

“The CDC’s judgment comes at a particularly fraught moment in the

debate about kids, schools, and COVID-19. Parents are exhausted.
Student suicides are surging. Teachers’ unions are
facing national opprobrium for their reluctance to return to in-person
instruction. And schools are already making noise about staying closed
until 2022… Research from around the world has, since the beginning of
the pandemic, indicated that people under 18, and especially younger
22) The Truth About Kids, School, and kids, are less susceptible to infection, less likely to experience severe
COVID-19, Thompson/The Atlantic, 2021 symptoms, and far less likely to be hospitalized or die…in May 2020,
a small Irish study of young students and education workers with COVID-
19 interviewed more than 1,000 contacts and found “no case of onward
transmission” to any children or adults. In June 2020, a Singapore
study of three COVID-19 clusters found that “children are not the
primary drivers” of outbreaks and that “the risk of SARS-CoV-2
transmission among children in schools, especially preschools, is likely to
be low.”

“This early evidence, experts say, suggests that opening schools may not
be as risky as many have feared and could guide administrators as they
23) Feared coronavirus outbreaks in chart the rest of what is already an unprecedented school year.
schools yet to arrive, early data shows, Everyone had a fear there would be explosive outbreaks of transmission
in the schools. In colleges, there have been. We have to say that, to
Meckler/The Washington Post, 2020
date, we have not seen those in the younger kids, and that is a really
important observation.”

“A trio of new studies demonstrate low risk of COVID-19 infection and

24) Three studies highlight low COVID risk spread in schools, including limited in-school COVID-19 transmission in
North Carolina, few cases of the coronavirus-associated multisystem
of in-person school, CIDRAP, 2021 inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in Swedish schools, and
minimal spread of the virus from primary school students in Norway.”

25) Incidence and Secondary Transmission “In the first 9 weeks of in-person instruction in North Carolina schools,
of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Schools, we found extremely limited within-school secondary transmission of
SARS-CoV-2, as determined by contact tracing.”
Zimmerman, 2021

“Of the 1,951,905 children aged 1 to 16 years in Sweden as of Dec 31,

26) Open Schools, Covid-19, and Child and 2019, 65 died in the pre-pandemic period of November 2019 to
Teacher Morbidity in Sweden, Ludvigsson, February 2020, compared with 69 in the pandemic period of March
2020 through June 2020. None of the deaths were caused by COVID-19.
Fifteen children diagnosed as having COVID-19, including seven with
MIS-C, were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) from March to June
 2020 (0.77 per 100,000 children in this age-group). Four children
required mechanical ventilation. Four children were 1 to 6 years old
(0.54 per 100,000), and 11 were 7 to 16 (0.90 per 100,000). Four of the
children had an underlying illness: 2 with cancer, 1 with chronic kidney
disease, and 1 with a hematologic disease). Of the country’s 103,596
preschool teachers and 20 schoolteachers, fewer than 10 were admitted
to an ICU by Jun 30, 2020 (an equivalent of 19 per 100,000).”

“This prospective study shows that transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from

children under 14 years of age was minimal in primary schools in Oslo
and Viken, the two Norwegian counties with the highest COVID-19
incidence and in which 35% of the Norwegian population resides. In a
period of low to medium community transmission (a 14-day incidence of
27) Minimal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 of < 150 cases per 100,000 inhabitants), when symptomatic
from paediatric COVID-19 cases in primary children were asked to stay home from school, there were < 1% SARS-
schools, Norway, August to November CoV-2–positive test results among child contacts and < 2% positive
results in adult contacts in 13 contract tracings in Norwegian primary
2020, Brandal, 2021 schools. In addition, self-collection of saliva for SARS-CoV-2 detection
was efficient and sensitive (85% (11/13); 95% confidence interval: 55–
98)…use of face masks is not recommended in schools in Norway. We
found that with the IPC measures implemented there is low to no
transmission from SARS-CoV-2–infected children in schools.”

“Identified 700 scientific papers and letters and 47 full texts were
28) Children are unlikely to be the main studied in detail. Children accounted for a small fraction of COVID-19
cases and mostly had social contacts with peers or parents, rather than
drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic – A older people at risk of severe disease…Children are unlikely to be the
systematic review, Ludvigsson, 2020 main drivers of the pandemic. Opening up schools and kindergartens is
unlikely to impact COVID-19 mortality rates in older people.”

“Findings from several studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 transmission

29) Science Brief: Transmission of SARS- among students is relatively rare, particularly when prevention
CoV-2 in K-12 Schools and Early Care and strategies are in place…several studies have also concluded that
students are not the primary sources of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 among
Education Programs – Updated, CDC, 2021
adults in school setting.”

30) Children under 10 less likely to drive “The bottom line thus far is that children under 10 years of age are
unlikely to drive outbreaks of COVID-19 in daycares and schools and
COVID-19 outbreaks, research review says, that, to date, adults were much more likely to be the transmitter of
Dobbins/McMaster, 2020 infection than children.”

31) Role of children in the transmission of “Children are not transmitters to a greater extent than adults. There is a
need to improve the validity of epidemiological surveillance to solve
the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid scoping current uncertainties, and to take into account social determinants and
review, Rajmil, 2020 child health inequalities during and after the current pandemic.”

“SARS-CoV-2 transmission in children in schools appears considerably

less than seen for other respiratory viruses, such as influenza. In contrast
to influenza, data from both virus and antibody testing to date suggest
32) COVID-19 in schools – the experience in
that children are not the primary drivers of COVID-19 spread in schools
NSW, NCIRS, 2020 or in the community. This is consistent with data from international
studies showing low rates of disease in children and suggesting limited
spread among children and from children to adults.”

“In a population-based study in Iceland, children under 10 years of age

33) Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Icelandic
and females had a lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection than
Population, Gudbjartsson, 2020 adolescents or adults and males.”
34) Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics
of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Infected children and females were less likely to have severe disease.
Italy, Onder, 2020

“BC families reported impaired learning, increased child stress, and

decreased connection during COVID-19 school closures, while global
data show increased loneliness and declining mental health, including
anxiety and depression… Provincial child protection reports have also
declined significantly despite reported increased domestic violence
globally. This suggests decreased detection of child neglect and abuse
35) BC Center for Disease Control, BC without reporting from schools… The impact of school closures is likely
Children’s hospital, 2020 to be experienced disproportionately by families subject to social
inequities, and those with children with health conditions or special
learning needs. Interrupted access to school-based resources,
connections, and support compounds the broader societal impact of the
pandemic. In particular, there are likely to be greater effects on single
parent families, families in poverty, working mothers, and those with
unstable employment and housing.”

36) Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in “SARS-CoV-2 transmission rates were low in NSW educational settings
Australian educational settings: a during the first COVID-19 epidemic wave, consistent with mild
infrequent disease in the 1·8 million child population.”
prospective cohort study, Macartney, 2020

37) COVID-19 Cases and Transmission in 17 “In a setting of widespread community SARS-CoV-2 transmission, few
K–12 Schools — Wood County, Wisconsin, instances of in-school transmission were identified among students and
August 31–November 29, 2020, CDC/Falk, staff members, with limited spread among children within their cohorts
and no documented transmission to or from staff members.”
2021

“Children aged between 1-18 years have much lower rates of

hospitalisation, severe disease requiring intensive hospital care, and
death than all other age groups, according to surveillance data…the
decision to close schools to control the COVID-19 pandemic should be
38) COVID-19 in children and the role of used as a last resort. The negative physical, mental and educational
impacts of proactive school closures on children, as well as the economic
school settings in transmission – second impact on society more broadly, would likely outweigh the
update, ECDC, 2021 benefits.”“Investigations of cases identified in school settings suggest
that child to child transmission in schools is uncommon and not the
primary cause of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children whose onset of
infection coincides with the period during which they are attending
school, particularly in preschools and primary school.”

“The near-global closure of schools in response to the pandemic

reflected the reasonable expectation from previous respiratory virus
outbreaks that children would be a key component of the transmission
chain. However, emerging evidence suggests that this is most likely not
the case. A minority of children experience a postinfectious
inflammatory syndrome, the pathology and long-term outcomes of
which are poorly understood. However, relative to their risk of
contracting disease, children and adolescents have been
39) COVID-19 in children and young disproportionately affected by lockdown measures, and advocates of
people, Snape, 2020 child health need to ensure that children’s rights to health and social
care, mental health support, and education are protected throughout
subsequent pandemic waves…There are many other areas of potential
indirect harm to children, including an increase in home injuries
(accidental and nonaccidental) when children have been less visible to
social protection systems because of lockdowns. In Italy, hospitalizations
for accidents at home increased markedly during the COVID-19
lockdown and potentially posed a higher threat to children’s health than
COVID-19. UK pediatricians report that delay in presentations to hospital
or disrupted services contributed to the deaths of equal numbers of
 children that were reported to have died with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Many countries are seeing evidence that mental health in young people
has been adversely affected by school closures and lockdowns. For
example, preliminary evidence suggests that deaths by suicide of young
people under 18 years old increased during lockdown in England.”

40) Clinical characteristics of children and

young people admitted to hospital with
“Children and young people have less severe acute covid-19 than
covid-19 in United Kingdom: prospective adults.”
multicentre observational cohort study,
Swann, 2020

“The data from a range of countries shows that children rarely, and in
many countries never, have died from this infection. Children appear to
get infected at a much lower rate than those who are older… there is no
41) The Dangers of Keeping the Schools evidence that children are important in transmitting the disease…What
Closed, Yang, 2020 we know about social distancing policies is based largely on models of
influenza, where children are a vulnerable group. However, preliminary
data on COVID-19 suggests that children are a small fraction of cases
and may be less vulnerable than older adults.”

42) SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children, Lu, “In contrast with infected adults, most infected children appear to have
2020 a milder clinical course. Asymptomatic infections were not uncommon.”

43) Characteristics of and Important

Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease
2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China:
Less than 1% of the cases were in children younger than 10 years of age.
Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From
the Chinese Center for Disease Control and
Prevention, Wu, 2020

A CDC report on hospitalization and death in children, found that when

compared to persons 18 to 29 years old, children 0 to 4 years had a 4x
44) Risk for COVID-19 Infection, CDC, 2021 lower rate of hospitalization and a 9x lower rate of death. Children 5 to
17 years old had a 9x lower rate of hospitalization and a 16x lower rate
of death.

45) Children are unlikely to have been the “Whilst SARS-CoV-2 can cause mild disease in children, the data
primary source of household SARS-CoV-2 available to date suggests that children have not played a substantive
role in the intra-household transmission of SARS-CoV-2.”
infections, Zhu, 2020

46) Characteristics of Household “The secondary attack rate to children was 4% compared with 17.1% for
Transmission of COVID-19, Li, 2020 adults.”

“Despite widespread concerns, two new international studies show no

consistent relationship between in-person K-12 schooling and the
spread of the coronavirus. And a third study from the United States
47) Are The Risks Of Reopening Schools shows no elevated risk to childcare workers who stayed on the job…As a
pediatrician, I am really seeing the negative impacts of these school
Exaggerated?, Kamenetz/NPR, 2020 closures on children,” Dr. Danielle Dooley, a medical director at
Children’s National Hospital in Washington, D.C., told NPR. She ticked off
mental health problems, hunger, obesity due to inactivity, missing
routine medical care and the risk of child abuse — on top of the loss of
education. “Going to school is really vital for children. They get their
 meals in school, their physical activity, their health care, their education,
of course.”

48) Child care not associated with spread “Findings show child care programs that remained open throughout the
of COVID-19, Yale study finds, YaleNews, pandemic did not contribute to the spread of the virus to providers,
lending valuable insight to parents, policymakers, and providers alike.”
2020

“There is evidence that, compared with adults, children are 3-fold less
49) Reopening US Schools in the Era of susceptible to infection, more likely to be asymptomatic, and less likely
COVID-19: Practical Guidance From Other to be hospitalized and die. While rare reports of pediatric multi-
inflammatory syndrome need to be monitored, its association with
Nations, Tanmoy Das, 2020
COVID-19 is extremely low and typically treatable.”

“Restrictions imposed because of the coronavirus make these challenges

more formidable. While school districts are engaging in distance
learning, reports indicate wide variability in access to quality educational
instruction, digital technology, and internet access. Students in rural and
50) Low-Income Children and Coronavirus urban school districts are faced with challenges accessing the internet.
In some urban areas, as many as one-third of students are not
Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the US, Dooley, participating in online classes. Chronic absenteeism, or missing 10% or
2020 more of the school year, affects educational outcomes, including reading
levels, grade retention, graduation rates, and high school dropout rates.
Chronic absenteeism already disproportionately affects children living in
poverty. The consequences of missing months of school will be even
more marked.”

“Of particular concern are the consequences for children who live in
poverty. These children live in homes that have inadequate resources for
virtual learning that will contribute to learning deficits, and thereby
falling further behind with expected academic performance for grade
51) COVID-19 and school return: The need level. Children from low-resourced homes are likely to have limited
and necessity, Betz, 2020 space for doing school work, inadequate temperature controls for
heating and cooling and safe outdoor space for exercise (Van Lancker &
Parolin, 2020). Furthermore, this group of children are at high risk for
food insecurity as they may not have access to school
lunches/breakfasts with school closures.”

52) Children are not COVID-19 super “Evidence is therefore emerging that children could be significantly less
spreaders: time to go back to school, likely to become infected than adults…At the current time, children do
not appear to be super spreaders.”
Munro, 2020

“The index case stayed 4 days in the chalet with 10 English tourists and a
family of 5 French residents; SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 5 individuals in
France, 6 in England (including the index case), and 1 in Spain (overall
53) Cluster of Coronavirus Disease 2019 attack rate in the chalet: 75%). One pediatric case, with picornavirus and
(COVID-19) in the French Alps, February influenza A coinfection, visited 3 different schools while symptomatic.
One case was asymptomatic, with similar viral load as that of a
2020, Danis, 2020
symptomatic case…The fact that an infected child did not transmit the
disease despite close interactions within schools suggests potential
different transmission dynamics in children.”

“In children, the evidence is now clear that COVID-19 is associated with a
considerably lower burden of morbidity and mortality compared to that
seen in the elderly. There is evidence of critical illness and death in
54) COVID-19 – research evidence children, but it is rare. There is also some evidence that children may be
summaries, RCPCH, 2020 less likely to acquire the infection. The role of children in transmission,
once they have acquired the infection, is unclear, although there is no
clear evidence that they are any more infectious than adults. Symptoms
are non-specific and most commonly cough and fever.”
 “On these grounds, since January, 2020, various countries started
55) Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on implementing regional and national containment measures or
mental health of children and adolescents: lockdowns. In this backdrop one of the principal measures taken during
A narrative review with recommendations, lockdown has been closure of schools, educational institutes and activity
areas. These inexorable circumstances which are beyond normal
Singh, 2020 experience, lead to stress, anxiety and a feeling of helplessness in all.”

“Did not observe SARS-CoV-2 transmission from children to guardians in

56) Absence of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission isolation settings in which close proximity would seem to increase
from Children in Isolation to Guardians, transmission risk. Recent studies have suggested that children are not
the main drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic, although the reasons
South Korea, Lee/EID, 2021 remain unclear.”

57) COVID-19 National Emergency

Response Center, Epidemiology and Case “A large study on contacts of COVID-19 case-patients in South Korea
Management Team. Contact tracing during observed that household transmission was lowest when the index case-
patient was 0–9 years of age.”
coronavirus disease outbreak, South Korea,
2020, Park/EID, 2020

“In 79% of households, ≥1 adult family member was suspected or

confirmed for COVID-19 before symptom onset in the study child,
confirming that children are infected mainly inside familial
clusters. Surprisingly, in 33% of households, symptomatic HHCs tested
58) COVID-19 in Children and the Dynamics
negative despite belonging to a familial cluster with confirmed SARS-
of Infection in Families, Posfay-Barbe, 2020 CoV-2 cases, suggesting an underreporting of cases. In only 8% of
households did a child develop symptoms before any other HHC, which
is in line with previous data in which it is shown that children are index
cases in <10% of SARS-CoV-2 familial clusters.”

“Report on the dynamics of COVID-19 within families of children with

reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction–confirmed SARS-CoV-2
infection in Geneva, Switzerland. From March 10 to April 10, 2020, all
children <16 years of age diagnosed at Geneva University Hospital (N =
40) underwent contact tracing to identify infected household contacts
(HHCs). Of 39 evaluable households, in only 3 (8%) was a child the
suspected index case, with symptom onset preceding illness in adult
HHCs. In all other households, the child developed symptoms after or
concurrent with adult HHCs, suggesting that the child was not the source
of infection and that children most frequently acquire COVID-19 from
59) COVID-19 Transmission and Children: adults, rather than transmitting it to them.”“In intriguing study from
The Child Is Not to Blame, Lee, 2020 France, a 9-year-old boy with respiratory symptoms associated with
picornavirus, influenza A, and SARS-CoV-2 coinfection was found to have
exposed over 80 classmates at 3 schools; no secondary contacts became
infected, despite numerous influenza infections within the schools,
suggesting an environment conducive to respiratory virus
transmission.”“In New South Wales, Australia, 9 students and 9 staff
infected with SARS-CoV-2 across 15 schools had close contact with a
total of 735 students and 128 staff. Only 2 secondary infections were
identified, none in adult staff; 1 student in primary school was
potentially infected by a staff member, and 1 student in high school was
potentially infected via exposure to 2 infected schoolmates.”

“A total of 107 paediatric COVID-19 index cases and 248 of their

60) Role of children in household household members were identified. One pair of paediatric index-
transmission of COVID-19, Kim, 2020 secondary household case was identified, giving a household SAR of
0.5% (95% CI 0.0% to 2.6%).”

61) Secondary attack rate in household “The household SAR from pediatric patients is low.”
contacts of COVID-19 Paediatric index
cases: a study from Western India, Shah,
2021

62) Household Transmission of SARS-CoV- “Household secondary attack rates were increased from symptomatic
index cases (18.0%; 95% CI, 14.2%-22.1%) than from asymptomatic
2: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, index cases (0.7%; 95% CI, 0%-4.9%), to adult contacts (28.3%; 95% CI,
Madewell, 2021 20.2%-37.1%) than to child contacts (16.8%; 95% CI, 12.3%-21.7%).”

63) Children and Adolescents With SARS-

“Child-to-adult transmission was found in one occasion only.”
CoV-2 Infection, Maltezou, 2020

64) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-

Coronavirus-2 Transmission in an Urban “A household sick contact was identified in fewer than half (42%) of
Community: The Role of Children and patients and no child-to-adult transmission was identified.”
Household Contacts, Pitman-Hunt, 2021

65) A Meta-analysis on the Role of Children “The secondary attack rate in pediatric household contacts was lower
than in adult household contacts (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42-0.91). These
in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome data have important implications for the ongoing management of the
Coronavirus 2 in Household Transmission COVID-19 pandemic, including potential vaccine prioritization
Clusters, Zhu, 2020 strategies.”

66) The role of children in transmission of “Preliminary results from population-based and school-based studies
SARS-CoV-2: A rapid review, Li, 2020 suggest that children may be less frequently infected or infect others.”

“The data suggest that children are not the primary drivers of SARS-CoV-
67) Novel Coronavirus 2019 Transmission
2 transmission in schools and could help inform exit strategies for lifting
Risk in Educational Settings, Yung, 2020 of lockdowns.”

“Key environmental, social and economic factor changes due to COVID-

19 which have impacted child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA)
across the world include:closure of schools and subsequent movement
68) INTERPOL report highlights impact of to virtual learning environments;increased time children spend online
COVID-19 on child sexual abuse, Interpol, for entertainment, social and educational purposes;restriction of
international travel and the repatriation of foreign nationals;limited
2020 access to community support services, child care and educational
personnel who often play a key role in detecting and reporting cases of
child sexual exploitation.”

69) Do school closures reduce community

“With such varied evidence on effectiveness, and the harmful effects,
transmission of COVID-19? A systematic
policymakers should take a measured approach before implementing
review of observational studies, Walsh, school closures.”
2021

70) Association between living with “For adults living with children there is no evidence of an increased risk
children and outcomes from COVID-19: an of severe COVID-19 outcomes. These findings have implications for
OpenSAFELY cohort study of 12 million determining the benefit-harm balance of children attending school in
the COVID-19 pandemic.”
adults in England, Forbes, 2020

“Data from the SARS outbreak in mainland China, Hong Kong, and
71) School closure and management Singapore suggest that school closures did not contribute to the control
practices during coronavirus outbreaks of the epidemic.”
including COVID-19: a rapid systematic
review, Viner, 2020

72) Non-pharmaceutical public health

measures for mitigating the risk and impact “The effect of reactive school closure in reducing influenza transmission
of epidemic and pandemic influenza, WHO, varied but was generally limited.”
2020

“New research led by epidemiologists at the University of Warwick has

found that there is no significant evidence that schools are playing a
73) New research finds no evidence that significant role in driving the spread of the Covid-19 disease in the
schools are playing a significant role in community, particularly in primary schools…our analysis of recorded
driving spread of the Covid-19 virus in the school absences as a result of infection with COVID-19 suggest that the
risk is much lower in primary than secondary schools and we do not find
community, Warwick, 2021 evidence to suggest that school attendance is a significant driver of
outbreaks in the community.”

“As governments brought remote learning solutions to scale to respond

to the pandemic, speed, rather than equity in access and outcomes,
appears to have been the priority. Initial COVID-19 responses seem to
have been developed with little attention to inclusiveness, raising the
74) When schools shut: New UNESCO study risk of increased marginalization… Most countries across all income
groups report providing teachers with different forms of support. Few
exposes failure to factor gender in COVID- programmes, however, helped teachers recognize the gender risks,
19 education responses, UNESCO, 2021 disparities and inequalities that emerged during COVID-19 closures.
Female teachers also have been largely expected to take on a dual role
to ensure continuity of learning for their students, while facing
additional childcare and unpaid domestic responsibilities in their homes
during school closures.”

“Flags are flying at half-staff across the United States to commemorate

the half-million American lives lost to the coronavirus. But there’s
another tragedy we haven’t adequately confronted: Millions of
75) School Closures Have Failed America’s American schoolchildren will soon have missed a year of in-person
Children, Kristof, 2021 instruction, and we may have inflicted permanent damage on some of
them, and on our country… But the educational losses are
disproportionately the fault of Democratic governors and mayors who
too often let schools stay closed even as bars opened.”

76) The effects of school closures on SARS- “The results for parents indicate that keeping lower-secondary schools
CoV-2 among parents and teachers, open had minor consequences for the overall transmission of SARS-CoV-
2 in society.”
Vlachos, 2020

77) The Effects of School Reopenings on “We find no effect of in-person school reopening on COVID-19
COVID-19 Hospitalizations, Harris, 2021 hospitalization rates.”

“Limited school attendance, such as older students sitting exams or the

78) Shut and re-open: the role of schools in partial return of younger year groups, does not appear to significantly
affect community transmission. In countries where community
the spread of COVID-19 in Europe, Stage, transmission is generally low, such as Denmark or Norway, a large-scale
2021 reopening of schools while controlling or suppressing the epidemic
appears feasible.”

79) COVID-19 incidence, hospitalizations “The observed inconsistent pattern indicates that there were no
and mortality trends in Croatia and school association of school openings and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality
trends in Croatia and that other factors were leading to increasing and
closures, Simetin, 2021
decreasing numbers. This emphasizes the need to consider the
 introduction of other effective and less harmful measures by
stakeholders, or at least to use school closures as a last resort.”

80) A cross-sectional and prospective

“This analysis does not support a role for school opening as a driver of
cohort study of the role of schools in the
the second COVID-19 wave in Italy, a large European country with high
SARS-CoV-2 second wave in Italy, Gandini, SARS-CoV-2 incidence.”
2021

“Show that neither the summer closures nor the closures in the fall had
a significant containing effect on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 among
81) The Role of Schools in Transmission of children or a spill-over effect on older generations. There is also no
the SARS-CoV-2 Virus: Quasi-Experimental evidence that the return to school at full capacity after the summer
Evidence from Germany, Bismarck-Osten, holidays increased infections among children or adults. Instead, we find
that the number of children infected increased during the last weeks of
2021 the summer holiday and decreased in the first weeks after schools
reopened, a pattern we attribute to travel returnees.”

82) No causal effect of school closures in “We do not find any evidence that school closures in Japan reduced the
spread of COVID-19. Our null results suggest that policies on school
Japan on the spread of COVID-19 in spring closures should be reexamined given the potential negative
2020, Fukumoto, 2021 consequences for children and parents.”

83) Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in

Norwegian schools: A population-wide “Results confirm that schools have not been an important arena of
register-based cohort study on transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Norway and therefore support that
schools can be kept open with IPC measures in place.”
characteristics of the index case and
secondary attack rates, Rotevatn, 2021

84) COVID-19 Mitigation Practices and “Find higher student COVID-19 rates in schools and districts with lower
COVID-19 Rates in Schools: Report on Data in-person density but no correlations in staff rates. Ventilation upgrades
from Florida, New York and Massachusetts, are correlated with lower rates in Florida but not in New York. We do
not find any correlations with mask mandates.”
Oster, 2021

MASKS-INEFFECTIVENESS

“Infection with SARS-CoV-2 occurred in 42 participants recommended

masks (1.8%) and 53 control participants (2.1%). The between-group
1) Effectiveness of Adding a Mask difference was −0.3 percentage point (95% CI, −1.2 to 0.4 percentage
point; P = 0.38) (odds ratio, 0.82 [CI, 0.54 to 1.23]; P = 0.33). Multiple
Recommendation to Other Public Health
imputation accounting for loss to follow-up yielded similar results…the
Measures to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection recommendation to wear surgical masks to supplement other public
in Danish Mask Wearers, Bundgaard, 2021 health measures did not reduce the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among
wearers by more than 50% in a community with modest infection rates,
some degree of social distancing, and uncommon general mask use.”

“Our study showed that in a group of predominantly young male military

recruits, approximately 2% became positive for SARS-CoV-2, as
2) SARS-CoV-2 Transmission among Marine determined by qPCR assay, during a 2-week, strictly enforced
Recruits during Quarantine, Letizia, 2020 quarantine. Multiple, independent virus strain transmission clusters
were identified…all recruits wore double-layered cloth masks at all times
indoors and outdoors.”

3) Physical interventions to interrupt or “There is low certainty evidence from nine trials (3507 participants) that
wearing a mask may make little or no difference to the outcome of
reduce the spread of respiratory viruses, influenza‐like illness (ILI) compared to not wearing a mask (risk ratio (RR)
Jefferson, 2020 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82 to 1.18. There is moderate
certainty evidence that wearing a mask probably makes little or no
 difference to the outcome of laboratory‐confirmed influenza compared
to not wearing a mask (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.26; 6 trials; 3005
participants)…the pooled results of randomised trials did not show a
clear reduction in respiratory viral infection with the use of
medical/surgical masks during seasonal influenza.”

A cluster-randomized trial of community-level mask promotion in rural

Bangladesh from November 2020 to April 2021 (N=600 villages,
4) The Impact of Community Masking on N=342,126 adults. Heneghan writes: “In a Bangladesh study, surgical
COVID-19: A Cluster-Randomized Trial in masks reduced symptomatic COVID infections by between 0 and 22
Bangladesh, Abaluck, 2021 percent, while the efficacy of cloth masks led to somewhere between an
11 percent increase to a 21 percent decrease. Hence, based on these
Heneghan et al. randomized studies, adult masks appear to have either no or limited
efficacy.”

“The available clinical evidence of facemask efficacy is of low quality and

the best available clinical evidence has mostly failed to show efficacy,
with fourteen of sixteen identified randomized controlled trials
5) Evidence for Community Cloth Face comparing face masks to no mask controls failing to find statistically
Masking to Limit the Spread of SARS-CoV-2: significant benefit in the intent-to-treat populations. Of sixteen
quantitative meta-analyses, eight were equivocal or critical as to
A Critical Review, Liu/CATO, 2021
whether evidence supports a public recommendation of masks, and the
remaining eight supported a public mask intervention on limited
evidence primarily on the basis of the precautionary principle.”

“Evidence from 14 randomized controlled trials of these measures did

6) Nonpharmaceutical Measures for not support a substantial effect on transmission of laboratory-confirmed
influenza…none of the household studies reported a significant
Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare
reduction in secondary laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infections in
Settings—Personal Protective and the face mask group…the overall reduction in ILI or laboratory-
Environmental Measures, CDC/Xiao, 2020 confirmed influenza cases in the face mask group was not significant in
either studies.”

“We agree that the data supporting the effectiveness of a cloth mask or
face covering are very limited. We do, however, have data from
laboratory studies that indicate cloth masks or face coverings offer very
low filter collection efficiency for the smaller inhalable particles we
believe are largely responsible for transmission, particularly from pre- or
asymptomatic individuals who are not coughing or sneezing…though we
7) CIDRAP: Masks-for-all for COVID-19 not
support mask wearing by the general public, we continue to conclude
based on sound data, Brosseau, 2020 that cloth masks and face coverings are likely to have limited impact on
lowering COVID-19 transmission, because they have minimal ability to
prevent the emission of small particles, offer limited personal protection
with respect to small particle inhalation, and should not be
recommended as a replacement for physical distancing or reducing time
in enclosed spaces with many potentially infectious people.”

“We know that wearing a mask outside health care facilities offers little,
if any, protection from infection. Public health authorities define a
significant exposure to Covid-19 as face-to-face contact within 6 feet
with a patient with symptomatic Covid-19 that is sustained for at least a
few minutes (and some say more than 10 minutes or even 30 minutes).
The chance of catching Covid-19 from a passing interaction in a public
8) Universal Masking in Hospitals in the space is therefore minimal. In many cases, the desire for widespread
masking is a reflexive reaction to anxiety over the pandemic…The
Covid-19 Era, Klompas/NEJM, 2020 calculus may be different, however, in health care settings. First and
foremost, a mask is a core component of the personal protective
equipment (PPE) clinicians need when caring for symptomatic patients
with respiratory viral infections, in conjunction with gown, gloves, and
eye protection…universal masking alone is not a panacea. A mask will
not protect providers caring for a patient with active Covid-19 if it’s not
accompanied by meticulous hand hygiene, eye protection, gloves, and a
gown. A mask alone will not prevent health care workers with early
 Covid-19 from contaminating their hands and spreading the virus to
patients and colleagues. Focusing on universal masking alone may,
paradoxically, lead to more transmission of Covid-19 if it diverts
attention from implementing more fundamental infection-control
measures.”

“This systematic review found limited evidence that the use of masks
might reduce the risk of viral respiratory infections. In the community
9) Masks for prevention of viral respiratory setting, a possible reduced risk of influenza-like illness was found among
mask users. In health care workers, the results show no difference
infections among health care workers and
between N95 masks and surgical masks on the risk of confirmed
the public: PEER umbrella systematic influenza or other confirmed viral respiratory infections, although
review, Dugré, 2020 possible benefits from N95 masks were found for preventing influenza-
like illness or other clinical respiratory infections. Surgical masks might
be superior to cloth masks but data are limited to 1 trial.”

10) Effectiveness of personal protective

measures in reducing pandemic influenza “Facemask use provided a non-significant protective effect (OR = 0.53;
transmission: A systematic review and 95% CI 0.16–1.71; I2 = 48%) against 2009 pandemic influenza infection.”
meta-analysis, Saunders-Hastings, 2017

“Nevertheless, high-efficiency masks, such as the KN95, still offer

11) Experimental investigation of indoor substantially higher apparent filtration efficiencies (60% and 46% for R95
aerosol dispersion and accumulation in the and KN95 masks, respectively) than the more commonly used cloth
context of COVID-19: Effects of masks and (10%) and surgical masks (12%), and therefore are still the
recommended choice in mitigating airborne disease transmission
ventilation, Shah, 2021 indoors.”

“Exercising with facemasks may reduce available Oxygen and increase

air trapping preventing substantial carbon dioxide exchange. The
12) Exercise with facemask; Are we hypercapnic hypoxia may potentially increase acidic environment,
cardiac overload, anaerobic metabolism and renal overload, which may
handling a devil’s sword?- A physiological substantially aggravate the underlying pathology of established chronic
hypothesis, Chandrasekaran, 2020 diseases. Further contrary to the earlier thought, no evidence exists to
claim the facemasks during exercise offer additional protection from the
droplet transfer of the virus.”

“Following the commissioning of a new suite of operating rooms air

movement studies showed a flow of air away from the operating table
13) Surgical face masks in modern towards the periphery of the room. Oral microbial flora dispersed by
operating rooms–a costly and unnecessary unmasked male and female volunteers standing one metre from the
table failed to contaminate exposed settle plates placed on the table.
ritual?, Mitchell, 1991 The wearing of face masks by non-scrubbed staff working in an
operating room with forced ventilation seems to be unnecessary.”

14) Facemask against viral respiratory “By intention-to-treat analysis, facemask use did not seem to be
effective against laboratory-confirmed viral respiratory infections (odds
infections among Hajj pilgrims: A
ratio [OR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9 to 2.1, p = 0.18) nor
challenging cluster-randomized trial, against clinical respiratory infection (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.9 to 1.4, p =
Alfelali, 2020 0.40).”

15) Simple respiratory protection–

evaluation of the filtration performance of “Results obtained in the study show that common fabric materials may
cloth masks and common fabric materials provide marginal protection against nanoparticles including those in the
size ranges of virus-containing particles in exhaled breath.”
against 20-1000 nm size particles,
Rengasamy, 2010
16) Respiratory performance offered by
“The study indicates that N95 filtering facepiece respirators may not
N95 respirators and surgical masks: human achieve the expected protection level against bacteria and viruses. An
subject evaluation with NaCl aerosol exhalation valve on the N95 respirator does not affect the respiratory
protection; it appears to be an appropriate alternative to reduce the
representing bacterial and viral particle size
breathing resistance.”
range, Lee, 2008

17) Aerosol penetration and leakage “We conclude that the protection provided by surgical masks may be
characteristics of masks used in the health insufficient in environments containing potentially hazardous sub-
micrometer-sized aerosols.”
care industry, Weber, 1993

“We included three trials, involving a total of 2106 participants. There

18) Disposable surgical face masks for was no statistically significant difference in infection rates between the
masked and unmasked group in any of the trials…from the limited
preventing surgical wound infection in results it is unclear whether the wearing of surgical face masks by
clean surgery, Vincent, 2016 members of the surgical team has any impact on surgical wound
infection rates for patients undergoing clean surgery.”

“From the limited results it is unclear whether wearing surgical face

19) Disposable surgical face masks: a
masks results in any harm or benefit to the patient undergoing clean
systematic review, Lipp, 2005 surgery.”

20) Comparison of the Filter Efficiency of “We conclude that the filter efficiency test using the phi-X174 phage
Medical Nonwoven Fabrics against Three aerosol may overestimate the protective performance of nonwoven
Different Microbe Aerosols, Shimasaki , fabrics with filter structure compared to that against real pathogens
such as the influenza virus.”
2018

21) The use of masks and respirators to

preventtransmission of influenza: a The use of masks and respirators to preventtransmission of influenza: a
systematic review of thescientific systematic review of thescientific evidence“None of the studies
established a conclusive relationship between mask/respirator use and
evidence21) The use of masks and protection against influenza infection. Some evidence suggests that
respirators to prevent transmission of mask use is best undertaken as part of a package of personal protection
influenza: a systematic review of the especially hand hygiene.”
scientific evidence, Bin-Reza, 2012

“Compared with surgical masks, N95 respirators perform better in

laboratory testing, may provide superior protection in inpatient settings
22) Facial protection for healthcare and perform equivalently in outpatient settings. Surgical mask and N95
workers during pandemics: a scoping respirator conservation strategies include extended use, reuse or
decontamination, but these strategies may result in inferior protection.
review, Godoy, 2020 Limited evidence suggests that reused and improvised masks should be
used when medical-grade protection is unavailable.”

“These findings support ongoing recommendations against the use of

23) Assessment of Proficiency of N95 Mask N95 masks by the general public during the COVID-19 pandemic.5 N95
mask use by the general public may not translate into effective
Donning Among the General Public in protection but instead provide false reassurance. Beyond N95 masks,
Singapore, Yeung, 2020 proficiency among the general public in donning surgical masks needs to
be assessed.”

24) Evaluating the efficacy of cloth “Standard N95 mask performance was used as a control to compare the
results with cloth masks, and our results suggest that cloth masks are
facemasks in reducing particulate matter only marginally beneficial in protecting individuals from particles<2.5
exposure, Shakya, 2017 μm.”
25) Use of surgical face masks to reduce
the incidence of the common cold among “Face mask use in health care workers has not been demonstrated to
health care workers in Japan: a randomized provide benefit in terms of cold symptoms or getting colds.”
controlled trial, Jacobs, 2009

26) N95 Respirators vs Medical Masks for “Among outpatient health care personnel, N95 respirators vs medical
Preventing Influenza Among Health Care masks as worn by participants in this trial resulted in no significant
difference in the incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza.”
Personnel, Radonovich, 2019

27) Does Universal Mask Wearing Decrease “A survey of peer-reviewed studies shows that universal mask wearing
(as opposed to wearing masks in specific settings) does not decrease the
or Increase the Spread of COVID-19?, transmission of respiratory viruses from people wearing masks to people
Watts up with that? 2020 who are not wearing masks.”

“In fact, it is not unreasonable at this time to conclude that surgical and
28) Masking: A Careful Review of the cloth masks, used as they currently are, have absolutely no impact on
Evidence, Alexander, 2021 controlling the transmission of Covid-19 virus, and current evidence
implies that face masks can be actually harmful.”

29) Community and Close Contact

Reported characteristics of symptomatic adults ≥18 years who were
Exposures Associated with COVID-19 outpatients in 11 US academic health care facilities and who received
Among Symptomatic Adults ≥18 Years in 11 positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 test results (N = 314)* — United
States, July 1–29, 2020, revealed that 80% of infected persons wore face
Outpatient Health Care Facilities — United
masks almost all or most of the time.
States, July 2020, Fisher, 2020

30) Impact of non-pharmaceutical

interventions against COVID-19 in Europe: Face masks in public was not associated with reduced incidence.
a quasi-experimental study, Hunter, 2020

“It would appear that despite two decades of pandemic preparedness,

there is considerable uncertainty as to the value of wearing masks. For
instance, high rates of infection with cloth masks could be due to harms
31) Masking lack of evidence with politics,
caused by cloth masks, or benefits of medical masks. The numerous
CEBM, Heneghan, 2020 systematic reviews that have been recently published all include the
same evidence base so unsurprisingly broadly reach the same
conclusions.”

32) Transmission of COVID-19 in 282 “We observed no association of risk of transmission with reported mask
usage by contacts, with the age or sex of the index case, or with the
clusters in Catalonia, Spain: a cohort study, presence of respiratory symptoms in the index case at the initial study
Marks, 2021 visit.”

33) Non-pharmaceutical public health

“Ten RCTs were included in the meta-analysis, and there was no
measures for mitigating the risk and impact
evidence that face masks are effective in reducing transmission of
of epidemic and pandemic influenza, WHO, laboratory-confirmed influenza.”
2020

“One report reached its conclusion based on observations of a “dummy

head attached to a breathing simulator.” Another analyzed use of
34) The Strangely Unscientific Masking of surgical masks on people experiencing at least two symptoms of acute
America, Younes, 2020 respiratory illness. Incidentally, not one of these studies involved cloth
masks or accounted for real-world mask usage (or misusage) among lay
people, and none established efficacy of widespread mask-wearing by
people not exhibiting symptoms. There was simply no evidence
 whatsoever that healthy people ought to wear masks when going about
their lives, especially outdoors.”

“31 eligible studies (including 12 RCTs). Narrative synthesis and random-

effects meta-analysis of attack rates for primary and secondary
35) Facemasks and similar barriers to prevention in 28 studies were performed. Based on the RCTs we would
prevent respiratory illness such as COVID- conclude that wearing facemasks can be very slightly protective against
19: A rapid systematic review, Brainard, primary infection from casual community contact, and modestly
protective against household infections when both infected and
2020 uninfected members wear facemasks. However, the RCTs often suffered
from poor compliance and controls using facemasks.”

“The healthy people in our society should not be punished for being
healthy, which is exactly what lockdowns, distancing, mask mandates,
etc. do…Children should not be wearing face coverings. We all need
constant interaction with our environments and that is especially true
for children. This is how their immune system develops. They are the
36) The Year of Disguises, Koops, 2020 lowest of the low-risk groups. Let them be kids and let them develop
their immune systems… The “Mask Mandate” idea is a truly ridiculous,
knee-jerk reaction and needs to be withdrawn and thrown in the waste
bin of disastrous policy, along with lockdowns and school closures. You
can vote for a person without blindly supporting all of their proposals!”

37) Open Schools, Covid-19, and Child and “1,951,905 children in Sweden (as of December 31, 2019) who were 1 to
Teacher Morbidity in Sweden, Ludvigsson, 16 years of age, were examined…social distancing was encouraged in
Sweden, but wearing face masks was not…No child with Covid-19 died.”
2020

“Wearing two masks offers limited benefits in preventing the spread of

38) Double-Masking Benefits Are Limited, droplets that could carry the coronavirus compared to one well-fitted
Japan Supercomputer Finds, Reidy, 2021 disposable mask, according to a Japanese study that modeled the
dispersal of droplets on a supercomputer.”

39) Physical interventions to interrupt or

reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. “There was insufficient evidence to provide a recommendation on the
use of facial barriers without other measures. We found insufficient
Part 1 – Face masks, eye protection and evidence for a difference between surgical masks and N95 respirators
person distancing: systematic review and and limited evidence to support effectiveness of quarantine.”
meta-analysis, Jefferson, 2020

“Non-medical facemasks include a variety of products. There is no

40) Should individuals in the community reliable evidence of the effectiveness of non-medical facemasks in
without respiratory symptoms wear community settings. There is likely to be substantial variation in
facemasks to reduce the spread of COVID- effectiveness between products. However, there is only limited evidence
from laboratory studies of potential differences in effectiveness when
19?, NIPH, 2020 different products are used in the community.”

“It would appear that minimum contamination can best be achieved by

not wearing a mask at all but operating in silence. Whatever its relation
41) Is a mask necessary in the operating
to contamination, bacterial counts, or the dissemination of squames,
theatre?, Orr, 1981 there is no direct evidence that the wearing of masks reduces wound
infection.”

“As recently as 2010, the US National Academy of Sciences declared

that, in the community setting, “face masks are not designed or certified
42) The surgical mask is a bad fit for risk
to protect the wearer from exposure to respiratory hazards.” A number
reduction, Neilson, 2016 of studies have shown the inefficacy of the surgical mask in household
settings to prevent transmission of the influenza virus.”
43) Facemask versus No Facemask in
Preventing Viral Respiratory Infections “Facemask use does not prevent clinical or laboratory-confirmed viral
During Hajj: A Cluster Randomised Open respiratory infections among Hajj pilgrims.”
Label Trial, Alfelali, 2019

“The existing scientific evidences challenge the safety and efficacy of

wearing facemask as preventive intervention for COVID-19. The data
suggest that both medical and non-medical facemasks are ineffective to
block human-to-human transmission of viral and infectious disease such
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, supporting against the usage of facemasks.
44) Facemasks in the COVID-19 era: A Wearing facemasks has been demonstrated to have substantial adverse
health hypothesis, Vainshelboim, 2021 physiological and psychological effects. These include hypoxia,
hypercapnia, shortness of breath, increased acidity and toxicity,
activation of fear and stress response, rise in stress hormones,
immunosuppression, fatigue, headaches, decline in cognitive
performance, predisposition for viral and infectious illnesses, chronic
stress, anxiety and depression.”

45) The use of masks and respirators to “None of the studies established a conclusive relationship between
prevent transmission of influenza: a mask/respirator use and protection against influenza infection. Some
systematic review of the scientific evidence suggests that mask use is best undertaken as part of a package
of personal protection especially hand hygiene.”
evidence, Bin-Reza, 2011

“Most studies found little to no evidence for the effectiveness of face

46) Are Face Masks Effective? The
masks in the general population, neither as personal protective
Evidence., Swiss Policy Research, 2021 equipment nor as a source control.”

47) Postoperative wound infections and “These results indicate that the use of face masks might be
reconsidered. Masks may be used to protect the operating team from
surgical face masks: A controlled study, drops of infected blood and from airborne infections, but have not been
Tunevall, 1991 proven to protect the patient operated by a healthy operating team.”

48) Mask mandate and use efficacy in

“Mask mandates and use are not associated with slower state-level
state-level COVID-19 containment, Guerra, COVID-19 spread during COVID-19 growth surges.”
2021

“A CDC-funded review on masking in May 2020 came to the conclusion:

“Although mechanistic studies support the potential effect of hand
49) Twenty Reasons Mandatory Face hygiene or face masks, evidence from 14 randomized controlled trials of
these measures did not support a substantial effect on transmission of
Masks are Unsafe, Ineffective and Immoral, laboratory-confirmed influenza… None of the household studies
Manley, 2021 reported a significant reduction in secondary laboratory-confirmed
influenza virus infections in the face mask group.” If masks can’t stop the
regular flu, how can they stop SAR-CoV-2?”

“First RCT of cloth masks, and the results caution against the use of cloth
masks. This is an important finding to inform occupational health and
safety. Moisture retention, reuse of cloth masks and poor filtration may
50) A cluster randomised trial of cloth result in increased risk of infection…the rates of all infection outcomes
were highest in the cloth mask arm, with the rate of ILI statistically
masks compared with medical masks in significantly higher in the cloth mask arm (relative risk (RR)=13.00, 95%
healthcare workers, MacIntyre, 2015 CI 1.69 to 100.07) compared with the medical mask arm. Cloth masks
also had significantly higher rates of ILI compared with the control arm.
An analysis by mask use showed ILI (RR=6.64, 95% CI 1.45 to 28.65) and
laboratory-confirmed virus (RR=1.72, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.94) were
significantly higher in the cloth masks group compared with the medical
 masks group. Penetration of cloth masks by particles was almost 97%
and medical masks 44%.”

51) Horowitz: Data from India continues to “Rather than proving the need to sow more panic, fear, and control over
people, the story from India — the source of the “Delta” variant —
blow up the ‘Delta’ fear narrative, continues to refute every current premise of COVID fascism…Masks
Blazemedia, 2021 failed to stop the spread there.”

52) An outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Reporting on a nosocomial hospital outbreak in Finland, Hetemäli et al.
observed that “both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections were
Delta variant (B.1.617.2) in a secondary
found among vaccinated health care workers, and secondary
care hospital in Finland, May 2021, transmission occurred from those with symptomatic infections despite
Hetemäki, 2021 use of personal protective equipment.”

53) Nosocomial outbreak caused by the In a hospital outbreak investigation in Israel, Shitrit et al. observed “high
transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant among twice vaccinated
SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in a highly
and masked individuals.” They added that “this suggests some waning of
vaccinated population, Israel, July 2021, immunity, albeit still providing protection for individuals without
Shitrit, 2021 comorbidities.” Again, despite use of personal protective equipment.

“No studies were needed to justify this practice since most understood
54) 47 studies confirm ineffectiveness of viruses were far too small to be stopped by the wearing of most masks,
masks for COVID and 32 more confirm their other than sophisticated ones designed for that task and which were too
negative health effects, Lifesite news staff, costly and complicated for the general public to properly wear and keep
changing or cleaning. It was also understood that long mask wearing was
2021 unhealthy for wearers for common sense and basic science reasons.”

55) Are EUA Face Masks Effective in

Slowing the Spread of a Viral Infection?, The vast evidence shows that masks are ineffective.
Dopp, 2021

56) CDC Study finds overwhelming majority “A Centers for Disease Control report released in September shows that
of people getting coronavirus wore masks, masks and face coverings are not effective in preventing the spread of
COVID-19, even for those people who consistently wear them.”
Boyd/Federalist, 2021

“The other kind of study, the proper kind, would be a randomised

controlled trial. You compare the rates of infection in a masked cohort
against rates of infection in an unmasked cohort. Here things have gone
much, much worse for mask brigade. They spent months trying to
prevent the publication of the Danish randomised controlled trial, which
found that masks do zero. When that paper finally squeaked into print,
they spent more months trying desperately to poke holes in it. You could
57) Most Mask Studies Are Garbage,
feel their boundless relief when the Bangladesh study finally appeared
Eugyppius, 2021 to save them in early September. Every last Twitter blue-check could
now proclaim that Science Shows Masks Work. Such was their hunger
for any scrap of evidence to prop up their prior convictions, that none of
them noticed the sad nature of the Science in question. The study found
a mere 10% reduction in seroprevalence among the masked cohort, an
effect so small that it fell within the confidence interval. Even the study
authors couldn’t exclude the possibility that masks in fact do zero.”

58) Using face masks in the community: “No high-quality evidence in favor of face masks and recommended
first update, ECDC, 2021 their use only based on the ‘precautionary principle.”

“Seven studies took place in the community, and two studies in

59) Do physical measures such as hand- healthcare workers. Compared with wearing no mask, wearing a mask
washing or wearing masks stop or slow may make little to no difference in how many people caught a flu-like
illness (9 studies; 3507 people); and probably makes no difference in
down the spread of respiratory viruses?, how many people have flu confirmed by a laboratory test (6 studies;
3005 people). Unwanted effects were rarely reported, but included
Cochrane, 2020 discomfort.”

“The use of masks in public spaces is questionable simply because of the

lack of scientific data. If one also considers the necessary precautions,
masks must even be considered a risk of infection in public spaces
according to the rules known from hospitals… If masks are worn by the
population, the risk of infection is potentially increased, regardless of
60) Mouth-nose protection in public: No whether they are medical masks or whether they are so-called
evidence of effectiveness, Thieme/ community masks designed in any way. If one considers the
precautionary measures that the RKI as well as the international health
Kappstein, 2020 authorities have pronounced, all authorities would even have to inform
the population that masks should not be worn in public spaces at all.
Because no matter whether it is a duty for all citizens or voluntarily
borne by the citizens who want it for whatever reason, it remains a fact
that masks can do more harm than good in public.”

“Kids need to see faces,” Jay Bhattacharya, a professor of medicine at

Stanford University, told The Post. Youngsters watch people’s mouths to
61) US mask guidance for kids is the learn to speak, read and understand emotions, he said.“We have this
strictest across the world, Skelding, 2021 idea that this disease is so bad that we must adopt any means necessary
to stop it from spreading,” he said. “It’s not that masks in schools have
no costs. They actually do have substantial costs.”

“This is important because children and/or students do not have the

speech or language ability that adults have — they are not equally able
62) Masking young children in school and the ability to see the face and especially the mouth is critical to
harms language acquisition, Walsh, 2021 language acquisition which children and/or students are engaged in at
all times. Furthermore, the ability to see the mouth is not only essential
to communication but also essential to brain development.”

“It’s abusive to force kids who struggle with them to sacrifice for the
sake of unvaccinated adults… Do masks reduce Covid transmission in
children? Believe it or not, we could find only a single retrospective
study on the question, and its results were inconclusive. Yet two weeks
ago the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sternly decreed that
56 million U.S. children and adolescents, vaccinated or not, should cover
their faces regardless of the prevalence of infection in their community.
Authorities in many places took the cue to impose mandates in schools
63) The Case Against Masks for Children,
and elsewhere, on the theory that masks can’t do any harm. That isn’t
Makary, 2021 true. Some children are fine wearing a mask, but others struggle. Those
who have myopia can have difficulty seeing because the mask fogs their
glasses. (This has long been a problem for medical students in the
operating room.) Masks can cause severe acne and other skin problems.
The discomfort of a mask distracts some children from learning. By
increasing airway resistance during exhalation, masks can lead to
increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. And masks can
be vectors for pathogens if they become moist or are used for too long.”

64) Face Covering Mandates, Peavey, 2021 “Face Covering Mandates And Why They AREN’T Effective.”

“In truth, the CDC’s, U.K.’s, and WHO’s earlier guidance was much more
consistent with the best medical research on masks’ effectiveness in
65) Do masks work? A Review of the preventing the spread of viruses. That research suggests that Americans’
evidence, Anderson, 2021 many months of mask-wearing has likely provided little to no health
benefit and might even have been counterproductive in preventing the
spread of the novel coronavirus.”
 “New research reveals that cloth masks filter just 10% of exhaled
66) Most face masks won’t stop COVID-19
aerosols, with many people not wearing coverings that fit their face
indoors, study warns, Anderer, 2021 properly.”

67) How face masks and lockdowns

failed/the face mask folly in retrospect, “Mask mandates and lockdowns have had no discernible impact.”
Swiss Policy Research, 2021

“The 21% lower incidence in schools that required mask use among
students was not statistically significant compared with schools where
mask use was optional… With tens of millions of American kids headed
68) CDC Releases School COVID back to school in the fall, their parents and political leaders owe it to
them to have a clear-sighted, scientifically rigorous discussion about
Transmission Study But Buries One of the which anti-COVID measures actually work and which might put an extra
Most Damning Parts, Davis, 2021 burden on vulnerable young people without meaningfully or
demonstrably slowing the spread of the virus…that a masking
requirement of students failed to show independent benefit is a finding
of consequence and great interest.”

“This is a question on Austria. The Austrian Government has a desire to

make everyone wear a mask who’s going into the shops. I understood
from our previous briefings with you that the general public should not
wear masks because they are in short supply. What do you say about the
69) World Health Organization internal new Austrian measures?… I’m not specifically aware of that measure in
Austria. I would assume that it’s aimed at people who potentially have
meeting, COVID-19 – virtual press the disease not passing it to others. In general WHO recommends that
conference – 30 March 2020, 2020 the wearing of a mask by a member of the public is to prevent that
individual giving the disease to somebody else. We don’t generally
recommend the wearing to masks in public by otherwise well individuals
because it has not been up to now associated with any particular
benefit.”

“Review highlights the limited evidence base supporting the efficacy or

70) Face masks to prevent transmission of effectiveness of face masks to reduce influenza virus
influenza virus: a systematic review, transmission.”“None of the studies reviewed showed a benefit from
wearing a mask, in either HCW or community members in households
Cowling, 2010
(H).”

71) Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus “Although N95 respirators appeared to have a protective advantage
surgical masks in protecting health care over surgical masks in laboratory settings, our meta-analysis showed
that there were insufficient data to determine definitively whether N95
workers from acute respiratory infection: a respirators are superior to surgical masks in protecting health care
systematic review and meta-analysis, workers against transmissible acute respiratory infections in clinical
Smith, 2016 settings.”

“We found evidence to support universal medical mask use in hospital

settings as part of infection control measures to reduce the risk of CRI
and ILI among HCWs. Overall, N95 respirators may convey greater
protection, but universal use throughout a work shift is likely to be less
72) Effectiveness of Masks and Respirators acceptable due to greater discomfort…Our analysis confirms the
Against Respiratory Infections in effectiveness of medical masks and respirators against SARS. Disposable,
cotton, or paper masks are not recommended. The confirmed
Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review effectiveness of medical masks is crucially important for lower-resource
and Meta-Analysis, Offeddu, 2017 and emergency settings lacking access to N95 respirators. In such cases,
single-use medical masks are preferable to cloth masks, for which there
is no evidence of protection and which might facilitate transmission of
pathogens when used repeatedly without adequate sterilization…We
found no clear benefit of either medical masks or N95 respirators
against pH1N1…Overall, the evidence to inform policies on mask use in
 HCWs is poor, with a small number of studies that is prone to reporting
biases and lack of statistical power.”

73) N95 Respirators vs Medical Masks for “Use of N95 respirators, compared with medical masks, in the
Preventing Influenza Among Health Care outpatient setting resulted in no significant difference in the rates of
laboratory-confirmed influenza.”
Personnel, Radonovich, 2019

The use of N95 respirators compared with surgical masks is not

associated with alower risk of laboratory-confirmed influenza. It
suggests that N95 respirators should not be rec-ommended for general
Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus public and nonhigh-risk medical staff those are not in close contact
withinfluenza patients or suspected patients. “No RCT study with
surgical masks againstinfluenza: A verified outcome shows a benefit for HCW or community members in
systematic review and meta-analysis74) households to wearing a mask or respirator. There is no such study.
Masks Don’t Work: A Review of Science There are no exceptions. Likewise, no study exists that shows a benefit
from a broad policy to wear masks in public (more on this below).
Relevant to COVID-19 Social Policy, Furthermore, if there were any benefit to wearing a mask, because of
Rancourt, 2020 the blocking power against droplets and aerosol particles, then there
should be more benefit from wearing a respirator (N95) compared to a
surgical mask, yet several large meta-analyses, and all the RCT, prove
that there is no such relative benefit.”

“Mandating masks has not kept death rates down anywhere. The 20 U.S.
states that have never ordered people to wear face masks indoors and
75) More Than a Dozen Credible Medical out have dramatically lower COVID-19 death rates than the 30 states
that have mandated masks. Most of the no-mask states have COVID-19
Studies Prove Face Masks Do Not Work death rates below 20 per 100,000 population, and none have a death
Even In Hospitals!, Firstenberg, 2020 rate higher than 55. All 13 states that have death rates higher 55 are
states that have required the wearing of masks in all public places. It has
not protected them.”

76) Does evidence based medicine support

“From the limited randomized trials it is still not clear that whether
the effectiveness of surgical facemasks in
wearing surgical face masks harms or benefit the patients undergoing
preventing postoperative wound infections elective surgery.”
in elective surgery?, Bahli, 2009

77) Peritonitis prevention in CAPD: to mask “The current study suggests that routine use of face masks during CAPD
or not?, Figueiredo, 2000 bag exchanges may be unnecessary and could be discontinued.”

78) The operating room environment as “The wearing of a surgical face mask had no effect upon the overall
operating room environmental contamination and probably work only to
affected by people and the surgical face redirect the projectile effect of talking and breathing. People are the
mask, Ritter, 1975 major source of environmental contamination in the operating room.”

79) The efficacy of standard surgical face “Particle contamination of the wound was demonstrated in all
experiments. Since the microspheres were not identified on the exterior
masks: an investigation using “tracer of these face masks, they must have escaped around the mask edges
particles, Ha’eri, 1980 and found their way into the wound.”

“Prospectively evaluated the experience of 504 patients undergoing

percutaneous left heart catheterization, seeking evidence of a
80) Wearing of caps and masks not relationship between whether caps and/or masks were worn by the
necessary during cardiac catheterization, operators and the incidence of infection. No infections were found in
any patient, regardless of whether a cap or mask was used. Thus, we
Laslett, 1989
found no evidence that caps or masks need to be worn during
percutaneous cardiac catheterization.”
 “A questionnaire-based survey, undertaken by Leyland’ in 1993 to assess
81) Do anaesthetists need to wear surgical attitudes to the use of masks, showed that 20% of surgeons discarded
surgical masks for endoscopic work. Less than 50% did not wear the
masks in the operating theatre? A
mask as recommended by the Medical Research Council. Equal numbers
literature review with evidence-based of surgeons wore the mask in the belief they were protecting
recommendations, Skinner, 2001 themselves and the patient, with 20% of these admitting that tradition
was the only reason for wearing them.”

“Even if you want to use the 2018-19 flu season to avoid overlap with
the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the CDC paints a similar picture:
It estimated 480 flu deaths among children during that period, with
46,000 hospitalizations. COVID-19, mercifully, is simply not as deadly for
children. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, preliminary
82) Mask mandates for children are not data from 45 states show that between 0.00%-0.03% of child COVID-19
backed by data, Faria, 2021 cases resulted in death. When you combine these numbers with the
CDC study that found mask mandates for students — along with hybrid
models, social distancing, and classroom barriers — did not have a
statistically significant benefit in preventing the spread of COVID-19 in
schools, the insistence that we force students to jump through these
hoops for their own protection makes no sense.”

“The benefits of mask requirements in schools might seem self-

evident—they have to help contain the coronavirus, right?—but that
may not be so. In Spain, masks are used in kids ages 6 and older. The
authors of one study there examined the risk of viral spread at all ages. If
masks provided a large benefit, then the transmission rate among 5-
year-olds would be far higher than the rate among 6-year-olds.
83) The Downsides of Masking Young
The results don’t show that. Instead, they show that transmission rates,
Students Are Real, Prasad, 2021 which were low among the youngest kids, steadily increased with age—
rather than dropping sharply for older children subject to the face-
covering requirement. This suggests that masking kids in school does not
provide a major benefit and might provide none at all. And yet many
officials prefer to double down on masking mandates, as if the
fundamental policy were sound and only the people have failed.”

“Masking is a low-risk, inexpensive intervention. If we want to

recommend it as a precautionary measure, especially in situations where
vaccination isn’t an option, great. But that’s not what the public has
been told. “Florida governor Ron DeSantis and politicians in Texas say
research does not support mask mandates,” SciAm’s sub-headline
bellowed. “Many studies show they are wrong.”If that’s the case,
84) Masks In Schools: Scientific American demonstrate that the intervention works before you mandate its use in
schools. If you can’t, acknowledged what UC San Francisco
Fumbles Report On Childhood COVID hematologist-oncologist and Associate Professor of Epidemiology Vinay
Transmission, English/ACSH, 2021 Prasad wrote over at the Atlantic:”No scientific consensus exists about
the wisdom of mandatory-masking rules for schoolchildren … In mid-
March 2020, few could argue against erring on the side of caution. But
nearly 18 months later, we owe it to children and their parents to
answer the question properly: Do the benefits of masking kids in school
outweigh the downsides? The honest answer in 2021 remains that we
don’t know for sure.”

“The only randomized control studies that have ever been done on
masks show that they don’t work,” began Dr. Nepute. He referred to Dr.
Anthony Fauci’s “noble lie,” in which Fauci “changed his tune,” from his
85) Masks ‘don’t work,’ are damaging March 2020 comments, where he downplayed the need and efficacy of
mask wearing, before urging Americans to use masks later in the
health and are being used to control year. “Well, he lied to us. So if he lied about that, what else has he lied
population: Doctors panel, Haynes, 2021 to you about?” questioned Nepute.Masks have become commonplace in
almost every setting, whether indoors or outdoors, but Dr. Popper
mentioned how there have been “no studies” which actually examine
the “effect of wearing a mask during all your waking hours.”“There’s no
science to back any of this and particularly no science to back the fact
 that wearing a mask twenty four-seven or every waking minute, is health
promoting,” added Popper.”

“The mask that has the highest collection efficiency is not necessarily the
best mask from the perspective of the filter-quality factor, which
considers not only the capture efficiency but also the air resistance.
86) Aerosol penetration through surgical
Although surgical mask media may be adequate to remove bacteria
masks, Chen, 1992 exhaled or expelled by health care workers, they may not be sufficient to
remove the sub-micrometer-sized aerosols containing pathogens to
which these health care workers are potentially exposed.”

87) CDC: Schools With Mask Mandates

“The CDC did not include its finding that “required mask use among
Didn’t See Statistically Significant Different
students was not statistically significant compared with schools where
Rates of COVID Transmission From Schools mask use was optional” in the summary of its report.”
With Optional Policies, Miltimore, 2021

“Rather than proving the need to sow more panic, fear, and control over
people, the story from India — the source of the “Delta” variant —
continues to refute every current premise of COVID fascism…Unless we
88) Horowitz: Data from India continues to do that, we must return to the very effective lockdowns and masks. In
blow up the ‘Delta’ fear narrative, reality, India’s experience proves the opposite true; namely:1) Delta is
largely an attenuated version, with a much lower fatality rate, that for
Howorwitz, 2021
most people is akin to a cold.2) Masks failed to stop the spread there.3)
The country has come close to the herd immunity threshold with just 3%
vaccinated.

89) Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Delta While not definitive in the LANCET publication, it can be inferred that
the nurses were all masked up and had PPE etc. as was the case in
Variant Among Vaccinated Healthcare Finland and Israel nosocomial outbreaks, indicating the failure of PPE
Workers, Vietnam, Chau, 2021 and masks to constrain Delta spread.

“The mask that has the highest collection efficiency is not necessarily the
best mask from the perspective of the filter-quality factor, which
considers not only the capture efficiency but also the air resistance.
90) Aerosol penetration through surgical
Although surgical mask media may be adequate to remove bacteria
masks, Willeke, 1992 exhaled or expelled by health care workers, they may not be sufficient to
remove the submicrometer-size aerosols containing pathogens to which
these health care workers are potentially exposed.”

“Particle contamination of the wound was demonstrated in all

91) The efficacy of standard surgical face aexperiments. Since the microspheres were not identified on the
masks: an investigation using “tracer exterior of these face masks, they must have escped around the mask
edges and found their way into the wound. The wearing of the mask
particles”, Wiley, 1980 beneath the headgear curtails this route of contamination.”

“Decades of the highest-level scientific evidence (meta-analyses of

multiple randomized controlled trials) overwhelmingly conclude that
92) An Evidence Based Scientific Analysis of medical masks are ineffective at preventing the transmission of
Why Masks are Ineffective, Unnecessary, respiratory viruses, including SAR-CoV-2…those arguing for masks are
relying on low-level evidence (observational retrospective trials and
and Harmful, Meehan, 2020
mechanistic theories), none of which are powered to counter the
evidence, arguments, and risks of mask mandates.”

93) Open Letter from Medical Doctors and

Health Professionals to All Belgian “Oral masks in healthy individuals are ineffective against the spread of
Authorities and All Belgian Media, AIER, viral infections.”
2020
94) Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus “The use of N95 respirators compared with surgical masks is not
associated with a lower risk of laboratory-confirmed influenza. It
surgical masks against influenza: A
suggests that N95 respirators should not be recommended for general
systematic review and meta-analysis, Long, public and nonhigh-risk medical staff those are not in close contact with
2020 influenza patients or suspected patients.”

“However, the use of a mask alone is insufficient to provide an adequate

95) Advice on the use of masks in the level of protection or source control, and other personal and community
context of COVID-19, WHO, 2020 level measures should also be adopted to suppress transmission of
respiratory viruses.”

“Health authorities have warned that surgical masks may not be an

effective protection against the virus.”Those masks are only effective so
long as they are dry,” said Professor Yvonne Cossart of the Department
of Infectious Diseases at the University of Sydney.”As soon as they
96) Farce mask: it’s safe for only 20 become saturated with the moisture in your breath they stop doing their
minutes, The Sydney Morning Herald, 2003 job and pass on the droplets.”Professor Cossart said that could take as
little as 15 or 20 minutes, after which the mask would need to be
changed. But those warnings haven’t stopped people snapping up the
masks, with retailers reporting they are having trouble keeping up with
demand.”

97) Study: Wearing A Used Mask Is “According to researchers from the University of Massachusetts Lowell
Potentially Riskier Than No Mask At All, and California Baptist University, a three-layer surgical mask is 65
Boyd, 2020 percent efficient in filtering particles in the air. That effectiveness,
however, falls to 25 percent once it is used.“It is natural to think that
wearing a mask, no matter new or old, should always be better than
Effects of mask-wearing on the inhalability nothing,” said author Jinxiang Xi.“Our results show that this belief is only
and deposition of airborne SARS-CoV-2 true for particles larger than 5 micrometers, but not for fine particles
smaller than 2.5 micrometers,” he continued.”
aerosols in human upper airway

MASK MANDATES

“Calculated total COVID-19 case growth and mask use for the
continental United States with data from the Centers for Disease Control
1) Mask mandate and use efficacy for and Prevention and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. We
COVID-19 containment in US States, estimated post-mask mandate case growth in non-mandate states using
median issuance dates of neighboring states with mandates…did not
Guerra, 2021
observe association between mask mandates or use and reduced
COVID-19 spread in US states.”

“Masks can work well when they’re fully sealed, properly fitted, changed
often, and have a filter designed for virus-sized particles. This represents
none of the common masks available on the consumer market, making
universal masking much more of a confidence trick than a medical
solution…Our universal use of unscientific face coverings is therefore
2) These 12 Graphs Show Mask Mandates closer to medieval superstition than it is to science, but many powerful
Do Nothing To Stop COVID, Weiss, 2020 institutions have too much political capital invested in the mask
narrative at this point, so the dogma is perpetuated. The narrative says
that if cases go down it’s because masks succeeded. It says that if cases
go up it’s because masks succeeded in preventing more cases. The
narrative simply assumes rather than proves that masks work, despite
overwhelming scientific evidence to the contrary.”

“Protective-mask mandates aimed at combating the spread of the CCP

3) Mask Mandates Seem to Make CCP Virus virus that causes the disease COVID-19 appear to promote its spread,
Infection Rates Climb, Study Says, Vadum, according to a report from RationalGround.com, a clearinghouse of
COVID-19 data trends that’s run by a grassroots group of data analysts,
2020
computer scientists, and actuaries.”
 “How long do our politicians get to ignore the results?… The results:
When comparing states with mandates vs. those without, or periods of
times within a state with a mandate vs. without, there is absolutely no
4) Horowitz: Comprehensive analysis of 50 evidence the mask mandate worked to slow the spread one iota. In
states shows greater spread with mask total, in the states that had a mandate in effect, there were 9,605,256
mandates, Howorwitz, 2020 confirmed COVID cases over 5,907 total days, an average of 27 cases per
100,000 per day. When states did not have a statewide order (which
Justin Hart includes the states that never had them and the period of time masking
states did not have the mandate in place) there were 5,781,716 cases
over 5,772 total days, averaging 17 cases per 100,000 people per day.”

“Thus, it is not surprising that the CDC’s own recent conclusion on the
use of nonpharmaceutical measures such as face masks in pandemic
influenza, warned that scientific “evidence from 14 randomized
controlled trials of these measures did not support a substantial effect
on transmission…” Moreover, in the WHO’s 2019 guidance document on
5) The CDC’s Mask Mandate Study: nonpharmaceutical public health measures in a pandemic, they reported
Debunked, Alexander, 2021 as to face masks that “there is no evidence that this is effective in
reducing transmission…” Similarly, in the fine print to a recent double-
blind, double-masking simulation the CDC stated that “The findings of
these simulations [supporting mask usage] should neither be generalized
to the effectiveness …nor interpreted as being representative of the
effectiveness of these masks when worn in real-world settings.”

“The first ecological study of state mask mandates and use to include
6) Phil Kerpin, tweet, 2021 winter data: “Case growth was independent of mandates at low and
The Spectator high rates of community spread, and mask use did not predict case
growth during the Summer or Fall-Winter waves.”

“Infections have been driven primarily by seasonal and endemic factors,

7) How face masks and lockdowns failed,
whereas mask mandates and lockdowns have had no discernible
SPR, 2021 impact”

8) Analysis of the Effects of COVID-19 Mask

“There was no reduction in per-population daily mortality, hospital bed,
Mandates on Hospital Resource
ICU bed, or ventilator occupancy of COVID-19-positive patients
Consumption and Mortality at the County attributable to the implementation of a mask-wearing mandate.”
Level, Schauer, 2021

“But masks proved far less useful in the subsequent 1918 Spanish flu, a
viral disease spread by pathogens smaller than bacteria. California’s
Department of Health, for instance, reported that the cities of Stockton,
which required masks, and Boston, which did not, had scarcely different
death rates, and so advised against mask mandates except for a few
high-risk professions such as barbers….Randomized controlled trials
(RCTs) on mask use, generally more reliable than observational studies,
though not infallible, typically show that cloth and surgical masks offer
9) Do we need mask mandates, Harris, little protection. A few RCTs suggest that perfect adherence to an
2021 exacting mask protocol may guard against influenza, but meta-analyses
find little on the whole to suggest that masks offer meaningful
protection. WHO guidelines from 2019 on influenza say that despite
“mechanistic plausibility for the potential effectiveness” of masks,
studies showed a benefit too small to be established with any certainty.
Another literature review by researchers from the University of Hong
Kong agrees. Its best estimate for the protective effect of surgical masks
against influenza, based on ten RCTs published through 2018, was just
22 percent, and it could not rule out zero effect.”
MASK HARMS

“The average wearing time of the mask was 270 minutes per
1) Corona children studies: Co-Ki: First day. Impairments caused by wearing the mask were reported by 68% of
results of a German-wide registry on the parents. These included irritability (60%), headache (53%), difficulty
mouth and nose covering (mask) in concentrating (50%), less happiness (49%), reluctance to go to
school/kindergarten (44%), malaise (42%) impaired learning (38%) and
children, Schwarz, 2021 drowsiness or fatigue (37%).”

2) Dangerous pathogens found on “Masks were contaminated with bacteria, parasites, and fungi, including
children’s face masks, Cabrera, 2021 three with dangerous pathogenic and pneumonia-causing bacteria.”

“Laboratory testing of used masks from 20 train commuters revealed

that 11 of the 20 masks tested contained over 100,000 bacterial
colonies. Molds and yeasts were also found. Three of the masks
3) Masks, false safety and real dangers, contained more than one million bacterial colonies… The outside
surfaces of surgical masks were found to have high levels of the
Part 2: Microbial challenges from masks, following microbes, even in hospitals, more concentrated on the outside
Borovoy, 2020/2021 of masks than in the environment. Staphylococcus species (57%) and
Pseudomonas spp (38%) were predominant among bacteria, and
Penicillium spp (39%) and Aspergillus spp. (31%) were the predominant
fungi.”

“Considering our findings, pulse rates of the surgeon’s increase and

4) Preliminary report on surgical mask SpO2 decrease after the first hour. This early change in SpO2 may be
either due to the facial mask or the operational stress. Since a very small
induced deoxygenation during major decrease in saturation at this level, reflects a large decrease in PaO2, our
surgery, Beder, 2008 findings may have a clinical value for the health workers and the
surgeons.”

“The thing is we really don’t know for sure what the effect may or may
not be. But what we do know is that children, especially in early
childhood, they use the mouth as part of the entire face to get a sense
of what’s going on around them in terms of adults and other people in
5) Mask mandates may affect a child’s their environment as far as their emotions. It also has a role in language
development as well… If you think about an infant, when you interact
emotional, intellectual development, Gillis, with them you use part of your mouth. They are interested in your facial
2020 expressions. And if you think about that part of the face being covered
up, there is that possibility that it could have an effect. But we don’t
know because this is really an unprecedented time. What we wonder
about is if this could play a role and how can we stop it if it would affect
child development.”

6) Headaches and the N95 face-mask “Healthcare providers may develop headaches following the use of the
amongst healthcare providers, Lim, 2006 N95 face-mask.”

“Although use of double masking or knotting and tucking are two of

7) Maximizing Fit for Cloth and Medical many options that can optimize fit and enhance mask performance for
Procedure Masks to Improve Performance source control and for wearer protection, double masking might impede
and Reduce SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and breathing or obstruct peripheral vision for some wearers, and knotting
and tucking can change the shape of the mask such that it no longer
Exposure, 2021, Brooks, 2021 covers fully both the nose and the mouth of persons with larger faces.”

“Wearing facemasks has been demonstrated to have substantial adverse

8) Facemasks in the COVID-19 era: A health physiological and psychological effects. These include hypoxia,
hypothesis, Vainshelboim, 2021 hypercapnia, shortness of breath, increased acidity and toxicity,
activation of fear and stress response, rise in stress hormones,
immunosuppression, fatigue, headaches, decline in cognitive
 performance, predisposition for viral and infectious illnesses, chronic
stress, anxiety and depression.”

9) Wearing a mask can expose children to “European study found that children wearing masks for only minutes
dangerous levels of carbon dioxide in just could be exposed to dangerous carbon dioxide levels…Forty-five children
THREE MINUTES, study finds, were exposed to carbon dioxide levels between three to twelve times
healthy levels.”
Shaheen/Daily Mail, 2021

“How long are parents going to continue masking their children causing
great harm to them, even to the point of risking their lives? Dr. Eric
10) How many children must die? Shilhavy, Nepute in St. Louis took time to record a video rant that he wants
2020 everyone to share, after the 4-year-old child of one of his patients
almost died from a bacterial lung infection caused by prolonged mask
use.”

“I’m seeing patients that have facial rashes, fungal infections, bacterial
infections. Reports coming from my colleagues, all over the world, are
suggesting that the bacterial pneumonias are on the rise…Why might
11) Medical Doctor Warns that “Bacterial that be? Because untrained members of the public are wearing medical
Pneumonias Are on the Rise” from Mask masks, repeatedly… in a non-sterile fashion… They’re becoming
contaminated. They’re pulling them off of their car seat, off the rear-
Wearing, Meehan, 2021 view mirror, out of their pocket, from their countertop, and they’re
reapplying a mask that should be worn fresh and sterile every single
time.”

“Wearing a mask is not without side effects. Oxygen deficiency

(headache, nausea, fatigue, loss of concentration) occurs fairly quickly,
12) Open Letter from Medical Doctors and an effect similar to altitude sickness. Every day we now see patients
Health Professionals to All Belgian complaining of headaches, sinus problems, respiratory problems and
Authorities and All Belgian Media, AIER, hyperventilation due to wearing masks. In addition, the accumulated
CO2 leads to a toxic acidification of the organism which affects our
2020 immunity. Some experts even warn of an increased transmission of the
virus in case of inappropriate use of the mask.”

“At present, there is no direct evidence (from studies on Covid19 and in

healthy people in the community) on the effectiveness of universal
masking of healthy people in the community to prevent infection with
13) Face coverings for covid-19: from respiratory viruses, including Covid19. Contamination of the upper
respiratory tract by viruses and bacteria on the outside of medical face
medical intervention to social practice, masks has been detected in several hospitals. Another research shows
Peters, 2020 that a moist mask is a breeding ground for (antibiotic resistant) bacteria
and fungi, which can undermine mucosal viral immunity. This research
advocates the use of medical / surgical masks (instead of homemade
cotton masks) that are used once and replaced after a few hours.”

“The two potential side effects that have already been acknowledged
are: (1) Wearing a face mask may give a false sense of security and make
people adopt a reduction in compliance with other infection control
measures, including social distancing and hands washing. (2)
Inappropriate use of face mask: people must not touch their masks,
14) Face masks for the public during the must change their single-use masks frequently or wash them regularly,
dispose them correctly and adopt other management measures,
covid-19 crisis, Lazzarino, 2020 otherwise their risks and those of others may increase. Other potential
side effects that we must consider are: (3) The quality and the volume of
speech between two people wearing masks is considerably
compromised and they may unconsciously come closer. While one may
be trained to counteract side effect n.1, this side effect may be more
difficult to tackle. (4) Wearing a face mask makes the exhaled air go into
the eyes. This generates an uncomfortable feeling and an impulse to
 touch your eyes. If your hands are contaminated, you are infecting
yourself.”

15) Contamination by respiratory viruses “Respiratory pathogens on the outer surface of the used medical masks
may result in self-contamination. The risk is higher with longer duration
on outer surface of medical masks used by
of mask use (> 6 h) and with higher rates of clinical contact. Protocols on
hospital healthcare workers, Chughtai, duration of mask use should specify a maximum time of continuous use,
2019 and should consider guidance in high contact settings.”

“After considering all the testimony and other information we received,

the committee concluded that there is currently no simple, reliable way
to decontaminate these devices and enable people to use them safely
more than once. There is relatively little data available about how
effective these devices are against flu even the first time they are used.
To the extent they can help at all, they must be used correctly, and the
16) Reusability of Facemasks During an best respirator or mask will do little to protect a person who uses it
Influenza Pandemic, Bailar, 2006 incorrectly. Substantial research must be done to increase our
understanding of how flu spreads, to develop better masks and
respirators, and to make it easier to decontaminate them. Finally, the
use of face coverings is only one of many strategies that will be needed
to slow or halt a pandemic, and people should not engage in activities
that would increase their risk of exposure to flu just because they have a
mask or respirator.”

“The exhaled aerosols generated by coughing, talking, and breathing

were sampled in 50 subjects using a novel mask, and analyzed using PCR
for nine respiratory viruses. The exhaled samples from a subset of 10
subjects who were PCR positive for rhinovirus were also examined by
cell culture for this virus. Of the 50 subjects, among the 33 with
17) Exhalation of respiratory viruses by symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections, 21 had at least one virus
detected by PCR, while amongst the 17 asymptomatic subjects, 4 had a
breathing, coughing, and talking, Stelzer- virus detected by PCR. Overall, rhinovirus was detected in 19 subjects,
Braid, 2009 influenza in 4 subjects, parainfluenza in 2 subjects, and human
metapneumovirus in 1 subject. Two subjects were co-infected. Of the 25
subjects who had virus-positive nasal mucus, the same virus type was
detected in 12 breathing samples, 8 talking samples, and in 2 coughing
samples. In the subset of exhaled samples from 10 subjects examined by
culture, infective rhinovirus was detected in 2.”

18) [Effect of a surgical mask on six minute “Wearing a surgical mask modifies significantly and clinically dyspnea
walking distance], Person, 2018 without influencing walked distance.”

“The German researchers used two types of face masks for their study –
surgical masks and so-called FFP2 masks, which are mainly used by
medical personnel. The measurements were carried out with the help of
spiroergometry, in which patients or in this case the test persons exert
19) Protective masks reduce resilience, themselves physically on a stationary bicycle – a so-called ergometer –
Science ORF, 2020 or a treadmill. The subjects were examined without a mask, with surgical
masks and with FFP2 masks. The masks therefore impair breathing,
especially the volume and the highest possible speed of the air when
exhaling. The maximum possible force on the ergometer was
significantly reduced.”

“They contain microplastics – and they exacerbate the waste

problem…”Many of them are made of polyester and so you have a
microplastic problem.” Many of the face masks would contain polyester
20) Wearing masks even more unhealthy
with chlorine compounds: “If I have the mask in front of my face, then of
than expected, Coronoa transition, 2020 course I breathe in the microplastic directly and these substances are
much more toxic than if you swallow them, as they get directly into the
nervous system,” Braungart continues.”
 “Children do not readily acquire SARS-CoV-2 (very low risk), spread it to
other children or teachers, or endanger parents or others at home. This
is the settled science. In the rare cases where a child contracts Covid
virus it is very unusual for the child to get severely ill or die. Masking can
do positive harm to children – as it can to some adults. But the cost
21) Masking Children: Tragic, Unscientific,
benefit analysis is entirely different for adults and children – particularly
and Damaging, Alexander, 2021 younger children. Whatever arguments there may be for consenting
adults – children should not be required to wear masks to prevent the
spread of Covid-19. Of course, zero risk is not attainable – with or
without masks, vaccines, therapeutics, distancing or anything else
medicine may develop or government agencies may impose.”

“With that clarion call, we pivot and refer here to another looming
concern and this is the potential danger of the chlorine, polyester, and
microplastic components of the face masks (surgical principally but any
22) The Dangers of Masks, Alexander, 2021 of the mass-produced masks) that have become part of our daily lives
due to the Covid-19 pandemic. We hope those with persuasive power in
the government will listen to this plea. We hope that the necessary
decisions will be made to reduce the risk to our populations.”

“The case is not only causing speculation in Germany about possible

poisoning with carbon dioxide. Because the student “was wearing a
corona protective mask when she suddenly collapsed and died a little
later in the hospital,” writes Wochenblick.Editor’s Review: The fact that
no cause of death was communicated nearly three weeks after the girl’s
23) 13-year-old mask wearer dies for death is indeed unusual. The carbon dioxide content of the air is usually
about 0.04 percent. From a proportion of four percent, the first
inexplicable reasons, Corona Transition, symptoms of hypercapnia, i.e. carbon dioxide poisoning, appear. If the
2020 proportion of the gas rises to more than 20 percent, there is a risk of
deadly carbon dioxide poisoning. However, this does not come without
alarm signals from the body. According to the medical portal netdoktor,
these include “sweating, accelerated breathing, accelerated heartbeat,
headaches, confusion, loss of consciousness”. The unconsciousness of
the girl could therefore be an indication of such poisoning.”

“During the month of April, three cases of students suffering sudden

cardiac death (SCD) while running during gym class have been reported
24) Student Deaths Lead Chinese Schools in Zhejiang, Henan and Hunan provinces. Beijing Evening News noted
to Change Mask Rules, that’s, 2020 that all three students were wearing masks at the time of their deaths,
igniting a critical discussion over school rules on when students should
wear masks.”

“As for the scientific support for the use of face mask, a recent careful
examination of the literature, in which 17 of the best studies were
analyzed, concluded that, “ None of the studies established a conclusive
relationship between mask/respirator use and protection against
25) Blaylock: Face Masks Pose Serious Risks influenza infection.”1 Keep in mind, no studies have been done to
To The Healthy, 2020 demonstrate that either a cloth mask or the N95 mask has any effect on
transmission of the COVID-19 virus. Any recommendations, therefore,
have to be based on studies of influenza virus transmission. And, as you
have seen, there is no conclusive evidence of their efficiency in
controlling flu virus transmission.”

“In fact, the mask has the potential to “trigger strong psychovegetative
26) The mask requirement is responsible stress reactions via emerging aggression, which correlate significantly
for severe psychological damage and the with the degree of stressful after-effects”.
weakening of the immune system, Coronoa Prousa is not alone in her opinion. Several psychologists dealt with the
mask problem — and most came to devastating results. Ignoring them
Transition, 2020 would be fatal, according to Prousa.”
27) The physiological impact of wearing an
N95 mask during hemodialysis as a “Wearing an N95 mask for 4 hours during HD significantly reduced PaO2
precaution against SARS in patients with and increased respiratory adverse effects in ESRD patients.”
end-stage renal disease, Kao, 2004

“We objectified evaluation evidenced changes in respiratory physiology

of mask wearers with significant correlation of O 2 drop and fatigue (p <
0.05), a clustered co-occurrence of respiratory impairment and O2 drop
(67%), N95 mask and CO2 rise (82%), N95 mask and O2 drop (72%), N95
mask and headache (60%), respiratory impairment and temperature rise
(88%), but also temperature rise and moisture (100%) under the masks.
28) Is a Mask That Covers the Mouth and Extended mask-wearing by the general population could lead to relevant
effects and consequences in many medical fields.”“Here are the
Nose Free from Undesirable Side Effects in
pathophysiological changes and subjective complaints: 1) Increase in
Everyday Use and Free of Potential blood carbon dioxide 2) Increase in breathing resistance 3) Decrease in
Hazards?, Kisielinski, 2021 blood oxygen saturation 4) Increase in heart rate 5) Decrease in
cardiopulmonary capacity 6) Feeling of exhaustion 7) Increase in
respiratory rate 8) Difficulty breathing and shortness of breath 9)
Headache 10) Dizziness 11) Feeling of dampness and heat 12)
Drowsiness (qualitative neurological deficits) 13) Decrease in empathy
perception 14) Impaired skin barrier function with acne, itching and skin
lesions”

“Respiratory alkalosis and hypocarbia were detected after the use of

N95. Acute respiratory alkalosis can cause headache, anxiety, tremor,
29) Is N95 face mask linked to dizziness and
muscle cramps. In this study, it was quantitatively shown that the
headache?, Ipek, 2021 participants’ symptoms were due to respiratory alkalosis and
hypocarbia.”

“But in filtering those particles, the mask also makes it harder to

30) COVID-19 prompts a team of engineers breathe. N95 masks are estimated to reduce oxygen intake by anywhere
from 5 to 20 percent. That’s significant, even for a healthy person. It can
to rethink the humble face mask, Myers, cause dizziness and lightheadedness. If you wear a mask long enough, it
2020 can damage the lungs. For a patient in respiratory distress, it can even
be life threatening.”

“In an open letter to the Flemish Minister of Education Ben Weyts (N-
VA), 70 doctors ask to abolish the mandatory mouth mask at school,
31) 70 doctors in open letter to Ben Weyts: both for the teachers and for the students. Weyts does not intend to
‘Abolish mandatory mouth mask at school’ change course. The doctors ask that Minister Ben Weyts immediately
reverses his working method: no mouth mask obligation at school, only
– Belgium, World Today News, 2020 protect the risk group and only the advice that people with a possible
risk profile should consult their doctor.”

“Masks may present a choking hazard for young children. Also,

depending on the mask and the fit, the child may have trouble
breathing. If this happens, they need to be able to take it off,” said UC
Davis pediatrician Lena van der List. “Children less than 2 years of age
32) Face masks pose dangers for babies, will not reliably be able to remove a face mask and could suffocate.
Therefore, masks should not routinely be used for young children…“The
toddlers during COVID-19 pandemic, UC younger the child, the more likely they will be to not wear the mask
Davis Health, 2020 properly, reach under the mask and touch potentially contaminated
masks,” said Dean Blumberg, chief of pediatric infectious diseases at UC
Davis Children’s Hospital. “Of course, this depends on the
developmental level of the individual child. But I think masks are not
likely to provide much potential benefit over risk until the teen years.”
 “Other potential side effects that we must consider, however, are 1) The
quality and volume of speech between people wearing masks is
considerably compromised and they may unconsciously come closer2)
Wearing a mask makes the exhaled air go into the eyes. This generates
an impulse to touch the eyes. 3) If your hands are contaminated, you are
infecting yourself, 4) Face masks make breathing more difficult.
Moreover, a fraction of carbon dioxide previously exhaled is inhaled at
33) Covid-19: Important potential side each respiratory cycle. Those phenomena increase breathing frequency
and deepness, and they may worsen the burden of covid-19 if infected
effects of wearing face masks that we people wearing masks spread more contaminated air. This may also
should bear in mind, Lazzarino, 2020 worsen the clinical condition of infected people if the enhanced
breathing pushes the viral load down into their lungs, 5) The innate
immunity’s efficacy is highly dependent on the viral load. If masks
determine a humid habitat where SARS-CoV-2 can remain active
because of the water vapour continuously provided by breathing and
captured by the mask fabric, they determine an increase in viral load (by
re-inhaling exhaled viruses) and therefore they can cause a defeat of the
innate immunity and an increase in infections.”

“Of the 97 subjects, 7 with COPD did not wear the N95 for the entire
test duration. This mask-failure group showed higher British modified
Medical Research Council dyspnea scale scores and lower FEV 1 percent
of predicted values than did the successful mask use group. A modified
34) Risks of N95 Face Mask Use in Subjects Medical Research Council dyspnea scale score ≥ 3 (odds ratio 167, 95%
With COPD, Kyung, 2020 CI 8.4 to >999.9; P = .008) or a FEV1 < 30% predicted (odds ratio 163,
95% CI 7.4 to >999.9; P = .001) was associated with a risk of failure to
wear the N95. Breathing frequency, blood oxygen saturation, and
exhaled carbon dioxide levels also showed significant differences before
and after N95 use.”

“Children under the age of 2 shouldn’t wear masks because they can
make breathing difficult and increase the risk of choking, a medical
35) Masks too dangerous for children group has said, launching an urgent appeal to parents as the nation
under 2, medical group warns, The Japan reopens from the coronavirus crisis…Masks can make breathing difficult
because infants have narrow air passages,” which increases the burden
Times, 2020
on their hearts, the association said, adding that masks also raise the risk
of heat stroke for them.”

36) Face masks can be problematic, “Face masks are dangerous to the health of some Canadians and
problematic for some others…Asthma Canada president and CEO
dangerous to health of some Canadians: Vanessa Foran said simply wearing a mask could create risk of an asthma
advocates, Spenser, 2020 attack.”

“The rebreathing of our exhaled air will without a doubt create oxygen
deficiency and a flooding of carbon dioxide. We know that the human
brain is very sensitive to oxygen depravation. There are nerve cells for
example in the hippocampus, that can’t be longer than 3 minutes
without oxygen – they cannot survive. The acute warning symptoms are
headaches, drowsiness, dizziness, issues in concentration, slowing down
of the reaction time – reactions of the cognitive system. However, when
37) COVID-19 Masks Are a Crime Against you have chronic oxygen depravation, all of those symptoms disappear,
Humanity and Child Abuse, Griesz-Brisson, because you get used to it. But your efficiency will remain impaired and
the undersupply of oxygen in your brain continues to progress. We know
2020
that neurodegenerative diseases take years to decades to develop. If
today you forget your phone number, the breakdown in your brain
would have already started 20 or 30 years ago…The child needs the
brain to learn, and the brain needs oxygen to function. We don’t need a
clinical study for that. This is simple, indisputable physiology. Conscious
and purposely induced oxygen deficiency is an absolutely deliberate
health hazard, and an absolute medical contraindication.”
 “Data from the first registry to record children’s experiences with masks
show physical, psychological and behavioral issues including irritability,
difficulty concentrating and impaired learning.Since school shutdowns in
spring 2020, an increasing number of parents are seeking drug
38) Study shows how masks are harming treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for their
children, Mercola, 2021 children.Evidence from the U.K. shows schools are not the super
spreaders health officials said they were; measured rates of infection in
schools were the same as the community, not higher.A large
randomized controlled trial showed wearing masks does not reduce the
spread of SARS-CoV-2.”

“A new study, involving over 25,000 school-aged children, shows that

39) New Study Finds Masks Hurt masks are harming schoolchildren physically, psychologically, and
Schoolchildren Physically, Psychologically, behaviorally, revealing 24 distinct health issues associated with wearing
masks…Though these results are concerning, the study also found that
and Behaviorally, Hall, 2021 29.7% of children experienced shortness of breath, 26.4% experienced
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/r dizziness, and hundreds of the participants experiencing accelerated
s-124394/v2 respiration, tightness in chest, weakness, and short-term impairment of
consciousness.”

40) Protective Face Masks: Effect on the “In all 20 surgeons wearing FFP2 covered by surgical masks, a reduction
in arterial O2 saturation from around 97.5% before surgery to 94% after
Oxygenation and Heart Rate Status of Oral surgery was recorded with increase of heart rates. A shortness of breath
Surgeons during Surgery, Scarano, 2021 and light-headedness/headaches were also noted.”

41) Effects of surgical and FFP2/N95 face “Ventilation, cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and comfort are
reduced by surgical masks and highly impaired by FFP2/N95 face masks
masks on cardiopulmonary exercise in healthy individuals. These data are important for recommendations
capacity, Fikenzer, 2020 on wearing face masks at work or during physical exercise.”

42) Headaches Associated With Personal

Protective Equipment – A Cross-Sectional “Most healthcare workers develop de novo PPE-associated headaches or
Study Among Frontline Healthcare Workers exacerbation of their pre-existing headache disorders.”
During COVID-19, Ong, 2020

“Wearing a mask is not without side effects. Oxygen deficiency

(headache, nausea, fatigue, loss of concentration) occurs fairly quickly,
43) Open letter from medical doctors and an effect similar to altitude sickness. Every day we now see patients
health professionals to all Belgian complaining of headaches, sinus problems, respiratory problems, and
authorities and all Belgian media, The hyperventilation due to wearing masks. In addition, the accumulated
CO2 leads to a toxic acidification of the organism which affects our
American Institute of Stress, 2020 immunity. Some experts even warn of increased transmission of the
virus in case of inappropriate use of the mask.”

“For the public, they should not wear facemasks unless they are sick,
and if a healthcare worker advised them.”For the average member of
the public walking down a street, it is not a good idea,” Dr. Harries
44) Reusing masks may increase your risk said.”What tends to happen is people will have one mask. They won’t
wear it all the time, they will take it off when they get home, they will
of coronavirus infection, expert says, put it down on a surface they haven’t cleaned,” she added.Further, she
Laguipo, 2020 added that behavioral issues could adversely put themselves at more
risk of getting the infection. For instance, people go out and don’t wash
their hands, they touch parts of the mask or their face, and they get
infected.”

“Americans today have pretty good chompers on average, at least

relative to most other people, past and present. Nevertheless, we do not
45) What’s Going On Under the Masks?,
think enough about oral health as evidenced by the almost complete
Wright, 2021 lack of discussion regarding the effect of lockdowns and mandatory
masking on our mouths.”
46) Experimental Assessment of Carbon “A large-scale survey in Germany of adverse effects in parents and
Dioxide Content in Inhaled Air With or children using data of 25 930 children has shown that 68% of the
Without Face Masks in Healthy ChildrenA participating children had problems when wearing nose and mouth
coverings.”
Randomized Clinical Trial, Walach, 2021

“Nationally, children have a 99.997% survival rate from COVID-19. In

47) NM Kids forced to wear masks while New Mexico, only 0.7% of child COVID-19 cases have resulted
in hospitalization. It is clear that children have an extremely low risk of
running in 100-degree heat; Parents are severe illness or death from COVID-19, and mask mandates are placing a
striking back, Smith, 2021 burden upon kids which is detrimental to their own health and well-
being.”

“Health Canada is advising Canadians not to use disposable face masks

48) Health Canada issues advisory for that contain graphene. Health Canada issued the notice on Friday and
disposable masks with graphene, CBC, said wearers could inhale graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms.
Masks containing the toxic particles may have been distributed in some
2021
health-care facilities.”

“Wearing masks considerably reduces the inhalation risk of particles

(e.g., granular microplastics and unknown particles) even when they are
worn continuously for 720 h. Surgical, cotton, fashion, and activated
49) COVID-19: Performance study of carbon masks wearing pose higher fiber-like microplastic inhalation risk,
microplastic inhalation risk posed by while all masks generally reduced exposure when used under their
wearing masks, Li, 2021 supposed time (<4 h). N95 poses less fiber-like microplastic inhalation
risk. Reusing masks after they underwent different disinfection pre-
treatment processes can increase the risk of particle (e.g., granular
microplastics) and fiber-like microplastic inhalation. Ultraviolet
disinfection exerts a relatively weak effect on fiber-like microplastic
inhalation, and thus, it can be recommended as a treatment process for
Is graphene safe? reusing masks if proven effective from microbiological standpoint.
Wearing an N95 mask reduces the inhalation risk of spherical-type
microplastics by 25.5 times compared with not wearing a mask.”

“Early concerns around graphene were sparked by previous research on

another form of carbon — carbon nanotubes. It turns out that some
forms of these fiber-like materials can cause serious harm if inhaled. And
following on from research here, a natural next-question to ask is
whether carbon nanotubes’ close cousin graphene comes with similar
50) Manufacturers have been using concerns.Because graphene lacks many of the physical and chemical
aspects of carbon nanotubes that make them harmful (such as being
nanotechnology-derived graphene in face
long, thin, and hard for the body to get rid of), the indications are that
masks — now there are safety concerns, the material is safer than its nanotube cousins. But safer doesn’t mean
Maynard, 2021 safe. And current research indicates that this is not a material that
should be used where it could potentially be inhaled, without a good
amount of safety testing first…As a general rule of thumb, engineered
nanomaterials should not be used in products where they might
inadvertently be inhaled and reach the sensitive lower regions of the
lungs.”

“This is important because children and/or students do not have the

speech or language ability that adults have — they are not equally able
51) Masking young children in school and the ability to see the face and especially the mouth is critical to
language acquisition which children and/or students are engaged in at
harms language acquisition, Walsh, 2021 all times. Furthermore, the ability to see the mouth is not only essential
to communication but also essential to brain development.“Studies
show that by age four, kids from low-income households will hear 30
million less words than their more affluent counterparts, who get more
 quality face-time with
caretakers.” (https://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/november/languag
e-toddlers-fernald-110514.html).”

“A group of parents in Gainesville, FL, sent 6 face masks to a lab at the

University of Florida, requesting an analysis of contaminants found on
the masks after they had been worn. The resulting report found that five
masks were contaminated with bacteria, parasites, and fungi, including
three with dangerous pathogenic and pneumonia-causing bacteria.
52) Dangerous pathogens found on Although the test is capable of detecting viruses, including SARS-CoV-2,
only one virus was found on one mask (alcelaphine herpesvirus 1)…Half
children’s face masks, Rational Ground, of the masks were contaminated with one or more strains of
2021 pneumonia-causing bacteria. One-third were contaminated with one or
more strains of meningitis-causing bacteria. One-third were
contaminated with dangerous, antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens.
In addition, less dangerous pathogens were identified, including
pathogens that can cause fever, ulcers, acne, yeast infections, strep
throat, periodontal disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and more.”

53) Face mask dermatitis” due to “The duration of wearing masks showed a significant impact on the
compulsory facial masks during the SARS- prevalence of symptoms (p < 0.001). Type IV hypersensitivity was
significantly more likely in participants with symptoms compared to
CoV-2 pandemic: data from 550 health those without symptoms (p = 0.001), whereas no increase in symptoms
care and non-health care workers in was observed in participants with atopic diathesis. HCWs used facial skin
Germany, Niesert, 2021 care products significantly more often than non-HCWs (p = 0.001).”

“Detected carbon dioxide concentrations ranged from 2150 ± 192 to

2875 ± 323 ppm. The concentrations of carbon dioxide while not
54) Effect of Wearing Face Masks on the wearing a face mask varied from 500–900 ppm. Doing office work and
standing still on the treadmill each resulted in carbon dioxide
Carbon Dioxide Concentration in the concentrations of around 2200 ppm. A small increase could be observed
Breathing Zone, AAQR/Geiss, 2020 when walking at a speed of 3 km h–1 (leisurely walking
pace)…concentrations in the detected range can cause undesirable
symptoms, such as fatigue, headache, and loss of concentration.”

55) Surgical masks as source of bacterial “The source of bacterial contamination in SMs was the body surface of
the surgeons rather than the OR environment. Moreover, we
contamination during operative recommend that surgeons should change the mask after each operation,
procedures, Zhiqing, 2018 especially those beyond 2 hours.”

“When we surround children with mask-wearers for a year at a time, are

we impairing their face barcode recognition during a period of hot
neural development, thus putting full development of the FFA at risk?
Does the demand for separation from others, reducing social
interaction, add to the potential consequences as it might in autism?
56) The Damage of Masking Children Could When can we be sure that we won’t interfere with visual input to the
be Irreparable, Hussey, 2021 face recognition visual neurology so we don’t interfere with brain
development? How much time with stimulus interference can we allow
without consequences? Those are all questions currently without
answers; we don’t know. Unfortunately, the science implies that if we
mess up brain development for faces, we may not currently have
therapies to undo everything we’ve done.”

“Wearing masks can create a sense of anonymity for an aggressor, while

also dehumanizing the victim. This prevents empathy, empowering
57) Masks can be Murder, Grossman, 2021 violence, and murder.” Masking helps remove empathy and compassion,
allowing others to commit unspeakable acts on the masked person.”
 “In his email, Farquharson called the campaign to legislate mask wearing
58) London high school teacher calls face a “shameful farce, a charade, an act of political theatre” that’s more
about enforcing “obedience and compliance” than it is about public
masks an ‘egregious and unforgivable form health. He also likened children wearing masks to “involuntary self-
of child abuse, Butler, 2020 torture,” calling it “an egregious and unforgivable form of child abuse
and physical assault.”

“As the UK Government heralds “freedom day” today, which is anything

but, a prominent government scientific advisor has admitted that face
masks do very little to protect from coronavirus and are basically just
“comfort blankets…the professor noted that “those aerosols escape
59) UK Government Advisor Admits Masks masks and will render the mask ineffective,” adding “The public were
demanding something must be done, they got masks, it is just a comfort
Are Just “Comfort Blankets” That Do blanket. But now it is entrenched, and we are entrenching bad
Virtually Nothing, ZeroHedge, 2021 behaviour…all around the world you can look at mask mandates and
superimpose on infection rates, you cannot see that mask mandates
made any effect whatsoever,” Axon further noted, adding that “The best
thing you can say about any mask is that any positive effect they do have
is too small to be measured.”

“Surgical personnel are trained to never touch any part of a mask,

except the loops and the nose bridge. Otherwise, the mask is considered
useless and is to be replaced. Surgical personnel are strictly trained not
to touch their masks otherwise. However, the general public may be
seen touching various parts of their masks. Even the masks just removed
60) Masks, false safety and real dangers, from manufacturer packaging have been shown in the above photos to
contain particulate and fiber that would not be optimal to inhale…
Part 1: Friable mask particulate and lung Further concerns of macrophage response and other immune and
vulnerability, Borovoy, 2020 inflammatory and fibroblast response to such inhaled particles
specifically from facemasks should be the subject of more research. If
widespread masking continues, then the potential for inhaling mask
fibers and environmental and biological debris continues on a daily basis
for hundreds of millions of people. This should be alarming for
physicians and epidemiologists knowledgeable in occupational hazards.”

“Face masks should be used only by individuals who have symptoms of

respiratory infection such as coughing, sneezing, or, in some cases,
fever. Face masks should also be worn by health care workers, by
individuals who are taking care of or are in close contact with people
61) Medical Masks, Desai, 2020 who have respiratory infections, or otherwise as directed by a doctor.
Face masks should not be worn by healthy individuals to protect
themselves from acquiring respiratory infection because there is no
evidence to suggest that face masks worn by healthy individuals are
effective in preventing people from becoming ill.”
 MORE THAN 1000 Scientific
Studies Prove That the
COVID-19 Vaccines Are
Dangerous
1. Cerebral venous thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination in the UK: a multicentre cohort
study: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)01608-1/
2. Fatal cerebral hemorrhage after COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33928772/
3. Myocarditis after mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, a case series:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666602221000409
4. Three cases of acute venous thromboembolism in women after vaccination against COVID-
19: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213333X21003929
5. Acute thrombosis of the coronary tree after vaccination against COVID-19:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1936879821003988
6. US case reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after
vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S (against covid-19), March 2 to April 21, 2020:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33929487/
7. Portal vein thrombosis associated with ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine:
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(21)00197-7/
8. Management of cerebral and splanchnic vein thrombosis associated with
thrombocytopenia in subjects previously vaccinated with Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca): position
statement of the Italian Society for the Study of Hemostasis and Thrombosis (SISET):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33871350/
9. Vaccine-induced immune immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous
sinus thrombosis after vaccination with COVID-19; a systematic review:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022510X21003014
10. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with COVID-19 vaccines:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675721004381
11. Covid-19 vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia: a commentary on an
important and practical clinical dilemma:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033062021000505
12. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with COVID-19 viral vector
vaccines: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0953620521001904
13. COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune-immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia: an emerging
cause of splanchnic vein thrombosis:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1665268121000557
14. The roles of platelets in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and vaccine-induced immune
thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (covid):
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1050173821000967
15. Roots of autoimmunity of thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568997221002160
16. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination: the United Kingdom experience:
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)01788-8/fulltext
17. Thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccine:
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejme2106315
18. Myocarditis after immunization with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in members of the US
military. This article reports that in “23 male patients, including 22 previously healthy
military members, myocarditis was identified within 4 days after receipt of the vaccine”:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2781601
19. Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19:
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2104882?query=recirc_curatedRelated_a
rticle
20. Association of myocarditis with the BNT162b2 messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine in a case
series of children: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34374740/
21. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19:
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2104840?query=recirc_curatedRelated_a
rticle
22. Post-mortem findings in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (covid-19):
https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2021.279075
23. Thrombocytopenia, including immune thrombocytopenia after receiving COVID-19 mRNA
vaccines reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS):
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X21005247
24. Acute symptomatic myocarditis in seven adolescents after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19
vaccination: https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2021/06/04/peds.2021-
052478
25. Aphasia seven days after the second dose of an mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Brain
MRI revealed an intracerebral hemorrhage (ICBH) in the left temporal lobe in a 52-year-old
man. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589238X21000292#f0005
26. Comparison of vaccine-induced thrombotic episodes between ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and
Ad26.COV.2.S vaccines:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0896841121000895
27. Hypothesis behind the very rare cases of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome
after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0049384821003315
28. Blood clots and bleeding episodes after BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination:
analysis of European data:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896841121000937
29. Cerebral venous thrombosis after BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1052305721003098
30. Primary adrenal insufficiency associated with thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia
induced by the Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (VITT):
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953620521002363
31. Myocarditis and pericarditis after vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA: practical
considerations for care providers:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0828282X21006243
32. “Portal vein thrombosis occurring after the first dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in a
patient with antiphospholipid syndrome”:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666572721000389
33. Early results of bivalirudin treatment for thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral
venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196064421003425
34. Myocarditis, pericarditis and cardiomyopathy after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1443950621011562
35. Mechanisms of immunothrombosis in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia
(VITT) compared to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0896841121000706
36. Prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006497121009411
37. Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia: the dark chapter of a success story:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589936821000256
38. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis negative for anti-PF4 antibody without
thrombocytopenia after immunization with COVID-19 vaccine in a non-comorbid elderly
Indian male treated with conventional heparin-warfarin based anticoagulation:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871402121002046
39. Thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination: possible link to ACE pathways:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049384821004369
40. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in the U.S. population after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with
adenovirus and after COVID-19:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109721051949
41. A rare case of a middle-aged Asian male with cerebral venous thrombosis after
AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735675721005714
42. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination:
report of two cases in the United Kingdom:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S088915912100163X
43. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura after vaccination with COVID-19 vaccine (ChAdOx1
nCov-19): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006497121013963.
44. Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of thrombophilia after COVID-19 vaccination: the
straw that breaks the camel’s back?:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XzajasO8VMMnC3CdxSBKks1o7kiOLXFQ
45. Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia, a rare but severe case of friendly fire in
the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic: What pathogenesis?:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0953620521002314
46. Diagnostic-therapeutic recommendations of the ad-hoc FACME expert working group on
the management of cerebral venous thrombosis related to COVID-19 vaccination:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0213485321000839
47. Thrombocytopenia and intracranial venous sinus thrombosis after exposure to the
“AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine”: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33918932/
48. Thrombocytopenia following Pfizer and Moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33606296/
49. Severe and refractory immune thrombocytopenia occurring after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33854395/
50. Purpuric rash and thrombocytopenia after mRNA-1273 (Modern) COVID-19 vaccine:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7996471/
51. COVID-19 vaccination: information on the occurrence of arterial and venous thrombosis
using data from VigiBase: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33863748/
52. Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with the covid-19 vaccine in Germany:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.26172
53. Cerebral venous thrombosis following BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination of BNT162b2 against
SARS-CoV-2: a black swan event: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34133027/
54. The importance of recognizing cerebral venous thrombosis following anti-COVID-19
vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34001390/
55. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after messenger RNA vaccine -1273:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34181446/
56. Blood clots and bleeding after BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination: an analysis of
European data: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34174723/
57. First dose of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines and thrombocytopenic,
thromboembolic, and hemorrhagic events in Scotland:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01408-4
58. Exacerbation of immune thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34075578/
59. First report of a de novo iTTP episode associated with a COVID-19 mRNA-based anti-
COVID-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34105244/
60. PF4 immunoassays in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia:
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2106383
61. Antibody epitopes in vaccine-induced immune immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03744-4
62. Myocarditis with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines:
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135
63. Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2782900
64. Myocarditis temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccination:
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055891.
65. COVID-19 Vaccination Associated with Myocarditis in Adolescents:
https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2021/08/12/peds.2021-
053427.full.pdf
66. Acute myocarditis after administration of BNT162b2 vaccine against COVID-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33994339/
67. Temporal association between COVID-19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S and acute myocarditis: case
report and review of the literature:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1553838921005789
68. COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis: a case report with review of the literature:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871402121002253
69. Potential association between COVID-19 vaccine and myocarditis: clinical and CMR
findings: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1936878X2100485X
70. Recurrence of acute myocarditis temporally associated with receipt of coronavirus mRNA
disease vaccine 2019 (COVID-19) in a male adolescent:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002234762100617X
71. Fulminant myocarditis and systemic hyper inflammation temporally associated with
BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in two patients:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167527321012286.
72. Acute myocarditis after administration of BNT162b2 vaccine:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214250921001530
73. Lymphohistocytic myocarditis after vaccination with COVID-19 Ad26.COV2.S viral vector:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352906721001573
74. Myocarditis following vaccination with BNT162b2 in a healthy male:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735675721005362
75. Acute myocarditis after Comirnaty (Pfizer) vaccination in a healthy male with previous
SARS-CoV-2 infection:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1930043321005549
76. Myopericarditis after Pfizer mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002234762100665X
77. Pericarditis after administration of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 mRNA vaccine:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1885585721002218
78. Acute myocarditis after vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 mRNA:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589790X21001931
79. Temporal relationship between the second dose of BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine and
cardiac involvement in a patient with previous SARS-COV-2 infection:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352906721000622
80. Myopericarditis after vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA in adolescents 12 to 18 years of
age: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347621007368
81. Acute myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a 24-year-old man:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0870255121003243
82. Important information on myopericarditis after vaccination with Pfizer COVID-19 mRNA in
adolescents: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347621007496
83. A series of patients with myocarditis after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 with mRNA-
1279 and BNT162b2:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1936878X21004861
84. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy after vaccination with mRNA COVID-19:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1443950621011331
85. COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and myocarditis:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34268277/
86. COVID-19 vaccine and myocarditis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34399967/
87. Epidemiology and clinical features of myocarditis/pericarditis before the introduction of
COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in Korean children: a multicenter study
https://search.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resourc
e/en/covidwho-1360706.
88. COVID-19 vaccines and myocarditis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34246566/
89. Myocarditis and other cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 mRNA-based COVID-19
vaccines https://www.cureus.com/articles/61030-myocarditis-and-other-cardiovascular-
comp lications-of-the-mrna-based-covid-19-vaccines
https://www.cureus.com/articles/61030-myocarditis-and-other-cardiovascular-
complications-of-the-mrna-based-covid-19-vaccines
90. Myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiomyopathy after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34340927/
91. Myocarditis with covid-19 mRNA vaccines:
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135
92. Association of myocarditis with COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in children:
https://media.jamanetwork.com/news-item/association-of-myocarditis-with-mrna-co vid-
19-vaccine-in-children/
93. Association of myocarditis with COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccine BNT162b2 in a case
series of children: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2783052
94. Myocarditis after immunization with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in members of the U.S.
military: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2781601%5C
95. Myocarditis occurring after immunization with COVID-19 mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2781600
96. Myocarditis following immunization with Covid-19 mRNA:
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2109975
97. Patients with acute myocarditis after vaccination withCOVID-19 mRNA:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2781602
98. Myocarditis associated with vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA:
https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2021211430
99. Symptomatic Acute Myocarditis in 7 Adolescents after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19
Vaccination: https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/148/3/e2021052478
100. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging findings in young adult patients with acute
myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination: a case series: https://jcmr-
online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12968-021-00795-4
101. Clinical Guidance for Young People with Myocarditis and Pericarditis after Vaccination with
COVID-19 mRNA: https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/clinical-guidance-for-youth-
with-myocarditis-and-pericarditis
102. Cardiac imaging of acute myocarditis after vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402228/
103. Case report: acute myocarditis after second dose of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA
vaccine: https://academic.oup.com/ehjcr/article/5/8/ytab319/6339567
104. Myocarditis / pericarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccine:
https://science.gc.ca/eic/site/063.nsf/eng/h_98291.html
105. Transient cardiac injury in adolescents receiving the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine:
https://journals.lww.com/pidj/Abstract/9000/Transient_Cardiac_Injury_in_Adolesce
nts_Receiving.95800.aspx
106. Perimyocarditis in adolescents after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine:
https://academic.oup.com/jpids/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jpids/piab060/6329543
107. The new COVID-19 mRNA vaccine platform and myocarditis: clues to the possible
underlying mechanism: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34312010/
108. Acute myocardial injury after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and review of current
evidence from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System database:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34219532/
109. Be alert to the risk of adverse cardiovascular events after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://www.xiahepublishing.com/m/2472-0712/ERHM-2021-00033
110. Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccination: echocardiographic, cardiac
tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging findings:
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.121.013236
111. In-depth evaluation of a case of presumed myocarditis after the second dose of COVID-19
mRNA vaccine: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056038
112. Occurrence of acute infarct-like myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: just an accidental
coincidence or rather a vaccination-associated autoimmune myocarditis?:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34333695/
113. Recurrence of acute myocarditis temporally associated with receipt of coronavirus mRNA
disease vaccine 2019 (COVID-19) in a male adolescent:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8216855/
114. Myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a vaccine-induced reaction?:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34118375/
115. Self-limited myocarditis presenting with chest pain and ST-segment elevation in
adolescents after vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34180390/
116. Myopericarditis in a previously healthy adolescent male after COVID-19 vaccination: Case
report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34133825/
117. Biopsy-proven lymphocytic myocarditis after first COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in a 40-
year-old man: case report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34487236/
118. Insights from a murine model of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-induced myopericarditis: could
accidental intravenous injection of a vaccine induce myopericarditis
https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciab741/6359059
119. Unusual presentation of acute perimyocarditis after modern SARS-COV-2 mRNA-1237
vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34447639/
120. Perimyocarditis after the first dose of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 (Modern) mRNA-1273
vaccine in a young healthy male: case report:
https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-021-02183
121. Acute myocarditis after the second dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: serendipity or causal
relationship: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34236331/
122. Rhabdomyolysis and fasciitis induced by the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34435250/
123. COVID-19 vaccine-induced rhabdomyolysis: case report with literature review:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34186348/.
124. GM1 ganglioside antibody and COVID-19-related Guillain Barre syndrome: case report,
systemic review, and implications for vaccine development:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666354621000065
125. Guillain-Barré syndrome after AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination: causal or casual
association: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303846721004169
126. Sensory Guillain-Barré syndrome after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine: report of two cases and
review of the literature:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165572821002186
127. Guillain-Barré syndrome after the first dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: a temporary
occurrence, not a causal association:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214250921000998.
128. Guillain-Barré syndrome presenting as facial diplegia after vaccination with COVID-19: a
case report: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736467921006442
129. Guillain-Barré syndrome after the first injection of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: first report:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0035378721005853.
130. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are not safe for those with Guillain-Barre syndrome following
vaccination: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2049080121005343
131. Acute hyperactive encephalopathy following COVID-19 vaccination with dramatic response
to methylprednisolone: a case report:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2049080121007536
132. Facial nerve palsy following administration of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: analysis of self-
report database: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971221007049
133. Neurological symptoms and neuroimaging alterations related to COVID-19 vaccine: cause
or coincidence: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899707121003557.
134. New-onset refractory status epilepticus after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165572821001569
135. Acute myelitis and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: coincidental or causal association:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165572821002137
136. Bell’s palsy and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: an unfolding story:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309921002735
137. Bell’s palsy after the second dose of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine in a patient with a history
of recurrent Bell’s palsy:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266635462100020X
138. Acute-onset central serous retinopathy after immunization with COVID-19 mRNA vaccine:.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451993621001456.
139. Bell’s palsy after COVID-19 vaccination: case report:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S217358082100122X.
140. An academic hospital experience assessing the risk of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine using
patient’s allergy history:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213219821007972
141. COVID-19 vaccine-induced axillary and pectoral lymphadenopathy in PET:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1930043321002612
142. ANCA-associated vasculitis after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272638621007423
143. Late cutaneous reactions after administration of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213219821007996
144. COVID-19 vaccine-induced rhabdomyolysis: case report with review of the literature:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871402121001880
145. Clinical and pathologic correlates of skin reactions to COVID-19 vaccine, including V-REPP:
a registry-based study:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962221024427
146. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with COVID-19 vaccines:.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675721004381.
147. COVID-19 vaccine-associated anaphylaxis: a statement from the Anaphylaxis Committee of
the World Allergy Organization:.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1939455121000119.
148. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis negative for anti-PF4 antibody without
thrombocytopenia after immunization with COVID-19 vaccine in an elderly, non-comorbid
Indian male treated with conventional heparin-warfarin-based anticoagulation:.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871402121002046.
149. Acute myocarditis after administration of BNT162b2 vaccine against COVID-19:.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S188558572100133X
150. Blood clots and bleeding after BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: an analysis of
European data:. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896841121000937.
151. immune thrombocytopenia associated with Pfizer-BioNTech’s COVID-19 BNT162b2 mRNA
vaccine:. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214250921002018.
152. Bullous drug eruption after the second dose of COVID-19 mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine:
Case report: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034121001878.
153. COVID-19 RNA-based vaccines and the risk of prion disease:
https://scivisionpub.com/pdfs/covid19rna-based-vaccines-and-the-risk-of-prion-dis ease-
1503.pdf
154. This study notes that 115 pregnant women lost their babies, out of 827 who participated in
a study on the safety of covid-19 vaccines:
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2104983.
155. Process-related impurities in the ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine:
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-477964/v1
156. COVID-19 mRNA vaccine causing CNS inflammation: a case series:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-021-10780-7
157. Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, after receiving the first dose of the Pfizer-
BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33475702/
158. Allergic reactions to the first COVID-19 vaccine: a potential role of polyethylene glycol:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33320974/
159. Pfizer Vaccine Raises Allergy Concerns: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33384356/
160. Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, after receiving the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech
COVID-19 vaccine – United States, December 14-23, 2020:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33444297/
161. Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, after receiving first dose of Modern COVID-19
vaccine – United States, December 21, 2020-January 10, 2021:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33507892/
162. Reports of anaphylaxis after coronavirus disease vaccination 2019, South Korea, February
26-April 30, 2021: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34414880/
163. Reports of anaphylaxis after receiving COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in the U.S.-Dec 14, 2020-
Jan 18, 2021: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33576785/
164. Immunization practices and risk of anaphylaxis: a current, comprehensive update of
COVID-19 vaccination data: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34269740/
165. Relationship between pre-existing allergies and anaphylactic reactions following
administration of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34215453/
166. Anaphylaxis Associated with COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: Approach to Allergy Research:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33932618/
167. Severe Allergic Reactions after COVID-19 Vaccination with the Pfizer / BioNTech Vaccine in
Great Britain and the USA: Position Statement of the German Allergy Societies: German
Medical Association of Allergologists (AeDA), German Society for Allergology and Clinical
Immunology (DGAKI) and Society for Pediatric Allergology and Environmental Medicine
(GPA): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33643776/
168. Allergic reactions and anaphylaxis to LNP-based COVID-19 vaccines:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33571463/
169. Reported orofacial adverse effects from COVID-19 vaccines: the known and the unknown:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33527524/
170. Cutaneous adverse effects of available COVID-19 vaccines:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34518015/
171. Cumulative adverse event report of anaphylaxis following injections of COVID-19 mRNA
vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) in Japan: the first month report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34347278/
172. COVID-19 vaccines increase the risk of anaphylaxis:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33685103/
173. Biphasic anaphylaxis after exposure to the first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19
mRNA vaccine COVID-19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34050949/
174. Allergenic components of the mRNA-1273 vaccine for COVID-19: possible involvement of
polyethylene glycol and IgG-mediated complement activation:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33657648/
175. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a cause of anaphylaxis to Pfizer / BioNTech mRNA COVID-19
vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33825239/
176. Acute allergic reactions to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33683290/
177. Polyethylene glycole allergy of the SARS CoV2 vaccine recipient: case report of a young
adult recipient and management of future exposure to SARS-CoV2:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33919151/
178. Elevated rates of anaphylaxis after vaccination with Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against
COVID-19 in Japanese healthcare workers; a secondary analysis of initial post-approval
safety data: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34128049/
179. Allergic reactions and adverse events associated with administration of mRNA-based
vaccines. A health system experience: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34474708/
180. Allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines: statement of the Belgian Society of Allergy and
Clinical Immunology (BelSACI):
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17843286.2021.1909447
181. .IgE-mediated allergy to polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a cause of anaphylaxis to COVID-19
mRNA vaccines: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34318537/
182. Allergic reactions after COVID-19 vaccination: putting the risk in perspective:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34463751/
183. Anaphylactic reactions to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: a call for further studies:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33846043/ 188.
184. Risk of severe allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines among patients with allergic skin
disease: practical recommendations. An ETFAD position statement with external experts:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33752263/
185. COVID-19 vaccine and death: causality algorithm according to the WHO eligibility
diagnosis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34073536/
186. Fatal brain hemorrhage after COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33928772/
187. A case series of skin reactions to COVID-19 vaccine in the Department of Dermatology at
Loma Linda University: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34423106/
188. Skin reactions reported after Moderna and Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccination: a study based on
a registry of 414 cases: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33838206/
189. Clinical and pathologic correlates of skin reactions to COVID-19 vaccine, including V-REPP:
a registry-based study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34517079/
190. Skin reactions after vaccination against SARS-COV-2: a nationwide Spanish cross-sectional
study of 405 cases: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34254291/
191. Varicella zoster virus and herpes simplex virus reactivation after vaccination with COVID-
19: review of 40 cases in an international dermatologic registry:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34487581/
192. Immune thrombosis and thrombocytopenia (VITT) associated with the COVID-19 vaccine:
diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations for a new syndrome:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33987882/
193. Laboratory testing for suspicion of COVID-19 vaccine-induced thrombotic (immune)
thrombocytopenia: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34138513/
194. Intracerebral hemorrhage due to thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after
COVID-19 vaccination: the first fatal case in Korea:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402235/
195. Risk of thrombocytopenia and thromboembolism after covid-19 vaccination and positive
SARS-CoV-2 tests: self-controlled case series study:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34446426/
196. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus
thrombosis after covid-19 vaccination; a systematic review:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34365148/.
197. Nerve and muscle adverse events after vaccination with COVID-19: a systematic review
and meta-analysis of clinical trials: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34452064/.
198. A rare case of cerebral venous thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation
temporally associated with administration of COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33917902/
199. Primary adrenal insufficiency associated with thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia
induced by Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (VITT):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34256983/
200. Acute cerebral venous thrombosis and pulmonary artery embolism associated with the
COVID-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34247246/.
201. Thromboaspiration infusion and fibrinolysis for portomesenteric thrombosis after
administration of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34132839/
202. 59-year-old woman with extensive deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary
thromboembolism 7 days after a first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine
COVID-19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34117206/
203. Cerebral venous thrombosis and vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia.a. Oxford-
AstraZeneca COVID-19: a missed opportunity for a rapid return on experience:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34033927/
204. Myocarditis and other cardiovascular complications of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34277198/
205. Pericarditis after administration of COVID-19 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34364831/
206. Unusual presentation of acute pericarditis after vaccination against SARS-COV-2 mRNA-
1237 Modern: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34447639/
207. Case report: acute myocarditis after second dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine
mRNA-1273: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34514306/
208. Immune-mediated disease outbreaks or recent-onset disease in 27 subjects after
mRNA/DNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33946748/
209. Insights from a murine model of myopericarditis induced by COVID-19 mRNA vaccine:
could accidental intravenous injection of a vaccine induce myopericarditis:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34453510/
210. Immune thrombocytopenia in a 22-year-old post Covid-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33476455/
211. propylthiouracil-induced neutrophil anti-cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis after
COVID-19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34451967/
212. Secondary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) associated with ChAdOx1 Covid-19 vaccine:
case report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34377889/
213. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) following AstraZeneca ChAdOx1
nCoV-19 (AZD1222) COVID-19 vaccination: risk-benefit analysis for persons <60 years in
Australia: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34272095/
214. COVID-19 vaccination association and facial nerve palsy: A case-control study:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34165512/
215. The association between COVID-19 vaccination and Bell’s palsy:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34411533/
216. Bell’s palsy after COVID-19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33611630/
217. Acute transverse myelitis (ATM): clinical review of 43 patients with COVID-19-associated
ATM and 3 serious adverse events of post-vaccination ATM with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine
(AZD1222): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33981305/
218. Bell’s palsy after 24 hours of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34336436/
219. Sequential contralateral facial nerve palsy after first and second doses of COVID-19
vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34281950/.
220. Transverse myelitis induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34458035/
221. Peripheral facial nerve palsy after vaccination with BNT162b2 (COVID-19):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33734623/
222. Acute abducens nerve palsy after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34044114/.
223. Facial nerve palsy after administration of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: analysis of self-report
database: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34492394/
224. Transient oculomotor paralysis after administration of RNA-1273 messenger vaccine for
SARS-CoV-2 diplopia after COVID-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34369471/
225. Bell’s palsy after Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34014316/
226. Bell’s palsy after COVID-19 vaccination: case report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34330676/
227. A case of acute demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy with bilateral facial palsy following
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34272622/
228. Guillian Barré syndrome after vaccination with mRNA-1273 against COVID-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34477091/
229. Acute facial paralysis as a possible complication of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33975372/.
230. Bell’s palsy after COVID-19 vaccination with high antibody response in CSF:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34322761/.
231. Parsonage-Turner syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
Comment on: “Neuralgic amyotrophy and COVID-19 infection: 2 cases of accessory spinal
nerve palsy” by Coll et al. Articular Spine 2021; 88: 10519:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34139321/.
232. Bell’s palsy after a single dose of vaccine mRNA. SARS-CoV-2: case report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34032902/.
233. Autoimmune hepatitis developing after coronavirus disease vaccine 2019 (COVID-19):
causality or victim?: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33862041/
234. Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by vaccination against SARS-CoV-2:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34332438/
235. Acute autoimmune-like hepatitis with atypical antimitochondrial antibody after vaccination
with COVID-19 mRNA: a new clinical entity: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34293683/.
236. Autoimmune hepatitis after COVID vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34225251/
237. A novel case of bifacial diplegia variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome after vaccination with
Janssen COVID-19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34449715/
238. Comparison of vaccine-induced thrombotic events between ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and
Ad26.COV.2.S vaccines: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34139631/.
239. Bilateral superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis, ischemic stroke and immune
thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33864750/
240. Diagnosis and treatment of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with vaccine-induced
immune-immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33914590/
241. Venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34420802/
242. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: an analysis of
cases reported to the European Medicines Agency:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34293217/
243. Risk of thrombocytopenia and thromboembolism after covid-19 vaccination and positive
SARS-CoV-2 tests: self-controlled case series study:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34446426/
244. Blood clots and bleeding after BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination: an analysis of
European data: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34174723/
245. Arterial events, venous thromboembolism, thrombocytopenia and bleeding after
vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S in Denmark and Norway: population-
based cohort study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33952445/
246. First dose of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines and thrombocytopenic,
thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events in Scotland:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34108714/
247. Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with COVID-19 vaccine in Germany:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34288044/
248. Malignant cerebral infarction after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19: a catastrophic
variant of vaccine-induced immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenia:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34341358/
249. celiac artery and splenic artery thrombosis complicated by splenic infarction 7 days after
the first dose of Oxford vaccine, causal relationship or coincidence:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34261633/.
250. Primary adrenal insufficiency associated with Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (VITT)
vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34256983/
251. Thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34332437/.
252. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with thrombocytopenia after COVID-19
vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33845870/.
253. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after COVID-19 immunization:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34236343/
254. Acute myocardial infarction within 24 hours after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34364657/.
255. Bilateral acute macular neuroretinopathy after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34287612/
256. central venous sinus thrombosis with subarachnoid hemorrhage after COVID-19 mRNA
vaccination: are these reports merely coincidental:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34478433/
257. Intracerebral hemorrhage due to thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after
COVID-19 vaccination: the first fatal case in Korea:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402235/
258. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis negative for anti-PF4 antibody without
thrombocytopenia after immunization with COVID-19 vaccine in a non-comorbid elderly
Indian male treated with conventional heparin-warfarin-based anticoagulation:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34186376/
259. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis 2 weeks after first dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34101024/
260. A case of multiple thrombocytopenia and thrombosis following vaccination with ChAdOx1
nCoV-19 against SARS-CoV-2: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34137813/
261. Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia: the elusive link between thrombosis and
adenovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34191218/
262. Acute ischemic stroke revealing immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia induced by
ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine: impact on recanalization strategy:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34175640/
263. New-onset refractory status epilepticus after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34153802/
264. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome associated with COVID-19 viral vector
vaccines: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34092488/
265. Pulmonary embolism, transient ischemic attack, and thrombocytopenia after Johnson &
Johnson COVID-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34261635/
266. Thromboaspiration infusion and fibrinolysis for portomesenteric thrombosis after
administration of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34132839/.
267. Spontaneous HIT syndrome: knee replacement, infection, and parallels with vaccine-
induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34144250/
268. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) occurring shortly after second dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA
vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33687691/
269. Procoagulant antibody-mediated procoagulant platelets in immune thrombotic
thrombocytopenia associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34011137/.
270. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia causing a severe form of cerebral
venous thrombosis with high mortality rate: a case series:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34393988/.
271. Procoagulant microparticles: a possible link between vaccine-induced immune
thrombocytopenia (VITT) and cerebral sinus venous thrombosis:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34129181/.
272. Atypical thrombosis associated with the vaccine VaxZevria® (AstraZeneca): data from the
French network of regional pharmacovigilance centers:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34083026/.
273. Acute cerebral venous thrombosis and pulmonary artery embolism associated with the
COVID-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34247246/.
274. Vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia with bilateral adrenal haemorrhage:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34235757/.
275. Palmar digital vein thrombosis after Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34473841/.
276. Cutaneous thrombosis associated with cutaneous necrosis following Oxford-AstraZeneca
COVID-19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34189756/
277. Cerebral venous thrombosis following COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34045111/.
278. Lipschütz ulcers after AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34366434/.
279. Amyotrophic Neuralgia secondary to Vaxzevri vaccine (AstraZeneca) COVID-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34330677/
280. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after Messenger vaccine RNA-1273:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34181446/
281. Intracerebral hemorrhage twelve days after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34477089/
282. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after vaccination with COVID-19: in search of the
underlying mechanism: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34071883/
283. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34033367/
284. Comparison of adverse drug reactions among four COVID-19 vaccines in Europe using the
EudraVigilance database: Thrombosis in unusual sites:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34375510/
285. Immunoglobulin adjuvant for vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34107198/
286. Severe vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia following vaccination with COVID-
19: an autopsy case report and review of the literature:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34355379/.
287. A case of acute pulmonary embolism after immunization with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34452028/
288. Neurosurgical considerations regarding decompressive craniectomy for intracerebral
hemorrhage after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in vaccine-induced thrombotic
thrombocytopenia-VITT: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34202817/
289. Thrombosis and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: vaccine-induced immune thrombotic
thrombocytopenia: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34237213/.
290. Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic thrombocytopenic purpura: a rare disease
associated with the BNT162b2 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34105247/.
291. Immune complexes, innate immunity and NETosis in ChAdOx1 vaccine-induced
thrombocytopenia: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34405870/.
292. Sensory Guillain-Barré syndrome following ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine: report of two cases
and review of the literature: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34416410/.
293. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome after COVID-19 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222)
vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34462013/.
294. Reactivation of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease under control for more than 6 years, after
anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34224024/.
295. Post-vaccinal encephalitis after ChAdOx1 nCov-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34324214/
296. Neurological symptoms and neuroimaging alterations related to COVID-19 vaccine: cause
or coincidence?: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34507266/
297. Fatal systemic capillary leak syndrome after SARS-COV-2 vaccination in a patient with
multiple myeloma: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34459725/
298. Polyarthralgia and myalgia syndrome after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCOV-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34463066/
299. Three cases of subacute thyroiditis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: post-vaccination ASIA
syndrome: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34043800/.
300. Facial diplegia: a rare and atypical variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome and the Ad26.COV2.S
vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34447646/
301. Association between ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination and bleeding episodes: large
population-based cohort study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34479760/.
302. fulminant myocarditis and systemic hyperinflammation temporally associated with
BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in two patients:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34416319/.
303. Adverse effects reported after COVID-19 vaccination in a tertiary care hospital, centered
on cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34092166/
304. Induction and exacerbation of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus erythematosus
after mRNA- or adenoviral vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34291477/
305. Petechiae and peeling of fingers after immunization with BTN162b2 messenger RNA
(mRNA)-based COVID-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34513435/
306. Hepatitis C virus reactivation after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34512037/
307. Bilateral immune-mediated keratolysis after immunization with SARS-CoV-2 recombinant
viral vector vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34483273/.
308. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenic purpura after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in
an elderly woman: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34513446/
309. Platelet activation and modulation in thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome
associated with the ChAdO × 1 nCov-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34474550/
310. Reactive arthritis after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34033732/.
311. Two cases of Graves’ disease after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: an autoimmune /
inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33858208/
312. Acute relapse and impaired immunization after COVID-19 vaccination in a patient with
multiple sclerosis treated with rituximab: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34015240/
313. Widespread fixed bullous drug eruption after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34482558/
314. COVID-19 mRNA vaccine causing CNS inflammation: a case series:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34480607/
315. Thymic hyperplasia after Covid-19 mRNA-based vaccination with Covid-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34462647/
316. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34325334/
317. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome occurring after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34513398/
318. Systemic capillary extravasation syndrome following vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCOV-19
(Oxford-AstraZeneca): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362727/
319. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia associated with Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Janssen;
Johnson & Johnson): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34469919/.
320. Transient thrombocytopenia with glycoprotein-specific platelet autoantibodies after
vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S: case report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34516272/.
321. Acute hyperactive encephalopathy following COVID-19 vaccination with dramatic response
to methylprednisolone: case report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34512961/
322. Transient cardiac injury in adolescents receiving the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34077949/
323. Autoimmune hepatitis developing after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34171435/
324. Severe relapse of multiple sclerosis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34447349/
325. Lymphohistocytic myocarditis after vaccination with the COVID-19 viral vector
Ad26.COV2.S: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34514078/
326. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34406660/.
327. IgA vasculitis in adult patient after vaccination with ChadOx1 nCoV-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34509658/
328. A case of leukocytoclastic vasculitis after vaccination with a SARS-CoV2 vaccine: case
report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34196469/.
329. Onset / outbreak of psoriasis after Corona virus ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Oxford-
AstraZeneca / Covishield): report of two cases:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34350668/
330. Hailey-Hailey disease exacerbation after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34436620/
331. Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy after COVID-19 vaccination in Korea: serial follow-up by
ultrasonography: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34116295/.
332. COVID-19 vaccine, immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, jaundice, hyperviscosity:
concern in cases with underlying hepatic problems:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34509271/.
333. Report of the International Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Consortium on cerebral venous
thrombosis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34462996/
334. Immune thrombocytopenia after vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34435486/
335. COVID-19: lessons from the Norwegian tragedy should be taken into account in planning
for vaccine launch in less developed/developing countries:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34435142/
336. Rituximab-induced acute lympholysis and pancytopenia following vaccination with COVID-
19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34429981/
337. Exacerbation of plaque psoriasis after COVID-19 inactivated mRNA and BNT162b2
vaccines: report of two cases: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34427024/
338. Vaccine-induced interstitial lung disease: a rare reaction to COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34510014/.
339. Vesiculobullous cutaneous reactions induced by COVID-19 mRNA vaccine: report of four
cases and review of the literature: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34236711/
340. Vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia with severe headache:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34525282/
341. Acute perimyocarditis after the first dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34515024/
342. Rhabdomyolysis and fasciitis induced by COVID-19 mRNA vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34435250/.
343. Rare cutaneous adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines: a case series and review of the
literature: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34363637/
344. Immune thrombocytopenia associated with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA vaccine
BNT162b2: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214250921002018
345. Secondary immune thrombocytopenia putatively attributable to COVID-19 vaccination:
https://casereports.bmj.com/content/14/5/e242220.abstract.
346. Immune thrombocytopenia following Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34155844/
347. Newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccine administration:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8176657/.
348. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and the Modern Covid-19 vaccine:
https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(21)00122-0/fulltext.
349. Thrombocytopenia after Pfizer and Moderna SARS vaccination – CoV -2:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014568/.
350. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura and acute liver injury after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://casereports.bmj.com/content/14/7/e242678.
351. Collection of complement-mediated and autoimmune-mediated hematologic conditions
after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://ashpublications.org/bloodadvances/article/5/13/2794/476324/Autoimmune-and-
complement-mediated-hematologic
352. Petechial rash associated with CoronaVac vaccination: first report of cutaneous side effects
before phase 3 results: https://ejhp.bmj.com/content/early/2021/05/23/ejhpharm-2021-
002794
353. COVID-19 vaccines induce severe hemolysis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria:
https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/137/26/3670/475905/COVID-19-vaccines-
induce-severe-hemolysis-in
354. Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with COVID-19 vaccine in Germany:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34288044/.
355. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination : Neurological and
radiological management: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34327553/.
356. Cerebral venous thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33878469/.
357. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination:
report of two cases in the United Kingdom: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33857630/.
358. Cerebral venous thrombosis induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34090750/.
359. Carotid artery immune thrombosis induced by adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine:
case report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34312301/.
360. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with vaccine-induced thrombotic
thrombocytopenia: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34333995/
361. The roles of platelets in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and vaccine-induced immune-
immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34455073/
362. Cerebral venous thrombosis after the BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111775/.
363. Cerebral venous thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34045111/
364. Lethal cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33983464/
365. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in the U.S. population, After SARS-CoV-2 vaccination
with adenovirus and after COVID-19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34116145/
366. Cerebral venous thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination: is the risk of thrombosis increased
by intravascular administration of the vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34286453/.
367. Central venous sinus thrombosis with subarachnoid hemorrhage after COVID-19 mRNA
vaccination: are these reports merely coincidental:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34478433/
368. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination with a misleading
first brain MRI: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34244448/
369. Early results of bivalirudin treatment for thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral
venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34226070/
370. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with post-vaccination thrombocytopenia by
COVID-19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33845870/.
371. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis 2 weeks after the first dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA
vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34101024/.
372. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia causing a severe form of cerebral
venous thrombosis with a high mortality rate: a case series:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34393988/.
373. Adenovirus interactions with platelets and coagulation and vaccine-associated
autoimmune thrombocytopenia thrombosis syndrome:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34407607/.
374. Headache attributed to COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus) vaccination with the ChAdOx1
nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a multicenter observational cohort study:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34313952/
375. Adverse effects reported after COVID-19 vaccination in a tertiary care hospital, focus on
cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34092166/
376. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: an analysis of
cases reported to the European Medicines Agency:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34293217/
377. A rare case of a middle-age Asian male with cerebral venous thrombosis after COVID-19
AstraZeneca vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34274191/
378. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis negative for anti-PF4 antibody without
thrombocytopenia after immunization with COVID-19 vaccine in a non-comorbid elderly
Indian male treated with conventional heparin-warfarin-based anticoagulation:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34186376/
379. Arterial events, venous thromboembolism, thrombocytopenia and bleeding after
vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S in Denmark and Norway: population-
based cohort study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33952445/
380. Procoagulant microparticles: a possible link between vaccine-induced immune
thrombocytopenia (VITT) and cerebral sinus venous thrombosis:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34129181/
381. U.S. case reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after
vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S, March 2-April 21, 2021:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33929487/.
382. Malignant cerebral infarction after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19: a catastrophic
variant of vaccine-induced immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenia:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34341358/
383. Acute ischemic stroke revealing immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia induced by
ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine: impact on recanalization strategy:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34175640/
384. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (VITT): a new
clinicopathologic entity with heterogeneous clinical presentations:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34159588/.
385. Imaging and hematologic findings in thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after vaccination
with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402666/
386. Autoimmunity roots of thrombotic events after vaccination with COVID-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34508917/
387. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination: the UK experience:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34370974/
388. Massive cerebral venous thrombosis and venous basin infarction as late complications of
COVID-19: a case report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34373991/
389. Australian and New Zealand approach to the diagnosis and treatment of vaccine-induced
immune thrombosis and immune thrombocytopenia:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34490632/
390. An observational study to identify the prevalence of thrombocytopenia and anti-PF4 /
polyanion antibodies in Norwegian health care workers after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33909350/
391. Acute transverse myelitis (ATM): clinical review of 43 patients with COVID-19-associated
ATM and 3 serious adverse events of post-vaccination ATM with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19
(AZD1222) vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33981305/.
392. A case of acute demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy with bilateral facial palsy after
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine:. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34272622/
393. Thrombocytopenia with acute ischemic stroke and hemorrhage in a patient recently
vaccinated with an adenoviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccine:.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33877737/
394. Predicted and observed incidence of thromboembolic events among Koreans vaccinated
with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34254476/
395. First dose of ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines and thrombocytopenic,
thromboembolic, and hemorrhagic events in Scotland:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34108714/
396. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-associated thrombocytopenia: three cases of immune
thrombocytopenia after 107,720 doses of ChAdOx1 vaccination in Thailand:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34483267/.
397. Pulmonary embolism, transient ischemic attack, and thrombocytopenia after Johnson &
Johnson COVID-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34261635/
398. Neurosurgical considerations with respect to decompressive craniectomy for intracerebral
hemorrhage after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in vaccine-induced thrombotic
thrombocytopenia-VITT: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34202817/
399. Large hemorrhagic stroke after vaccination against ChAdOx1 nCoV-19: a case report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34273119/
400. Polyarthralgia and myalgia syndrome after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCOV-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34463066/
401. A rare case of thrombosis and thrombocytopenia of the superior ophthalmic vein after
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination against SARS-CoV-2:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34276917/
402. Thrombosis and severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 vaccines: vaccine-
induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34237213/.
403. Renal vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism secondary to vaccine-induced thrombotic
immune thrombocytopenia (VITT): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34268278/.
404. Limb ischemia and pulmonary artery thrombosis after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Oxford-
AstraZeneca): a case of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33990339/.
405. Association between ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination and bleeding episodes: large
population-based cohort study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34479760/.
406. Secondary thrombocytopenia after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: case report of haemorrhage
and hematoma after minor oral surgery: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34314875/.
407. Venous thromboembolism and mild thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1
nCoV-19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34384129/
408. Fatal exacerbation of ChadOx1-nCoV-19-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome
after successful initial therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins: a rationale for
monitoring immunoglobulin G levels: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34382387/
409. A case of ANCA-associated vasculitis after AZD1222 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) SARS-CoV-2
vaccination: victim or causality?: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34416184/.
410. Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia
after ChAdOx1 nCOVID-19 vaccination in a pregnant woman:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34261297/
411. Massive cerebral venous thrombosis due to vaccine-induced immune thrombotic
thrombocytopenia: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34261296/
412. Nephrotic syndrome after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARScoV-2:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34250318/.
413. A case of vaccine-induced immune-immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia with massive
arteriovenous thrombosis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34059191/
414. Cutaneous thrombosis associated with cutaneous necrosis following Oxford-AstraZeneca
COVID-19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34189756/
415. Thrombocytopenia in an adolescent with sickle cell anemia after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34331506/
416. Vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia with severe headache:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34525282/
417. Myocarditis associated with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in children aged 12 to 17 years:
stratified analysis of a national database:
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.21262866v1
418. COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and development of CMR-confirmed myopericarditis:
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.13.21262182v1.full?s=09.
419. Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia after receipt of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/trf.16672
420. Intravenous injection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccine can induce
acute myopericarditis in a mouse model: https://t.co/j0IEM8cMXI
421. A report of myocarditis adverse events in the U.S. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting
System. (VAERS) in association with COVID-19 injectable biologics:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34601006/
422. This study concludes that: “The vaccine was associated with an excess risk of myocarditis
(1 to 5 events per 100,000 persons). The risk of this potentially serious adverse event and
of many other serious adverse events increased substantially after SARS-CoV-2 infection”:
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2110475
423. Bilateral uveitis after inoculation with COVID-19 vaccine: a case report:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971221007797
424. Myocarditis associated with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in children aged 12 to 17 years:
stratified analysis of a national database:
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.30.21262866v1.
425. Immune-mediated hepatitis with the Moderna vaccine is no longer a coincidence but
confirmed: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168827821020936
426. Extensive investigations revealed consistent pathophysiologic alterations after vaccination
with COVID-19 vaccines: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41421-021-00329-3
427. Lobar hemorrhage with ventricular rupture shortly after the first dose of an mRNA-based
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8553377/
428. Mrna COVID vaccines dramatically increase endothelial inflammatory markers and risk of
Acute Coronary Syndrome as measured by PULS cardiac testing: a caution:
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circ.144.suppl_1.10712
429. ChAdOx1 interacts with CAR and PF4 with implications for thrombosis with
thrombocytopenia syndrome:https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abl8213
430. Lethal vaccine-induced immune thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (VITT) following
announcement 26.COV2.S: first documented case outside the U.S.:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34626338/
431. A prothrombotic thrombocytopenic disorder resembling heparin-induced
thrombocytopenia after coronavirus-19 vaccination:
https://europepmc.org/article/PPR/PPR304469 435.
432. VITT (vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia) after vaccination with
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34731555/
433. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT): a new clinicopathologic
entity with heterogeneous clinical presentations:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34159588/
434. Treatment of acute ischemic stroke associated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced
immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34461442/
435. Spectrum of neurological complications after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34719776/.
436. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination: the UK experience:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34370974/
437. Cerebral venous vein/venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after
COVID-19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34373413/
438. Portal vein thrombosis due to vaccine-induced immune thrombotic immune
thrombocytopenia (VITT) after Covid vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34598301/
439. Hematuria, a generalized petechial rash and headaches after Oxford AstraZeneca ChAdOx1
nCoV-19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34620638/
440. Myocardial infarction and azygos vein thrombosis after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19
in a hemodialysis patient: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34650896/
441. Takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34625447/
442. Humoral response induced by Prime-Boost vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and
BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines in a patient with multiple sclerosis treated with teriflunomide:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34696248/
443. Guillain-Barré syndrome after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 vaccination: a case series:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34548920/
444. Refractory vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) treated with
delayed therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34672380/.
445. Rare case of COVID-19 vaccine-associated intracranial hemorrhage with venous sinus
thrombosis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34556531/.
446. Delayed headache after COVID-19 vaccination: a warning sign for vaccine-induced cerebral
venous thrombosis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34535076/.
447. Clinical features of vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia and immune thrombosis:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34379914/.
448. Predictors of mortality in thrombotic thrombocytopenia after adenoviral COVID-19
vaccination: the FAPIC score: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34545400/
449. Ischemic stroke as a presenting feature of immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia induced
by ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34035134/
450. In-hospital observational study of neurological disorders in patients recently vaccinated
with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34688190/
451. Endovascular treatment for vaccine-induced cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and
thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19: report of three cases:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34782400/
452. Cardiovascular, neurological, and pulmonary events after vaccination with BNT162b2,
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and Ad26.COV2.S vaccines: an analysis of European data:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34710832/
453. Cerebral venous thrombosis developing after vaccination. COVID-19: VITT, VATT, TTS and
more: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34695859/
454. Cerebral venous thrombosis and myeloproliferative neoplasms: a three-center study of 74
consecutive cases: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34453762/.
455. Possible triggers of thrombocytopenia and/or hemorrhage by BNT162b2 vaccine, Pfizer-
BioNTech: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34660652/.
456. Multiple sites of arterial thrombosis in a 35-year-old patient after vaccination with
ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca), which required emergency femoral and carotid surgical
thrombectomy: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34644642/
457. Case series of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia in a London teaching
hospital: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34694650/
458. Neuro-ophthalmic complications with thrombocytopenia and thrombosis induced by
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34726934/
459. Thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination in over 50 years of age: results of a
population-based study in Italy: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34835237/
460. Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia
after ChAdOx1 nCOVID-19 vaccination in a pregnant woman:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34261297/
461. Age- and sex-specific incidence of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with
Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34724036/.
462. Genital necrosis with cutaneous thrombosis following vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34839563/
463. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34783932/.
464. COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombosis with thrombocytopenia thrombosis (VITT)
and shades of gray in thrombus formation: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34624910/
465. Inflammatory myositis after vaccination with ChAdOx1:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34585145/
466. Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction secondary to vaccine-induced immune
thrombosis with thrombocytopenia (VITT): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34580132/.
467. A rare case of COVID-19 vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) affecting
the venosplanchnic and pulmonary arterial circulation from a UK district general hospital:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34535492/
468. COVID-19 vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia: a case series:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34527501/
469. Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) after vaccination with AstraZeneca
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) COVID-19: a risk-benefit analysis for persons <60% risk-
benefit analysis for people <60 years in Australia:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34272095/
470. Immune thrombocytopenia after immunization with Vaxzevria ChadOx1-S vaccine
(AstraZeneca), Victoria, Australia: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34756770/
471. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in
thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccine:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2784622
472. Case study of thrombosis and thrombocytopenia syndrome after administration of the
AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34781321/
473. Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Associated with COVID-19 Vaccines:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34062319/
474. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis following vaccination with ChAdOx1: the first case of
definite thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome in India:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34706921/
475. COVID-19 vaccine-associated thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS):
systematic review and post hoc analysis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34698582/.
476. Case report of immune thrombocytopenia after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34751013/.
477. Acute transverse myelitis after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34684047/.
478. Concerns for adverse effects of thrombocytopenia and thrombosis after adenovirus-
vectored COVID-19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34541935/
479. Major hemorrhagic stroke after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination: a case report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34273119/
480. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination: neurologic and radiologic
management: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34327553/.
481. Thrombocytopenia with acute ischemic stroke and hemorrhage in a patient recently
vaccinated with an adenoviral vector-based COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33877737/
482. Intracerebral hemorrhage and thrombocytopenia after AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine:
clinical and diagnostic challenges of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34646685/
483. Minimal change disease with severe acute kidney injury after Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-
19 vaccine: case report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34242687/.
484. Case report: cerebral sinus vein thrombosis in two patients with AstraZeneca SARS-CoV-2
vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34609603/
485. Case report: Pityriasis rosea-like rash after vaccination with COVID-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34557507/
486. Extensive longitudinal transverse myelitis after ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 vaccine: case report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34641797/.
487. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia associated with anti-COVID-19 vaccine AZD1222:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34812326/.
488. Thrombocytopenia, including immune thrombocytopenia after receiving COVID-19 mRNA
vaccines reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34006408/
489. A case of ANCA-associated vasculitis after AZD1222 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) SARS-CoV-2
vaccination: victim or causality?: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34416184/
490. Vaccine-induced immune thrombosis and thrombocytopenia syndrome after adenovirus-
vectored severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination: a new hypothesis
on mechanisms and implications for future vaccine development:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34664303/.
491. Thrombosis in peripheral artery disease and thrombotic thrombocytopenia following
adenoviral COVID-19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34649281/.
492. Newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia in a pregnant patient after coronavirus
disease 2019 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34420249/
493. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombotic events after vector-based COVID-19
vaccines: systematic review and meta-analysis:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34610990/.
494. Sweet’s syndrome after Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (AZD1222) in an elderly
woman: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34590397/
495. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34670143/.
496. Prevalence of serious adverse events among health care professionals after receiving the
first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 coronavirus vaccine (Covishield) in Togo, March 2021:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34819146/.
497. Acute hemichorea-hemibalismus after COVID-19 (AZD1222) vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34581453/
498. Recurrence of alopecia areata after covid-19 vaccination: a report of three cases in Italy:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34741583/
499. Shingles-like skin lesion after vaccination with AstraZeneca for COVID-19: a case report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34631069/
500. Thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination: possible link to ACE pathways:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34479129/
501. Thrombocytopenia in an adolescent with sickle cell anemia after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34331506/
502. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis as a cutaneous manifestation of ChAdOx1 corona virus vaccine
nCoV-19 (recombinant): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34546608/
503. Abdominal pain and bilateral adrenal hemorrhage from immune thrombotic
thrombocytopenia induced by COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34546343/
504. Longitudinally extensive cervical myelitis after vaccination with inactivated virus based
COVID-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34849183/
505. Induction of cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34853744/.
506. A case of toxic epidermal necrolysis after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34751429/.
507. Ocular adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34559576/
508. Depression after ChAdOx1-S / nCoV-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34608345/.
509. Venous thromboembolism and mild thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19
vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34384129/.
510. Recurrent ANCA-associated vasculitis after Oxford AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S COVID-19
vaccination: a case series of two patients: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34755433/
511. Major artery thrombosis and vaccination against ChAdOx1 nCov-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34839830/
512. Rare case of contralateral supraclavicular lymphadenopathy after vaccination with COVID-
19: computed tomography and ultrasound findings:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34667486/
513. Cutaneous lymphocytic vasculitis after administration of the second dose of AZD1222
(Oxford-AstraZeneca) Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 vaccine: chance or
causality: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34726187/.
514. Pancreas allograft rejection after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34781027/
515. Understanding the risk of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome following
Ad26.COV2.S vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34595694/
516. Cutaneous adverse reactions of 35,229 doses of COVID-19 Sinovac and AstraZeneca
vaccine COVID-19: a prospective cohort study in health care workers:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34661934/
517. Comments on thrombosis after vaccination: spike protein leader sequence could be
responsible for thrombosis and antibody-mediated thrombocytopenia:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34788138
518. Eosinophilic dermatosis after AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34753210/.
519. Severe immune thrombocytopenia following COVID-19 vaccination: report of four cases
and review of the literature: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34653943/.
520. Relapse of immune thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34591991/
521. Thrombosis in pre- and post-vaccination phase of COVID-19;
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34650382/
522. A look at the role of postmortem immunohistochemistry in understanding the
inflammatory pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease and vaccine-related thrombotic
adverse events: a narrative review: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34769454/
523. COVID-19 vaccine in patients with hypercoagulability disorders: a clinical perspective:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34786893/
524. Vaccine-associated thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: venous endotheliopathy leading to
combined venous micro-macrothrombosis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34833382/
525. Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia syndrome causing isolated symptomatic carotid
occlusion after COVID-19 Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Janssen):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34670287/
526. An unusual presentation of acute deep vein thrombosis after Modern COVID-19 vaccine:
case report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34790811/
527. Immediate high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins followed by direct treatment with
thrombin inhibitors is crucial for survival in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic
thrombocytopenia Sars-Covid-19-vector adenoviral VITT with venous thrombosis of the
cerebral sinus and portal vein: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34023956/.
528. Thrombosis formation after COVID-19 vaccination immunologic aspects: review article:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34629931/
529. Imaging and hematologic findings in thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after vaccination
with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402666/
530. Spectrum of neuroimaging findings in post-CoVID-19 vaccination: a case series and review
of the literature: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34842783/
531. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and thrombocytopenia after
COVID-19 vaccination in a Taiwanese man: a case report and review of the literature:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34630307/
532. Fatal cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33983464/
533. Autoimmune roots of thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34508917/.
534. New portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: is thrombophilia exacerbated by vaccine or COVID-
19: https://www.jcehepatology.com/article/S0973-6883(21)00545-4/fulltext.
535. Images of immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia induced by Oxford / AstraZeneca®
COVID-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33962903/.
536. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA of BNT162b2:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34796065/.
537. Increased risk of urticaria/angioedema after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in
health care workers taking ACE inhibitors: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579248/
538. A case of unusual mild clinical presentation of COVID-19 vaccine-induced immune
thrombotic thrombocytopenia with splanchnic vein thrombosis:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34843991/
539. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis following vaccination with Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19
(BNT162b2): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34595867/
540. A case of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after a booster dose of COVID-19
BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-Biontech): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34820240/
541. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (VITT): targeting
pathologic mechanisms with Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33851389/
542. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura after vaccination with Ad26.COV2-S:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33980419/
543. Thromboembolic events in younger females exposed to Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna
COVID-19 vaccines: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34264151/
544. Potential risk of thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca in
women receiving estrogen: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34734086/
545. Thrombosis after adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccination: a concern for underlying
disease: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34755555/
546. Adenovirus interactions with platelets and coagulation and vaccine-induced immune
thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34407607/
547. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a new threat after COVID bnt162b2 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34264514/.
548. Unusual site of deep vein thrombosis after vaccination against coronavirus mRNA-2019
coronavirus disease (COVID-19): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34840204/
549. Neurological side effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34750810/
550. Coagulopathies after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may derive from a combined effect of SARS-
CoV-2 spike protein and adenovirus vector-activated signaling pathways:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34639132/
551. Isolated pulmonary embolism after COVID vaccination: 2 case reports and a review of
acute pulmonary embolism complications and follow-up:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34804412/
552. Central retinal vein occlusion after vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA: case report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34571653/.
553. Complicated case report of long-term vaccine-induced thrombotic immune
thrombocytopenia A: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34835275/.
554. Deep venous thrombosis after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S in adult males:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34659839/.
555. Neurological autoimmune diseases after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a case series:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34668274/.
556. Severe autoimmune hemolytic autoimmune anemia after receiving SARS-CoV-2 mRNA
vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34549821/
557. Occurrence of COVID-19 variants among recipients of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine
(recombinant): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34528522/
558. Prevalence of thrombocytopenia, anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies, and elevated D-dimer in
Thais after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34568726/
559. Epidemiology of acute myocarditis/pericarditis in Hong Kong adolescents after co-
vaccination: https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article-
abstract/doi/10.1093/cid/ciab989/644 5179.
560. Myocarditis after 2019 coronavirus disease mRNA vaccine: a case series and determination
of incidence rate: https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-
article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciab926/6420408
561. Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: inequalities in age and vaccine
types: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/11/1106
562. Epidemiology and clinical features of myocarditis/pericarditis before the introduction of
COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in Korean children: a multicenter study:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402230/
563. Shedding light on post-vaccination myocarditis and pericarditis in COVID-19 and non-
COVID-19 vaccine recipients: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34696294/
564. Myocarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine: https://journals.lww.com/pec-
online/Abstract/2021/11000/Myocarditis_Following_ mRNA_COVID_19_Vaccine.9.aspx.
565. Myocarditis following BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 mRNA vaccine in Israel:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34614328/.
566. Myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiomyopathy following COVID-19 vaccination:
https://www.heartlungcirc.org/article/S1443-9506(21)01156-2/fulltext
567. Myocarditis and other cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 mRNA-based COVID-19
vaccines: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34277198/
568. Possible Association Between COVID-19 Vaccine and Myocarditis: Clinical and CMR
Findings: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34246586/
569. Hypersensitivity Myocarditis and COVID-19 Vaccines:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34856634/.
570. Severe myocarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccine: zebra or unicorn?:
https://www.internationaljournalofcardiology.com/article/S0167-5273(21)01477-
7/fulltext.
571. Acute myocardial infarction and myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8522388/
572. Myocarditis after Covid-19 vaccination in a large healthcare organization:
https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2110737
573. Association of myocarditis with COVID-19 messenger RNA BNT162b2 vaccine in a case
series of children: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2783052
574. Clinical suspicion of myocarditis temporally related to COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents
and young adults:
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056583?url_ver=Z3
9.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
575. STEMI mimicry: focal myocarditis in an adolescent patient after COVID-19 mRNA
vaccination:. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34756746/
576. Myocarditis and pericarditis in association with COVID-19 mRNA vaccination: cases from a
regional pharmacovigilance center:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8587334/
577. Myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34546329/.
578. Patients with acute myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination:.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2781602.
579. Myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case series:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X21011725?via%3Dihub.
580. Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents:
https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/148/5/e2021053427/181357
581. Myocarditis findings on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after vaccination with COVID-
19 mRNA in adolescents:. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34704459/
582. Myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: magnetic resonance imaging study:
https://academic.oup.com/ehjcimaging/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ehjci/jeab230/6
421640.
583. Acute myocarditis after administration of the second dose of BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8599115/
584. Myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352906721001603
585. Case report: probable myocarditis after Covid-19 mRNA vaccine in a patient with
arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34712717/.
586. Acute myocarditis after administration of BNT162b2 vaccine against COVID-19:
https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-linkresolver-acute-myocarditis-after-administration-
bnt162b2-S188558572100133X.
587. Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 mRNA vaccination:
https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2021211430
588. Acute myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0248866321007098
589. Acute myopericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents:.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34589238/.
590. Perimyocarditis in adolescents after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination:
https://academic.oup.com/jpids/article/10/10/962/6329543.
591. Acute myocarditis associated with anti-COVID-19 vaccination:
https://ecevr.org/DOIx.php?id=10.7774/cevr.2021.10.2.196.
592. Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccination: echocardiographic, cardiac CT, and MRI
findings:. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34428917/.
593. Acute symptomatic myocarditis in 7 adolescents after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19
vaccination:. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34088762/.
594. Myocarditis and pericarditis in adolescents after first and second doses of COVID-19 mRNA
vaccines:. https://academic.oup.com/ehjqcco/advance-
article/doi/10.1093/ehjqcco/qcab090/64 42104.
595. COVID 19 vaccine for adolescents. Concern for myocarditis and pericarditis:
https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7503/13/3/61.
596. Cardiac imaging of acute myocarditis after vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402228/
597. Myocarditis temporally associated with COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34133885/
598. Acute myocardial injury after COVID-19 vaccination: a case report and review of current
evidence from the vaccine adverse event reporting system database:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34219532/
599. Acute myocarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccination: report of a case:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8639400/
600. Myocarditis following vaccination with COVID-19 messenger RNA: a Japanese case series:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34840235/.
601. Myocarditis in the setting of a recent COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34712497/.
602. Acute myocarditis after a second dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine: report of two cases:
https://www.clinicalimaging.org/article/S0899-7071(21)00265-5/fulltext.
603. Prevalence of thrombocytopenia, antiplatelet factor 4 antibodies, and elevated D-dimer in
Thais after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34568726/
604. Epidemiology of acute myocarditis/pericarditis in Hong Kong adolescents after co-
vaccination: https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article-
abstract/doi/10.1093/cid/ciab989/6445179
605. Myocarditis after 2019 coronavirus disease mRNA vaccine: a case series and incidence rate
determination: https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-
article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciab926/6420408.
606. Myocarditis and pericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: inequalities in age and vaccine
types: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/11/1106
607. Epidemiology and clinical features of myocarditis/pericarditis before the introduction of
COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in Korean children: a multicenter study:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402230/
608. Shedding light on post-vaccination myocarditis and pericarditis in COVID-19 and non-
COVID-19 vaccine recipients: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34696294/
609. Diffuse prothrombotic syndrome after administration of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: case
report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34615534/
610. Three cases of acute venous thromboembolism in women after coronavirus 2019
vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34352418/
611. Clinical and biological features of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination with
ChAdOx1 nCov-19; https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/early/2021/09/29/jnnp-2021-327340.
612. CAd26.COV2-S vaccination may reveal hereditary thrombophilia: massive cerebral venous
sinus thrombosis in a young man with normal platelet count:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34632750/
613. Post-mortem findings in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia:
https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2021.279075
614. COVID-19 vaccine-induced thrombosis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34802488/.
615. Inflammation and platelet activation after COVID-19 vaccines: possible mechanisms behind
vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34887867/.
616. Anaphylactoid reaction and coronary thrombosis related to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34863404/.
617. Vaccine-induced cerebral venous thrombosis and thrombocytopenia. Oxford-AstraZeneca
COVID-19: a missed opportunity for rapid return on experience:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235255682100093X
618. Occurrence of splenic infarction due to arterial thrombosis after vaccination with COVID-
19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34876440/
619. Deep venous thrombosis more than two weeks after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33928773/
620. Case report: Take a second look: Cerebral venous thrombosis related to Covid-19
vaccination and thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34880826/
621. Information on ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced immune-mediated thrombotic
thrombocytopenia: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34587242/
622. Change in blood viscosity after COVID-19 vaccination: estimation for persons with
underlying metabolic syndrome: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34868465/
623. Management of a patient with a rare congenital limb malformation syndrome after SARS-
CoV-2 vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia (VITT):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34097311/
624. Bilateral thalamic stroke: a case of COVID-19 (VITT) vaccine-induced immune thrombotic
thrombocytopenia or a coincidence due to underlying risk factors:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34820232/.
625. Thrombocytopenia and splanchnic thrombosis after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S
successfully treated with transjugular intrahepatic intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and
thrombectomy: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajh.26258
626. Incidence of acute ischemic stroke after coronavirus vaccination in Indonesia: case series:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579636/
627. Successful treatment of vaccine-induced immune immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia
in a 26-year-old female patient: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34614491/
628. Case report: vaccine-induced immune immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia in a patient
with pancreatic cancer after vaccination with messenger RNA-1273:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34790684/
629. Idiopathic idiopathic external jugular vein thrombophlebitis after coronavirus disease
vaccination (COVID-19): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33624509/.
630. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with hemoptysis following vaccination with
tozinameran (BNT162b2, Pfizer-BioNTech): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34612003/
631. Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination in a man
presenting as acute venous thromboembolism:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34096082/
632. Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccination in three adolescent boys:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34851078/.
633. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in young adult patients with acute myocarditis
after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination: a case series:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34496880/
634. Perimyocarditis after vaccination with COVID-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34866957/
635. Epidemiology of acute myocarditis/pericarditis in Hong Kong adolescents after co-
vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34849657/.
636. Myocarditis-induced sudden death after BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in Korea:
case report focusing on histopathological findings:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34664804/
637. Acute myocarditis after vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA in adults aged 18 years or older:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34605853/
638. Recurrence of acute myocarditis temporally associated with receipt of the 2019
coronavirus mRNA disease vaccine (COVID-19) in an adolescent male:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34166671/
639. Young male with myocarditis after mRNA-1273 coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)
mRNA vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34744118/
640. Acute myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a 24-year-old male:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34334935/.
641. Ga-DOTATOC digital PET images of inflammatory cell infiltrates in myocarditis after
vaccination with COVID-19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34746968/
642. Occurrence of acute infarct-like myocarditis after vaccination with COVID-19: just an
accidental coincidence or rather a vaccination-associated autoimmune myocarditis?”:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34333695/.
643. Self-limited myocarditis presenting with chest pain and ST-segment elevation in
adolescents after vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34180390/
644. Myocarditis Following Immunization with COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Members of the
U.S. Military: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34185045/
645. Myocarditis after BNT162b2 vaccination in a healthy male:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34229940/
646. Myopericarditis in a previously healthy adolescent male after COVID-19 vaccination: Case
report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34133825/
647. Acute myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 mRNA vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34308326/.
648. Chest pain with abnormal electrocardiogram redevelopment after injection of COVID-19
vaccine manufactured by Moderna: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34866106/
649. Biopsy-proven lymphocytic myocarditis after first vaccination with COVID-19 mRNA in a
40-year-old man: case report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34487236/
650. Multimodality imaging and histopathology in a young man presenting with fulminant
lymphocytic myocarditis and cardiogenic shock after vaccination with mRNA-1273:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34848416/
651. Report of a case of myopericarditis after vaccination with BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA in a
young Korean male: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34636504/
652. Acute myocarditis after Comirnaty vaccination in a healthy male with previous SARS-CoV-2
infection: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34367386/
653. Acute myocarditis in a young adult two days after vaccination with Pfizer:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34709227/
654. Case report: acute fulminant myocarditis and cardiogenic shock after messenger RNA
coronavirus vaccination in 2019 requiring extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34778411/
655. Acute myocarditis after 2019 coronavirus disease vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34734821/
656. A series of patients with myocarditis after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 with mRNA-
1279 and BNT162b2: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34246585/
657. Myopericarditis after Pfizer messenger ribonucleic acid coronavirus coronavirus disease
vaccine in adolescents: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34228985/
658. Post-vaccination multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults without evidence of prior
SARS-CoV-2 infection: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34852213/
659. Acute myocarditis defined after vaccination with 2019 mRNA of coronavirus disease:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34866122/
660. Biventricular systolic dysfunction in acute myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273
vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34601566/
661. Myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination: MRI study:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34739045/.
662. Acute myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: case report:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Hc4bh_qNbZ7UVm5BLxkRdMPnnI9zcCsl/e
663. Association of myocarditis with COVID-19 messenger RNA BNT162b2 vaccine COVID-19 in
a case series of children: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34374740/
664. Clinical suspicion of myocarditis temporally related to COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents
and young adults: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34865500/
665. Myocarditis following vaccination with Covid-19 in a large healthcare organization:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34614329/
666. AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine and Guillain-Barré syndrome in Tasmania: a causal link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34560365/
667. COVID-19, Guillain-Barré and vaccineA dangerous mix:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34108736/.
668. Guillain-Barré syndrome after the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine: case
report and review of reported cases: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34796417/.
669. Guillain-Barre syndrome after BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10072-021-05523-5.
670. COVID-19 adenovirus vaccines and Guillain-Barré syndrome with facial palsy:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.26258.
671. Association of receipt association of Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine with presumed
Guillain-Barre syndrome, February-July 2021:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2785009
672. A case of Guillain-Barré syndrome after Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34567447/
673. Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34648420/.
674. Rate of recurrent Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2783708
675. Guillain-Barre syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination in an adolescent:
https://www.pedneur.com/article/S0887-8994(21)00221-6/fulltext.
676. Guillain-Barre syndrome after ChAdOx1-S / nCoV-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34114256/.
677. Guillain-Barre syndrome after COVID-19 mRNA-1273 vaccine: case report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34767184/.
678. Guillain-Barre syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in 19 patients:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34644738/.
679. Guillain-Barre syndrome presenting with facial diplegia following vaccination with COVID-
19 in two patients: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34649856/
680. A rare case of Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34671572/
681. Neurological complications of COVID-19: Guillain-Barre syndrome after Pfizer COVID-19
vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33758714/
682. COVID-19 vaccine causing Guillain-Barre syndrome, an uncommon potential side effect:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34484780/
683. Guillain-Barre syndrome after the first dose of COVID-19 vaccination: case report;
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34779385/.
684. Miller Fisher syndrome after Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34817727/.
685. Miller Fisher syndrome after 2019 BNT162b2 mRNA coronavirus vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34789193/.
686. Bilateral facial weakness with a variant of paresthesia of Guillain-Barre syndrome after
Vaxzevria COVID-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34261746/
687. Guillain-Barre syndrome after the first injection of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: first report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34217513/.
688. A case of sensory ataxic Guillain-Barre syndrome with immunoglobulin G anti-GM1
antibodies after first dose of COVID-19 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (Pfizer):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34871447/
689. Reporting of acute inflammatory neuropathies with COVID-19 vaccines: subgroup
disproportionality analysis in VigiBase: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579259/
690. A variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: AMSAN:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34370408/.
691. A rare variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34703690/.
692. Guillain-Barré syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a patient with previous vaccine-
associated Guillain-Barré syndrome: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34810163/
693. Guillain-Barré syndrome in an Australian state using mRNA and adenovirus-vector SARS-
CoV-2 vaccines: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.26218.
694. Acute transverse myelitis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: case report and review of the
literature: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34482455/.
695. Variant Guillain-Barré syndrome occurring after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34114269/.
696. Guillian-Barre syndrome with axonal variant temporally associated with Modern SARS-CoV-
2 mRNA-based vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34722067/
697. Guillain-Barre syndrome after the first dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: a temporary
occurrence, not a causal association: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33968610/
698. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines can be complicated not only by Guillain-Barré syndrome but also by
distal small fiber neuropathy: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34525410/
699. Clinical variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome with prominent facial diplegia after AstraZeneca
2019 coronavirus disease vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34808658/
700. Adverse event reporting and risk of Bell’s palsy after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(21)00646-0/fulltext.
701. Bilateral facial nerve palsy and COVID-19 vaccination: causality or coincidence:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34522557/
702. Left Bell’s palsy after the first dose of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: case report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34763263/.
703. Bell’s palsy after inactivated vaccination with COVID-19 in a patient with a history of
recurrent Bell’s palsy: case report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34621891/
704. Neurological complications after the first dose of COVID-19 vaccines and SARS-CoV-2
infection: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34697502/
705. Type I interferons as a potential mechanism linking COVID-19 mRNA vaccines with Bell’s
palsy: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33858693/
706. Acute transverse myelitis following inactivated COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34370410/
707. Acute transverse myelitis after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579245/.
708. A case of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis following Covid-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34182207/
709. Post COVID-19 transverse myelitis; a case report with review of the literature:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34457267/.
710. Beware of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder after vaccination with inactivated virus
for COVID-19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34189662/
711. Neuromyelitis optica in a healthy woman after vaccination against severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 mRNA-1273: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34660149/
712. Acute bilateral bilateral optic neuritis/chiasm with longitudinal extensive transverse
myelitis in long-standing stable multiple sclerosis after vector-based vaccination against
SARS-CoV-2: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34131771/
713. A case series of acute pericarditis after vaccination with COVID-19 in the context of recent
reports from Europe and the United States: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34635376/
714. Acute pericarditis and cardiac tamponade after vaccination with Covid-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34749492/
715. Myocarditis and pericarditis in adolescents after the first and second doses of COVID-19
mRNA vaccines: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34849667/
716. Perimyocarditis in adolescents after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34319393/
717. Acute myopericarditis after COVID-19 vaccine in adolescents:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34589238/
718. Pericarditis after administration of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine COVID-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34149145/
719. Case report: symptomatic pericarditis post COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34693198/.
720. An outbreak of Still’s disease after COVID-19 vaccination in a 34-year-old patient:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34797392/
721. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis following COVID-19 vaccination (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34862234/
722. Myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, a case series:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34396358/.
723. Miller-Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome overlap syndrome in a patient after
Oxford-AstraZeneca SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34848426/.
724. Immune-mediated disease outbreaks or new-onset disease in 27 subjects after mRNA/DNA
vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33946748/
725. Post-mortem investigation of deaths after vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34591186/
726. Acute kidney injury with macroscopic hematuria and IgA nephropathy after COVID-19
vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34352309/
727. Relapse of immune thrombocytopenia after covid-19 vaccination in young male patient:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34804803/.
728. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura associated with COVID-19 mRNA vaccine Pfizer-
BioNTech BNT16B2b2: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34077572/
729. Retinal hemorrhage after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34884407/.
730. Case report: anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis with acute renal
failure and pulmonary hemorrhage can occur after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34859017/
731. Intracerebral hemorrhage due to vasculitis following COVID-19 vaccination: case report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34783899/
732. Peduncular, symptomatic cavernous bleeding after immune thrombocytopenia-induced
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34549178/.
733. Brain death in a vaccinated patient with COVID-19 infection:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34656887/
734. Generalized purpura annularis telangiectodes after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34236717/.
735. Lobar hemorrhage with ventricular rupture shortly after the first dose of a SARS-CoV-2
mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34729467/.
736. A case of outbreak of macroscopic hematuria and IgA nephropathy after SARS-CoV-2
vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33932458/
737. Acral hemorrhage after administration of the second dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. A post-
vaccination reaction: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34092400/742.
738. Severe immune thrombocytopenic purpura after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34754937/
739. Gross hematuria after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination in 2
patients with IgA nephropathy: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33771584/
740. Autoimmune encephalitis after ChAdOx1-S SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34846583/
741. COVID-19 vaccine and death: causality algorithm according to the WHO eligibility
diagnosis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34073536/
742. Bell’s palsy after vaccination with mRNA (BNT162b2) and inactivated (CoronaVac) SARS-
CoV-2 vaccines: a case series and a nested case-control study:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34411532/
743. Epidemiology of myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA vaccines in Ontario, Canada:
by vaccine product, schedule, and interval:
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.12.02.21267156v1
744. Anaphylaxis following Covid-19 vaccine in a patient with cholinergic urticaria:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33851711/
745. Anaphylaxis induced by CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccine: clinical features and results of
revaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34675550/.
746. Anaphylaxis after Modern COVID-19 vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34734159/.
747. Association of self-reported history of high-risk allergy with allergy symptoms after COVID-
19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34698847/
748. Sex differences in the incidence of anaphylaxis to LNP-mRNA vaccines COVID-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34020815/
749. Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, after receiving the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech
COVID-19 vaccine – United States, December 14 to 23, 2020:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33641264/
750. Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, after receiving the first dose of Modern COVID-19
vaccine – United States, December 21, 2020 to January 10, 2021:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33641268/
751. Prolonged anaphylaxis to Pfizer 2019 coronavirus disease vaccine: a case report and
mechanism of action: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33834172/
752. Anaphylaxis reactions to Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine: report of 3 cases of anaphylaxis
following vaccination with Pfizer BNT162b2: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579211/
753. Biphasic anaphylaxis after first dose of 2019 messenger RNA coronavirus disease vaccine
with positive polysorbate 80 skin test result: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34343674/
754. Acute myocardial infarction and myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34586408/
755. Takotsubo syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34539938/.
756. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy after coronavirus 2019 vaccination in patient on maintenance
hemodialysis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34731486/.
757. Premature myocardial infarction or side effect of COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33824804/
758. Myocardial infarction, stroke, and pulmonary embolism after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19
vaccine in persons aged 75 years or older: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34807248/
759. Kounis syndrome type 1 induced by inactivated SARS-COV-2 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34148772/
760. Acute myocardial infarction within 24 hours after COVID-19 vaccination: is Kounis
syndrome the culprit: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34702550/
761. Deaths associated with the recently launched SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (Comirnaty®):
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33895650/
762. Deaths associated with recently launched SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34425384/
763. A case of acute encephalopathy and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after
vaccination with mRNA-1273: possible adverse effect:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34703815/
764. COVID-19 vaccine-induced urticarial vasculitis:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34369046/.
765. ANCA-associated vasculitis after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34280507/.
766. New-onset leukocytoclastic vasculitis after COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34241833/
767. Cutaneous small vessel vasculitis after COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34529877/.
768. Outbreak of leukocytoclastic vasculitis after COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33928638/
769. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis after exposure to COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836739/
770. Vasculitis and bursitis in [ 18 F] FDG-PET/CT after COVID-19 mRNA vaccine: post hoc ergo
propter hoc?; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34495381/.
771. Cutaneous lymphocytic vasculitis after administration of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34327795
772. Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis induced by Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34660867/.
773. Case report: ANCA-associated vasculitis presenting with rhabdomyolysis and crescentic
Pauci-Inmune glomerulonephritis after vaccination with Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34659268/
774. Reactivation of IgA vasculitis after vaccination with COVID-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34848431/
775. Varicella-zoster virus-related small-vessel vasculitis after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19
vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34310759/.
776. Imaging in vascular medicine: leukocytoclastic vasculitis after COVID-19 vaccine booster:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34720009/
777. A rare case of Henoch-Schönlein purpura after a case report of COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34518812/
778. Cutaneous vasculitis following COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34611627/.
779. Possible case of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-induced small-vessel vasculitis:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34705320/.
780. IgA vasculitis following COVID-19 vaccination in an adult:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34779011/
781. Propylthiouracil-induced anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis
following vaccination with COVID-19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34451967/
782. Coronavirus disease vaccine 2019 (COVID-19) in systemic lupus erythematosus and
neutrophil anti-cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33928459/
783. Reactivation of IgA vasculitis after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34250509/
784. Clinical and histopathologic spectrum of delayed adverse skin reactions after COVID-19
vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34292611/.
785. First description of immune complex vasculitis after COVID-19 vaccination with BNT162b2:
case report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34530771/.
786. Nephrotic syndrome and vasculitis after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: true association or
circumstantial: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34245294/.
787. Occurrence of de novo cutaneous vasculitis after vaccination against coronavirus disease
(COVID-19): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34599716/.
788. Asymmetric cutaneous vasculitis after COVID-19 vaccination with unusual preponderance
of eosinophils: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34115904/.
789. Henoch-Schönlein purpura occurring after vaccination with COVID-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34247902/.
790. Henoch-Schönlein purpura following the first dose of COVID-19 viral vector vaccine: case
report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34696186/.
791. Granulomatous vasculitis after AstraZeneca anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34237323/.
792. Acute retinal necrosis due to varicella zoster virus reactivation after vaccination with
BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34851795/.
793. A case of generalized Sweet’s syndrome with vasculitis triggered by recent vaccination
with COVID-19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34849386/
794. Small-vessel vasculitis following Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccination against SARS-CoV-2:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34310763/
795. Relapse of microscopic polyangiitis after COVID-19 vaccination: case report:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34251683/.
796. Cutaneous vasculitis after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34557622/.
797. Recurrent herpes zoster after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with chronic urticaria on
cyclosporine treatment – A report of 3 cases: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34510694/
798. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis after coronavirus disease vaccination 2019:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34713472/803
799. Outbreaks of mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34819272/
800. Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis after vaccination with a single dose of Janssen
Ad26.COV2.S: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34337124/
801. Case of immunoglobulin A vasculitis after vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34535924/
802. Rapid progression of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma after BNT162b2 mRNA booster
vaccination: case report: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.798095/
803. COVID-19 mRNA vaccination-induced lymphadenopathy mimics lymphoma progression on
FDG PET / CT: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33591026/
804. Lymphadenopathy in COVID-19 vaccine recipients: diagnostic dilemma in oncology
patients: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33625300/
805. Hypermetabolic lymphadenopathy after administration of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine Covid-
19: incidence assessed by [ 18 F] FDG PET-CT and relevance for study interpretation:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33774684/
806. Lymphadenopathy after COVID-19 vaccination: review of imaging findings:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33985872/
807. Evolution of bilateral hypermetabolic axillary hypermetabolic lymphadenopathy on FDG
PET/CT after 2-dose COVID-19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34735411/
808. Lymphadenopathy associated with COVID-19 vaccination on FDG PET/CT: distinguishing
features in adenovirus-vectored vaccine: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34115709/.
809. COVID-19 vaccination-induced lymphadenopathy in a specialized breast imaging clinic in
Israel: analysis of 163 cases: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34257025/.
810. COVID-19 vaccine-related axillary lymphadenopathy in breast cancer patients: case series
with literature review: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836672/.
811. Coronavirus disease vaccine 2019 mimics lymph node metastases in patients undergoing
skin cancer follow-up: a single-center study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34280870/
812. COVID-19 post-vaccination lymphadenopathy: report of fine-needle aspiration biopsy
cytologic findings: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34432391/
813. Regional lymphadenopathy after COVID-19 vaccination: review of the literature and
considerations for patient management in breast cancer care:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34731748/
814. Subclinical axillary lymphadenopathy associated with COVID-19 vaccination on screening
mammography: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34906409/
815. Adverse events of COVID injection that may occur in children.Acute-onset supraclavicular
lymphadenopathy coincident with intramuscular mRNA vaccination against COVID-19 may
be related to the injection technique of the vaccine, Spain, January and February 2021:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33706861/
816. Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy after COVID-19 vaccination in Korea: serial follow-up by
ultrasonography: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34116295/
817. Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination induced lymphadenopathy on [18F] choline PET
/ CT, not just an FDG finding: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33661328/
818. Biphasic anaphylaxis after exposure to the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA
vaccine COVID-19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34050949/
819. Axillary adenopathy associated with COVID-19 vaccination: imaging findings and follow-up
recommendations in 23 women: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33624520/
820. A case of cervical lymphadenopathy following COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34141500/
821. Unique imaging findings of neurologic phantosmia after Pfizer-BioNtech COVID-19
vaccination: a case report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34096896/
822. Thrombotic adverse events reported for Moderna, Pfizer, and Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-
19 vaccines: comparison of occurrence and clinical outcomes in the EudraVigilance
database: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34835256/
823. Unilateral lymphadenopathy after COVID-19 vaccination: a practical management plan for
radiologists of all specialties: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33713605/
824. Unilateral axillary adenopathy in the setting of COVID-19 vaccination: follow-up:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34298342/
825. A systematic review of cases of CNS demyelination following COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34839149/
826. Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy after COVID-19 vaccination: an increasing presentation
in the two-week wait neck lump clinic: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33685772/
827. COVID-19 vaccine-related axillary and cervical lymphadenopathy in patients with current
or previous breast cancer and other malignancies: cross-sectional imaging findings on MRI,
CT and PET-CT: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34719892/
828. Adenopathy after COVID-19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33625299/.
829. Incidence of axillary adenopathy on breast imaging after vaccination with COVID-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34292295/.
830. COVID-19 vaccination and lower cervical lymphadenopathy in two-week neck lump clinic: a
follow-up audit: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33947605/.
831. Cervical lymphadenopathy after coronavirus disease vaccination 2019: clinical features and
implications for head and neck cancer services:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34526175/
832. Lymphadenopathy associated with the COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33786231/
833. Evolution of lymphadenopathy on PET/MRI after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33625301/.
834. Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34332438/.
835. New-onset nephrotic syndrome after Janssen COVID-19 vaccination: case report and
literature review: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34342187/.
836. Massive cervical lymphadenopathy following vaccination with COVID-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34601889/
837. ANCA glomerulonephritis following Modern COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34081948/
838. Extensive longitudinal transverse myelitis following AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34507942/.
839. Systemic capillary extravasation syndrome after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCOV-19
(Oxford-AstraZeneca): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362727/
840. Unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy related to COVID-19 vaccine: pattern on screening
breast MRI allowing benign evaluation: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34325221/
841. Axillary lymphadenopathy in patients with recent Covid-19 vaccination: a new diagnostic
dilemma: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34825530/.
842. Minimal change disease and acute kidney injury after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34000278/
843. COVID-19 vaccine-induced unilateral axillary adenopathy: follow-up evaluation in the USA:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34655312/.
844. Gastroparesis after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34187985/.
845. Acute-onset supraclavicular lymphadenopathy coincident with intramuscular mRNA
vaccination against COVID-19 may be related to the injection technique of the vaccine,
Spain, January and February 2021: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33706861/
846. Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy after COVID-19 vaccination in Korea: serial follow-up by
ultrasonography: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34116295/
847. Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination induced lymphadenopathy on [18F] choline PET
/ CT, not just an FDG finding: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33661328/
848. Biphasic anaphylaxis after exposure to the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA
vaccine COVID-19: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34050949/
849. Axillary adenopathy associated with COVID-19 vaccination: imaging findings and follow-up
recommendations in 23 women: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33624520/
850. A case of cervical lymphadenopathy following COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34141500/
851. Unique imaging findings of neurologic phantosmia after Pfizer-BioNtech COVID-19
vaccination: a case report: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34096896/
852. Thrombotic adverse events reported for Moderna, Pfizer, and Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-
19 vaccines: comparison of occurrence and clinical outcomes in the EudraVigilance
database: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34835256/
853. Unilateral lymphadenopathy after COVID-19 vaccination: a practical management plan for
radiologists of all specialties: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33713605/
854. Unilateral axillary adenopathy in the setting of COVID-19 vaccination: follow-up:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34298342/
855. A systematic review of cases of CNS demyelination following COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34839149/
856. Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy after COVID-19 vaccination: an increasing presentation
in the two-week wait neck lump clinic: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33685772/
857. COVID-19 vaccine-related axillary and cervical lymphadenopathy in patients with current
or previous breast cancer and other malignancies: cross-sectional imaging findings on MRI,
CT and PET-CT: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34719892/
858. Adenopathy after COVID-19 vaccination: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33625299/.
859. Incidence of axillary adenopathy on breast imaging after vaccination with COVID-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34292295/.
860. COVID-19 vaccination and lower cervical lymphadenopathy in two-week neck lump clinic: a
follow-up audit: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33947605/.
861. Cervical lymphadenopathy after coronavirus disease vaccination 2019: clinical features and
implications for head and neck cancer services:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34526175/
862. Lymphadenopathy associated with the COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33786231/
863. Evolution of lymphadenopathy on PET/MRI after COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33625301/.
864. Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34332438/.
865. New-onset nephrotic syndrome after Janssen COVID-19 vaccination: case report and
literature review: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34342187/.
866. Massive cervical lymphadenopathy following vaccination with COVID-19:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34601889/
867. ANCA glomerulonephritis following Modern COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34081948/
868. Extensive longitudinal transverse myelitis following AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34507942/.
869. Systemic capillary extravasation syndrome after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCOV-19
(Oxford-AstraZeneca): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362727/
870. Unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy related to COVID-19 vaccine: pattern on screening
breast MRI allowing benign evaluation: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34325221/
871. Axillary lymphadenopathy in patients with recent Covid-19 vaccination: a new diagnostic
dilemma: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34825530/.
872. Minimal change disease and acute kidney injury after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34000278/
873. COVID-19 vaccine-induced unilateral axillary adenopathy: follow-up evaluation in the USA:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34655312/.
874. Gastroparesis after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34187985/.
875. Abbate, A., Gavin, J., Madanchi, N., Kim, C., Shah, P. R., Klein, K., . . . Danielides, S. (2021).
Fulminant myocarditis and systemic hyperinflammation temporally associated with
BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in two patients. Int J Cardiol, 340, 119-121.
doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.08.018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34416319
876. Abu Mouch, S., Roguin, A., Hellou, E., Ishai, A., Shoshan, U., Mahamid, L., . . . Berar Yanay,
N. (2021). Myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Vaccine, 39(29), 3790-3793.
doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.087. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34092429
877. Albert, E., Aurigemma, G., Saucedo, J., & Gerson, D. S. (2021). Myocarditis following
COVID-19 vaccination. Radiol Case Rep, 16(8), 2142-2145.
doi:10.1016/j.radcr.2021.05.033. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34025885
878. Aye, Y. N., Mai, A. S., Zhang, A., Lim, O. Z. H., Lin, N., Ng, C. H., . . . Chew, N. W. S. (2021).
Acute Myocardial Infarction and Myocarditis following COVID-19 Vaccination. QJM.
doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcab252. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34586408
879. Azir, M., Inman, B., Webb, J., & Tannenbaum, L. (2021). STEMI Mimic: Focal Myocarditis in
an Adolescent Patient After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. J Emerg Med, 61(6), e129-e132.
doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.09.017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34756746
880. Barda, N., Dagan, N., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Kepten, E., Waxman, J., Ohana, R., . . . Balicer, R. D.
(2021). Safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Setting. N Engl J
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881. Bhandari, M., Pradhan, A., Vishwakarma, P., & Sethi, R. (2021). Coronavirus and
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882. Bozkurt, B., Kamat, I., & Hotez, P. J. (2021). Myocarditis With COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines.
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883. Buchhorn, R., Meyer, C., Schulze-Forster, K., Junker, J., & Heidecke, H. (2021).
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884. Calcaterra, G., Bassareo, P. P., Barilla, F., Romeo, F., & Mehta, J. L. (2022). Concerning the
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885. Calcaterra, G., Mehta, J. L., de Gregorio, C., Butera, G., Neroni, P., Fanos, V., & Bassareo, P.
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886. Chai, Q., Nygaard, U., Schmidt, R. C., Zaremba, T., Moller, A. M., & Thorvig, C. M. (2022).
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887. Chamling, B., Vehof, V., Drakos, S., Weil, M., Stalling, P., Vahlhaus, C., . . . Yilmaz, A. (2021).
Occurrence of acute infarct-like myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination: just an
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Myocarditis-induced Sudden Death after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination in Korea:
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896. Das, B. B., Moskowitz, W. B., Taylor, M. B., & Palmer, A. (2021). Myocarditis and
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897. Deb, A., Abdelmalek, J., Iwuji, K., & Nugent, K. (2021). Acute Myocardial Injury Following
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P. (2021). A Series of Patients With Myocarditis Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination With
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 MORE THAN 70 Studies that
Rebuke Vaccine Mandates
showed that “SARS-CoV-2-naïve vaccinees had a 13-fold (95% CI, 8-21) increased risk for
breakthrough infection with the Delta variant compared to those previously infected.”
1) Gazit et al When adjusting for the time of disease/vaccine, there was a 27-fold increased risk (95% CI,
13-57).

Ignoring the risk of infection, given that someone was infected, Acharya et al. found “no
2) Acharya et al. significant difference in cycle threshold values between vaccinated and unvaccinated,
asymptomatic and symptomatic groups infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta.”

found “no difference in viral loads when comparing unvaccinated individuals to those who
have vaccine “breakthrough” infections. Furthermore, individuals with vaccine
breakthrough infections frequently test positive with viral loads consistent with the ability
to shed infectious viruses.” Results indicate that “if vaccinated individuals become infected
3) Riemersma et al. with the delta variant, they may be sources of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to others.” They
reported “low Ct values (<25) in 212 of 310 fully vaccinated (68%) and 246 of 389 (63%)
unvaccinated individuals. Testing a subset of these low-Ct samples revealed infectious
SARS-CoV-2 in 15 of 17 specimens (88%) from unvaccinated individuals and 37 of 39 (95%)
from vaccinated people.”

In a study from Qatar, Chemaitelly et al. reported vaccine efficacy (Pfizer) against severe
and fatal disease, with efficacy in the 85-95% range at least until 24 weeks after the
4) Chemaitelly et al. second dose. As a contrast, the efficacy against infection waned down to around 30% at
15-19 weeks after the second dose.

From Wisconsin, Riemersma et al. reported that vaccinated individuals who get infected
with the Delta variant can transmit SARS-CoV-2 to others. They found an elevated viral
load in the unvaccinated and vaccinated symptomatic persons (68% and 69% respectively,
5) Riemersma et al. 158/232 and 156/225). Moreover, in the asymptomatic persons, they uncovered elevated
viral loads (29% and 82% respectively) in the unvaccinated and the vaccinated respectively.
This suggests that the vaccinated can be infected, harbor, cultivate, and transmit the virus
readily and unknowingly.

Subramanian reported that “at the country-level, there appears to be no discernable

relationship between percentage of population fully vaccinated and new COVID-19 cases.”
6) Subramanian When comparing 2947 counties in the United States, there were slightly less cases in more
vaccinated locations. In other words, there is no clear discernable relationship .

looked at transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant among vaccinated healthcare workers

in Vietnams. Of 69 healthcare workers that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, 62 participated
in the clinical study, all of whom recovered. For 23 of them, complete-genome sequences
7) Chau et al. were obtained, and all belonged to the Delta variant. “Viral loads of breakthrough Delta
variant infection cases were 251 times higher than those of cases infected with old strains
detected between March-April 2020”.

In Barnstable, Massachusetts, Brown et al. found that among 469 cases of COVID-19, 74%
8) Brown et al. were fully vaccinated, and that “the vaccinated had on average more virus in their nose
than the unvaccinated who were infected.”

Reporting on a nosocomial hospital outbreak in Finland, Hetemäli et al. observed that

“both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections were found among vaccinated health
9) Hetemäli et al. care workers, and secondary transmission occurred from those with symptomatic
infections despite use of personal protective equipment.”
 In a hospital outbreak investigation in Israel, Shitrit et al. observed “high transmissibility of
the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant among twice vaccinated and masked individuals.” They
10) Shitrit et al. added that “this suggests some waning of immunity, albeit still providing protection for
individuals without comorbidities.”

In the UK COVID-19 vaccine Surveillance Report for week #42, it was noted that there is
“waning of the N antibody response over time” and “that N antibody levels appear to be
lower in individuals who acquire infection following 2 doses of vaccination.” The same
11) UK COVID-19 vaccine report (Table 2, page 13), shows the in the older age groups above 30, the double
vaccinated persons have greater infection risk than the unvaccinated, presumably because
Surveillance Report for week the latter group include more people with stronger natural immunity from prior Covid
#42 disease. As a contrast, the vaccinated people had a lower risk of death than the
unvaccinated, across all age groups, indicating that vaccines provide more protection
against death than against infection. See also UK PHE reports 43, 44, 45, 46 for similar
data.

In Israel, Levin et al. “conducted a 6-month longitudinal prospective study involving

vaccinated health care workers who were tested monthly for the presence of anti-spike
IgG and neutralizing antibodies”. They found that “six months after receipt of the second
12) Levin et al. dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine, humoral response was substantially decreased, especially
among men, among persons 65 years of age or older, and among persons with
immunosuppression.”

In a study from New York State, Rosenberg et al. reported that “During May 3–July 25,
2021, the overall age-adjusted vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization in New York
13) Rosenberg et al. was relatively stable 89.5%–95.1%). The overall age-adjusted vaccine effectiveness against
infection for all New York adults declined from 91.8% to 75.0%.”

Suthar et al. noted that “Our data demonstrate a substantial waning of antibody responses
14) Suthar et al. and T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, at 6 months following the second
immunization with the BNT162b2 vaccine.”

In a study from Umeå University in Sweden, Nordström et al. observed that “vaccine
effectiveness of BNT162b2 against infection waned progressively from 92% (95% CI, 92-93,
15) Nordström et al. P<0·001) at day 15-30 to 47% (95% CI, 39-55, P<0·001) at day 121-180, and from day 211
and onwards no effectiveness could be detected (23%; 95% CI, -2-41, P=0·07).”

Yahi et al. have reported that “in the case of the Delta variant, neutralizing antibodies have
a decreased affinity for the spike protein, whereas facilitating antibodies display a strikingly
16) Yahi et al. increased affinity. Thus, antibody dependent enhancement may be a concern for people
receiving vaccines based on the original Wuhan strain spike sequence.”

(BNT162b2 Vaccine in Israel) reported that “immunity against the delta variant of SARS-
17) Goldberg et al. CoV-2 waned in all age groups a few months after receipt of the second dose of vaccine.”

examined the transmission and viral load kinetics in vaccinated and unvaccinated
individuals with mild delta variant infection in the community. They found that (in 602
community contacts (identified via the UK contract-tracing system) of 471 UK COVID-19
index cases were recruited to the Assessment of Transmission and Contagiousness of
18) Singanayagam et al. COVID-19 in Contacts cohort study and contributed 8145 upper respiratory tract samples
from daily sampling for up to 20 days) “vaccination reduces the risk of delta variant
infection and accelerates viral clearance. Nonetheless, fully vaccinated individuals with
breakthrough infections have peak viral load similar to unvaccinated cases and can
efficiently transmit infection in household settings, including to fully vaccinated contacts.”

in NEJM, has recently reported on the resurgence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a highly

vaccinated health system workforce. Vaccination with mRNA vaccines began in mid-
19) Keehner et al. December 2020; by March, 76% of the workforce had been fully vaccinated, and by July,
the percentage had risen to 87%. Infections had decreased dramatically by early February
2021…”coincident with the end of California’s mask mandate on June 15 and the rapid
dominance of the B.1.617.2 (delta) variant that first emerged in mid-April and accounted
 for over 95% of UCSDH isolates by the end of July, infections increased rapidly, including
cases among fully vaccinated persons…researchers reported that the “dramatic change in
vaccine effectiveness from June to July is likely to be due to both the emergence of the
delta variant and waning immunity over time.”

Juthani et al. sought to describe the impact of vaccination on admission to hospital in

patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection using real-world data collected by the Yale
New Haven Health System. “Patients were considered fully vaccinated if the final dose
(either second dose of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273, or first dose of Ad.26.COV2.S) was
20) Juthani et al. administered at least 14 days before symptom onset or a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2.
In total, we identified 969 patients who were admitted to a Yale New Haven Health System
hospital with a confirmed positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2”…Researchers reported “a
higher number of patients with severe or critical illness in those who received the
BNT162b2 vaccine than in those who received mRNA-1273 or Ad.26.COV2.S…”

A very recent study published by the CDC reported that a majority (53%) of patients who
were hospitalized with Covid-19-like illnesses were already fully vaccinated with two-dose
RNA shots. Table 1 reveals that among the 20,101 immunocompromised adults
hospitalized with Covid-19, 10,564 (53%) were fully-vaccinated with the Pfizer or Moderna
vaccine (Vaccination was defined as having received exactly 2 doses of an mRNA-based
21) the CDC COVID-19 vaccine ≥14 days before the hospitalization index date, which was the date of
respiratory specimen collection associated with the most recent positive or negative SARS-
CoV-2 test result before the hospitalization or the hospitalization date if testing only
occurred after the admission). This highlights the ongoing challenges faced with Delta
breakthrough when vaccinated.

Eyre, 2021 looked at The impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on Alpha & Delta variant
transmission. They reported that “while vaccination still lowers the risk of infection, similar
22) Eyre, 2021 The impact of viral loads in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals infected with Delta question how
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on much vaccination prevents onward transmission… transmission reductions declined over
Alpha & Delta variant time since second vaccination, for Delta reaching similar levels to unvaccinated individuals
by 12 weeks for ChAdOx1 and attenuating substantially for BNT162b2. Protection from
transmission. vaccination in contacts also declined in the 3 months after second vaccination…vaccination
reduces transmission of Delta, but by less than the Alpha variant.”

Levine-Tiefenbrun, 2021 looked at Viral loads of Delta-variant SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough

infections after vaccination and booster with BNT162b2, and reported the viral load
23) Levine-Tiefenbrun reduction effectiveness declines with time after vaccination, “significantly decreasing at 3
months after vaccination and effectively vanishing after about 6 months.”

24) Puranik,
Puranik, 2021 looked at a Comparison of two highly-effective mRNA vaccines for COVID-19
2021 Comparison of two during periods of Alpha and Delta variant prevalence, reporting “In July, vaccine
highly-effective mRNA effectiveness against hospitalization has remained high (mRNA-1273: 81%, 95% CI: 33–
vaccines for COVID-19 during 96.3%; BNT162b2: 75%, 95% CI: 24–93.9%), but effectiveness against infection was lower
for both vaccines (mRNA-1273: 76%, 95% CI: 58–87%; BNT162b2: 42%, 95% CI: 13–62%),
periods of Alpha and Delta with a more pronounced reduction for BNT162b2.”
variant prevalence

Saade, 2021 looked at Live virus neutralization testing in convalescent patients and
25) Saade, 2021 Live virus subjects vaccinated against 19A, 20B, 20I/501Y.V1 and 20H/501Y.V2 isolates of SARS-CoV-
2, and reported as “Assessed the neutralizing capacity of antibodies to prevent cell
neutralization testing in
infection, using a live virus neutralization test with different strains [19A (initial one), 20B
convalescent patients and (B.1.1.241 lineage), 20I/501Y.V1 (B.1.1.7 lineage), and 20H/501Y.V2 (B.1.351 lineage)] in
subjects vaccinated against serum samples collected from different populations: two-dose vaccinated COVID-19-naive
healthcare workers (HCWs; Pfizer-BioNTech BNT161b2), 6-months post mild COVID-19
19A, 20B, 20I/501Y.V1 and
HCWs, and critical COVID-19 patients… finding of the present study is the reduced
20H/501Y.V2 isolates of neutralizing response observed towards the 20H/501Y.V2 variant in fully immunized
SARS-CoV-2 subjects with the BNT162b2 vaccine by comparison to the wild type and 20I/501Y.V1
variant.”
26) Canaday, 2021 Significant Canaday, 2021 looked at Significant reduction in humoral immunity among healthcare
workers and nursing home residents 6 months after COVID-19 BNT162b2 mRNA
reduction in humoral
vaccination, reporting “Anti-spike, anti-RBD and neutralization levels dropped more than
immunity among healthcare 84% over 6 months’ time in all groups irrespective of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. At 6
workers and nursing home months post-vaccine, 70% of the infection-naive NH residents had neutralization titers at
or below the lower limit of detection compared to 16% at 2 weeks after full vaccination.
residents 6 months after
These data demonstrate a significant reduction in levels of antibody in all groups. In
COVID-19 BNT162b2 mRNA particular, those infection-naive NH residents had lower initial post-vaccination humoral
vaccination immunity immediately and exhibited the greatest declines 6 months later.”

Israel, 2021 looked at Large-scale study of antibody titer decay following BNT162b2 mRNA
27) Israel, 2021 Large-scale vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 infection, and reported as “To determine the kinetics of SARS-CoV-
study of antibody titer decay 2 IgG antibodies following administration of two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, or SARS-CoV-
2 infection in unvaccinated individuals…In vaccinated subjects, antibody titers decreased
following BNT162b2 mRNA by up to 40% each subsequent month while in convalescents they decreased by less than
vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 5% per month. Six months after BNT162b2 vaccination 16.1% subjects had antibody levels
infection below the sero-positivity threshold of <50 AU/mL, while only 10.8% of convalescent
patients were below <50 AU/mL threshold after 9 months from SARS-CoV-2 infection.”

28) Eyran, 2020 The

Eyran, 2020 examined The longitudinal kinetics of antibodies in COVID-19 recovered
longitudinal kinetics of patients over 14 months, and found “a significantly faster decay in naïve vaccinees
antibodies in COVID-19 compared to recovered patients suggesting that the serological memory following natural
infection is more robust compared to vaccination. Our data highlights the differences
recovered patients over 14
between serological memory induced by natural infection vs. vaccination.”
months

Salvatore et al. examined the transmission potential of vaccinated and unvaccinated

persons infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in a federal prison, July-August 2021.
They found a total of 978 specimens were provided by 95 participants, “of whom 78 (82%)
29) Salvatore et al. were fully vaccinated and 17 (18%) were not fully vaccinated….clinicians and public health
practitioners should consider vaccinated persons who become infected with SARS-CoV-2
to be no less infectious than unvaccinated persons.”

Andeweg et al. analyzed 28,578 sequenced SARS-CoV-2 samples from individuals with
known immune status obtained through national community testing in the Netherlands
from March to August 2021. They found evidence for an “increased risk of infection by the
Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), or Delta (B.1.617.2) variants compared to the Alpha (B.1.1.7)
30) Andeweg et al. variant after vaccination. No clear differences were found between vaccines. However, the
effect was larger in the first 14-59 days after complete vaccination compared to 60 days
and longer. In contrast to vaccine-induced immunity, no increased risk for reinfection with
Beta, Gamma or Delta variants relative to Alpha variant was found in individuals with
infection-induced immunity.”

Di Fusco et al. conducted an evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections

among immunocompromised patients fully vaccinated with BNT162b2. “COVID-19 vaccine
breakthrough infections were examined in fully vaccinated (≥14 days after 2nd dose) IC
individuals (IC cohort), 12 mutually exclusive IC condition groups, and a non-IC
cohort.” They found that“of 1,277,747 individuals ≥16 years of age who received 2
BNT162b2 doses, 225,796 (17.7%) were identified as IC (median age: 58 years; 56.3%
female). The most prevalent IC conditions were solid malignancy (32.0%), kidney disease
31) Di Fusco et al. (19.5%), and rheumatologic/inflammatory conditions (16.7%). Among the fully vaccinated
IC and non-IC cohorts, a total of 978 breakthrough infections were observed during the
study period; 124 (12.7%) resulted in hospitalization and 2 (0.2%) were inpatient deaths. IC
individuals accounted for 38.2% (N = 374) of all breakthrough infections, 59.7% (N = 74) of
all hospitalizations, and 100% (N = 2) of inpatient deaths. The proportion with breakthrough
infections was 3 times higher in the IC cohort compared to the non-IC cohort (N = 374
[0.18%] vs. N = 604 [0.06%]; unadjusted incidence rates were 0.89 and 0.34 per 100
person-years, respectively.”

32) Mallapaty (NATURE) (NATURE) reported that the protective effect of being vaccinated if you already had
infection is “relatively small, and dwindles alarmingly at three months after the receipt of
 the second shot.” Mallapaty further adds what we have been warning the public health
community which is that persons infected with Delta have about the same levels of viral
genetic materials in their noses “regardless of whether they’d previously been vaccinated,
suggesting that vaccinated and unvaccinated people might be equally infectious.”
Mallapaty reported on testing data from 139,164 close contacts of 95,716 people infected
with SARS-CoV-2 between January and August 2021 in the United Kingdom, and at a
time when the Alpha and Delta variants were competing for dominance. The finding was
that “although the vaccines did offer some protection against infection and onward
transmission, Delta dampened that effect. A person who was fully vaccinated and then had
a ‘breakthrough’ Delta infection was almost twice as likely to pass on the virus as someone
who was infected with Alpha. And that was on top of the higher risk of having a
breakthrough infection caused by Delta than one caused by Alpha.”

Chia et al. reported that PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values were “similar between both
vaccinated and unvaccinated groups at diagnosis, but viral loads decreased faster in
33) Chia et al. vaccinated individuals. Early, robust boosting of anti-spike protein antibodies was observed
in vaccinated patients, however, these titers were significantly lower against B.1.617.2 as
compared with the wildtype vaccine strain.”

Wilhelm et al. reported on reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant by

vaccine sera and monoclonal antibodies. “in vitro findings using authentic SARS-CoV-2
34) Wilhelm et al. variants indicate that in contrast to the currently circulating Delta variant, the
neutralization efficacy of vaccine-elicited sera against Omicron was severely reduced
highlighting T-cell mediated immunity as essential barrier to prevent severe COVID-19.”

CDC reported on the details for 43 cases of COVID-19 attributed to the Omicron variant.
They found that “34 (79%) occurred in persons who completed the primary series of an
35) CDC Report FDA-authorized or approved COVID-19 vaccine ≥14 days before symptom onset or receipt
of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result.”

Dejnirattisai et al. presented live neutralisation titres against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant,
and examined it relative to neutralisation against the Victoria, Beta and Delta
36) Dejnirattisai et al. variants. They reported a significant drop in “neutralisation titres in recipients of both
AZD1222 and BNT16b2 primary courses, with evidence of some recipients failing to
neutralise at all.”

Cele et al. assessed whether Omicron variant escapes antibody neutralization “elicited by
the Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in people who were vaccinated only or vaccinated and
37) Cele et al. previously infected.” They reported that Omicron variant “still required the ACE2 receptor
to infect but had extensive escape of Pfizer elicited neutralization.”

Holm Hansen et al.’s Denmark study looked at vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2
infection with the Omicron or Delta variants following a two-dose or booster BNT162b2 or
mRNA-1273 vaccination series. A key finding was reported as “VE against Omicron was
55.2% initially following primary BNT162b2 vaccination, but waned quickly thereafter.
Although estimated with less precision, VE against Omicron after primary mRNA-1273
vaccination similarly indicated a rapid decline in protection. By comparison, both vaccines
showed higher, longer-lasting protection against Delta.” In other words, the vaccine that
38) Holm Hansen et al. has failed against Delta is even far worse for Omicron. The table and figure below paint a
devastating picture. See where the green dot is (Omicron variant) in the vertical lines (blue
is Delta) and the 2 edges of the bars (upper and lower lips) 91 days out for Omicron (3
months). Both Pfizer and Moderna show negative efficacy for Omicron at 31 days (both
are below the ‘line of no effect’ or ‘0’). The comparative table is even more devastating for
it shows how much less vaccine effectiveness there is for Omicron. For example, at 1-30
days, Pfizer showed 55.2% effectiveness for Omicron versus 86.7% for Delta, and for the
same period, Moderna showed 36.7% effectiveness for Omicron versus 88.2% for Delta.

UK reporting showed that boosters protect against symptomatic COVID-19 caused by

39) UK Health Security Omicron for about 10 weeks; the UK Health Security Agency reported protection against
Agency symptomatic COVID-19 caused by the variant dropped from 70% to 45% following a Pfizer
booster for those initially vaccinated with the shot developed by Pfizer with BioNTech.
Specifically reporting by the UK Health Security Agency showed “Among those who
 received an AstraZeneca primary course, vaccine effectiveness was around 60% 2 to 4
weeks after either a Pfizer or Moderna booster, then dropped to 35% with a Pfizer booster
and 45% with a Moderna booster by 10 weeks after the booster. Among those who
received a Pfizer primary course, vaccine effectiveness was around 70% after a Pfizer
booster, dropping to 45% after 10-plus weeks and stayed around 70 to 75% after a
Moderna booster up to 9 weeks after booster.”

Buchan et al. used a test-negative design to assess vaccine effectiveness against OMICRON
or DELTA variants (regardless of symptoms or severity) during November 22 and
December 19, 2021. They included persons who had received at least 2 COVID-19 vaccine
doses (with at least 1 mRNA vaccine dose for the primary series) and applied multivariable
logistic regression modelling analysis to “estimate the effectiveness of two or three doses
by time since the latest dose.” They included 3,442 Omicron-positive cases, 9,201 Delta-
40) Buchan et al. positive cases, and 471,545 test-negative controls. Following 2 doses, “vaccine
effectiveness against Delta infection declined steadily over time but recovered to 93%
(95%CI, 92-94%) ≥7 days after receiving an mRNA vaccine for the third dose. In contrast,
receipt of 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccines was not protective against Omicron. Vaccine
effectiveness against Omicron was 37% (95%CI, 19-50%) ≥7 days after receiving an mRNA
vaccine for the third dose.”

Public Health Scotland COVID-19 & Winter Statistical Report ( Publication date: 19 January
2022) provided startling data on page 38 (case rates), page 44 (hospitalization), and page
50 (deaths), showing that the vaccination has failed Delta but critically, is failing omicron.
The 2nd inoculation data is of particular concern. Table 14 age-standardized case data is
very troubling for it shows across the multiple weeks of study that across each dose (1 vs 2
41) Public Health Scotland vs 3 booster inoculations) that the vaccinated are greatly more infected than the
COVID-19 & Winter Statistical unvaccinated, with the 2nd dose being alarmingly elevated (see grey rows). Age-
standardized rates of acute hospital admissions are stunningly elevated after
Report 2nd inoculation (over the unvaccinated) during January 2022. Looking at table 16 that
reports on the number of confirmed COVID-19 related deaths by vaccination status, we
again observe massive elevation in death at the 2ndinoculation. This data indicates to us
that the vaccine is associated with infection and is not optimally working against omicron
and that the protection is limited, waning rapidly.

The UK’s COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report Week 3, 20 January 2022, raises very
serious concern as to the failure of the vaccines on Delta (which is basically now being
replaced by omicron for dominance) and omicron. When we look at table 9, page 34
42) The UK’s COVID-19 (COVID-19 cases by vaccination status between week 51 2021 and week 2 2022), we see
greater case numbers for the 2nd and 3rd inoculations. The important table on page 38,
vaccine surveillance report Figure 12 (unadjusted rates of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization and death in vaccinated
Week 3, 20 January 2022 and unvaccinated populations) shows us a continual pattern in the UK data over the last 2
to 3 to 4 months, with the present reporting showing that persons in receipt of the
3rd inoculation (booster) at far greater risk of infection/cases than the unvaccinated (30
years of age and above age strata).

In the recent UK Public Health surveillance reports Week 9, Week 8, as well as week 7 (UK
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report Week 7 17 February 2022), week 6 (COVID-19
vaccine surveillance report Week 6 10 February 2022) and week 5 for 2022 (COVID-19
vaccine surveillance report Week 5 3 February 2022) as well as the reports accumulated
43) UK Public Health
for 2021 since vaccine roll-out, we see that the vaccinated are at higher risk of infection
surveillance reports and especially for age groups above 18 years old, as well as hospitalization and even death.
This is particularly marked for those in receipt of double vaccinations. There is increased
risk of death for those who are triple vaccinated and especially as age increases. The same
pattern emerges in the Scottish data.

Regev-Yochay et al. in Israel looked at (publication date March 16th 2022) the
immunogenicity and safety of a fourth dose (4th) of either BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) or
mRNA-1273 (Moderna) administered 4 months after the third dose in a series of three
44.) Regev-Yochay et al. BNT162b2 doses). This was an open-label, nonrandomized clinical study assessing the
4th dose in terms of need beyond the 3rd dose. Among the ‘1050 eligible health care
workers enrolled in the Sheba HCW COVID-19 Cohort, 154 received the fourth dose of
BNT162b2 and, 1 week later, 120 received mRNA-1273. For each participant, two age-
matched controls were selected from the remaining eligible participants’.
 Researchers further reported that ‘overall, 25.0% of the participants in the control group
were infected with the omicron variant, as compared with 18.3% of the participants in the
BNT162b2 group and 20.7% of those in the mRNA-1273 group. Vaccine efficacy against
any SARS-CoV-2 infection was 30% (95% confidence interval [CI], −9 to 55) for BNT162b2
and 11% (95% CI, −43 to 44) for mRNA-1273…most of the infected participants were
potentially infectious, with relatively high viral loads (nucleocapsid gene cycle threshold,
≤25)’. Results suggest that maximal immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines is achieved after
three doses. More specifically, researchers ‘observed low vaccine efficacy against
infections in health care workers, as well as relatively high viral loads suggesting that those
who were infected were infectious. Thus, a fourth vaccination of healthy young health care
workers may have only marginal benefits’.

Andrews et al. used a test-negative case-control design to estimate vaccine effectiveness

against symptomatic disease caused by the omicron and delta (B.1.617.2) variants in
England. “Vaccine effectiveness was calculated after primary immunization with two doses
of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca), or mRNA-1273
(Moderna) vaccine and after a booster dose of BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, or mRNA-
45.) Andrews et al. 1273.” The results showed that immunization with two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or
BNT162b2 vaccine gave very limited protection against symptomatic disease caused by the
omicron variant. “A BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 booster after either the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19
or BNT162b2 primary course substantially increased protection, but that protection waned
over time.”

Hoffmann et al. published in journal CELL that the OMICRON spike protein (antigen)
eluded neutralization by antibodies from “convalescent patients or individuals vaccinated
with the BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine (BNT162b2) with 12- to 44-fold higher efficiency than the
spike of the Delta variant. Neutralization of the Omicron spike by antibodies induced upon
heterologous ChAdOx1 (Astra Zeneca-Oxford)/BNT162b2 vaccination or vaccination with
46) Hoffmann et al. three doses of BNT162b2 was more efficient, but the Omicron spike still evaded
neutralization more efficiently than the Delta spike.” Overall, the results showed that the
majority of therapeutic antibodies will be ineffective against the Omicron variant and
alarmingly, that double inoculation with BNT162b2 (Pfizer) might not “adequately protect
against severe disease induced by this variant.”

Bar-on et al. published in NEJM under the title: Protection by a Fourth Dose of BNT162b2
against Omicron in Israel. They assessed the Israeli Ministry of Health database and culled
data on 1,252,331 persons who were 60 years of age or older and eligible for the fourth
dose during a period in which the B.1.1.529 (omicron) variant of SARS-CoV-2 was
predominant (January 10 through March 2, 2022). The analysis focused on the rate of
confirmed infection and severe Covid-19 as a function of time beginning at 8 days post
receipt of a fourth dose (four-dose groups) as compared with that among persons who
had received only three doses (three-dose group) and among persons who had received a
fourth dose 3 to 7 days earlier (internal control group). They employed a quasi-Poisson
regression modelling and with adjustment for confounders, reportedly adjusted for age,
sex, demographic group, and calendar day.

The key findings underscoring the failure of the 4th dose, is as follows: “Comparing the rate
ratio over time since the fourth dose (Figure 2) suggests that the protection against
47) Bar-on et al. confirmed infection with the omicron variant reaches a maximum in the fourth week after
vaccination, after which the rate ratio decreases to approximately 1.1 by the eighth week;
these findings suggest that protection against confirmed infection wanes quickly…The
adjusted rate of infection in the eighth week after the fourth dose was very similar to
those in the control groups; the rate ratio for the three-dose group as compared with the
four-dose group was 1.1 (95% CI, 1.0 to 1.2), and the rate ratio for the internal control
group as compared with the four-dose group was only 1.0 (95% CI, 0.9 to 1.1).” These
findings indicate no difference.

We also have concerns with the methodology as it is clear they could not or did not control
for pressing confounding (distorting) variables that could impact the findings. This could
lead often to overestimation (or underestimation) of treatment effect. For example, did
they control for prior infection, did they control for early treatment drug use, did they
adjust for behavioral differences in the 4th dose group, or pre-existing conditions, or
differential treatment etc. The researchers did account for some biases e.g. “These
 potential biases include the “healthy vaccinee” bias, in which people who feel ill tend not
to get vaccinated in the following days, which leads to a lower number of confirmed
infections and severe disease in the four-dose group during the first days after vaccination.
Moreover, one would expect that detection bias due to behavioral changes, such as the
tendency to perform fewer tests after vaccination, is more pronounced shortly after
receipt of the dose.”

Researchers evaluated the effectiveness and durability of two and three doses of the
48) Durability of BNT162b2 BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) mRNA vaccine against hospital and emergency department
vaccine against hospital and admissions due to the delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron variants; a case–control study with a
test-negative design, analyzing electronic health records of members of Kaiser Permanente
emergency department Southern California (KPSC), a large integrated health system in California, USA, from Dec 1,
admissions due to the 2021, to Feb 6, 2022; “analyses were done for 11 123 hospital or emergency department
omicron and delta variants in admissions. In adjusted analyses, effectiveness of two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine
against the omicron variant was 41% (95% CI 21–55) against hospital admission and 31%
a large health system in the (16–43) against emergency department admission at 9 months or longer after the second
USA: a test-negative case– dose”; researchers also reported that “3 months after receipt of a third dose, waning was
control study, Tartof, 2022. apparent against SARS-CoV-2 outcomes due to the omicron variant, including hospital
admission.”

“Effect of mRNA Vaccine Boosters against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection in Qatar”; as we

see, the vaccine has failed, VE is <50% (the needed threshold) and ‘0’ deaths; “Two
matched retrospective cohort studies to assess the effectiveness of booster vaccination, as
compared with that of a two-dose primary series alone, against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2
infection and Covid-19–related hospitalization and death during a large wave of omicron
infections from December 19, 2021, through January 26, 2022. The association of booster
status with infection was estimated with the use of Cox proportional-hazards regression
models.” As we see, the vaccine has failed, VE is <50% (the needed threshold) and ‘0’
deaths.

The key findings are as follows to show that the vaccines do not hit the 50% threshold for
effectiveness:

Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Booster against Omicron Variant

“The estimated effectiveness of the BNT162b2 booster (Pfizer) against symptomatic
omicron infection, as compared with that of the two-dose primary series, was 49.4% (95%
CI, 47.1 to 51.6).”
49) Laith J. Abu-Raddad et
al. (May, 2022): Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 Booster against Omicron Variant
“The estimated effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 booster (Moderna), as compared with
that of the two-dose primary series, was 47.3% (95% CI, 40.7 to 53.3).”

Additional Analyses
“For the BNT162b2 vaccine analysis, with the start of follow-up on the 15th day after the
booster vaccination, the estimated effectiveness of the booster against symptomatic
omicron infection, as compared with that of the two-dose primary series, was 49.9% (95%
CI, 47.6 to 52.2) (Fig. S2 and Table S4). The corresponding estimated effectiveness of the
mRNA-1273 vaccine was 52.0% (95% CI, 45.1 to 57.9). Both effectiveness estimates were
similar to those in the main analysis.

The estimated effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine booster against symptomatic

omicron infection, as compared with that of the two-dose primary series, was 38.0% (95%
CI, 28.8 to 46.0) in persons who received the booster 8 months or less after the second
dose and 50.5% (95% CI, 48.2 to 52.8) in those who received it more than 8 months after
the second dose. The corresponding estimates of the effectiveness of mRNA-1273 vaccine
were 41.5% (95% CI, 32.3 to 49.5) and 56.8% (95% CI, 47.0 to 64.8).”

Fleming-Dutra et al. examined the association of Prior BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccination

With Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children and Adolescents During Omicron
Predominance. They used a test-negative, case-control study conducted from December
50) Fleming-Dutra et al. 2021 to February 2022 during Omicron variant predominance that included 121 952 tests
from sites across the US, estimated vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection
for children 5 to 11 years of age was 60.1% 2 to 4 weeks after dose 2 and 28.9% during
month 2 after dose 2. Among adolescents 12 to 15 years of age, estimated vaccine
 effectiveness was 59.5% 2 to 4 weeks after dose 2 and 16.6% during month 2 (see Figure
2). They concluded that “among children and adolescents, estimated vaccine effectiveness
for 2 doses of BNT162b2 against symptomatic infection decreased rapidly”. We see VE
dropping below 0 at approximately 4.5 months.

Lassaunière et al: “Neutralizing Antibodies Against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant (BA.1)
1 to 18 Weeks After the Second and Third Doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine”; “Our
study found a rapid decline in Omicron-specific serum neutralizing antibody titers only a
few weeks after the second and third doses of BNT162b2….the observed decrease in
population neutralizing antibody titers corresponds to the decrease in vaccine efficacy
51) Lassaunière et al: against polymerase chain reaction–confirmed Omicron infection in Denmark and
symptomatic Omicron infection in the United Kingdom…Taken together, vaccine-induced
protective antibody responses following a second and third dose of BNT162b2 are
transient and additional booster doses may be necessary, particularly in older people;
however, conserved T-cell immunity and non-neutralizing antibodies may still provide
protection against hospitalization and death.”

“The number of cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection per 100,000 person-days at risk (adjusted
rate) increased with the time that had elapsed since vaccination with BNT162b2 or since
previous infection. Among unvaccinated persons who had recovered from infection, this
rate increased from 10.5 among those who had been infected 4 to less than 6 months
previously to 30.2 among those who had been infected 1 year or more previously. Among
persons who had received a single dose of vaccine after previous infection, the adjusted
rate was low (3.7) among those who had been vaccinated less than 2 months previously
but increased to 11.6 among those who had been vaccinated at least 6 months previously.
52) Protection and Waning of Among previously uninfected persons who had received two doses of vaccine, the
adjusted rate increased from 21.1 among those who had been vaccinated less than 2
Natural and Hybrid Immunity months previously to 88.9 among those who had been vaccinated at least 6 months
to SARS-CoV-2 previously.

Among persons who had been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 (regardless of whether
they had received any dose of vaccine or whether they had received one dose before or
after infection), protection against reinfection decreased as the time increased since the
last immunity-conferring event; however, this protection was higher than that conferred
after the same time had elapsed since receipt of a second dose of vaccine among
previously uninfected persons. A single dose of vaccine after infection reinforced
protection against reinfection.”

53) CDC and waning 2-Dose

and 3-Dose Effectiveness of
“During the Omicron-predominant period, VE against COVID-19–associated ED/UC
mRNA Vaccines Against encounters was lower overall compared with that during the Delta-predominant period
COVID-19–Associated and waned after the second dose, from 69% within 2 months of vaccination to 37% at ≥5
Emergency Department and months after vaccination (p<0.001). Protection increased after a third dose, with VE of
87% among those vaccinated within the past 2 months; however, VE after 3 doses
Urgent Care Encounters and declined to 66% among those vaccinated 4–5 months earlier and 31% among those
Hospitalizations Among vaccinated ≥5 months earlier”…in a multistate analysis of 241,204 ED/UC encounters and
Adults During Periods of Delta 93,408 hospitalizations among adults with COVID-19–like illness during August 26, 2021–
January 22, 2022, estimates of VE against laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were lower
and Omicron Variant during the Omicron-predominant than during the Delta-predominant period, after
Predominance — VISION accounting for both number of vaccine doses received and time since vaccination. During
Network, 10 States, August both periods, VE after receipt of a third dose was always higher than VE following a second
dose; however, VE waned with increasing time since vaccination.”
2021–January 2022,
Ferdinands, 2022:

“There was an increased risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes 10 weeks after completing the
54) Severe COVID-19 primary doses of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (≥20 weeks vs 3–9 weeks; aRR 4·55 [95%
outcomes after full CI 4·16–4·99]). Individuals with a greater number of comorbidities (≥5
vaccination of primary comorbidities vs none; 7·98 [7·73–8·24], who were older (aged ≥80 years vs 18–49 years;
8·12 [7·89–8·35]), who had a higher BMI (≥40 vs 18·5–24·9; 1·75 [1·69–1·82]), or who were
schedule and initial boosters:
male (male vs female; 1·19 [1·17–1·21]) were also associated with increased risk of severe
pooled analysis of national COVID-19 outcomes.”
prospective cohort studies of
This UK-wide population-based investigation of over 16 million in England, Northern
30 million individuals in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales has found that, after the first vaccine booster, older people,
England, Northern Ireland, those with high multimorbidity, and those with certain underlying health conditions
Scotland, and Wales, Agrawal remain at highest risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization and death. These findings are
very problematic for the vaccine advocates. The COVID gene injection vaccine has failed, is
et al., October, 2022 non-sterilizing, non-neutralizing, does not protect the upper airways (does not prevent
infection or transmission) and does not effectively or properly protect the lower lungs
from severe disease.

“For Doses 1 and 2 of ChAdOx1 and Dose 1 of BNT162b2, VE/rVE reached zero by
approximately Days 60-80 and then went negative. By Day 70, VE/rVE was -25% (95% CI: -
80 to 14) and 10% (95% CI: -32 to 39) for Doses 1 and 2 of ChAdOx1, respectively, and 42%
(95% CI: 9 to 64) and 53% (95% CI: 26 to 70) for Doses 1 and 2 of BNT162b2, respectively.
rVE for Dose 2 of BNT162b2 remained above zero throughout and reached 46% (95% CI:
55) Waning of first- and 13 to 67) after 98 days of follow-up.
second-dose ChAdOx1 and
Found strong evidence of waning in VE/rVE for Doses 1 and 2 of ChAdOx1, as well as Dose
BNT162b2 COVID-19 1 of BNT162b2.”
vaccinations: a pooled target
trial study of 12.9 million These finding are not unknown to public health authorities. In fact, CDC Director Rochelle
Walensky has said that the Covid vaccines are working “exceptionally well” against severe
individuals in England, illness and death, but “what they can’t do anymore is prevent transmission.”
Northern Ireland, Scotland What these studies show, are that vaccines are important to reduce severe disease and
and Wales, Kerr, 2022 death, but unable to prevent the disease from spreading and eventually infect most of us.
That is, while the vaccines provide individual benefits to the vaccinee, and especially to
older high-risk people, the public benefit of universal vaccination is in grave doubt. As
such, Covid vaccines should not be expected to contribute to eliminating the communal
spread of the virus or the reaching of herd immunity. This unravels the rationale for
vaccine mandates and passports.

“Among the participants who had not had previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, 6113 were
included in the analysis of humoral response and 11,176 in the analysis of vaccine
effectiveness (Fig. S1 and Tables S2 and S3). Antibody response peaked at approximately 4
weeks, waned to levels seen before the fourth dose by 13 weeks, and stabilized thereafter.
Throughout the 6-month follow-up period, the adjusted weekly levels of IgG and
neutralizing antibodies were similar after receipt of the third and fourth doses and were
markedly higher than the levels seen after receipt of the second dose (Figure 1A and
1B and Table S4).
56.) Six-Month Follow-up
The cumulative incidence curve is shown in Figure S2, and vaccine effectiveness is shown
after a Fourth BNT162b2 in Figure 1C. Receipt of the fourth BNT162b2 vaccine dose conferred more protection
Vaccine Dose, Canetti against SARS-CoV-2 infection than that afforded by the receipt of three vaccine doses (with
& Regev-Yochay, 2022 receipt of the third dose having occurred at least 4 months earlier) (overall vaccine
effectiveness, 41%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 35 to 47). Time-specific vaccine
effectiveness (which, in our analysis, compared infection rates among participants who
had not yet been infected since vaccination) waned with time, decreasing from 52% (95%
CI, 45 to 58) during the first 5 weeks after vaccination to −2% (95% CI, −27 to 17) at 15 to
26 weeks.”

“The 2- dose VE against omicron infection at 14-90 days was 44.0% (95% CI, 35.1–51.6%)
but declined quickly. The 3-dose VE was 93.7% (92.2–94.9%) and 86.0% (78.1–91.1%)
57) Effectiveness of mRNA- against delta infection and 71.6% (69.7–73.4%) and 47.4% (40.5–53.5%) against omicron
infection at 14-60 days and >60 days, respectively. The 3-dose VE was 29.4% (0.3–50.0%)
1273 against SARS-CoV-2
against omicron infection in immunocompromised individuals. The 3-dose VE against
omicron and delta variants, hospitalization with delta or omicron was >99%. Our findings demonstrate high, durable 3-
Tseng, 2022 dose VE against delta infection but lower effectiveness against omicron infection,
particularly among immunocompromised people. However, 3- dose VE was high against
hospitalization with delta or omicron.”
 “11 536 PCR-positive persons were included. The mean (SD) age was 34 (19) years
58) Rate of SARS-CoV-2 (median, 31 years; range, 0-102 years), 5888 (51%) were male, 2942 (25.5%) had received
at least 1 dose of vaccine, and the mean (SD) time from initial infection was 287 (191) days
Reinfection During an
(median, 227 days; range, 60-642 days); The probability of reinfection increased with time
Omicron Wave in Iceland, from the initial infection (odds ratio of 18 months vs 3 months, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.18-2.08)
Eythorsson, 2022 (Figure) and was higher among persons who had received 2 or more doses compared with
1 dose or less of vaccine (odds ratio, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.13-1.78)”

59) Effectiveness of mRNA-

1273 against infection and
“While 3-dose VE against BA.1 infection was high and waned slowly, VE against BA.2,
COVID-19 hospitalization with BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5 infection was initially moderate to high (61.0%-90.6% 14-30 days
SARSCoV-2 Omicron post third dose) and waned rapidly. The 4-dose VE against infection with BA.2, BA.2.12.1,
and BA.4 ranged between 64.3%-75.7%, and was low (30.8%) against BA.5 14-30 days post
subvariants: BA.1, BA.2,
fourth dose, disappearing beyond 90 days for all subvariants.”
BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5,
Tseng, 2022

60) Effectiveness of COVID-19

“Two vaccine doses showed long-lasting good protection against infection before Omicron
Vaccines Over 13 Months (VE were above 85% for all time intervals), but less protection against Omicron infection
Covering the Period of the (dropped to 43% by week four and no protection by week 14). Similarly, VE against
Emergence of the Omicron hospitalization was high and stable before Omicron, but showed clear waning during the
Omicron period, although VE estimates were substantially higher (above 80% to week 25,
Variant in the Swedish dropping to 40% by week 40) than against infection.”
Population, Yu, 2022

“Booster effectiveness relative to primary series was 41.1% (95% CI: 40.0-42.1%) against
infection and 80.5% (95% CI: 55.7-91.4%) against severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19, over
one-year follow-up after the booster. Among persons clinically vulnerable to severe
COVID-19, effectiveness was 49.7% (95% CI: 47.8-51.6%) against infection and 84.2% (95%
61) Long-term COVID-19
CI: 58.8-93.9%) against severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19. Effectiveness against infection
booster effectiveness by was highest at 57.1% (95% CI: 55.9-58.3%) in the first month after the booster but waned
infection history and clinical thereafter and was modest at only 14.4% (95% CI: 7.3-20.9%) by the sixth month. In the
seventh month and thereafter, coincident with BA.4/BA.5 and BA.2.75* subvariant
vulnerability and immune
incidence, effectiveness was progressively negative reaching -20.3% (95% CI: -55.0-29.0%)
imprinting, Chemaitelly, 2022 after one year of follow-up. Similar levels and patterns of protection were observed
irrespective of prior infection status, clinical vulnerability, or type of vaccine (BNT162b2
versus mRNA-1273).”

“BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB, and XBB.1 are the most resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants to date;
Serum neutralization was markedly reduced, including with the bivalent booster;
All clinical monoclonal antibodies were rendered inactive against these variants;
The ACE2 affinity of these variants were similar to their parental strains;

The BQ and XBB subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron are now rapidly expanding, possibly
due to altered antibody evasion properties deriving from their additional spike mutations.
62) Alarming antibody Here, we report that neutralization of BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB, and XBB.1 by sera from vaccinees
evasion properties of rising and infected persons was markedly impaired, including sera from individuals boosted with
SARS-CoV-2 BQ and XBB a WA1/BA.5 bivalent mRNA vaccine. Titers against BQ and XBB subvariants were lower by
13-81-fold and 66-155-fold, respectively, far beyond what had been observed to date.
subvariants, Wang, 2022 Monoclonal antibodies capable of neutralizing the original Omicron variant were largely
inactive against these new subvariants, and the responsible individual spike mutations
were identified. These subvariants were found to have similar ACE2-binding affinities as
their predecessors. Together, our findings indicate that BQ and XBB subvariants present
serious threats to current COVID-19 vaccines, render inactive all authorized antibodies,
and may have gained dominance in the population because of their advantage in evading
antibodies.”

“The newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages, including the BA.2-derived

63) Low neutralization of
BA.2.75.2 and the BA.5-derived BQ.1.1 and XBB.1, have accumulated additional spike
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron mutations that may affect vaccine effectiveness. Here we report neutralizing activities of
BA.2.75.2, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1 three human serum panels collected from individuals 23–94 days after dose 4 of a parental
mRNA vaccine, 14–32 days after a BA.5-bivalent-booster from individuals with 2–4
by parental mRNA vaccine or previous doses of parental mRNA vaccine, or 15–32 days after a BA.5-bivalent-booster
a BA.5-bivalent booster, from individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and 2–4 doses of parental mRNA
Kurhade, 2022 vaccine. The results showed that a BA.5-bivalent-booster elicited a high neutralizing titer
against BA.4/5 measured at 14- to 32-day post-boost; however, the BA.5-bivalent-booster
did not produce robust neutralization against the newly emerged BA.2.75.2, BQ.1.1, or
XBB.1. Previous infection significantly enhanced the magnitude and breadth of BA.5-
bivalent-booster-elicited neutralization. Our data support a vaccine update strategy that
future boosters should match newly emerged circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.”

“A retrospective cohort study conducted at the Cleveland Clinic Health System (CCHS) in
the United States.
Researchers included employees on the very day that the bivalent COVID-19 vaccine was
first available.
‘Protection provided by vaccination (analyzed as a time-dependent covariate) was
evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression.’
Findings focused on 51,011 employees of which 20,689 (41%) had a prior documented
COVID-19 infection (episode), and whereby 42,064 (83%) received at least two doses of
64) Effectiveness of the the vaccine.
‘The majority of infections in Ohio were caused by the BA.4 or BA.5 lineages of the
Coronavirus Disease 2019
Omicron variant during the first 10 weeks of the study, based on SARS-CoV-2 variant
(COVID-19) Bivalent Vaccine, monitoring data available from the Ohio Department of Health. By December, the BQ.1,
Shrestha, 2022 BQ.1.1, and BF.7 lineages accounted for a substantial proportion of the infections.’
‘By the end of the study, 10804 (21%) were bivalent vaccine boosted. The bivalent vaccine
was the Pfizer vaccine in 9595 (89%) and the Moderna vaccine in the remaining 1178.
Altogether, 2452 employees (5%) acquired COVID-19 during the 13 weeks of the study.’
‘The calculated overall vaccine effectiveness from the model was 30% (95% C.I., 20% –
39%)…when the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 lineages were the predominant circulating strains.’
‘The multivariable analyses also found that, the more recent the last prior COVID-19
episode was the lower the risk of COVID-19, and that the greater the number of vaccine
doses previously received the higher the risk of COVID-19.”

65) Effectiveness of second

booster compared to first
booster and protection “We included symptomatic ≥60 years old individuals tested for SARSCoV-2 in March 21-
October 30, 2022. Compared to a 181-210 days old first booster, a second booster
conferred by previous SARS
restored protection with an effectiveness of 39% [95%CI: 38% – 41%], 7-30 days
CoV-2 infection against postvaccination This gain in protection was lower than the one observed with the first
symptomatic Omicron BA.2 booster, at equal time points since vaccination.”
and BA.4/5 in France,
Tamandjou, 2023

i) Our findings demonstrate potential risks with the continuous use of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
boosters, providing immediate implications for the global COVID-19 vaccination
enhancement strategies.

ii) Whether such re-establishment of vaccine-induced immune response could be repeated

by continued application of boosters is being questioned, yet largely unknown at present.
66) Extended SARS-CoV-2 Here, we compared the effects of repeated RBD vaccine boosters with a conventional
RBD booster vaccination immunization course to those with an extended vaccination strategy, in a Balb/c mice
model.
induces humoral and cellular
immune tolerance in mice, iii) We found that the protective effects from the humoral immunity and cellular immunity
Gao, 2023 established by the conventional immunization were both profoundly impaired during the
extended vaccination course. Specifically, extended vaccination not only fully impaired the
amount and the neutralizing efficacy of serum RBD-specific antibodies, but also shortened
the long-term humoral memory.

iv) This is associated with immune tolerance in germinal center response, along with
decreased numbers of spleen germinal center B and Tfh cells. Moreover, we demonstrated
that extended immunization reduced the functional responses of CD4+ and CD8+T cells,
 restrained the population of memory T cells, and up-regulated the expression of PD-1 and
LAG-3 in Te sub-type cells.

v) An increased percentile of Treg cells was also observed, accompanied by significant

elevation of IL-10 production. Together, we provided crucial evidence that repetitive
administration of RBD booster vaccines may negatively impact the immune response
established by a conventional vaccination course and promote adaptive immune
tolerance.’

vi) Continued vaccination promoted the formation of a prominent adaptive immune

tolerance and profoundly impaired the established immune response with the
conventional course, evidenced by significant reductions in antigen specific antibody and T
cell response, a loss of immune memory and form of immunosuppression micro-
environment.

“Qatar researchers investigated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron symptomatic BA.1 infection,

symptomatic BA.2 infection, BA.1 hospitalization and death, and BA.2 hospitalization and
death, between December 23, 2021 and February 21, 2022. The researchers conducted 6
67) Effect of prior infection, national, matched, test-negative case-control studies were conducted to examine
vaccination, and hybrid effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine, mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine,
immunity against natural immunity due to prior infection with pre-Omicron variants, and hybrid immunity
from prior infection and vaccination. They found that “Effectiveness of only prior infection
symptomatic BA.1 and BA.2 against symptomatic BA.2 infection was 46.1% (95% CI: 39.5-51.9%). Effectiveness of only
Omicron infections and two-dose BNT162b2 vaccination was negligible at -1.1% (95% CI: -7.1-4.6), but nearly all
severe COVID-19 in Qatar, individuals had received their second dose several months earlier. Effectiveness of only
three-dose BNT162b2 vaccination was 52.2% (95% CI: 48.1-55.9%). Effectiveness of hybrid
Altarawneh, March 2022 immunity of prior infection and two-dose BNT162b2 vaccination was 55.1% (95% CI: 50.9-
58.9%).” The key finding was “There are no discernable differences in the effects of prior
infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity against BA.1 versus BA.2.”

68) Effectiveness of a fourth

dose of mRNA COVID-19 “From 7 days after baseline and onwards, there were 1119 deaths in the LTCF cohort
vaccine against all-cause during a median follow-up of 77 days and a maximum follow-up of 126 days. During days 7
to 60, the VE of the fourth dose was 39% (95% CI, 29-48), which declined to 27% (95% CI, -
mortality in long-term care
2-48) during days 61 to 126. In the cohort of all individuals aged ≥80 years, there were
facility residents and in the 5753 deaths during a median follow-up of 73 days and a maximum follow-up of 143 days.
oldest old: A nationwide, During days 7 to 60, the VE of the fourth dose was 71% (95% CI, 69-72), which declined to
retrospective cohort study in 54% (95% CI, 48-60) during days 61 to 143.”

Sweden, Nordström, 2022

“For the outcome SARS-CoV-2 infection of any severity, the vaccine effectiveness of
BNT162b2 waned progressively over time, from 92% (95% CI 92 to 93; p<0·001) at 15-30
days, to 47% (39 to 55; p<0·001) at 121-180 days, and to 23% (-2 to 41; p=0·07) from day
69) Risk of infection, 211 onwards. Waning was slightly slower for mRNA-1273, with a vaccine effectiveness of
hospitalisation, and death up 96% (94 to 97; p<0·001) at 15-30 days and 59% (18 to 79; p=0·012) from day 181 onwards.
to 9 months after a second Waning was also slightly slower for heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 plus an mRNA vaccine,
for which vaccine effectiveness was 89% (79 to 94; p<0·001) at 15-30 days and 66% (41 to
dose of COVID-19 vaccine: a 80; p<0·001) from day 121 onwards. By contrast, vaccine effectiveness for homologous
retrospective, total ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine was 68% (52 to 79; p<0·001) at 15-30 days, with no detectable
population cohort study in effectiveness from day 121 onwards (-19% [-98 to 28]; p=0·49). For the outcome of severe
COVID-19, vaccine effectiveness waned from 89% (82 to 93; p<0·001) at 15-30 days to 64%
Sweden, Nordström, 2022 (44 to 77; p<0·001) from day 121 onwards. Overall, there was some evidence for lower
vaccine effectiveness in men than in women and in older individuals than in younger
individuals.”

“Used the FRNT in a VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cell line1 to compare the neutralizing activity in
70) Neutralization against serum samples obtained from participants in three cohorts: the first cohort comprised 12
BA.2.75.2, BQ.1.1, and XBB participants 7 to 28 days after one monovalent booster; the second, 11 participants 6 to
from mRNA Bivalent Booster, 57 days after a second monovalent booster; and the third, 12 participants 16 to 42 days
after a bivalent booster.
Davis-Gardner, 2023
In all three cohorts, neutralization activity was lower against all omicron subvariants than
 against the WA1/2020 strain; neutralizing activity was lowest against the XBB subvariant
(Figure 1 and Fig. S2). In the cohort that received one monovalent booster, the
FRNT50 GMTs were 857 against WA1/2020, 60 against BA.1, 50 against BA.5, 23 against
BA.2.75.2, 19 against BQ.1.1, and below the limit of detection against XBB. In the cohort
that received two monovalent boosters, the FRNT50 GMTs were 2352 against WA1/2020,
408 against BA.1, 250 against BA.5, 98 against BA.2.75.2, 73 against BQ.1.1, and 37 against
XBB. The results in both of these cohorts correspond with neutralization titers against BA.1
and BA.5 that were 5 to 9 times as low as that against WA1/2020 and neutralization titers
against BA.2.75.2, BQ.1.1, and XBB that were 23 to 63 times as low as that against
WA1/2020.”

“Six months after the initial two BNT162b2 immunizations, the median neutralizing antibody
pseudovirus titer was 124 against WA1/2020 but less than 20 against all the tested omicron
71) Neutralization Escape by subvariants. Two weeks after administration of the booster dose, the median neutralizing
antibody titer increased substantially, to 5783 against the WA1/2020 isolate, 900 against the
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron
BA.1 subvariant, 829 against the BA.2 subvariant, 410 against the BA.2.12.1 subvariant, and
Subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4, 275 against the BA.4 or BA.5 subvariant. Among the participants with a history of Covid-19,
and BA.5, Hachmann, 2022 the median neutralizing antibody titer was 11,050 against the WA1/2020 isolate, 1740
against the BA.1 subvariant, 1910 against the BA.2 subvariant, 1150 against the BA.2.12.1
subvariant, and 590 against the BA.4 or BA.5 subvariant.”
 MORE THAN 160
Study/reports that evidences
natural immunity versus
COVID-19 vaccine induced
immunity
1) Necessity of COVID-19 vaccination in previously infected individuals, Shrestha, 2021

2) SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls, Le
Bert, 2020

3) Comparing SARS-CoV-2 natural immunity to vaccine-induced immunity: reinfections versus

breakthrough infections,Gazit, 2021

4) Highly functional virus-specific cellular immune response in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection,

Le Bert, 2021

5) Large-scale study of antibody titer decay following BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine or SARS-CoV-2
infection, Israel, 2021

6) SARS-CoV-2 re-infection risk in Austria, Pilz, 2021

7) mRNA vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells recognize B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants but
differ in longevity and homing properties depending on prior infection status, Neidleman, 2021

8) Good news: Mild COVID-19 induces lasting antibody protection, Bhandari, 2021

9) Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months, Wajnberg, 2021

10) Evolution of Antibody Immunity to SARS-CoV-2, Gaebler, 2020

11) Persistence of neutralizing antibodies a year after SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, Haveri,
2021

12) Quantifying the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 reinfection over time, Murchu, 2021
13) Natural immunity to covid is powerful. Policymakers seem afraid to say so, Makary, 2021
The Western Journal-Makary

14) SARS-CoV-2 elicits robust adaptive immune responses regardless of disease severity, Nielsen,
2021

15) Protection of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection is similar to that of BNT162b2 vaccine protection:
A three-month nationwide experience from Israel, Goldberg, 2021

16) Incidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 infection among previously
infected or vaccinated employees, Kojima, 2021

17) Having SARS-CoV-2 once confers much greater immunity than a vaccine—but vaccination
remains vital, Wadman, 2021

18) One-year sustained cellular and humoral immunities of COVID-19 convalescents, Zhang, 2021

19) Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Memory Persists after Mild COVID-19, Rodda, 2021

20) Discrete Immune Response Signature to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Versus Infection,
Ivanova, 2021

21) SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans, Turner, 2021

22) SARS-CoV-2 infection rates of antibody-positive compared with antibody-negative health-care

workers in England: a large, multicentre, prospective cohort study (SIREN), Jane Hall, 2021

23) Pandemic peak SARS-CoV-2 infection and seroconversion rates in London frontline health-care
workers, Houlihan, 2020

24) Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are associated with protection against reinfection, Lumley, 2021

25) Longitudinal analysis shows durable and broad immune memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection
with persisting antibody responses and memory B and T cells, Cohen, 2021

26) Single cell profiling of T and B cell repertoires following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine,
Sureshchandra, 2021

27) SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positivity protects against reinfection for at least seven months with 95%
efficacy, Abu-Raddad, 2021

28) Orthogonal SARS-CoV-2 Serological Assays Enable Surveillance of Low-Prevalence Communities

and Reveal Durable Humoral Immunity, Ripperger, 2020

29) Anti-spike antibody response to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population, Wei,
2021
30) Researchers find long-lived immunity to 1918 pandemic virus, CIDRAP, 2008 and the actual
2008 NATURE journal publication by Yu

31) Live virus neutralisation testing in convalescent patients and subjects vaccinated against 19A,
20B, 20I/501Y.V1 and 20H/501Y.V2 isolates of SARS-CoV-2, Gonzalez, 2021

32) Differential effects of the second SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose on T cell immunity in naïve
and COVID-19 recovered individuals, Camara, 2021

33) Op-Ed: Quit Ignoring Natural COVID Immunity, Klausner, 2021

34) Association of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositive Antibody Test With Risk of Future Infection, Harvey,
2021

35) SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and subsequent infection risk in healthy young adults: a prospective
cohort study, Letizia, 2021

36) Associations of Vaccination and of Prior Infection With Positive PCR Test Results for SARS-CoV-
2 in Airline Passengers Arriving in Qatar, Bertollini, 2021

37) Natural immunity against COVID-19 significantly reduces the risk of reinfection: findings from a
cohort of sero-survey participants, Mishra, 2021

38) Lasting immunity found after recovery from COVID-19, NIH, 2021

39) SARS-CoV-2 Natural Antibody Response Persists for at Least 12 Months in a Nationwide Study
From the Faroe Islands, Petersen, 2021

40) SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory is sustained in COVID-19 convalescent patients for 10

months with successful development of stem cell-like memory T cells, Jung, 2021

41) Immune Memory in Mild COVID-19 Patients and Unexposed Donors Reveals Persistent T Cell
Responses After SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Ansari, 2021

42) COVID-19 natural immunity, WHO, 2021

43) Antibody Evolution after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination, Cho, 2021

44) Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland, Gudbjartsson, 2020

45) Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection, Dan, 2021

46) The prevalence of adaptive immunity to COVID-19 and reinfection after recovery – a
comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 011 447 individuals, Chivese, 2021

47) Reinfection Rates among Patients who Previously Tested Positive for COVID-19: a
Retrospective Cohort Study, Sheehan, 2021
48) Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection 1 Year After Primary Infection in a Population in
Lombardy, Italy, Vitale, 2020

49) Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with protection against symptomatic reinfection,
Hanrath, 2021

50) Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and
Unexposed Individuals, Grifoni, 2020

51) NIH Director’s Blog: Immune T Cells May Offer Lasting Protection Against COVID-19, Collins,
2021

52) Ultrapotent antibodies against diverse and highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants, Wang,
2021

53) Why COVID-19 Vaccines Should Not Be Required for All Americans, Makary, 2021

54) Protracted yet coordinated differentiation of long-lived SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells

during COVID-19 convalescence, Ma, 2021

55) Decrease in Measles Virus-Specific CD4 T Cell Memory in Vaccinated Subjects, Naniche, 2004

56) Remembrance of Things Past: Long-Term B Cell Memory After Infection and Vaccination, Palm,
2019

57) SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B-cells from individuals with diverse disease severities recognize
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, Lyski, 2021

58) Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 generates T-cell memory in the absence of a detectable viral infection,
Wang, 2021

59) CD8+ T-Cell Responses in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals Target Conserved Epitopes From
Multiple Prominent SARS-CoV-2 Circulating Variants, Redd, 2021and Lee, 2021

60) Exposure to common cold coronaviruses can teach the immune system to recognize SARS-
CoV-2,La Jolla, Crotty and Sette, 2020

61) Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans, Mateus, 2020

62) Longitudinal observation of antibody responses for 14 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection,
Dehgani-Mobaraki, 2021

63) Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19,
Juno, 2020

64) Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals, Robbiani, 2020

65) Rapid generation of durable B cell memory to SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins in
COVID-19 and convalescence, Hartley, 2020

66) Had COVID? You’ll probably make antibodies for a lifetime, Callaway, 2021

67) A majority of uninfected adults show preexisting antibody reactivity against SARS-CoV-2,
Majdoubi, 2021

68) SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19, Braun, 2020
Presence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in COVID-19 patients and healthy donors, Braun, 2020

69) Naturally enhanced neutralizing breadth against SARS-CoV-2 one year after infection, Wang,
2021

70) One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in
Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms, Rank, 2021

71) IDSA, 2021

72) Assessment of protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among 4 million PCR-tested
individuals in Denmark in 2020: a population-level observational study, Holm Hansen, 2021

73) Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with
Age and Disease Severity, Moderbacher, 2020

74) Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescent

Individuals, Ni, 2020

75) Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary

infection, Zuo, 2020

76) Negligible impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivity in COVID-19
exposed donors and vaccinees, Tarke, 2021

77) A 1 to 1000 SARS-CoV-2 reinfection proportion in members of a large healthcare provider in

Israel: a preliminary report, Perez, 2021

78) Persistence and decay of human antibody responses to the receptor binding domain of SARS-
CoV-2 spike protein in COVID-19 patients, Iyer, 2020

79) A population-based analysis of the longevity of SARS-CoV-2 antibody seropositivity in the

United States, Alfego, 2021

80) What are the roles of antibodies versus a durable, high- quality T-cell response in protective
immunity against SARS-CoV-2? Hellerstein, 2020
81) Broad and strong memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 in UK convalescent
COVID-19 patients, Peng, 2020

82) Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19,
Sekine, 2020

83) Potent SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cell Immunity and Low Anaphylatoxin Levels Correlate With Mild
Disease Progression in COVID-19 Patients, Lafron, 2021

84) SARS-CoV-2 T-cell epitopes define heterologous and COVID-19 induced T-cell recognition,
Nelde, 2020

85) Karl Friston: up to 80% not even susceptible to Covid-19, Sayers, 2020

86) CD8+ T cells specific for an immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid epitope cross-react
with selective seasonal coronaviruses, Lineburg, 2021

87) SARS-CoV-2 genome-wide mapping of CD8 T cell recognition reveals strong immunodominance
and substantial CD8 T cell activation in COVID-19 patients, Saini, 2020

88) Equivalency of Protection from Natural Immunity in COVID-19 Recovered Versus Fully
Vaccinated Persons: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis, Shenai, 2021

89) ChAdOx1nCoV-19 effectiveness during an unprecedented surge in SARS CoV-2 infections,

Satwik, 2021

90) SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells and antibodies in COVID-19 protection: a prospective study,
Molodtsov, 2021

91) Anti- SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain Antibody Evolution after mRNA Vaccination, Cho,
2021

92) Seven-month kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and role of pre-existing antibodies to human
coronaviruses, Ortega, 2021

93) Immunodominant T-cell epitopes from the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen reveal robust pre-existing
T-cell immunity in unexposed individuals, Mahajan, 2021

94) Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in

Coronavirus Disease 2019 Inpatients and Convalescent Patients, Wang, 2020

95) Not just antibodies: B cells and T cells mediate immunity to COVID-19, Cox, 2020

96) T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following natural infection and vaccination, DiPiazza, 2020

97) Durable SARS-CoV-2 B cell immunity after mild or severe disease, Ogega, 2021
98) Memory T cell responses targeting the SARS coronavirus persist up to 11 years post-infection.,
Ng, 2016

99) Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, Sette, 2021

100) Early induction of functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associates with rapid viral clearance
and mild disease in COVID-19 patients, Tan, 2021

101) SARS-CoV-2–specific CD8+ T cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 individuals, Kared, 2021

102) S Protein-Reactive IgG and Memory B Cell Production after Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Includes Broad Reactivity to the S2 Subunit, Nguyen-Contant, 2021

103) Persistence of Antibody and Cellular Immune Responses in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients
Over Nine Months After Infection, Yao, 2021

104) Naturally Acquired SARS-CoV-2 Immunity Persists for Up to 11 Months Following Infection, De
Giorgi, 2021

105) Decreasing Seroprevalence of Measles Antibodies after Vaccination – Possible Gap in Measles
Protection in Adults in the Czech Republic, Smetana, 2017

106) Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009
pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection, Wrammert, 2011

107) Reinfection With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Patients
Undergoing Serial Laboratory Testing, Qureshi, 2021

108) Distinct antibody and memory B cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 naïve and recovered individuals
following mRNA vaccination, Goel, 2021

109) Covid-19: Do many people have pre-existing immunity? Doshi, 2020

110) Pre-existing and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans, Ng, 2020

111) Phenotype of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress
syndrome, Weiskopf, 2020

112) Pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2: the knowns and unknowns, Sette, 2020

113) Pre-existing immunity against swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses in the general human
population, Greenbaum, 2009

114) Cellular immune correlates of protection against symptomatic pandemic influenza, Sridhar,
2013
115) Preexisting influenza-specific CD4+ T cells correlate with disease protection against influenza
challenge in humans, Wilkinson, 2012

116) Serum cross-reactive antibody response to a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus after vaccination
with seasonal influenza vaccine, CDC, MMWR, 2009

117) No one is naive: the significance of heterologous T-cell immunity, Welsh, 2002

118) Intrafamilial Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Induces Cellular Immune Response without

Seroconversion, Gallais, 2020

119) Protective immunity after recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection, Kojima, 2021

120) This ‘super antibody’ for COVID fights off multiple coronaviruses, Kwon, 2021

121) SARS-CoV-2 infection induces sustained humoral immune responses in convalescent patients
following symptomatic COVID-19, Wu, 2020

122) Evidence for sustained mucosal and systemic antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens in
COVID-19 patients, Isho, 2020

123) The T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2: kinetic and quantitative aspects and the case for their
protective role, Bertoletti, 2021

124) The longitudinal kinetics of antibodies in COVID-19 recovered patients over 14 months, Eyran,
2020

125) Continued Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination among Urban Healthcare Workers during
Delta Variant Predominance, Lan, 2021

126) Immunity to COVID-19 in India through vaccination and natural infection, Sarraf, 2021

127) Asymptomatic or mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits durable neutralizing antibody
responses in children and adolescents, Garrido, 2021

128) T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review, Shrotri, 2021

129) Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections as Compared with Primary Infections, Abu-Raddad, 2021

130) Assessment of the Risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Reinfection in an Intense Re-exposure Setting, Abu-Raddad, 2021

131) Increased risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Gamma, and Delta variant compared to
Alpha variant in vaccinated individuals, Andeweg, 2021

132) Prior COVID-19 protects against reinfection, even in the absence of detectable antibodies,
Breathnach, 2021
133) Natural infection vs vaccination: Which gives more protection?, Rosenberg, 2021

134) Community transmission and viral load kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) variant in
vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals in the UK: a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study,
Singanayagam, 2021

135) Antibodies elicited by mRNA-1273 vaccination bind more broadly to the receptor binding
domain than do those from SARS-CoV-2 infection, Greaney, 2021

136) Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with
Age and Disease Severity, Moderbacker, 2020

137) Protection and waning of natural and hybrid COVID-19 immunity, Goldberg, 2021

138) A Systematic Review of the Protective Effect of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Repeat
Infection, Kojima, 202

139) High-affinity memory B cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection produce more plasmablasts
and atypical memory B cells than those primed by mRNA vaccines, Pape, 2021

140) Differential antibody dynamics to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, Chen, 2021

141) Children develop robust and sustained cross-reactive spike-specific immune responses to
SARS-CoV-2 infection, Dowell, 2022

142) Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections as Compared with Primary Infections, Abu-Raddad, 2021

143) SARS-CoV-2 spike T cell responses induced upon vaccination or infection remain robust
against Omicron, Keeton, 2021

144) Pre-existing immunity against swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses in the general human
population, Greenbaum,2009

145) Protection afforded by prior infection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with the
Omicron, variant, Altarawneh, 2021

146) Cross-reactive memory T cells associate with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in
COVID-19 contacts, Kundu, 2022

147) Long-Term Persistence of IgG Antibodies in recovered COVID-19 individuals at 18 months and
the impact of two-dose BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA vaccination on the antibody
response, Dehgani-Mobaraki, 2021

148) Long-term course of humoral and cellular immune responses in outpatients after SARS-CoV-2
infection, Schiffner, 2021
149) COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations by COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Previous COVID-19
Diagnosis — California and New York, May–November 2021, Leon, 2022

150) Prevalence and Durability of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Among Unvaccinated US Adults by

History of COVID-19, Alejo, 2022

151) Effect of prior infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity against symptomatic BA.1 and BA.2
Omicron infections and severe COVID-19 in Qatar, Altarawneh, March 2022

152. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and COVID-19 hospitalisation in individuals with natural and
hybrid immunity: a retrospective, total population cohort study in Sweden, Nordstrom, March
2020.

153.) Anti-nucleocapsid antibodies following SARS-CoV-2 infection in the blinded phase of the
mRNA-1273 Covid-19 vaccine efficacy clinical trial, Follmann, 2022

154) Naturally-acquired Immunity Dynamics against SARS-CoV-2 in Children and Adolescents,

Patalon, 2022

155) Duration of immune protection of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection against reinfection in

Qatar, Chemaitelly, 2022

156) Protection of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection against reinfection with the Omicron BA.4 or BA.5
subvariants, Altarawneh & Abu-Raddad, 2022

157) Neutralization Escape by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and

BA.5, Hachmann, 2022

158) Elevated risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Gamma, and Delta variant compared to
Alpha variant in vaccinated individuals, ANDEWEG, 2022

159.) Risk of BA.5 Infection among Persons Exposed to Previous SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Graca, 2022

160) Protection against Omicron from Vaccination and Previous Infection in a Prison System, Chin,
2022

161) SARS-CoV-2 antibodies persist up to 12 months after natural infection in healthy employees
working in non-medical contact-intensive professions, Mioch, 2022

162) Effectiveness of Vaccination and Previous Infection Against Omicron Infection and Severe
Outcomes in Children Under 12 Years of Age, Lin, 2023