Computational Intelligence
Computational Intelligence
The expression computational intelligence (CI) usually refers to the ability of a computer to learn a
specific task from data or experimental observation. Even though it is commonly considered a synonym of
soft computing, there is still no commonly accepted definition of computational intelligence.
The methods used are close to the human's way of reasoning, i.e. it uses inexact and incomplete
knowledge, and it is able to produce control actions in an adaptive way. CI therefore uses a combination of
five main complementary techniques.[1] The fuzzy logic which enables the computer to understand natural
language,[2][3] artificial neural networks which permits the system to learn experiential data by operating
like the biological one, evolutionary computing, which is based on the process of natural selection, learning
theory, and probabilistic methods which helps dealing with uncertainty imprecision.[1]
Except those main principles, currently popular approaches include biologically inspired algorithms such as
swarm intelligence[4] and artificial immune systems, which can be seen as a part of evolutionary
computation, image processing, data mining, natural language processing, and artificial intelligence, which
tends to be confused with Computational Intelligence. But although both Computational Intelligence (CI)
and Artificial Intelligence (AI) seek similar goals, there's a clear distinction between them.
Computational Intelligence is thus a way of performing like human beings. Indeed, the characteristic of
"intelligence" is usually attributed to humans. More recently, many products and items also claim to be
"intelligent", an attribute which is directly linked to the reasoning and decision making.
History
Source:[5] The notion of Computational Intelligence was first used by the IEEE Neural Networks Council
in 1990. This Council was founded in the 1980s by a group of researchers interested in the development of
biological and artificial neural networks. On November 21, 2001, the IEEE Neural Networks Council
became the IEEE Neural Networks Society, to become the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society two
years later by including new areas of interest such as fuzzy systems and evolutionary computation, which
they related to Computational Intelligence in 2011 (Dote and Ovaska).
But the first clear definition of Computational Intelligence was introduced by Bezdek in 1994:[1] a system
is called computationally intelligent if it deals with low-level data such as numerical data, has a pattern-
recognition component and does not use knowledge in the AI sense, and additionally when it begins to
exhibit computational adaptively, fault tolerance, speed approaching human-like turnaround and error rates
that approximate human performance.
Bezdek and Marks (1993) clearly differentiated CI from AI, by arguing that the first one is based on soft
computing methods, whereas AI is based on hard computing ones.
There are two types of machine intelligence: the artificial one based on hard computing techniques and the
computational one based on soft computing methods, which enable adaptation to many situations.
Hard computing techniques work following binary logic based on only two values (the Booleans true or
false, 0 or 1) on which modern computers are based. One problem with this logic is that our natural
language cannot always be translated easily into absolute terms of 0 and 1. Soft computing techniques,
based on fuzzy logic can be useful here.[6] Much closer to the way the human brain works by aggregating
data to partial truths (Crisp/fuzzy systems), this logic is one of the main exclusive aspects of CI.
Within the same principles of fuzzy and binary logics follow crispy and fuzzy systems.[7] Crisp logic is a
part of artificial intelligence principles and consists of either including an element in a set, or not, whereas
fuzzy systems (CI) enable elements to be partially in a set. Following this logic, each element can be given
a degree of membership (from 0 to 1) and not exclusively one of these 2 values.[8]
Fuzzy logic
As explained before, fuzzy logic, one of CI's main principles, consists in measurements and process
modelling made for real life's complex processes.[3] It can face incompleteness, and most importantly
ignorance of data in a process model, contrarily to Artificial Intelligence, which requires exact knowledge.
This technique tends to apply to a wide range of domains such as control, image processing and decision
making. But it is also well introduced in the field of household appliances with washing machines,
microwave ovens, etc. We can face it too when using a video camera, where it helps stabilizing the image
while holding the camera unsteadily. Other areas such as medical diagnostics, foreign exchange trading and
business strategy selection are apart from this principle's numbers of applications.[1]
Fuzzy logic is mainly useful for approximate reasoning, and doesn't have learning abilities,[1] a
qualification much needed that human beings have. It enables them to improve themselves by learning from
their previous mistakes.
Neural networks
This is why CI experts work on the development of artificial neural networks based on the biological ones,
which can be defined by 3 main components: the cell-body which processes the information, the axon,
which is a device enabling the signal conducting, and the synapse, which controls signals. Therefore,
artificial neural networks are doted of distributed information processing systems,[9] enabling the process
and the learning from experiential data. Working like human beings, fault tolerance is also one of the main
assets of this principle.[1]
Concerning its applications, neural networks can be classified into five groups: data analysis and
classification, associative memory, clustering generation of patterns and control.[1] Generally, this method
aims to analyze and classify medical data, proceed to face and fraud detection, and most importantly deal
with nonlinearities of a system in order to control it.[10] Furthermore, neural networks techniques share with
the fuzzy logic ones the advantage of enabling data clustering.
Evolutionary computation
Based on the process of natural selection firstly introduced by Charles Robert Darwin, the evolutionary
computation consists in capitalizing on the strength of natural evolution to bring up new artificial
evolutionary methodologies.[11] It also includes other areas such as evolution strategy, and evolutionary
algorithms which are seen as problem solvers... This principle's main applications cover areas such as
optimization and multi-objective optimization, to which traditional mathematical one techniques aren't
enough anymore to apply to a wide range of problems such as DNA Analysis, scheduling problems...[1]
Learning theory
Still looking for a way of "reasoning" close to the humans' one, learning theory is one of the main
approaches of CI. In psychology, learning is the process of bringing together cognitive, emotional and
environmental effects and experiences to acquire, enhance or change knowledge, skills, values and world
views (Ormrod, 1995; Illeris, 2004).[1] Learning theories then helps understanding how these effects and
experiences are processed, and then helps making predictions based on previous experience.[12]
Probabilistic methods
Being one of the main elements of fuzzy logic, probabilistic methods firstly introduced by Paul Erdos and
Joel Spencer[1](1974), aim to evaluate the outcomes of a Computation Intelligent system, mostly defined by
randomness.[13] Therefore, probabilistic methods bring out the possible solutions to a problem, based on
prior knowledge.
Since a while with the upraising of STEM education, the situation has changed a bit.[17] There are some
efforts available in which multidisciplinary approaches are preferred which allows the student to understand
complex adaptive systems.[18] These objectives are discussed only on a theoretical basis. The curriculum of
real universities wasn't adapted yet.
Publications
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games
IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology
IEEE Systems Journal
See also
Cognitive robotics
Computational finance and Computational economics
Concept mining
Developmental robotics
Data mining
Evolutionary robotics
Knowledge-based engineering
Natural computing
Synthetic intelligence
International Meeting on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and
Biostatistics
Notes
Computational Intelligence: An Introduction (http://ci.cs.up.ac.za) by Andries Engelbrecht.
Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-470-84870-7
Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach (http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~poole/ci.html) by
David Poole, Alan Mackworth, Randy Goebel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510270-3
Computational Intelligence: A Methodological Introduction by Kruse, Borgelt, Klawonn,
Moewes, Steinbrecher, Held, 2013, Springer, ISBN 9781447150121
References
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3. "Fuzzy Logic" (http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/fuzzy-logic). WhatIs.com. Margaret
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4. Beni, G., Wang, J. Swarm Intelligence in Cellular Robotic Systems, Proceed. NATO
Advanced Workshop on Robots and Biological Systems, Tuscany, Italy, June 26–30 (1989)
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