ABSTRACT

This document is an assignment for a BTEC

engineering course, focusing on various
mathematical concepts, such as matrices and
complex numbers, and their applications in
structural design engineering within the aerospace
industries. This report covers matrix operations,
including addition, subtraction, and solving
simultaneous equations, as well as the
representation and manipulation of complex
numbers using rectangular and polar forms.
Overall, this work demonstrates the significance of
UNIT 8D – FURTHER these mathematical tools in designing efficient and
robust aerospace structures.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Shamsul Arifin
Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Diploma in
Investigate how statistical and probability
Engineering
techniques can be used to solve engineering
problems.
 ✧✧Unit 8D ● Candidate 2 | My values: Q1: 4.5, 4.6, 4.5, 4.4, 4.3, 4.7, 4.7, 4.6, 4.6, 4.8, 4.9, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.4, 4.5, 4.9, 4.7, 4.5, 4.6 | Q2: ✧✧

Contents
Brief Introduction:................................................................................................................................... 2
Learning Aim(s): ................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Task 1.1: Using the given data for Question 1 to complete the following: ........................................ 3
(a) Arranging the data into equal classes: ................................................................................ 3
(b) Determining the frequency distribution: ............................................................................ 3
(c) Drawing the frequency histogram: ..................................................................................... 3
(d) Creating a cumulative frequency table for the data: .......................................................... 4
(e) Creating a cumulative frequency table for the data: .......................................................... 5
(f) Using the cumulative frequency graph to determine if the data is normally distributed or
not: 6

1
 ✧✧Unit 8D ● Candidate 2 | My values: Q1: 4.5, 4.6, 4.5, 4.4, 4.3, 4.7, 4.7, 4.6, 4.6, 4.8, 4.9, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.4, 4.5, 4.9, 4.7, 4.5, 4.6 | Q2: ✧✧

Brief Introduction:
I have applied for a work placement at an aerospace engineering company “Boeing”,
it’s a part of my training as a Structural Design Engineer in this company. The
company Training Manager has explained that there are a number of roles available
that involve applying mathematical skills and knowledge. The Training Manager has
said that they would like to see how I approach solving engineering problems before
deciding on the most appropriate one for you. The final set of problems that they
have provided are based on statistics and probability techniques, which they would
like me to solve using the supplied data.
In this assignment, I will be demonstrating my ability to apply mathematical skills and
knowledge as a Structural Design Engineer at Boeing, a leading aerospace company.
Boeing places great importance on the use of mathematics in the design and analysis
of aerospace structures. The Training Manager of the company has informed me that
there are multiple roles available that require the application of mathematical
concepts to solve complex engineering problems, so as part of my training, the
company Training Manager has provided me with a set of problems based on
matrices, determinants, and complex numbers, which are designed to test my
approach to solving engineering problems and to help determine the most suitable
role for me within the company. I will be using these tools to solve the problems and
showcase my understanding of their application in the field of Structural Design
Engineering in the aerospace industry, specifically at Boeing. The goal of this
assignment is to demonstrate my proficiency in using mathematical concepts to
solve real-world engineering problems in the aerospace industry.

2
 ✧✧Unit 8D ● Candidate 2 | My values: Q1: 4.5, 4.6, 4.5, 4.4, 4.3, 4.7, 4.7, 4.6, 4.6, 4.8, 4.9, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.4, 4.5, 4.9, 4.7, 4.5, 4.6 | Q2: ✧✧

Task 1.1: Using the given data for Question 1 to complete the following:
The given data set for Question 1 is:
4.5 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.8
4.9 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.6
(a) Arranging the data into equal classes:
To arrange the data, I need to first sort the data in ascending order, which is: 4.3,
4.4, 4.4, 4.4, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.6, 4.6, 4.6, 4.7, 4.7, 4.7, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.9.
I will now divide the sorted data into classes by tenths since the give data ranges
from 4.3 to 4.9.
So, there is going to be 6 classes and they are:
• 4.3 – 4.3
• 4.4 – 4.4
• 4.5 – 4.5
• 4.6 – 4.6
• 4.7 – 4.7
• 4.8 – 4.8
• 4.9 – 4.9
(b) Determining the frequency distribution:
To determine the frequency distribution, we basically look at how many times
each number occurs in the given dataset. Here is the frequency distribution for
this dataset:
Class Frequency
4.3-4.4 4
4.4-4.5 5
4.5-4.6 4
4.6-4.7 4
4.7-4.8 1
4.8-4.9 2

(c) Drawing the frequency histogram:

A frequency histogram is a graphical representation of the frequency distribution.
I am going to have the classes on the x-axis, and on the y-axis, I will set the
frequency of each class. The classes are represented by bars of equal width, and
the height of the bars corresponds to the frequency of the class.

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 ✧✧Unit 8D ● Candidate 2 | My values: Q1: 4.5, 4.6, 4.5, 4.4, 4.3, 4.7, 4.7, 4.6, 4.6, 4.8, 4.9, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.4, 4.5, 4.9, 4.7, 4.5, 4.6 | Q2: ✧✧

(d) Creating a cumulative frequency table for the data:

From the dataset, it is clear that:

• 4.3: appears once

• 4.4: appears three times
• 4.5: appears five times
• 4.6: appears four times
• 4.7: appears four times
• 4.8: appears once
• 4.9: appears twice
So, we can now rearrange this into the classes and create a frequency distribution
table as shown below:
Range Frequency
4.3-4.4 4
4.4-4.5 5
4.5-4.6 4
4.6-4.7 4
4.7-4.8 1
4.8-4.9 2
We can now draw the graph; a cumulative frequency graph is drawn by plotting
the cumulative frequency against the upper-class boundary of the respective
group.
So, we can now use the frequency distribution table to build a cumulative
frequency table which looks like:

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 ✧✧Unit 8D ● Candidate 2 | My values: Q1: 4.5, 4.6, 4.5, 4.4, 4.3, 4.7, 4.7, 4.6, 4.6, 4.8, 4.9, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.4, 4.5, 4.9, 4.7, 4.5, 4.6 | Q2: ✧✧

Range Frequency Cumulative Frequency

4.3-4.4 4 4
4.4-4.5 5 9
4.5-4.6 4 13
4.6-4.7 4 17
4.7-4.8 1 18
4.8-4.9 2 20
(e) Creating a cumulative frequency table for the data:
So, we can now plot the cumulative graph, I will use VS Code and a JavaScript
library called “Chart.js” to plot the graph.

We can also combine this cumulative graph with the frequency histogram drawn
in part c. Combining the two graph looks like:

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 ✧✧Unit 8D ● Candidate 2 | My values: Q1: 4.5, 4.6, 4.5, 4.4, 4.3, 4.7, 4.7, 4.6, 4.6, 4.8, 4.9, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.4, 4.5, 4.9, 4.7, 4.5, 4.6 | Q2: ✧✧

(f) Using the cumulative frequency graph to determine if the data is normally
distributed or not:
Based on the cumulative frequency graph, the data would appear to be normally
distributed if it roughly followed a bell-shaped curve, but for the data that I have
been given, it does not follow a bell-shaped curve when it’s plotted. Therefore,
we can conclude that the data has not been distributed normally.
(g) Calculating:
i. The mean and standard deviation:
• Mean (average) = Sum of all data / number of data points
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (4.5 + 4.6 + 4.5 + 4.4 + 4.3 + 4.7 + 4.7 + 4.6 + 4.6 + 4.8 +
4.9 + 4.4 + 4.5 + 4.7 + 4.4 + 4.5 + 4.9 + 4.7 + 4.5 + 4.6) = 92.2
91.8
∴ 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = 4.59
20
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 (𝑥−𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛)2
• Standard deviation √
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
)2
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 421.88 (2 𝑑. 𝑝. )
(
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 (𝑛) = 20
421.88
∴ 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝜎) = √ = 0.1609 (4 𝑑. 𝑝. )
20