THE BETTER NORMAL EDITION 2021Social Science Overview The Social Science segment of this book has three parts. The first one is a series of discussions on the coverage of the Social Science test (Philippine Government, New Constitution with Human Rights, Philippine History, Basic Economics, Taxation and Agrarian Reform, Society and Culture with Family Planning, Rizal and Other Heroes, Philosophy of Man, Arts, and General Psychology) The second part is Guided Practice which includes 50 sample questions with rationalizations. The third part is Independent Practice which features 50 questions with answer key and a OR code that you may scan to watch a video about items 1-25. About the Authors Jennifer Mendoza Alcoriza MBA, LPT is the president of Revyou Incorporated known as MET Review LET Specialist and MET Review Center Publishing House. She was a graduate of BSBA Major in Economics from the University of the East Manila and she finished her MBA in the same university. She took her Professional Education subjects from the Pamantasan Lungsod ng Maynila. She was a former faculty member of UE Manila, URC Malolos, and FEU Manila. She handled subjects such as Principles of Economics with Taxation and Agrarian = Reform, Microeconomics, Managerial Economics, Econometrics, and other Business subjects. Knoi Austria Esmane, MA, LPT Knoi is a pioneer reviewer/lecturer in MET Review Center. He ranked 5" in the first-ever Licensure Examination for Teachers in 1996. A former lecturer in different colleges and universities around Metro Manila, Knoi is a Counseling Psychology and Special Education Consultant. He is currently the Partner and Chief Creative Officer of HOSEKI, Inc. and is an internationally-awarded jewelry designer who has extensively attended advanced jewelry trainings in Bangkok, Thailand and Rome, Italy. _——— 195Social Science ——— = ee Edward John C. Padilla holds a Bachelor's Degree in Secondary Education (Cum Laude, Philippine Normal University) and a Masters Degree in Education Major in English (The National Teachery College). He is a licensed professional teacher and is currently connected with the Faculty of Arts and Letters, University of Santo ‘Tomas (Manila). He has been handling Literature and Humanities subjects (The Great Works, Philippine Literature, Art Appreciation, for more than ten years. He took several short courses from the Department of Education ‘of the Museum of Modern Art, and from the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, United States of America. He published the very first reviewer book for English Majors in the Philippines and has produced three more books of the same kind thereafter. He also co-authored “Textscapes: 21* Century iterary Landscape of the Philippines and of the World”, which he considers his best work to date. He was commissioned by the Department of Education to be part of the Editorial Board for Grade 8 English Textbook. Mr. lonell lay R. Terogo, LPT, MEd is a Master of Education major in English as a Second Language graduate of the University of the Philippines Cebu and a Doctor of Philosophy in English-Language candidate. In his years of teaching, he had been awarded as Outstanding Teacher in both being a secondary teacher and college instructor and was recenty awarded as CHED Best Teaching Model Implementer for Synchronous approach. He has also been a Microsoft Innovative Educator Expert since 2018. His professional experiences in teacher education include being the former Department Chairperson of his university, a PNU RCTO Curriculum Quality Audit expert for TEls, and Teacher Education Council Prototype Syllabi " for English Specialization courses. At present, he is the Director of Curriculum and Instruction of the University of San Jose Recoletos, his Alma Mater, where he graduated Summa Cum Laude. His research interests indude sociolinguistics, English language teaching, curriculum improvement in teacher education, and https://bit.ly/2PRDNbA. 196——SaaoooS i ‘ocial Science GENERAL EDUCATION jew Notes on Psychology ete Knot mane pefinition of Psychology ‘he American Psychological Association defines Psycholog ‘nd and behavior’. As a scientific discipline, it has man Migscribe, explain, predict and control” human behavior. YY as the “scientific study of human ¥ facets and division and mainly aims to Major Branches of Psychology «Clinical Psychology ~ psychology applied to understand the nature and treatment of mental illnesses «Abnormal Psychology ~ Closely related to Clinical Psychology, Abnormal Psychology deals with abnormal behavior and human conduct that is considered unusual and aberrant by the society. pe «Educational Psychology ~ deals with the application of psychological concepts and theories in educational/school setting that impacts learning. * Child Psychology ~ deals with the understanding of children’s beha’ natal development stage to pre-adolescent stage. * Adolescent Psychology — deals with the understanding of behavior from puberty to early adulthood. © Adult Psychology — area of Psychology that focuses on the concerns of adult (18y/o) up to retirement age * Geriatric Psychology — deals with the concerns of old age (65y/o onwards) «Health Psychology — applied Psychology that deals with the biological, sociological, and behavioral aspects of health and wellness * Counseling Psychology ~ branch of Psychology that deals with facilitating personal and interpersonal issues a person faces throughout his/her lifespan * Forensic Psychology — area of Psychology that applies psychological theory, principles, and Practices in the legal/criminal systems * Experimental Psychology ~ is the empirical way to study human behavior by subjecting the participants to controlled and experimental conditions. Industrial-Organizational Psychology ~ application of Psychology in the workplace and Production. Social Psychology — a branch of Psychology that deals with how the people’s behavior is affected by societal conditions and vice-versa Psychology School of Thoughts According to Coon and Mitterer (2010), there are 7 major schools of thoughts in Psychology: r ranging from pre- Behaviorism (a point of view that organisms learn from interactions with the environment) Coanitivism (focused on internal processes rather than external/environment) functionatism (focused on empirical thought rather than arm-chair theorizing) tr 9 “turalism (focused on introspection) Fe ere — SSS 197Social Science © Gestalt (a point of view that looks at the human behavior a © Humanism (a point of view that looks at the individual with free will and capable of say actualizing) © Psychoanalytic (a point of view that humans have unconscious thoughts and feelings) = System Psychology (combines theory of Psychology and applied Psychology i, understanding human mind) a whole) Notable Psychologists and their Contributions Bandura, Albert — Bandura pioneered in the Social Learning Theory and believes that children earn from what s/he observes in the environment. Famous for his “Bobo Doll Experiments Bandura also pioneered in the concept of “models” in learning. Bruner, Jerome — He focused on the “constructivism approach to learning,’ in which he pointed out that the cognitive development of children happens when they construct their own learning based on previous learning. Erikson, Erik — Erikson developed the Theory of Psychosocial Development, in which every stage of development (8 stages in total) is faced with a “psychological crisis” that can positively or negatively affect the personality of the person. Freud, Sigmund — Considered as the Father of Modern Psychology, Freud contributed a lot to the development of psychology with his Psychoanalysis, dream analysis, the concept of “id, ego, and superego’, Psychosexual Development Theory, Oedipus complex, Electra complex, etc. Kohlberg, Lawrence - Kohiberg developed the Moral Development theory with 3 major stages (Pre-Conventional, Conventional, and Past-Conventional morality). Kolb, David - He developed the Experiential Learning Styles Theory and presented four types of learners: Converger, Accommodator, Assimilator, and Diverger. Maslow, Abraham - Famous for his Hierarchy of Needs, which is composed of 5 levels (Basic/Physiological needs, Safety needs, Love and Belonging needs, Esteem needs and Self Actualization) Pavloy, Ivan — Famous for his Classical Conditioning Theory and “dog salivation experiment” Piaget, Jean — He developed the Cognitive Development Theory (Sensorimotor, Preoperational: Concrete Operational and Formal Operations). His other contributions include: Animism, Objet Permanence, Assimilation, Accommodation, Egocentrism, etc. Rogers, Carl - He is the founder of humanistic approach or “client-centered” approach 10 psychology and the basic motive of human, which is self-actualization. Skinner, B. F. - He developed Operant Conditioning Theory and concepts like Reinforceme" Positive and Negative Reinforcement, Satiation, Token Strategy, etc. Thorndike, Edward ~ Famous for Stimulus-Response Theory and the Three Laws of Learnif? (Law of Readiness, Law of Exercise, and Law of Effect) Vygotsky, Lev — He is famous for his Sociocultural Theory, which means that interaction is cruct! to learning, He also pioneered “scaffolding” and the “zone of proximal development’, Watson, John — He is a behaviorist famous for his “Little Albert Experiment” where he declareé that children’s previous neutral stimulus can be conditioned to evoke fear. Wundt, Wilhelm — He pioneered in experimental psychology in Leipzig, Germany that state? the modernization of psychology. 198 xC_ a Social Science Review Notes on Philosophy By Mr. Knoi Esmane Definition of Philosophy Philosophy comes from two Greek words Philo (love) and Sophos (knowledge or wisdom) or “love of wisdom’. Philosophy, therefore, is the study of the fundamental truths about existence, knowledge, values, reasons, mind, and language. Phytagoras is thought to be the one who coined the term "Philosophy’: inches of Phil Logic Metaphysics Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Famous Philosophers th i phi ‘ical or ¢ Thomas Aquinas: Famous for his Summa Theologica, which contains all of Thomas's teachings about the Catholic faith. His concept of natural theology, also known as*Thomism’ isa pioneering work that served as framework for Catholic priesthood. Aristotle: He is considered as the Father of Western Philosophy and Father of Modern Sciences, Aristotle espoused the iflea that logic should be the method of arguments. Confucius: He wrote the f cop of good manners ope proper behavior. op Lalhien Rene Descartes: One of those who influenced sebanth revolution, Descartes wrote the Principles of Philosophy in 1644. He is also regarded as the Father of Analytical Geometry. © Ralph Waldo Emerson: He is an American philosopher who espoused the idea on individuality freedom and "infinigude ofthepptvate man’, @ Michel Foucault: He believed that op Breited humans have the right for social changes to combat abuse of power. He wrote the book Discipline and Punish: The Birth of Prison 1975, based Whee B Werriea ea al ——> — 199vidi — ——— — — — — > —__—_ e John Stuart Mil (eraliem. © Friedrich Nietzsche: Nietzsche advocated “Perspectivism,’ which means that there is no objective fact because it will depend on the“perspective”’ ‘of the person looking at it. le became famous for advocating human rights, freedom of speech, ang Plato: He was a student of Socrates and became the mentor of Aristotle. Plato wrote the book “The Republic’. Jean Jacques Rousseau: Emphasizing on moral development of character, Rousseau was ‘one of the early believers in student-centered learning. He also wrote the book “Emile: Education’. —_ © Jean Paul Sartre: He was actively engaged in promotion of socialism and Marxism. Human beings are “condemned to be free" according to Sartre because the person is ultimately responsible for all his/her actions. —— Socrates: Advocated the question-and-answer technique in teaching known as Socratic Method. — Review Notes on Society and Culture By Mr. Knoi Esmane What is Culture? © Culture is the general term that includes the language, keliefs, traditions, values, norms and material objects of a certain group of people that can be passed on from one generation to another. © Cultureis the people's way of life that includes the material and non-material components Material Culture (Tangible) © Tools (sandok, palayok etc.) Weapons (pana, sibat, etc.) Artworks (sculpture, painting, etc.) Textile (Inabel, tinalak, etc.) Food (laing, lechon, etc.) Non-material Culture (Intangible) © Traditions (wedding, burial, etc.) Beliefs (pamahiin, etc.) Political system (democracy, socialism, etc.) Language (Filipino, English, etc.) eee | Technology (can be tools that the people use to make life and work efficient) symbol (e.g., gesture, flags, Star of David, crescent moon) Language (verbal/written symbols used by humans to communicate meaning) Norms (These are standards and expectations of how a person in a society should behave Standard norms are called Mores or Laws, while informal norms are called Folkways ® Customs) @ Values (what is good or bad, desirable or undesirable) eeTR SOCIAl Science . tics Cultured is learned (When a person is born, he is born without culture. He learns his culture as he grows up interacting with people around him). Culture is adaptive (If the culture is not anymore responding to the needs of the time, it undergoes changes or revisions). Culture is a group process (Culture should be acceptable to all before it becomes a part of the culture), Culture is transmitted from one generation to another (It is transmitted via word or mouth, observation, imitation or formal training). Culture is changing (It is dynamic and follows the changing times) hi ciet) Cultur Xenocentricism: This happens when somebody views other's culture as superior than his. Ethnocentricism: This happens when somebody views his culture as natural or correct. Cultural Relativism: This isa concept that believes that one’s culture should be viewed according to his culture and not be looked from the perspective of other's culture. Subculture: A kind of culture practiced by small group of people within a larger cultural group (eg, gay culture) Status Symbols: Material objects that show one’s higher economic status (e.g., Hermes bags) Discrimination: Unfair treatment based on race, gender, skin color, etc. Deviants: People perceived not to be following the societal norms Anomie: When people undergo breakdowns in theirnorms Aparteid: A policy enforced by military, particularly enacted in South Africa, to separate races Ascribed Status: A person's social status at birth In Group: A popular group and the group most people would like to be associated with Out Group: An unpopular group with whom people would not like to be associated(e. liques: A small group of friends with shared interest, common concerns, and values Circles: A small group of ladies with common interest Cult: A small group of people who share strange religious beliefs and way of life Cultural Imposition: The tendency to impose one’s culture to other's culture believing that the culture being imposed is better Dyad: Group with two members Gemejnschaft: Social relations characterized by closeness and personal closeness Genocide: Killing an entire ethnic group Gesselschaft: Social relations characterized by impersonal distance, like membership in a club Peer Group: A group of people characterized by same age, status interest, hobbies, etc. gang) ECONOMICS WITH TAXATION, AGRARIAN REFORM, AND COOPERATIVES ByJennifer Alcoriza feonemics - is a social science which deals with the efficient allocation of scarce resources for ‘© Purpose of attaining the satisfaction of unlimited human needs and wants. ‘ nA ——— a 207Social Science Economic Resources 1. Land ~ refers to natural resources 2. Labor ~ talents and skills of human beings 3, Capital - man-made goods used to produce another good 4. Entrepreneur - a person who combines all the resources to put up 2 business Fundamental Economic Questions 1. What will be produced? 2. How much to be produced? 3. How is it to be produced? 4. Who isto receive it? 5. How adaptive is the system to change? Economic Systems 1. Market Economy - is a system in which individual decisions and preferences are communicated and coordinated in responding to the Five Fundamental Economic Questions 2. Command Economy ~ is characterized by public ownership and collective determination of economic decision through central economic planning. 3. Traditional Economy - is characterized by which production method, exchange, and distribution of income are all sanctioned by customs and traditions. WO Talay yer sever Four Major Economic Activities 1. Production ~ takes resources and produces products 2. Consumption - final use of goods and services 3. Distribution — process by which all goods and services are shared 4, Exchange- markets where exchange takes place Gross National re juct - GNP is a total market value of all final goods and services produced in the economy i Gross Domestic Product - GDP is an e: all final goods and services turn out by country, excluding foreign trade. eee Sone Inflation - a sustained increase in price level resulting in decrease in purchasing power Full Employment ~ refers to an economic activity which reaches its optimal efficiency '" production. However, it does not mean that unemployment is zero. ~ Unemployment rate - is the percentage of labor willing and able to work but are not employes partly due to lack of available jobs. Types of Employment in the Philippines 1. Regular or Permanent ~ The employees acquire re ad x gular or permanent status afte! eY. probationary period of usually six months. p a 2. Termor Fie a type of employment in which the employee is advised to render a definite time or fixed term of service, after which he/she can ex; i loymen" ha pect a termination of employ 3. Project Employment — a person got employed for a specific project only ¥ 20) me weta Social Science 4, Seasonal Employment ~ a type of employment available on a particular season of the year only ett leulansemon et tenes 5. Casual Employment ~ is type of employment which is not directly related to the business or trade. In the event than employee renders at least one yeat, he/she is entitled for regularization, . elledeal Uy geil Taxation ~ power of the state to lévy a proportionate burden upon persons, property, rights, or transactions to raise revenue to support and maintain the government expenditures for general economic welfare — Tax - an act or process of collecting revenue for the use and support for the government Classification of Tax many to ke wllected pr pale ute 1, Direct Tax — Income Tax, Residence Tax, Immigration Tax, Real Property Tax, Inheritance Tax 2. Indirect Tax - Value-Added Tax, Customs and Duty Tax, Sales Tax Tax Exemptions ~ policy of the government to promote entity’s growth, such as cooperatives and cottage industries. In addition, organizations which engage in non-profit undertakings are also éxcept under the Tax Code of the Philippines. — Tax Violations - are penalties imposed on those with motivated deliberate intent to evade payment of taxes (Tax Evasion), and those who are proven to have failed to comply with the tax law in any given point through neglect, inability or misunderstanding (Tax Avoidance). CARP - Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, based on the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 ~ means redistribution of lands regardless of crops or fruits to farmers and farmworkers who are landless, irrespective of tenurial arrangement. The schedule of implementation after 10 years of the effectivity thereof. The law was signed by Pres. Corazon Aquino. — Aims 1. Promote social just e 2. Tomove nations toward rural development and the establishment of owner as cultivator of economic-size farms Coverage 1. Rice and Corn Lands 2. Allalienable land disposable public agricultural lands, all arable public agricultural lands under agro-forest, pasture, and agricultural lessees already cultivated and planted crops a Large holding lands above 24 hectares to 50 hectares lau a penen 4 Ro Aa on, Oy ~ Tend | peowder Not Covered — are those used as parks and wildlife, forest reserve, refordstation, fish sanctuaries & breeding grounds, watershed and mangroves, school sites, national defense, church sites, laboratory for seeds and seedlings, research and pilot centers, cemeteries, and burial grounds, Penal colonies eae =< — penal grounds, and quarantine centers. Cooperative — According to the Philippine Cooperative Code of 2008, a cooperative is 2n autonomous and duly registered association of persons, with a commén bond of interest, who have voluntarily joined ‘together to achieve their social, economic, and cultural needs and plrations by making equitable contributions to the capital required, patronizing their products x ST 203Social Science and services and accepting a fair share of the risks an with universally accepted cooperative principles dd benefits of the undertaking in accordanc, Cooperative Principle Voluntary and Open Membership Democratic Member Control Member Economic Participation Autonomy and Independence Cooperation among cooperatives Concer for Community ayeeno Types of Cooperative Credit Cooperative ‘Consumer Cooperative Producers Cooperative Marketing Cooperative Service Cooperative Multi-purpose Cooperative Advocacy Cooperative Dairy Cooperative 9. Cooperative Bank 10. Education Cooperative 11. Electric Cooperative 12. Transport Cooperative PNAVAwNS Demand - is the quantity of gaods that consumers are wil during a specified period of time. g and able to buy at particular price Law of Demand ~ states that as the bricesincrenees demand decreases, and as the price decreases, demand increases with all other things are held in constant (ceteris paribus). Demand Curve Illustration Pp Q Characteristics of Demand curve: '* graphical presentation of the relation: * Price is inversely related to quantity. * negatively charge * Downward sloping line ship between price and quantity demande? 204 xee EF SOC I Science Factors Affecting Demand 1, Change demand 2. Change in Price Expectation — If the Price is expected to increase, demand now will increase; if the price is expected to decrease, demand now will decrease. 3, Change in Number of Buyers — With an increase in the number of buyers, demand increases; with a decrease in the number of buyers, demand decreases 4, Change in Price of related goods A. Substitute good - With an increase in price of butter, the demand for margarine increases. Taste and References — favorable, increase in demand; unfavorable, decrease in B. Complementary good ~ With an increase in price of gasoline, the demand for car decreases. Change in Demand - shift of the entire demand curve to either to the left or right due to factors affecting demand Mlustration of Change in Demand Curve Pp > * D2 DI DI D2 Q Q Change in Quantity Demanded = Movements from one point to another point, either upward or downward in Demand curve due to change in price. Upward ~ decreases in quantity demanded Downward- increase in quantity demanded Supply — is the quantity of goods/services that producers are willing and able to sell at a Particular price a during specified period of time. Law of Supply — states that as the price increases the supply also increases, and as the price Feases, the supply will also decrease with application of "ceteris paribus” (all other things are in constant), we 2S — es 205SOCial SCION Ce ee TRARY Supply Curve Illustration Q Characteristics of Supply curve: Graphical presentation of the relationship between price and qua © Upward Sloping line © Price is directly related to Quanti Factors Affecting Supply 1. Change in Number of Suppliers ~ With an increase in the number of suppliers, supply will increase; With a decrease in the number of suppliers, supply will decrease. 2. Change in Cost of Production ~ With an increase in the cost of production, decrease in supply; decrease in cost of production, increase in supply 3. Change in Technology ~ Advance in technology, increase in supply; traditional, decrease in supply 4. Change in Price Expectation ~ If the price wil price will decrease: supply will increase now. 5. Change in Price of Related Goods A. Substitute good - If the price of butter increases, supply for margarine decreases. B. Complementary good - If the price of gasoline increases, supply for cars also increases. 6. Government Subsidy - Supply will increase as the government gives subsidy. increase, supply will decrease now; If the Change in Supply - shift of the entire supply curve, either to the left or to the right, due t factors affecting supply P sl f $2 s2 SI Cs. lems Q Q Increase in Supply Decrease in Supply 206Social Science Change in Quantity Supplied - Movement of one point to another point, either downward or upward, due to change in price. Downward - decrease in quantity demanded Upward - increase in quantity demanded Market Equilibrium - The market reaches its equilibrium when quantity demanded equals to quantity supplied, and there are no internal forces to precipitate change. Pp Mustration Market Equilibrium ik 207ods ———————————— PHILIPPINE HISTORY By: lonelll lay R. Terogo Philippine Historical Timeline through the different Republics Heads of State/ Era/Republic Years Philippine sai ieriacialndgl Important Events Presidents ‘Spanish 7521-First | Spanish + 3G-God, ‘Magellan arrived Colonization in | arrival of Governors- Gold, Glory in 1521. the Philippines } Spaniards | Generalfrom |. Spread of Legazpi arrived Miquel Lopez Roman. in Cebu in 1565 1565-1899 | deL Catholicism and began (first inc1568) + Under the the Spanish to Diego de viceroy of domination in los Rios (last in Maxico: the country. Jae8 + Spanish Dagohoy of - as official Bohol led the language longest revolt against Spain in 1744, Tobacco Monopoly Spanish surnames decreed by Gov. Gen. Claveria Cavite mutiny and GOMBURZA La Solidaridad The Katipunan Jose Rizal's death in 1896 First Republic | 1898-1901 | Emilio + Revolutionary Inauguration (Malolos ‘Aguinaldo Government at Barasoain Republic) (1899-1901) |. First republic Church in Asia Spanish- + Struggle for Philippine War independence and American- Philippine War Pact of Biak-na Bato Treaty of Paris Battle of Tirad Pass ¢ 208 ~~ metPL Social Science ‘American 1901-1935 U.S. Presidents ]- Colonial > Jones Law Colonization in from William Government and Tydings: the Philippines McKinley + Succeeded McDuffie Law (1897) to Harry the Spaniards |+ Public education S.Truman as colonizers system and the (945) after signing Thomasites theTreatyof |. Founding of Paris Union Obrero + English as Democratica by the Official Isabelo delos language Reyes in 1902 + Founding of the University of the Philippines in 1908 + First Philippine Assembly Philippine 1935-1946 | Manuel + 10-year + First national ‘Commonwealth Quezon (1935- transition election 1944) period = Initiation of women's Sergio Osmena suffrage (1944-1946) + Filipino/Tagalog as national language + McArthur promises“! shall return” to liberate the Philippines from the Japanese. + Bell Trade Act Second 7943-1945 |JoseP.Laurel |- Military + Fall of Bataan, Republic Government Corregidor and Uapanese- the Death March Sponsored + KALIBAPI Republic) (Kapisanan ng Paglilinkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) + World War IlSocial Science a a Third Republic [1946-1972 | Manuel Roxas Reconstruction |- Philippine (after World (1946-1948) from war Rehabilitation War I!) damage and Act Elpidio Quirino life without |. — HUKBALAHAp (1948-1953) foreign rule (Hukbo ng Membership Bayan Laban sa to the United Hapon) Ramon Nations + Ranked 2” in Magsaysay e (ass3-1957) Founding Asia's Clean and member of the Well-Governed ASEAN Countries Carlos P. Garcia + Filipino First (1957-1961) Policy + Philippine Diosdado Independence Macapagal to June 12 (1961-1965) «GNP growth to four times than Ferdinand the figure in Marcos (1965- 1972 1972) Fourth 1972-1986 | Ferdinand Declaration [+ — Ratification Republic Marcos of martial of the 1973 (Martial Law) law(1972- Constitution 1981) + Adoption ofa parliamentary form of government + Peaceful EDSA Revolution overthrew Marcos in 1986 ’ 210 weRTT i Social Science Fifth Republic | 1986-present | Corazon ; Contemporary 1987 Philippine Constitution First woman President in Asia (Corazon Aquino) Surpassed the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 period Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) Joseph Estrada (1998-2001) Capture of MILF Gloria evaT Law Macapagal Kto 12 Arroyo (2001- ‘education 2010) Benigno Aquino Ill (2010-2016) Rodrigo Duterte (2016-present) ns. = Article |- National Territory Sovereign people imploring the aid of Almighty God Building a just and humane society and establish a value-laden society Under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace Philippine archipelago with all the islands and waters therein and all other territories Terrestrial, fluvial, aerial, sea, seabed, subsoil, insular shelves, and submarine areas_Kiver [Myer Article iI = Declaration of Principles and State Policies Democratic and republican state; sovereignty resides in the people Adopts international law Civilian authority over military power Government is to serve and protect the people. Maintenance of peace and order Separation of church and stateSOA ———————— No person is deprived of life, liberty, and property without duc] process of law. People are secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effect: against unreasonable sea! ches and seizures. Privacy of communication and correspondence No law abridging freedom of speech, expression, press, and assemblies Filipino citizens = fathers and mothers are Filipinos, naturalized according to the law Suffrage by all citizens who are at least 18 years old and have] resided in the Philippines for a year No literacy, property, or other requirement should be imposed Secrecy and sanctity of ballots as well as during absentee voting by Filipinos abroad Procedure for the disabled and illiterate should be in place Congress = Senate and House of Representatives 24 senators, six (6) years in office, natural-born, at least 35 years Old, resident for not less than two (2) years Representatives shall be elected from their legislative districts and party-lists. Executive power vested in the President ‘Article i - Bill of Rights Article IV - Citizenship Article V - Suffrage ‘Article Vi - Legislative Department Article Vil - Executive Department President and Vice-President - six (6) years in office, natural-born, at least 40 years old, resident for at least 10 years No re-election for President; not more than two (2) consecutive terms for VP. Artie Vill - Judicial | Judicial power to the Supreme Court and in lower courts Department No law to reorganize Judiciary, can enjoy fiscal autonomy Chief Justice, 14 Associate Justices Independent commissions -Civil Service Commission, Commission | ‘on Elections, Commission on Audit Territorial and political subdivisions which enjoy local autonomy - provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays Autonomous Regions -Cordilleras and Muslim Mindanao Public office is a public trust. President to Ombudsman can be removed from office through impeachment, for conviction of culpable violation of Constitution, treason, bribery, graft, corruption, higher crimes or betrayal public trust Impeachment to be initiated by House of Representatives Article IX - Constitutional Commissions Article X - Local Government Article Xi - Accountability of Local Officers 212 #——— Ss Social Science Frticle xii - National Economy and Patrimony ‘Article Xill - Social Justice and Human Rights Goal for more equitable distribution of opportunities, income, wealth, sustained increase in amount of goods and services Promote industrialization, optimurn opportunity to develop Public domain land, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, minerals, forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests, wildlife, floraand fauna are owned by state. Protection of the right of people to human dignity, reduce social, economic and political inequalities Full protection to labor, local and overseas Undertaking of an agrarian program founded on the rights of farmers and regular farm workers Continuing program for land reform and housing Integrated and comprehensive approach to health development Protection of women, enhancing their welfare Independent people's organizations Independent office of the Commission on Human Rights Article XIV - Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports All citizens have the right to quality education at all levels. Free public education in elementary System of scholarship grants, student loan programs, subsidies, incentives Preservation, enrichment, and dynamic evolu ‘The official languages are Filipino and English. Give priority to research and development Promote physical education and encourage sports programs, competitions, etc. n of culture Article XV - Family 4 Family as the foundation of the nation Marriage as inviolable social institution Spouses to found family Children’s right to assistance, proper care, nutrition, special protection Duty to care for elderly members but state also has programs Article XVI - General Provisions Article XVII -Arnendments oF Revisions Article XVII - Transitory Provisions Flag of the country - red, white, blue Revision of constitution can be done through several, such as Constituent Assembly, Constitutional Convention, and People’s Initiative Ratified in May 1987Social Sine ———— Art Appreciation By Edward John C. Padilla GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT ART TERMS. Acrylic This is one of the most famous painting media because of its quick-drying] characteristic. Brush “TA basic tool used in applying paint on a surface, it is composed of hainig bristles attached to a stick or base. Canvas This is piece of cloth where paint is applied to; Usually mounted to a frame, Cartoon ‘A humorous illustration that serves as a form of parody WHEE \n amiog wy] Chiaroscuro | An italian word which means the effect made by the juxtaposition of light and dark Compr ¢ Corts Color This is characterized by (1) hue; (2) value; and (3) Intensity. For more information about this you may visit the link below. Frame Isa border that surrounds the painting. The main focus is to separate the ing from the wall it was placed. Fresco This means “fresh" in Italian. This technique involves pz Impressionism | This is an artistic movement that celebrates painting by employing thick and heavy brushstrokes. Oil One of earliest media in painting. Known for its flexibility, this medium was @ popular choice among artists. Perspective | This painting technique is used to illustrate a three-dimensional image on 8 two-dimensional surface. Sfumato A technique that involves applying thin layers of paint over a darker paint Tempera This is a water-based medium that gained the height of its popularity in the Byzantine period. Watercolor This isa painting medium characterized by its light and translucent effect. PLATO VS. ART The Greek philosopher Plato had a rather villainous of his perception In most dialogues like “lon” and the “Republic, he never f eo teins rere 1h failed to express hi jard artists poets in particular. He even suggested that poets be banned in the ke wows Plato posited that artists focus on the emotions far more thar i i im In logic, ding to hl influence a idual to do unreasonable things. He also coud pacity ofthe : by saving that “poets dont have any talents or skill Instead, they are only cor able of Produe art through the power of the divine that possesses them (Plats Dislec uc’ the lon) 02 2005). SS yeee OTT SOCIAI Science plato said that art is just an imperfect imitation of life, and since life is an imperfect imitation of hat is ideal, he therefore concluded that art represents something that is thrice removed from What it actually is—thus, he continued by surmising that artists, poets in particular, are liars. pLaTo VS. ARISTOTLE although Aristotle is Plato's brightest student, it does not necessarily mean that they have the same views about art—in reality, it is actually the opposite. If Plato had low regard for art, nistotle thought otherwise. For the younger philosopher, art does not only imitate life, but it iso completes what nature failed to finish. The book “Poetics" is a simple critique of Aristotle toward Greek drama, which during that time was considered as the greatest form of art. The book can be summarized by reiterating the”three unities’—Unity of time, action, and place. According to him, a tragedy must only happen within 24 hours, has a single action, and must be in the same location. Therefore, it can be said that “form' is an important criterion in judging a piece of art. One must follow a certain standard for his creation to be considered worthy of being called art. THE MIDDLE AGE AND THE RENAISSANCE The reign of Emperor Constantine propelled the rise of the Catholic faith. He made it possible for the religion to spread across the eastern part of the world. When he transferred the capital of the Holy Roman Empire to Byzantimum (present-day Istanbul), the art world completely changed its course. Giorgio Vasari, a famous art critic and biographer, even remarked that art in those times (often called "Byzantine Art’) are so remotely different from what preceded it. It can also be observed that during those times, the Catholic religion overpowered the classical concept of beauty. Nudes and depi ns of the human body in art were not commissioned; instead, artists focused more on depicting religious subjects. Unlike the era before it, the Renaissance focused more on four things: Proportion, Symmetry, Harmony, and Order. These four aspects were deeply observed by the artists during those times namely: Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo. For a very long period of time, this concept has been the only way to judge the merit of a piece of art. 18TH CENTURY (1700s) named Joseph Addison shed some light on how art Inthe 18th century England, a great thinker ‘es of Imagination’; he made some bold statements Must be judged. In his work, “On The Pleasur about it. to resemble much of what nature is. Meanwhile, for ‘art may be judged based on the on-looker’s"taste” inet of Beauty). It can be concluded that Hutchinson's idee Is similar to the adage “beauty is inthe eyes of the beholder”, This idea was very controversial because it removed the objectivity reducing the universal standards observed in the past to subjective and relative ways we SS eaaasetaaaaeaanaoemmamanea NN 2S For i anogtdison, itis important for an art plece ‘er thinker named Francis Hutchinson,. . —— Social Science ——— ized beauty in two wa of judgment. To counter all criticisms about him, he haya merce the vieweb ores (pertaining to nature) and Relative (pertaining to art). He 2/50 ant be knowledgeable and must have refined sensibility. lute Must Since much was being said about art and beauty during those times, pte Philosopher decided to coin a word pertaining to all studies that revolve around it~ Alexandler Baumgarten, and he called it “aesthetics. Right now, the term “aesthetics” refers to the Philosophy, that studies the nature of beauty, art, and taste. Following up to what Baumgarten started, another great thinker named Immanuel Kant shared pertinent ideas about aesthetics. He is best known for stating that “Through the genius, nature set rules to art” Kant further posits that there are no specific rules that can be used in judging art because there is no exact science of the beautiful; and for him the judgement of taste is not GonCUSNe: — Chawing Stmailiny 1b orrdainty Lave. 19" Century (1800s) In the 19" century, one leading philosopher who wrote about aesthetics is Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. For him, there are only 3 stages of art development namely (1) Eastern Art, (2) Classical Art, and (3) Romantic Art. In addition, he posited that after the last period in art, which is the Romantic period, no further improvement or innovation can occur. He also rejected the “Representational Theory of Art” which stipulates that “Art imitates nature’, thus sparking the interest of the art world to the “Expression Theory” which will be discussed later. Arthur Schopenhauer is another great thinker who became famous in the 19" century. Unlike everybody else before him, he said that “music” is the highest form of art, He said that art is @ fabric of appearances woven by intellect. He also added that art must embody the will to live. 20" Century (1900s) The 20% century is divided in two major periods. The first half of the century was dominated by the “Expression Theory” of arts, having Leo Tolstoy as the main proponent, This theo’ stipulates that art is an expression of emotion with expression and emotion defined in ways that x e particular to the theory itself, oneme, the second part of the 20" deverything’can be art since standards as the determination of which output ‘ ‘Institutional Theory” of art. " art and which is not. This brought about the of at states that a work of art can be anything th ye? compare art outputs in this period to the periods nce Some experts commented that the conce; ee nna, there was a stark difeter ig ptof bea if innovetion and to the continuing fight against conventin Gotten: and the focuspwas IVS ~) Ipse 2 agplecen ee x