Contents

Unit Reading Vocabulary Grammar

(topic vocab)
1 Do You Mind? multiple-choice, looking for the Personality, eliminating wrong review of present & present perfect
p 5–18 main purpose or idea of a text answers, phrasal verbs, collocations & tenses, simple & continuous tenses,
expressions, prepositions used to / would, auxiliaries, open
cloze, thinking about the meaning
of a text
2 Bright Ideas multiple matching, scanning texts science & technology, identifying future forms, verbs, adjectives
p 19–32 for information collocations, compound nouns, & phrases to express the future,
prepositions, word formation, future in the past, cloze, eliminating
collocations & expressions distractors
REVIEW 1: Vocabulary & Grammar  p 33–34
3 Right On! missing paragraphs, checking for society & politics, word formation, passive, transitive & intransitive,
p 35–48 cohesion forming negative words, phrasal verbs, avoiding the passive,
verbs, collocations & expressions, passive causative with get, key
word formation word formation, keeping a similar
meaning
4 E
 xpress multiple-choice, answering the social communication, dealing with modal verbs, modality, past tense
actual question synonymous vocabulary, word modals, negative forms, need &
Yourself formation, phrasal verbs, collocations dare, open cloze, making sure the
p 49–62 & expressions word fits grammatically

REVIEW 2: Vocabulary & Grammar  p 63–64

5 If At First missing paragraphs, linking & hopes & dreams, multiple-choice conditionals, cloze, paying attention
referencing expressions cloze, dealing with words that to details
You Don’t have similar meanings, phrasal
Succeed … verbs, collocations & expressions,
p 65–78 prepositions
6 M
 ade of multiple-choice, money, multiple-choice cloze, inversion, so & such, unreal past,
dealing with unfamiliar words dealing with multiple-choice cloze would rather, would prefer & had
Money tests, phrasal verbs, collocations & better, key word transformation,
p 79–92 expressions recognising structures
REVIEW 3: Vocabulary & Grammar  p 93–94
7 Distant Shores missing paragraphs, checking for travel & culture, understanding new gradable & ungradable adjectives,
p 95–108 cohesion words, phrasal verbs, word formation, modifying adverbs, open cloze,
collocations & expressions referring back & forwards

8 K
 nowledge is multiple matching, avoiding education, word formation, reporting verb patterns, reporting
hunting for words forming plural nouns, phrasal suggestions & questions, reporting
Power verbs, prepositions, collocations & verbs followed by a gerund, cloze,
p 109–122 expressions checking verb patterns
REVIEW 4: Vocabulary & Grammar  p 123–124
9 Flying the Nest multiple-choice, determining the work, cloze, dealing with idioms and relative clauses, relative pronouns,
p 125–138 meaning of specific words expressions, word formation, phrasal participle clauses, clauses of reason,
verbs, collocations & expressions purpose, result and contrast, key
word transformation, writing the
correct number of words
10 B
 ecause missing paragraphs, reading all of consumerism, multiple-choice countable & uncountable nouns,
the missing paragraph content cloze, coping with unknown words, pronouns, articles, open cloze,
You’re prepositions, word formation, phrasal thinking about determiners
Worth it! verbs
p 139–152
REVIEW 5: Vocabulary & Grammar  p 153–154
11 Say Cheese! multiple-choice, distinguishing media, word formation, creating gerunds, infinitives, cloze, using a
p 155–168 between viewpoints prefixes and suffixes from the same process of elimination
word, collocations & expressions
prepositions

12 Culture Shock multiple matching, pinpointing the culture, multiple-choice cloze, cleft sentences with it, cleft
p 169–182 answer predicting the answer, collocations & sentences with what and all,
expressions, word formation key word formation, making all
necessary changes
REVIEW 6: Vocabulary & Grammar  p 183–184

Grammar Reference:  p 185–200 Speaking: Exam Tasks content  p 201

Listening Speaking Writing Video

multiple-choice, allowing time to introducing yourself, talking about essay (1), planning & organising a From the Same
choose the right answer yourself, giving personal information discursive essay, planning & using topic Family
sentences, showing cause & effect,
giving an example

multiple matching, identifying themes talking about domestic robots, review (1), understanding the content Neon Seas
before listening collaborative task, focusing on the task, of a review, using informal language,
initiating discussion, taking turns, inviting providing background, liking, disliking,
your partner to speak recommending

multiple-choice, understanding the talking about the environment & article (1), engaging your reader, Dirty Energy
attitude of speakers inequality, long turn, collecting your creating a conversational tone, questions
thoughts, organising your thoughts, to engage the reader, using imperatives,
hesitating/being uncertain, responding to encouraging involvement
what your partner said
multiple-choice, understanding talking about language & letter, following letter-writing Elephant Alert
discourse markers communication, responding naturally, conventions, contributing to a
using discourse markers to start off, magazine’s letter page, stating your
expressing an afterthought, changing reason for writing, giving reasons for &
the subject, indicating you have no more discussing benefits of using social media,
to say assessing a future role

sentence completion, paraphrasing talking about personal aspirations, essay (2), analysing contrasting texts, Surviving Deadly
collaborative task, expanding on dealing with all elements of the task, Everest
your answers, evaluating, comparing, stating your opinion, emphasising &
speculating, moving the conversation concluding
forwards
multiple matching, considering talking about money & moral decisions, essay (3), choosing between two topics, Alaskan Money
themes & attitudes long turn, sustaining a conversation, writing an effective essay, introducing Laundering
keeping discourse going, expressing your topic, changing topic, presenting
disapproval, summing up arguments

multiple-choice, choosing appropriate talking about volunteering abroad, essay (4), analysing complementary Reef Cleaner
answers explaining & recommending, explaining, texts, analysing the key points, advanced
comparing, recommending, reaching a conjunctions
consensus
sentence completion, writing talking about spending school money, report (1), understanding the content of Environmental
grammatically correct structures justifying and defending a report, writing a report, introduction, Theme Park
giving recommendations

multiple-choice, writing short notes talking about signs of maturity, article (2), how articles differ from essays, Best Job Ever!
collaborative task, collaborating, listening writing about personal experiences,
& responding appropriately, agreeing & expressing a personal point of view
disagreeing politely, suggesting

multiple matching, focusing on talking about responsible consumerism, article (3), using narratives in articles, Skateboards from
attitude and opinion long turn, speaking for two minutes, using a character to exemplify a topic, Trash
responding to follow-up questions, talking about characters and insecurities,
joining in, interrupting politely, handing advertising and consumerism
back

multiple-choice, listening between talking about a topic for a documentary, review (2), understanding the purpose A Polar Picture
the lines arguing against an option, of a review, applying the forms and
recommending, reaching a consensus conventions of a review, talking about
famous people, biographies, why it’s
worth reading
multiple-choice, avoiding double talking about celebrations, keeping to report (2), getting the most out of the Rite of Passage
negatives and other traps the time limit, involving your partner, prompt material, producing your own
supporting opinions with examples, content, talking about aspects of culture,
changing the subject introducing positives and negatives

Speaking Reference: p 203 Collocations & Expressions: p 210 Phrasal Verbs: p 212
Writing Reference: p 205 Prepositions: p 211
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Reading:
Distant Shores
missing paragraphs, checking for cohesion
Vocabulary: travel and culture-related words, phrasal verbs, word formation,
collocations & expressions, understanding new words
Grammar: gradable & ungradable adjectives, modifying adverbs, hardly, barely,
scarcely vs almost, virtually, practically, position of adjective & adverbs,
adjectives which change meaning according to their position, referring
backwards & forwards
Listening: multiple-choice, choosing appropriate answers
Speaking: talking about volunteering abroad, explaining, recommending, comparing,
reaching a consensus
Writing: essay (4), analysing complementary texts, analysing the key points

Glow-worms shimmer above a

boatload of cave visitors, Waitomo
Caves, New Zealand
95
 7 Distant Shores

Reading
A Which of these statements about travelling do you agree with? Discuss with a partner.
•
It’s an eye-opening experience. •
It brings prosperity to many communities.
•
It’s a thoroughly selfish pursuit. •
It is detrimental to the environment.
•
It makes you a more interesting person. •
It makes you appreciate family and home.
•
It allows you to detox from social media. •
It ruins traditional communities.

B Read the text quickly. What is selfish about ‘voluntourism’ (volunteer tourism)?

Where to next?
About me
I’m Josh and I’ve got one passion in life: travel. Whenever my
teaching job allows, I’m on the next plane (or bus, or train …) to
a unique perspective on all things travel a new adventure. Here, I like
to share my experiences and
perhaps inspire you to take the
Are travellers selfish? plunge and go off the beaten
path. So grab your camera,
Travel, when you think about it, is a largely selfish pursuit. It’s all
pack your sense of adventure
about me, me, me. Places I can go to, people I can meet, things
and bring an open mind.
I can see, food I can try, my bucket list, my experiences. Are you
a self-absorbed traveller? Let’s look at some common scenarios,
starting with the plight of the traveller seeking to discover
something unique. 1

Your first reaction is to blame the guide book, regardless of the fact it to his companions. He felt great because he’d put one over on the
that it’s probably the way you found out about it, too. And it’s true, locals. Don’t be that person! 6
that book in your hand has a bit to answer for. But that’s a simplistic People say there’s something about lending a hand that lifts
notion. In an age of mass tourism, of backpacker grapevines, of voluntourism above the average travel experience. But I think there’s
internet and travel blogs, it’s inevitable that what was once a pristine still an element of selfishness even to the noble volunteers who help
paradise will be seething with tourists before long. 2 build homes or teach art to children. You do these things because it
You can direct a little blame at the locals, too. Without their efforts, makes you feel good, not just because you’re a kind, giving soul. The
that which seems to offend you would not exist. They like the money downside to all this goodwill, however, is that voluntourism is actually
and they want more – although it’s a bit hard to blame them for that. If quite expensive. Most companies that organise volunteer trips will
tourist cash spent at beach bars and souvenir shops can ease poverty charge you plenty for the experience – often far more than it would
and raise living standards, it would be selfish to begrudge the locals cost you to just visit those countries on your own. 7
their chance at a better life. 3 Well, that’s it. Some of you will disagree with my views, but I’m up for
Honestly, either accept a place as it is, even if it doesn’t live up to a good debate. Send your comments and let me know your thoughts.
your expectations, or go elsewhere if the trappings of progress are Are you a selfish traveller?
too offensive for your sensibilities. Don’t blame the guide books,
the internet, or Trip Advisor. Don’t blame your fellow tourists. And
A team of young activists
definitely don’t blame the locals for trying to improve their lives – that planting a tree in a park
would be the height of selfishness. 4
They say money makes the world go round. So how do you spend
your hard-earned cash on holiday? Do you shop locally? If you stay,
eat and shop in places owned by locals, your money will stay in the
community and help generate jobs. Foreign-owned resorts or hotel
chains may offer a higher level of comfort and extra facilities, but very
little of what you pay actually trickles down into the local economy.
If there’s a beach nearby, do you really need a swimming pool?
5
And last but not least where money’s concerned, bargain fairly. Saving
an extra dollar on that T-shirt or souvenir will hardly make a dent in
your budget, but it can make a huge difference to the seller. Once, I
was disgusted to witness a shameful exchange in which a well-fed
foreigner haggled hard to get a novelty toy for less than half price. The
saving? Fifty measly cents. Adding insult to injury, he boasted about

96
C Refer back to the Exam Close-up on page 37. Then look for cohesive devices in the missing paragraphs in
the Exam Task below.

D Now complete the Exam Task.

Exam Task
You are going to read a blog post. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the post. Choose from the paragraphs
A – H the one which fits each gap (1 – 7). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
A Maybe you’re not the kind of traveller who thinks hell is other people. Maybe you’re happy to discover and share
the world with others. That’s commendable. But while you’re roaming the planet, think about your personal
impact on the people and the places around you. Are you contributing in positive ways that can be of benefit to
others, or are you exacerbating problems? Are you causing harm to satisfy selfish needs?
B You get to an exotic destination expecting to find an untouched and unspoilt paradise, a secluded fantasyland
just for you, far from the well-worn tourist path ... and the place is crawling with other travellers. There are loud
and obnoxious backpackers, huge speakers thumping out the most awful dance music, and tour buses spewing
their human cargo.
C One last thing before I get off my soapbox: voluntourism. It’s a novel concept, and, to those whose idea of travel
is a secluded resort and a day spa, a somewhat frightening one. The idea is simple: as a traveller from the first
world, you’re usually in a far more privileged position than those who live in the countries you’re visiting. But,
rather than just comfort yourself with the knowledge that your money is helping their economy, why not do
something tangible to help out, even for just a few days?
D There is also something imperialistic about not allowing – or wanting – less developed countries to develop along
the lines of our own cultures. After a recent trip to Nepal, a member of our group was complaining about locals in
a village, and how the place was spoilt because there was an internet café. I couldn’t believe my ears. Why can’t
these Nepalese people enjoy the web if they so choose?
E Stay calm and don’t get angry if you think you’ve been charged a bit more for your transport, hotel or food.
Perhaps it’s just an honest mistake. Try to point out the discrepancy in a polite and respectful way, and don’t
accuse anyone of dishonesty. Yes, it’s your hard-earned cash, but don’t assume people want to rob you of it just
because they have less.
F Be careful about what you’re buying, too. In countries with lax environmental regulations, or where authorities
turn a blind eye to illegal trade, it’s not difficult to find products made from endangered species such as shell,
coral and certain woods. It never fails to shock me when I hear of anyone buying ivory products, like carvings or
jewellery. And then there’s medicine made from parts of endangered animals. Don’t even think about it! The tiger
population in Asia has been drastically reduced, and for what? Some crackpot cure that doesn’t work.
G Isn’t this concept of an exclusive paradise selfish? Not only that, but the arrogance implicit in it is astonishing too.
Without wishing to state the obvious, the second you decide to go to a place because it is paradise, you are part
of the problem. The blaring speakers, international sport on big screen TVs, karaoke, fish and chips – it’s all there
because it’s what the tourists want.
H Yes, that’s right – you pay the organisation to go and work for free. The money is supposed to go into the
community, but often, shady operators pocket the profits. As if that wasn’t bad enough, volunteers could be
taking jobs from locals. Think about it. If there’s free labour, i.e. you, why would anyone employ a local? That’s
probably what I find most disturbing about the whole concept. It’s not ethical or responsible, and in my humble
opinion, best avoided.

E Replace the words in bold in the sentences with these expressions from the text in the correct form.
add insult to injury make a huge dent in off the beaten path put one over on take the plunge
1
The shopkeeper thought he’d fooled me, but I knew 4
I never thought I’d try bungee jumping, but I did
the bracelet wasn’t real gold and told him so. despite being very nervous about it.

2
Buying an expensive rug at the souk greatly reduced 5
The site may be in an isolated spot, but it’s well
their budget, and they regretted it. worth a visit if you want a great day out.

3
The hotel room was tiny, and to make a bad
situation worse, the air conditioning didn’t work.

• Does tourism always have a positive effect on an area? Ideas Focus

• Would you pay to do volunteer work in a
disadvantaged community abroad? Why? / Why not?
97
 7 Distant Shores

Vocabulary
A Complete the sentences with the words.
marvel oddity phenomenon rarity spectacle wonder
1
The upside down house in Szymbark, Poland, is a real ; in fact, it’s the strangest thing I’ve ever
seen – it stands on its roof and visitors walk on the ceilings!
2
Not far from the city of Cairo sits the Great Pyramid of Giza, which is the only surviving ancient .
3
The Colosseum, which is huge and still standing, is a of ancient Roman engineering and
mathematics.
4
During the Holi festival in India, people throw brightly coloured powder at each other; it’s quite a
to see.
5
The sight of snow is a in Athens, but it has become more common in recent years.
6
The Aurora Borealis is a natural of vivid colours that lights up the night sky in the Arctic region.

B Circle the correct words.

1
For the vast majority of people wishing to travel, the deciding / decisive factor in their choice of holiday destination
is cost.
2
Increasing the number of ferry crossings to the island from the mainland had the desirable / desired effect of
attracting more visitors.
3
Being very young when he visited Lisbon with his family, Kai has only a dim / dull memory of the city.
4
Experts are only able to make educated / educational guesses about the nature and extent of future climate change.
5
Farmers in the area had a narrow / tight escape when the winds fanning the bush fire changed direction.
6
Deforestation is a main / prime example of a human activity that leads to the loss of habitat for many different
species.
7
The bitter / sharp contrast between the city’s slums and the enclaves of the rich is unsettling for first-time visitors.
8
According to the forecast, there is a likely / strong chance of thunderstorms, which means flights could be cancelled.

C Complete the text. You will only need to use half of the words.
diversity difference drain graphic influx injection input invasion long-held
long-lasting narrow-minded picturesque short-sighted spelt spoken waste

A cautionary tale An aerial view of the

The Mediterranean is a favourite holiday spot for sun-seekers. popular city Nice in France
Every year, the (1) of visitors numbers
in the millions. The (2) of money this
has given to many areas has undoubtedly brought prosperity.
However, the commercial development of hotels, restaurants and
entertainment venues has (3) disaster for
the environment. Sadly, the effects of unbridled development are
(4) and often irreversible.
At some locations, the nesting grounds of birds and turtles have
totally disappeared, thereby threatening the survival of these species
and the (5) of wildlife in these areas.
Resort complexes catering to hundreds of guests are now to be found
where (6) fishing villages once stood.
These huge complexes are a (7) on local
resources, particularly reserves of fresh water. A typical Olympic-sized
swimming pool alone requires 2,500,000 litres of water to fill it.
Such problems highlight the dangers of (8)
development that does not take into account the future impact on
the environment. Tourism should promote greater understanding and
appreciation for nature; not destroy it.

98
 Temple Complex
at Angkor Wat
D Choose the incorrect words.

1
Harry, who is into extreme sports, has for adventure travel.
a an appetite b a buzz c a thirst
2
Travellers looking for unique experiences prefer to go off the beaten .
a path b track c trail
3
The ancient temple complex at Angkor Wat in Cambodia is out of .
a place b this world c the ordinary
4
Explorers tend to have a passion for discovery and a of adventure.
a sense b spirit c taste
5
To her curiosity, Lauren boldly entered the dark cave.
a satisfy b consume c indulge
6
Only the most of adventurers would sail around the world solo.
a inquisitive b intrepid c fearless

Phrasal verbs
E Match the underlined phrasal verbs with their meanings. Write the correct letter a–h in the box.
1
When the area was cleared for mining, the animals that had lived there were driven out.
2
Due to the heavy flooding, the river burst its banks and entire villages were wiped out.
3
When will it dawn on us that climate change poses one of the greatest risks to the survival of our planet?
4
They decided to go through with the expedition despite the adverse weather conditions.
5
After consulting their map, the backpackers headed off in the direction of the nearest town.
6
The travel itinerary we received was very detailed and set out exactly what we would be doing every day.
7
Unless we tackle global warming now, our inaction will catch up with us in the not too distant future.
8
We stumbled upon a beautiful mosaic while walking through the ruins of the ancient site.

a
begin to have a damaging effect e
finally understand
b do something that has already been agreed f
destroy completely
c
explain something g discover by chance
d compel to leave a place h
start a journey

Word formation
F Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given.
1
People come here because they are drawn to the of the place. TRANQUIL
2
It seems there is less damage to the environment in populated areas. SPARSE
3
Before you travel to that particular region, you should find out if you need any
. VACCINE
4
The proliferation of hotels and resorts has definitely had a effect DETRIMENT
on the environment. 
5
You really should visit the Grand Canyon if you’re ever in the United States; it’s absolutely
. PHENOMENON
6
Overfishing is an practice that has resulted in the depletion of fish SUSTAIN
stocks in many areas. 
7
The wrought by the bush fires became apparent once the flames had DEVASTATE
been put out. 
8
We visited a number of towns during our tour of France, and they were PROVINCE
all quite charming. 

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 7 Distant Shores

Collocations & Expressions

G Circle the correct words.
1
We hadn’t planned on visiting the Neolithic caves, but we
went there on a wham / whim.
2
Let’s not have a fixed itinerary on our holiday; we can just
play it by ear / eye every day.
3
The environmental problems we are experiencing are just the
tip / top of the iceberg; worse is to come.
4
The sum of $10 million is just a drip / drop in the ocean
compared to what we need to save the Great Barrier Reef.
5
If I could travel anywhere in the world, I would go to Iceland –
it’s at the top of my baggage / bucket list.
6
On the impulse / spur of the moment we decided to drive to
Scotland for the weekend.
7
The traditional clothes in pink, orange, gold and blue at the
Indian market were a rage / riot of colour. A night market in
Goa, India
8
Our hotel in Barcelona was just a pebble’s / stone’s throw
from the world famous Sagrada Familia Basilica.

H Read the Exam Close-up. Then complete the Exam Task below.
Exam Task Exam Close-up
Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Understanding new words
1 The city of Shanghai is a of • Look at the stems of unknown words. They
modern-day China. may be of Greek or Latin origin, or of another
a microclimate language you may know, such as French.
b microcopy • Underline the root and think of other words
you know that are similar.
c microcosm
• Try all of the options in the sentence before
d microscope
you make your choice.
2 These rock formations are to
this part of the world.
a strange
b peculiar
c unusual
d particular
3 The work of Gaudi the architect 6 The island of Tahiti sandy beaches
the spirit of Barcelona. and crystal clear water.
a embeds a brags
b embarks b gloats
c embraces c boasts
d embodies d swaggers
4 The idea of a nap in the middle of the day is quite 7 The three tours are run so we can
to British people. only choose one.
a foreign a concurrently
b distant b recurrently
c remote c concurringly
d unheard d cursively
5 The government’s environmental policy has 8 The Greek islands are lovely, but Santorini is
criticism. beautiful.
a led up to a exceptionally
b come in for b explicitly
c clung on to c extensively
d gone on for d extravagantly
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Grammar
Gradable and ungradable adjectives
A Read the dialogue. Look at the words in bold and
complete the task below.
A:
There is an extremely serious threat to the planet
from global warming.
B:
It’s absolutely essential that something radical
should be done about it.
A:
Yes, but isn’t it already a bit late for that?
B:
You’re quite right; it may be too late, but it’s quite
difficult to convince people.
A:
Unfortunately, that’s only too often the case.
D Complete the rule.
Find examples of
Modifying adverbs can be used to intensify or
1
gradable and ungradable adjectives weaken gradable and ungradable adjectives.
2
adverbs used with gradable adjectives adjectives like perfect, complete,
3 adverbs used with ungradable adjectives full, local do not normally have comparative
and superlative forms and are intensified with
4
‘quite’ meaning ‘absolutely’
like absolutely, totally and
5
‘quite’ meaning ‘fairly’ completely. These adverbs are also used for strong
6
‘too’ with ‘only’ meaning ‘more than expected’ adjectives, which already have
7
‘too’ meaning ‘more than is desirable’ the meaning ‘very + weak adjective’. For example,
exhausted means very , hideous
Modifying adverbs means very and excellent means
very .
B Which of these adverbs 1–6 can be used with the
adjectives tired and exhausted? Some can be used E Look at the adverbs and adjectives and explain
with both. what they mean.
1
very, terribly 1
reasonably priced tickets
2
slightly, a bit, a little 2
dramatically different solutions
3
rather, somewhat, fairly, moderately 3
virtually impossible dilemmas
4
utterly, absolutely, completely 4
surprisingly few difficulties
5
really, pretty 5
understandably shocked viewers
6
quite 6
hopelessly lost hikers
7
extremely

C Now rank all the combinations in B from slightly

tired to absolutely exhausted in your notebook.

Grammar Focus p. 194 (7.1 to 7.4)

F Match the moderate expressions 1–6 with their more extreme descriptions a–f.
1
quite clean a
utterly filthy
2
slightly dirty b simply ridiculous
3
rather impolite c
completely devastated
4
a bit tricky d incredibly rude
5
somewhat upset e
quite impossible
6
rather silly f
absolutely spotless

G Underline the adverb/adjective combinations in these sentences. Are they used correctly? Change any
adverbs you think are incorrect.
1
My brother is a scientist and he’s completely worried about climate change.
2
I’m absolutely furious about the decision to start fracking in my local area.
3
Snow leopards are extremely difficult to film because they are so elusive.
4
With the constant increase in temperatures, it’s very ridiculous to deny that climate change is happening.
5
Too much tourism has slightly ruined this coastline. 101
 7 Distant Shores

H Rewrite the phrases with modifying adverbs and adjectives, as in the example.
a solution whose simplicity is deceptive ... can be rewritten: a deceptively simple solution …
1
a conservation programme whose success is unbelievable

2
a species whose resilience is surprising

3
a creature whose shyness is understandable

4
a fish whose beauty is stunning

5
statistics which disturb us deeply

6
a lifestyle which causes dreadful waste

I Circle the correct words.

1
The progress of the eco campaign has been painfully / absolutely slow.
2
The ban on vehicles in the city centre has quite / considerably reduced pollution.
3
The enormously / entirely wasteful food industry is being overhauled.
4
We are not quite / pretty sure exactly what the ‘Circular Economy’ is.
5
The conservationist finds his work hugely / perfectly rewarding.
6
The villagers were extremely / slightly grateful to be rescued from the floods.
7
The council admitted that it was greatly / partly responsible for the disaster.
8
Even a small child is perfectly / a bit capable of putting litter in the bin.

Hardly, barely, scarcely vs almost, virtually, practically

J Read the sentences. Look at the words in bold
and the underlined verbs/situations. Then answer
the questions.
1
The animals barely survived the harsh winter.
2
The animals almost died during the harsh winter.
3
Hardly any animals survived.
4
Scarcely any animals survived.
5
The animals were virtually starving.
6
Practically no food was available.

a
Which words in bold do we use with a negative
verb/situation?
b Which words in bold carry a negative meaning?

Position of adjectives & adverbs

K Read the paragraph and complete the rule with before or after.
The birds are looking for somewhere safe to make a nest. If they are to remain alive they must build a safe nest
in a high treetop away from hungry predators, where the chicks can be left alone. Many species’ habitats are
threatened by something equally dangerous: severe deforestation.
Most adjectives go a noun. Some adjectives like alone, alive, asleep, afraid, ill and well
go a noun and are used with a verb like be, seem, look, remain, etc. Adjectives also go
indefinite pronouns like someone, anyone, everywhere and nothing.
Grammar Focus p. 194 (7.5 to 7.6)

102
 Adjectives which change meaning according to their position
L Read the phrases and discuss the differences in their meaning with a partner.
1 a the concerned members
b the members concerned
2 a a rather long and involved explanation
b the organisations involved include local conservationists
3 a the present situation
b the people present at the meeting
4 a the proper way to deal with the problem
b after the foothills the mountain proper starts
5 a humans are responsible for climate change
b a responsible person would not waste energy
Grammar Focus p 194 (7.7)

M Circle the correct words.

1
Practically / Hardly anyone on our street has solar
Exam Close-up
power panels. Referring back & forwards
2
Whilst driving home in the dark I almost / scarcely • You may need to use indefinite place adverbs
ran over a deer. (somewhere, anywhere) and indefinite pronouns
3
Barely / Virtually no one has actually seen a badger (someone, nothing) to refer to something earlier
in our nearby forest. or later in the text. ‘Looking for somewhere to
hide, the snake disappeared into the grass.’
4
We don’t have time for jokes – I need someone
• You may need to use an opposite word to one
serious / seriously to take on the new role.
in the text, e.g. ‘This would include mammals
5
The fox was hungry / hungrily tearing into the but it would exclude fish.’
rubbish bag – it hadn’t eaten for days.
• You may need to repeat a word from the text,
6
The beach was covered in rubbish. The responsible e.g. ‘The daytime temperature can reach 40
tourists / tourists responsible should be forced to degrees Celsius, but at night temperatures can
clean it up. plunge.’

N Read the Exam Close-up. Then complete the Exam

Task below.
Exam Task
For questions 1 – 8, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in
each space.
Rhino farming
The South African White Rhino could become extinct in the wild in
the next two decades. They were (1) extinct
once before, at the end of the nineteenth century, but were brought
back from the brink of extinction by successful conservation
efforts. The rhino is hunted for its horn, and poaching is by far
the (2 ) threat to its existence. In many Asian
countries, powdered rhino horn is believed to treat anything from
fevers to cancer, although there is (3) scientific
evidence whatsoever to support these claims. Now there are calls
to manage rhinos under farmed conditions and legalise the trade in
one of the (4) valuable animal products on earth.
There are plenty of supporters who are only (5)
eager to adopt this method of sustainable use, which involves
sedating rhinos and then removing their horns, a practice not nearly
(6) inhumane as killing such truly magnificent
creatures for their horns. The (7) , like a nail, grows
back, so it would be theoretically (8) to ‘harvest’
rhino horn several times from a single animal. But is it ethically correct
to use this creature to support a market in quack medicine?

A white rhinoceros in
Kruger National Park,
South Africa
103
 7 Distant Shores

Listening
A Match meanings 1–6 with the responses in dialogues a–f.
Which response is used to show the speaker …
1
doesn’t believe something will happen?
2
thinks something is desirable, but it doesn’t happen?
3
doesn’t know something?
4
is willing to do something?
5
doesn’t want something to happen?
6
gives permission?
An elephant constructed of
a
When will the cycle lane be built? recycled materials presented
at the Tatton Flower Show in
Don’t hold your breath! Knutsford, UK
b Will they start fracking next year?
Not if we can help it!
c
Should the school recycle its paper? C Read the Exam Close-up. Then read the Exam
If only it would! Task below and think about what you might
d Is there any way the development can be stopped? hear.
Not that I’m aware of!
e
Could you help me with the recycling?
D 7.1 Now listen and complete the Exam Task.
I’d be only too pleased to!
f

Can I give you some gardening advice?
By all means!
Exam Close-up
Choosing appropriate answers
B Work with a partner to respond to these short • When you read the three options that
questions. Think of as many responses as possible. could answer the question, pay attention
Try to think of different degrees of formality. to the verb tenses and consider whether
they answer the question being asked.
1
You will look into ways to save energy, won’t you?
• Try to learn some of the common idioms
2
Do you have any idea where I can get organic food? people use in everyday conversations.
3
Isn’t it time you got your bike mended? • Check for hypothetical meanings, e.g.
4
Are you sure you wouldn’t mind if I sat here? conditionals and wishes showing that
5
Can I order just a salad? something isn’t true.
6
Do you know what ‘upcycling’ means?

Exam Task
You will hear 8 questions. From three answer choices given, choose the one that best answers the question. You will
hear the questions only once.
1 a I thought you were going to. 5 a That’s not quite correct.
b I won’t forget. b Nobody knows for sure.
c I might not have time. c That would be an understatement.
2 a Yes, I thought I recognised him. 6 a They should have known better.
b I absolutely agree. b It’s a foregone conclusion.
c You should be mistaken. c Nobody knows for sure.
3 a It hasn’t been built yet. 7 a There’s no time like the present.
b It was supposed to have been finished by now. b Don’t hold your breath.
c Sometime tomorrow, probably. c If only it would.
4 a It’s almost extinct. 8 a I wouldn’t eat anything else.
b I would rather not. b It is available in the supermarket.
c Not that I’m aware of. c I could say I have tried it.

104
Speaking
A Look at the photos. Work with a partner and answer these questions.
•
What different opportunities for volunteering abroad are shown?
•
What are the benefits to the local community and to the volunteers?
•
What risks are involved in this kind of volunteering?
•
Would you like to volunteer abroad? If so, what would you do?

B Read the Exam Close-up. Then work with a partner to complete the
Exam Task below. Remember to use the Useful Expressions to help you.

Exam Close-up
Explaining and recommending
• Compare and contrast the two options, giving
reasons why one is better.
• Use adverbs and adjectives when recommending.
• Listen carefully to your partner’s ideas, responding
and asking for clarification if necessary.

Exam Task
A local company has offered to pay for some students to volunteer abroad
but everyone must agree on one project. Student A, look at the options
below. Student B look at your options on page 201.
Student A explain your two options to your partner in your own words.
Student B choose the best option presented by your partner. Then swap roles.

Student A: Selecting a location for volunteering abroad

Option 1: Wildlife conservation in Madagascar
• Study and assess forest wildlife Useful Expressions
• Carry out surveys and compile species lists Explaining
• Contribute to important research The main reason is that …
• Basic accommodation at beach camp Also in its favour is …
• Scuba diving courses available It offers … so we could …
• Open even over winter holidays Comparing
• Cost for two weeks from €1,595 On the one hand …, but on the other …
X is far/much better than Y due to …
Option 2: Work on a game reserve in Zimbabwe Recommending
• Work on a privately owned game reserve Could you imagine anything more amazing
• Help with care of black rhino and elephants than …?
• Educate local schoolchildren about conservation This is such a great opportunity to …
• Lakeside accommodation Reaching a consensus
• Opportunity to visit Victoria Falls Would you say that …?
• Limited availability during summer So we’re going to go with …?
• Cost for two weeks from €1,645 Have you got any objections to …?
Would I be right in saying that … is our final
decision?
Now discuss the advantages and disadvantages of your final two options,
and choose the best one.

Ideas Focus
• Do tourists really get to know the country they visit?
Why? / Why not?
• Is it better to spend money on experiences or material things? Why?

105
 7 Distant Shores

Writing: an essay (4)

Learning Focus
Analysing complementary texts
• In Unit 5, you looked at two contrasting input texts for the compulsory
essay task. Here, you will be looking at complementary texts. Such texts
share a positive or a negative view about some aspect of a topic.
• Each input text contains two key points that you must summarise, evaluate
and react to in your essay. It is important that you paraphrase the key
points in your own words and not copy directly from the input material.
• The style throughout should be formal. You can use advanced grammar to A busy shopping mall in
achieve this. the centre of Dubai, UAE

A Read the statements about the effects of tourism. Decide if they relate to the environment (EN), the
economy (EC) or society and culture (SC).
1
It is a significant source of employment. 4
It can lead to the creation of wildlife parks.
2
It threatens the identity of indigenous peoples. 5
Local businesses are threatened by multinationals.
3
It depletes the resources on which it depends. 6
It fosters understanding between peoples and
cultures.

B Look at the statements again and decide which are complementary.

Write the numbers 1–6 in the boxes.
Positive opinion of the effects of tourism:
Negative opinion of the effects of tourism:

C Read the writing task below and answer the questions.

1
What are the key points in the first text? 4
Do both texts have different points of view?
2
What are the key points in the second text? 5
Do the texts complement each other in any way?
3
How do the texts relate to each other?

Read the two texts below. Write an essay summarising and evaluating the key points from both texts. Use your own
words throughout as far as possible, and include your own ideas in your answers.
Write your answer in 240–280 words.
1 Tourism: a threat to the environment
The quality of the environment is essential to tourism. People travel far and wide to see beautiful environments,
both natural and man-made. However, tourism’s relationship with the environment is complex. It involves many
activities that can have adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of
general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants and
shops. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it
depends.
2 Not everyone benefits from tourism
Multinational companies are found in many areas of tourism. For local businesses, their chances to earn income
from tourists are severely reduced by the presence of these multinationals. For example, tour companies can offer
all-inclusive holiday resort packages with flights, accommodation and meals provided. When tourists remain for
their entire stay at the same hotel or resort, not much opportunity is left for local people and their economies to
profit from tourism. It is entirely unfair and the development of foreign-owned resorts should be strictly regulated by
governments and local authorities.

D Read the example essay on page 107. What suggestion does the writer make to increase cash flows into
local communities?

E Look at the example essay again and answer the questions.

1
Which expression does the writer use instead of ‘or more exactly’?
2
What word does the writer use instead of ‘in this way’?
106 3
Which expression does the writer use to sum up?
 The passages look at some of the negative effects of tourism on the environment and on local economies.
The first text begins with the observation that tourism is totally dependent on the quality of natural and man-made environments.
That is to say, people prefer to visit attractive destinations. While this may seem abundantly obvious, the text goes on to point
out an interesting paradox. It is this: the construction of tourism facilities and infrastructure often has a detrimental effect on the
environment needed for tourism to survive. We can see this in the lack of planning and building regulations that have led to sprawling
developments along once-picturesque coastlines. Such resorts look out of place in any natural environment and, notwithstanding
their initial appeal, over time they are overlooked in favour of more appealing destinations that have not been overdeveloped.
The second text argues that multinational companies involved in tourism are bad for local business owners. It uses the example
of all-inclusive holiday resorts, where tourists spend all their time and money. It proposes tighter regulations to lessen the impact
on local economies. For the holidaymaker, such package holidays have a particular appeal, being not only convenient and but also
economical. However, it does seem unfair that profits do not find their way into local businesses and communities. At the very least,
multinationals should be made by law to employ only local staff, thereby increasing income flows into the community.
In the final analysis, it would appear that tourism can have some very undesirable impacts. Destroying the environment that it
requires in order to thrive is very short-sighted. In terms of economies, depriving local businesses of tourist income is unfair and
should be regulated.

F Complete the sentences with the conjunctions.

albeit by the same token inasmuch as notwithstanding what with yet
1 some council members’ objections, planning permission was given for a new hotel.
2
No one wants the natural beauty of the area to be compromised they continue to build hotels.
3
There was little evidence that the business would impact the area negatively but, , there was
nothing to say it would do so positively.
4
The outcome of the planning meeting was important it showed the strength of feeling amongst
the local residents.
5
Tourists had begun arriving on the island for the summer season, rather slowly.
6
August had been difficult for those who had remained in the city the heatwave and train strikes.

G Read the Exam Close-up. Then complete the Exam Task below. Use the Useful Expressions and the
paragraph plan on page 77 to help you write your essay.

Useful Expressions Exam Close-up

Advanced conjunctions inasmuch as
albeit notwithstanding Analysing the key points
in order that, so as to to say nothing of • Read both texts and underline the key points
made within each of them.
thus, thereby, therefore that is (to say)
• Decide what you think of these key points.
by the same token what with … and …
and explain why. Be prepared to include these
for the most part yet details in your writing.

Exam Task
Read the two texts below. Write an essay summarising and evaluating the key points from both texts. Use your own
words throughout as far as possible, and include your own ideas in your answers.
Write your answer in 240–280 words.
1  Tourism’s hidden environmental benefit 2  Making life better for residents
Tourism is often associated with the declining quality There are some definite advantages for residents
of natural areas, particularly coastlines. However, who live in popular destinations. Tourism supports
tourism can significantly contribute to the protection the creation of community facilities and services that
and conservation of areas of natural beauty. Because otherwise might not have been developed. In this way,
of their attractiveness, pristine sites and natural areas it can bring higher living standards to a destination.
are considered valuable, and the need to keep the The benefits can include upgraded infrastructure,
attraction alive can lead to the creation of protected health and transport improvements, new sport and
areas such as marine and wildlife parks. By becoming recreational facilities, restaurants and public spaces,
valuable tourist commodities, they can ensure their as well as an influx of better-quality commodities and
continued existence as well as generate income. food. It’s not all bad news where tourism is concerned.

107
 Video
7 Reef Cleaner
Central America, Florida

Before you watch

A Look at the photo and discuss what this equipment is used for. How can this be dangerous to marine life
like turtles and dolphins?

While you watch

B Watch the video and circle the words you hear.
1
Fishing line is a nasty entanglement hazard / risk.
2
On these sunken barges we find sponges / spongers.
3
Any reef that is utilised / brutalised by humans is an attraction.
4
People leave some footprints / fingerprints behind.
5
Animals get caught / snagged up in it.
6
We used anything from stainless steel scissors / shears to wire cutters.

After you watch

C Complete the summary of the video clip below using these words.
accumulated break down bring up clear cut out discarded entangled perform pose support

Artificial reef sites created by sunken barges attract humans, who leave behind a footprint in the form of
rubbish like (1) rope and fishing line. These materials (2)
a threat to marine life such as dolphins and turtles that can get (3) in them. The
fishing line is a particularly serious hazard because it is (4) , so animals can’t
see it, and it also isn’t biodegradable so it doesn’t (5) . Marine conservation
divers (6) a reef clean up to remove the fishing line and rope that has
(7) on three artificial reef sites off the coast of Jacksonvillle, Florida. On this occasion,
they (8) hundreds of feet of fishing line, a couple of anchors and some rope. They
(9) all the live coral and save it in a storage container to keep it alive. It will be sent
to the marine science center and Jackson University. It is important to keep the reefs clean and healthy in order
to (10) tourism, the seafood industry and the local economy generally, so that the
community as a whole benefits from this conservation effort.

Ideas Focus • What other threats are there to marine life?

• How is marine life important to the economy of
coastal areas?
• Should activities like diving and fishing be
restricted by law? Why? / Why not?

108