The document discusses the key factors that affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar cell systems. It describes the voltage-current characteristic curve of a PV cell and explains that maximum current (Isc) occurs under short-circuit conditions while maximum voltage (Voc) occurs when the circuit is open. It then defines the nominal peak power of a PV plant as the power delivered under standard testing conditions of 1 kW/m2 irradiance, 25°C cell temperature, and Air Mass 1.5. Finally, it outlines several angle terms that are important for determining the optimal tilt and orientation of PV panels, including incidence angle, declination angle, latitude angle, hour angle, and others.
The document discusses the key factors that affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar cell systems. It describes the voltage-current characteristic curve of a PV cell and explains that maximum current (Isc) occurs under short-circuit conditions while maximum voltage (Voc) occurs when the circuit is open. It then defines the nominal peak power of a PV plant as the power delivered under standard testing conditions of 1 kW/m2 irradiance, 25°C cell temperature, and Air Mass 1.5. Finally, it outlines several angle terms that are important for determining the optimal tilt and orientation of PV panels, including incidence angle, declination angle, latitude angle, hour angle, and others.
The document discusses the key factors that affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar cell systems. It describes the voltage-current characteristic curve of a PV cell and explains that maximum current (Isc) occurs under short-circuit conditions while maximum voltage (Voc) occurs when the circuit is open. It then defines the nominal peak power of a PV plant as the power delivered under standard testing conditions of 1 kW/m2 irradiance, 25°C cell temperature, and Air Mass 1.5. Finally, it outlines several angle terms that are important for determining the optimal tilt and orientation of PV panels, including incidence angle, declination angle, latitude angle, hour angle, and others.
The document discusses the key factors that affect the performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar cell systems. It describes the voltage-current characteristic curve of a PV cell and explains that maximum current (Isc) occurs under short-circuit conditions while maximum voltage (Voc) occurs when the circuit is open. It then defines the nominal peak power of a PV plant as the power delivered under standard testing conditions of 1 kW/m2 irradiance, 25°C cell temperature, and Air Mass 1.5. Finally, it outlines several angle terms that are important for determining the optimal tilt and orientation of PV panels, including incidence angle, declination angle, latitude angle, hour angle, and others.
Voltage-current characteristic of the cell * The voltage-current characteristic curve of a PV cell is shown in the following Figure.
* Under short-circuit conditions the generated current is at the highest (Isc), whereas with the circuit open the voltage (Voc=open circuit voltage) is at the highest. photovoltaic (PV) plants - Energy production Voltage-current characteristic of the cell * The voltage-current characteristic curve of a PV cell is shown in the following Figure.
* Under short-circuit conditions the generated current is at the highest (Isc), whereas with the circuit open the voltage (Voc=open circuit voltage) is at the highest. photovoltaic (PV) plants - Energy production
Nominal peak power
The nominal peak power (kWp) is the electric power that a PV plant is able to deliver under standard testing conditions (STC):
• 1 kW/m2 insolation perpendicular to the panels;
• 25°C temperature in the cells; • air mass (AM) equal to 1.5. photovoltaic (PV) plants - Energy production
Air Mass coefficient defines the direct optical path length of the insulation through the atmosphere. This is expressed relative to the Zenith path length which is normal to the horizon plane at sea level. photovoltaic (PV) plants – factors affect on solar cell performance photovoltaic (PV) plants – factors affect on solar cell performance photovoltaic (PV) plants – factors affect on solar cell performance PV module Angles 1) Incidence Angle.
2) Declination Angle.
3) Latitude Angle.
4) Hour Angle.
5) Altitude Angle.
6) Zenith Angle.
7) Tilt Angle.
8) Azimuth Angle.
9) Surface Azimuth Angle.
Incidence Angle
The angle of incidence will be a function of the collector orientation and the altitude and azimuth angles of the sun at any particular time. Declination Angle Inclination and orientation of the panels * The maximum efficiency of a solar panel would be reached if the angle of incidence of solar rays were always 0
* The declination angle, denoted by δ, varies seasonally due to the tilt of the Earth on its axis of rotation and the rotation of the Earth around the sun. Declination Angle The angle between the sun and the equator is called the solar declination angle. n: day number Latitude Angle L The angle between the projection of your position on horizontal and the earth center at equator Hour Angle • The angle representing the position of the sun with respect to clock hour and with reference to sun’s position at 12 Noon. • H=15° X [ts-12] • Where ts is in 24hour system Altitude Angle Zenith Angle * The zenith angle is the angle between the sun and the vertical. The zenith angle is similar to the elevation angle but it is measured from the vertical rather than from the horizontal, thus making the zenith angle = 90° - Altitude angle β. Tilt Angle Azimuth Angle
The azimuth angle Ø is the angle in the horizontal plane measured from south to the horizontal projection of the sun's rays. Surface Azimuth Angle
The surface azimuth angle is the angle between south and the horizontal projection of the surface normal Solar angles
