Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110

Chapter 1: A: Introduction
Introduction to IoT-Part – 1
The Basics of Internet of Things.
why IoT is required?
So, it has been anticipated that very soon all the different things that are going that we are
seeing around us and that we have around us are all going to be internet worked.They are
all going to be interconnected. So, at present what we enjoy as services, as internet based
services is basically a connection of different computers and computing devices. So,
basically this capital I internet that all of us use is basically a global network or an
internet work of different computers and computing devices.

Now, what internet of things says is that the scope of this internet is going to be
expanded. So, it is going to be expanded beyond computing and computer devices being
connected. It is going to interconnect different things that physical objects that we see
around us, the different objects such as the lighting system in a room, the lights, the fans,
the air conditioners and anything and everything including things such as the microwave
oven, the refrigerator and so on so forth and not only in our homes, but also in our
businesses such as internet working different machines, internetworking different
equipments and so on. So, each and everything that we see around us that we use at our
home in businesses, in workplaces, everything being internet worked. So, this is the
whole vision of internet work of things, internet of things.

Now, there are several challenges that are going to arise if we want to do it,
why it is going to be required, why internet of things has become so popular, why it
is going to be required?
The reason is that IoT is envisaged to be able to provide advanced level of service to the
society to the business and so on. So, advanced levels of services can be offered with the
help of IoT based technology.
So, what is going to happen is, these different things, the chairs, the tables, these
lighting system, you know the watch or anything and everything that you can think of, all
of these are going to be fitted with embedded systems, embedded electronics and
information technology, so that they have some basic computing platform in
them,attached to them and then, they are going to be acting as different nodes of that
particular internet, the IoT internet of things, right.

So, what is going to happen is these systems, these things are going to be all equipped
with embedded systems and these embedded systems along with embedded electronics,
embedded processor, embedded communication systems and so on. So, they are going to
help in connecting different other things that are around them and depending on the
application requirements, depending on the specific goals of the business and then, a big
internet is going to be formed which is much bigger than the current internet of
computers and that is the internet work internet of things IoT.
1

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110

Now, IoT is one of the building blocks that is considered to be of use for developing
smart homes and smart cities. So, at present not only in our country, but throughout the
world there is a lot of interest on developing smart cities and smart homes. So, IoT is one
of the enabling technologies to make the city smart, to mix make the home smart.

So, going forward Internet Technology that we have as I have already said it is going to
expand beyond the connection of simple computers. So, we are going to connect or
internet work different machines, different tools typically, but not necessarily using
wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi cellular technologies, Bluetooth Zigbee and
different other wireless technologies that are available to us.

Now, in order to be able to do it, what is going to happen is because the number of things
are very large, much larger than the number of computers that are available, so it is going
to increase the number of nodes in this particular network.
So, IoT in other words is going to have large number of nodes, the IoT internetwork is
going to have large number of nodes and each node corresponding to the different distinct
objects or different things that exist in the physical world.

So, the things basically are going to explode the number of connected things, are going to
explode in time with time. So, the things that are connected to the internet are going to be
projected to cross the 20 billion figure in the near future. This is what has been predicted.
So, a large number of things, billions and in fact, billions and trillions of things are going
to be connected to the internetwork of things.

So, at this point I should also mention one more thing that this internetwork of things
can be construed to be built in two different ways. One way is to expand the scope of
the current internet. That means, the internet of computers this is one way, so you
expand. So, essentially what is going to happened using this particular approach is all
these different things are going to be connected to the existing internet.So, this internet is
going to be expanded further. It is going to become much bigger than what it is at present
with only the computers connected. This is the first approach.

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
The other approach is to build a separate internetwork of these physical objects
from scratch. So, one is basically expanding the existing internet and the other one is a
separate internetwork which is going to be built from scratch. So, irrespective of which
one we adopt, each of these approaches has its own separate challenges that have to
overcome.

So, going back we have the unification of different technologies that becomes very much
mandatory. So, internetwork of things is not a single technology. Physical devices can be
of different types of physical devices having different configurations, different
specifications and so on. Each of these supported through different other systems such as
cloud technology, big data machine, learning networking computer vision, you name it
and all these different technologies from electrical sciences and some from even
mechanical sciences are required in order to build IoT.

So, talking about the origin of IoT. So, in the 2000, what we are going to witness is anew
era of ubiquity. So, in this era of ubiquity, what is going to happen is not only that we are
going to have anywhere, any place, that means any place any time connectivity or
services relating to connectivity. That means, internet or network connectivity of
different types, but also the surface of connecting anything. So, anytime anyplace
anything, connectivity is what is going to be observed in this new era of ubiquity.
So,that is going to result in billions and trillions of things. Humans, everybody being
connected and consequently what is going to happen is the number of humans that are on
the earth that is going to this number, this figure is going to be outnumbered very soon
with the number of things that are connected to the internetwork of things internet of
things and consequently what is going to happen is, all these different devices, all these
different things, they are going to send lot of data.This data has to be handled properly,
this data have to be analyzed .
So, what is going to happen is this internetwork, the new internetwork that we are
talking about, the internet of things is going to be very complex network with much wider
scope than the current internet and with many more complexities and this is currently the
vision of internet of things .

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
There are different enabling technologies for internet of things.

RFID is one we know at present in the market places and different places in the society
you know and wherever we go, we see that RFID technology being used RFID tags,RFID
readers are being used. So, RFID based devices are required for building internet of
things.

Sensors is another one which is one of the most important enabling device or enabling
technology for building internet of things.
the other things are different networking devices, different connectivities, different
communication paradigms and so on. So, these are also required in order to connect these
different sensors, RFIDs and different other physical devices that have to be internetwork
to form the IoT.

Finally, I would like to mention that at present there is lot of interest in the
nanotechnology domain. So, people are talking about building internet of nano
things,internet of nano sensors and so on.

So, you know what is going to happen is there are going to be very small sized nano in
the order in sized devices that are going to be used for different purposes.

So, we already have seen that when we are talking about IoT, it is mostly about
networking of physical objects and these physical objects are embedded with you know
the different embedded electronics that communicate and sense and interact with the
internal states or with the external environment in which they are operating. So, either
they are interacting with each other, they change their different states or they are
interacting with the inter external environment in which they are operating.

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

 Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110

There are different characteristics of IoT.

1)IoT that we develop that has to be efficient. It has to serve efficiently the
requirements of the applications for which they are deployed. They have to be scalable
because we have already seen that in IoT systems, we are talking about large number of
things, we are talking about not simply millions of things, but in several billions and
trillions, we are talking about the scalability is very important, consideration is very
important issue that has to be addressed.

2) So, even if the number of sensors and the sensing devices IoT devices are going to
increase, the overall network performance should not be compromised. So, you know this is
challenge in terms of the network. So, from a networking perspective, it is a challenge that
has to be worked on. There has to be unambiguous meaning and addressing architecture.
So, this is very important. So, all these different devices already we have witnessed that
addressing in the IPV4 context in the regular existing internet context is a big issue.

So, we are talking about naming and addressing different mechanisms of naming and
addressing with the help of IP technology, DNS etc. We already have seen that these can
be used in order to you know address these problems of addressing and naming in the
context of the present internet and now, when we are expending this internet in this large
scale. So, what is going to happen is, we are going to run into a bigger problem with
naming and addressing. So, we need a new mechanism for naming and addressing of the
different nodes, these physical nodes, the physical objects that are fitted with embedded
systems.
So, another thing is that in terms of the resource requirements, each of these nodes
are typically very low power. They have very low resources and they have to be you
know whenever they are not required, they have to be put to the sleeping mode, they have
to go through a sleep cycle.So, that means whenever they are not being used, they are not
being active. They have to be put in a sleep state and whenever it is required, they have to
be made active. These devices can be mobile, they can move. For example, a smartwatch
you know whoever is wearing the smartwatch, when they move, this node also moves,
the smartwatch also moves. So, mobility like this becomes a very important problem in
the context of IoT networks. Mobility of the devices and the mobility of the sub networks
also is possible.

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
So, part of the network becomes mobile and in extreme cases even larger network can
also become mobile. So, IP based addressing may not be always very suitable in this sort
of scenario. So, what are the different alternatives? There are different people, different
researchers globally who are working on how IoT technology, how naming can be a
different form of, naming can be designed in order to support this IoT technology and
intermittent connectivity is another characteristic that is typical of IoT. These devices,
they move, they get the network and the subnetworks get partitioned. One device which
is in connectivity with another device at a later instant of time may not be connected.

In terms of application domains, there are you know IoT is attractive in different
applications, spheres application, domains spheres.
1) For instance, manufacturing and business, healthcare, retail, security and so on. So,
among all of these, it is estimated that most of the market share with IoT goes with
the manufacturing at an business sector, so 40.2 percent approximately.

2) the healthcare and third is the retail sector and fourth is the security, surveillance,
safety surveillance and so on with the help of IoT based systems.

So, when we talk about business and manufacturing, we are talking about how to
improve the overall supply chain, what are the different equipments that have to be
introduced and different sensors and actuators can be fitted to them, the different robotic
machinery can be used in order to improve the business processes.

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
Second is the healthcare. We are talking about portable healthcare monitoring
telemedicine in a much more bigger way. That means, much remote areas can also be
connected the different healthcare facilities, hospitals, nursing homes, doctors,
nurses.Irrespective of where they are, they can still monitor the healthcare condition, the
health condition of the patients that they are treating.

So, portable health monitoring electronic recordkeeping is another. So, automatically

because you know in medical domain record keeping is a very important concern.
So,electronic record keeping automatically things are the records, medical records are
going to be archived. They are going to be stored, they are going to be you know maybe
they can be even further analyzed to grow some meaningful conclusions from them and
so on and different pharmaceutical set safeguards can had in using the IoT technology.

In the case of retail sector as well tasks, such as inventory tracking, smartphone
purchasing, anonymous analytics of consumer choices, these are the different things that
can be done efficiently through the use of IoT technology.

Security is another biometric and facial recognition looks, then the remote sensors and
so on. You know fingerprinting based or face recognition based or different eye rays
recognition based you know, so these technologies can be connected and used with the
help of IoT and you know this sort of security mechanisms can be developed.

interconnectivity of different devices, we see that this interconnection or connectivity

between the different devices has evolved over the years.
• First it started with these individual cash machines or the ATMs being internetworked.
• The web became very popular.So, you know everybody connects to the internet or the
web in order to get access to different information, send emails and so on and so forth.
Many different things are performed by different web users.
• At present smart picker meters then became popular.So, smart meters are used at
different homes in a city. These smart meters, they can be programmable and they can
7

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
record different things. Even you can program the smart meters at your homes in order
to do different things like load balancing, electrical load balancing, efficient use of
electricity you know using electricity during non-peak hours, pricing, accordingly in
the pricing mechanic choosing different options for service of electricity that is
provided by the service provider and so on and then, we have digital locks. Biometric
based digital locks are very popular.

• We have smart healthcare, smart vehicles, smart cities and smart dusts. So,
these are the different technologies that have evolved, these are different connected
you know device based technologies that have evolved over the years.

• So, ATM and web are relatively old by now. One comes from 1970s and the other
one from 1990s, but smart meters became very popular in the 2000s.
• Digital locks are very popular at present.
• So, smartphones can be used as locks to lock and unlock the doors remotely at
your homes or at your businesses and these locked keys and so on. They can be
easily changed and one can be granted access to a particular facility. One means in
a business,the employees or the different guests, they can be granted access to
different facilities through the digital locks much more easily than the conventional
locks.

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

 Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
• Smart healthcare connected vehicle, smart vehicles you know these are quite common .
• Smart cities is very popular at present not only in India, but throughout the globe. So,
in smart city, people are talking about deploying smart different infrastructure. These
infrastructure which can communicate with each other,they can be used by different
owners and the different operations in a city and different
functions of the different offices, etc you know.So, all these things, offices and different
other public places, all these things can be monitored and the operations can be improved
much more easily and also, the information dissemination because you know all these
different devices, they are typically fitted with sensors. So, these sensors are going to
throw in lot of data. So,dissemination of this particular data is very important, handling of
this particular data is very important.

• In the context of smart cities, smart dust is another thing where the computers that are
smaller than a grain of sand can be spread or injected almost anywhere to measure
chemicals in the soil or to diagnose problems in the human body.

So, in the modern day IoT people are talking about different applications such as smart
parking, structural health monitoring noise urban maps; that means, noise maps in a
particular city or an urban environment smartphone detection traffic condition, smart
lighting systems, waste management, smart roads river flood monitoring, smart grid tank
monitoring, water tanks etcetera, tank level monitoring, photovoltaic installations, water
flow monitoring, stock calculations, access control presence of different liquids
hazardous materials and so on and so forth.

Large number of applications are envisaged. In fact, you know there are many IoT
oriented systems have been built already. They have been prototyped. Some have been
much more advanced than in that than a simple prototype and these can be used for
serving not only these applications but also a large number of different other types of
applications.

For example, healthcare, space applications and so and so forth.

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
The number is many and you know anywhere that you see there is a problem IoT is quite
likely can be used in order to improve the efficiency of the solution to that particular
problem.

Different other applications such as forest fire detection, air pollution monitoring, snow
level monitoring, landslide monitoring and avalanche prevention actually landslide
monitoring in our country.

So, we have earthquake early detection and monitoring seismic system. Seismic sensors
have been developed. They can be connected, they can be internet worked and so on.

Water leakage monitoring in a water delivery system, water transmission system in a city,
radiation level monitoring, explosive exclusive monitoring and hazardous gas
monitoring, supply chain control, NFC payment, intelligent shopping applications and
smart product management.you can in fact think of IoT applications in almost any
sphereof the society, any sphere of life.

Different enablers of IoT in terms of enabling technologies, we have from

implementations perspective different technologies, such as you know smart homes,
smart factories, and so on. Different sensors can be fitted and then, we also have different
connectivity offering devices such as RFIDs, Zigbee, Wifi, Cellular connectivity, etc.
10

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
So, different connectivity offering technologies are required and in terms of
implementation, factories homes you know banks and transportation sector, agriculture,
you know healthcare and so on and so forth, all of these different technologies are
required and the other enabling technology is things like big data, deep learning, artificial
intelligence, sensor network, regular network, the regular wireless and wired networks.
So, all of these are different enablers for buildings IoT.

In terms of connectivity, typically there are three layers of connectivity service;

service layer, local connectivity and global connectivity.

For global connectivity we have the internet, for local connectivity we have
components such as the gateway and for service level using different communication
technologies, such as these you know different services can be offered to different
application areas, such as health care agriculture , businesses, factories, plants, banks and
so on.

In terms of the baseline technologies, there are quite a few baseline technologies that
can be used.
1) Machine to machine communication is one. In machine to machine
communication, one machine directly talks to another machine, communicates with
another machine without any human intervention.

11

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
2) The cyber physical systems(CPS):where the cyber, the physical systems are
basically equipped with computer and connectivity computational and connectivity
mechanisms.So, we have a cyber physical system which works hand in hand with
the physical component of the system. So, we have the cyber physical system,
3) Web of things(WOT): which is sort of like the web person of the internet of
things.
✓ From a developer's perspective, the WoT enables access and control over IoT
resources and applications using mainstream web technologies (such as HTML
5.0, JavaScript, Ajax, PHP, Ruby n' Rails etc.).
▪ The approach to building WoT is therefore based on principles and APIs,
which enable both developers and deployers to benefit from the popularity
and maturity of web technologies.

• So, IoT and M2M, these go almost hand in hand, but there is a distinction whereas,
M2M is just concerned about communication and interaction between two
machines or two devices using technologies such as cloud regular internet and so
on.
• In the case of IoT, IoT the scope is much bigger. So, in IoT we are talking about
not only machine to machine communication, but different other things as well.

12

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110

• M2M can be construed to be a part of IoT while M2M standards have a prominent
place in the IoT standard landscape, however IoT has a broader scope than M2M.
So,there can be broader range of interactions and not simply machine to machine
interaction. They can be interactions between not only machines and machines
things and things, but also things and people, things and applications and people
with applications.

• IoT and web of things, internet of things and web of things are often confused
to be one and the same, but there is a distinction.
• The web of things basically focuses more on the use of web based technologies,
such as HTML5, JavaScript, Ajax, PHP and so on and so forth.

13

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110

Over the regular IoT to make IoT smarter and web accessible, there are a lot of
terminological interdependence when we talk about IoT.

IoT has similarity with internet of people which has a people focus IOP from IoT
different using IoT different industry oriented machines and so on can be controlled.
So, we have smart factories, you know smart factories using a robots virtual reality and
so on.
One can have industry 4.0 which is an approach to the modern day mechanization or
improvement of the current day plans and industries.

Internet of environment (IOE)is another.

We have cyber physical systems CPS which is basically the Cyber Physical
Systems, where these systems basically autonomously they operate and they can in fact in
an IoT world what can happen is these CPS systems, these different CPS systems, they
can be internetwork together in this particular internet. That means, the internet of things
we have M2M machine to machine communication.

what can happen in a smart home machines, such as the lighting system can talk to
the cooling system directly, the cooling system can talk to, can communicate with the
fans directly, the fans can communicate with a mobile phone directly or the mobile phone
can communicate with a fan directly. So, as you can see that between two different
machines, without any human intervention, you know communication can take place and
this is known as M2M.

IOT CATEGORIES:

14

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110

So, in terms of the categorization of IoT, it can be categorized into two.

1) consumer IoT:
❖ is what typically most of the people use and these are basically different devices, they
communicate with another through these local networks and it can find a further
communication can also take place over the internet as well depending on the
requirements either local or through the internet.
❖ Then, we have the local communication which is typically done via bluetooth, zigbee
or wifi. So, basically this local communication is constraint within the bounds or
within the domain of the IoT gateway. So, this is consumer IoT.

2) Industrial IoT:
❖ which is basically quite similar to the consumer IoT, but the application interest is in
the industrial sector.
❖ So, we are talking about manufacturing industries with different machines, with these
machines are fitted with different IoT devices and they together become the IoT
device. They have different sensors and so on feature are there which can node as a
whole can communicate with other machines and so on. So, this becomes the
industrial IoT and basically, there are different communication that takes place
between the different nodes as well as different industry specific technologies.

15

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
IOT COMPONENTS:

Now, when we talk about IoT, if we think about IoT, what we have? We have these
different things which are fitted. These are basically physical objects once again. So,
these physical objects are fitted with are occurring around them.

So, these sensors fitted things, sensors actuators and different other emirate devices, these
are one component of the IoT, but these become different nodes in the network, these are
the individual nodes in the network. So, then what we have is, these nodes they have to
communicate with one another and the information that is sensed by one of these sensors
fitted to these nodes, this information from the sensor and the other sensors, these are
taken and are sent to the other sensor nodes, the destination nodes. So, how is that turn?

First this information has to flow through the local network and then, if the destination,
intended destination is outside this local network, then it is sent through the internet.

Typically if we are talking about an IoT which is basically internet based IoT, then
basically it is going to flow through the internet or some other wide area network and
finally, it is going to arrive at the intended destination node and may be there can be some
at that point, actually there can be some analytic engine which is running on some
backend server, those could be there and from that point from the decision, from these
analytics, they can run on these servers decisions about actuation could be made.

So, what we see is from sensors to actuators through the local area network, the internet
involving you know backend services analytics which includes again some you know
high end processing at different servers and different complex algorithms, execution of
different algorithms which are based on may be machine learning neural networks and so
on and so forth. These are all required. So, basically you know what happens is we
basically can conceive an IoT as a very complex system involving sensors,
actuators,networks, local area, wide area internet and different servers, different
algorithms,machine learning and so on, all executing together to make the system
function as as one single entity.

16

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
So, going back we have in this local network as you are saying then we have the
internet, we have the backend services and finally, the applications that I have been
served.

So, these are the different basic components of IoT.

referring to this fig. So, what we have , are these different things. These things could be
like you know different physical objects which are fitted with different sensors. These
things could be telephones, lightning systems, could be cameras, could be different other
scanner, sensors like the temperature sensor and so on and these things are able to
communicate with one another with the help of wireless technologies like
Zigbee,Bluetooth, WiFi and so on. So, as you can see that this wireless basically helps
these different devices to talk to one another and this information from these devices,
they will go through a local network and from a local network, they will go through the
internet to you know these data are basically sent to the backend services involving
different servers processors and so on and so forth. For running different analytics and
then based on that different devices can be actuated you know may be a pump. This is an
example basically for agricultural purposes.

The use of IoT pump might be started might be actuated based on the data that is
received from the sensor nodes and based on analytics are run at the different servers that
are involved in the backend service processing.

17

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110

So, in terms of the functional components of IoT, one of the very important
things is basically interaction.

Interaction not only with the physical environment by this different sensors but also
interaction and communication with the different devices, that means, a different nodes in
the IoT in the IoT network,

the processing So, processing and analysis of the different functioning and the
operations that taken place, so processing of that data, the processing of operations,

so this is another component, the third functional component is basically the interaction
typically with the internet and because you know at present most of the times, the most of
the IoT implementations are still using the internet. So, it is all you know internet
powered IoT implementations So, internet interaction is one of the very important
components of building IoT.

Then,we have the web services, web services machine to machine communication and so
on.
So, basically what is going to happen earlier most, when you talk about a web
technology, typically we are talking about human to machine communication, you know
web service we are talking about you know some machine sending or some equipment
basically sensing and sending that data to another machine for further processing or
machine to machine communication is involved and offering different services. So, one
machine offer some services to another machine and so on. So, this is basically you know
this sort of thing in a IoT scenario is taken care of typically and then,

we have the integration of different applications services and the user interface to access
the IoT. That is another component.So, there has to be a user interface, a human interface
to access the IoT network or the IoT you know mega network.

18

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
What are the characteristics of the IoT?
Connectivity, Scalability, Intelligence, and Safety are some of the characteristics of IoT.
Regarding connectivity, IoT devices should always be discoverable. It should be
guaranteed that anyone can connect with these devices anytime. Other than this,
scalability is another important aspect, as the number of IoT-powered infrastructures is
continuously growing.

Characteristics of Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of Things is a network of physical objects that are remotely monitored and
controlled using Internet technologies. In short, the Internet of Things is made up of
objects that are able to connect to the internet and receive instructions from a computer or
smartphone. These objects can then be controlled remotely.

Characteristics of the Internet of Things are often described together with how we define
IoT.

The Internet of Things is a term that is often used to describe a collection of

interconnected devices, objects, vehicles, and buildings. It refers to the idea that all these
different items will be able to talk to each other and share information. This allows the
Internet of Things to create new experiences for its users. As more and more objects are
connected, the Internet of Things will allow for more personalized experiences.

19

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
The following are the major characteristics of the Internet of Things:

1. Connectivity

With the surge of the internet of things, the connectivity of devices has never been
stronger. Connectivity is the ability to communicate with and share information between
two or more devices. This is what makes devices able to communicate with each other.
With this connectivity, comes a plethora of opportunities for businesses to create new
products and services. The internet of things has created a world where everything is
connected, which opens up a world of possibilities for the future.

These objects can be anything from your fridge to your car, and even your dog. This
connectivity enables these objects to be controlled remotely, and also allows them to
exchange data with other objects. The internet of things is expected to grow exponentially
in the next few years and will be a major way for businesses to reach out to customers
and increase their sales.

Connectivity is possible using wired LAN or wireless technologies like Wi-Fi,

LPWAN, LoRa, ZigBee, etc…

2. Identity of Things

Identity is the unique characteristic of a person, group, place, or thing. Every identity has
a name and an identification number. The combination of the name and number makes up
the identity. This is what helps identify people and things on the internet.

Identity is a concept that is found in many aspects of IoT. Device Identity is the one thing
that makes an IoT device unique and identifiable. Identity can be used to distinguish
between different devices, give them a name, and allow them to be controlled.

For Example, An IP address of a device is a unique identifier that represents a device in

a network.

20

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
3. Data

The IoT is made up of interconnected devices that are able to share data with each other.
The data from these devices can be used to improve the performance of these devices and
make them more efficient.

Data is now being collected on the Internet of Things. This means that you can now track
your fitness, exercise, and sleep patterns through smart devices such as Fitbit, Apple
Watch, and sleep trackers. This is important because it allows you to see what habits you
need to change in order to get healthier.

Some examples of this technology include smart thermostats, smart refrigerators, and
even smart cars. With the Internet of Things, businesses will be able to monitor their
inventory and employees more efficiently, making better decisions. Data collected from
the Internet of Things can also be used to predict future events.

Data collected from some sensors/devices are not useful without interpretation using
analysis software which converts the data into useful insights or reports.

4. Intelligence

The intelligence of IoT devices is the intelligence of smart sensors and devices to sense
data, interact with each other and collect a huge amount of data for analysis. Complex
software, algorithms, and protocols are used to connect IoT devices to the networks and
process the data from millions of data nodes.

The Internet of Things is only as good as the intelligence that goes into it. If you want
your IoT device to be smart, then you need to make sure that it is always up-to-date with
the latest software and firmware.

5. Network – Communication

The internet of things is on the rise and it is predicted that by 2030 there will be 29
billion devices connected to the internet. With this many devices, it is important to be
able to communicate with these devices in order to make them work properly. There are a
few ways to communicate with these devices. One way is through a cloud service, a type
of software that allows the device to be connected to the internet. Another way is through
a gateway which is a device that connects with other devices to allow them to
communicate with each other.

21

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
Communication is an important characteristic of IoT. Often one device can use another
device’s connectivity to establish network connectivity even when the second device is
not connected to a network. This ability to communicate with each other makes IoT more
efficient and scalable than other existing technologies.

The IoT will also help reduce the amount of time and resources it takes to create a
product or service. The IoT is essentially a network of interconnected devices that are
able to exchange data over the internet, often without human interaction. As these devices
become more and more prevalent, the ability to connect them together and build larger
networks becomes easier.

6. Scalability

With the growing ubiquity of the Internet of Things, it has become increasingly important
to consider scalability in your system design. Scalability is often defined as the ability of
a system to grow without affecting its performance. This can be achieved by adding more
hardware resources or by adding additional software layers to an existing system. In other
words, the system can handle more users and more data without compromising its
performance.

The IoT is an emerging technology that is revolutionizing the way we live and work.
There are many different ways to use the IoT. One way is to scale it to fit your business.

For example, if you are a hotel chain, you can use IoT to track what room your guests are
in and what amenities they have used. The IoT is not just for big businesses. If you are a
small business owner, the IoT could help you increase sales by sending targeted offers to
your customers.

The IoT needs scalability in order to grow at the pace that it needs to.

7. Architecture – Common Ecosystem

In the internet of things, there are many manufacturers and products that are using the
architecture to support their own devices. With the increase in the number of devices, the
importance of the architecture is heterogeneous (ability to support diverse technologies,
protocols, and devices). The architecture is mostly responsible for making sure that the
devices work together and communicate with each other. It also is a key component in
ensuring that the devices do not interfere with each other.

22

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
8. Security

The Internet of Things is growing at an exponential rate, which means that there are more
and more devices and appliances being connected to the internet. There are also more and
more cyber-attacks on these devices and appliances, which is why it is important to take
security into consideration when developing a product or service.

The idea of the internet of things is that everything around us will be connected to the
internet, which will make our lives easier. However, there are also a lot of risks that come
with this new technology. In order to stay safe and secure from these risks, it is important
to take steps in order to protect your personal information.

Data protection is a big concern with the internet of things because personal information
can be collected and shared without consent. There are also other challenges like privacy,
data ownership, and hacking.

What are Examples of IoT devices?

IoT devices can be of various types, such as home security devices, activity tracker
devices, motion detector devices, etc. For example, a key driver behind secure homes is
IoT. Alarms, lights, and cameras, which can be used to monitor home security and can be
managed through smartphones, fall under the category of IoT.

Differntiate between IOT and WOT

IoT WoT
Devices can be connected with any form WoT is made to handle and use the
of internet potential of IoT
It deals with actuators, sensors, It deals with web servers and Protocols.
computation, communication Interfaces. WoT is made up of the applications that
Digitally Augmented objects make IoT are made for Io Devices.
Every IoT devices have a different A single protocol is used for
Protocol multiple/various IoT devices.
Programing is difficult because of Programming is easy so it doesn’t have
multiple protocols multiple protocols.
All the protocols and standard are private WoT can be accessed freely by anyone,
and it cannot be accessed publicly anytime.

23

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110

Differences Between IoT and M2M

Basis IoT M2M

Abbreviation Internet of Things Machine to Machine
Communicates directly between
Communication IoT sensors automation
machines
The connection is via using
Connection Point to Point Connection
various communication types
Communication technology
Communication
HTTP, Ftp, Telnet, etc are used techniques and traditional
protocols
protocols are used.
Objects are responsible for Observation of some degree of
Intelligence
decision making intelligence
Hardware and Software based
Technology Hardware-based technology
technology
Devices can be connected through
Data Delivery Depending on the Internet protocol
mobile or other networks
Internet Active Internet connection is Devices do not rely on an internet
Connection required connection
Many users can connect at a time Communicate with a single
Scope
over the Internet machine at a time
B2C(Business to Customers) and Only B2B(Business to Business)
Business Type
B2B(Business to Business) is used
IoT supports open API
Open API support M2M does not support open API
Integrations
Data is shared with applications Data is shared with the
Data Sharing that tend to improve the end-user communication parties
experience themselves.

24

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23

Semester : VI Course Title : Internet of Things Course Code : CSC110
Questions:
IoT Concepts: Unit 1A – Introduction
1. Differentiate between IoT and M2M.
2. Differentiate between IoT and WoT.
3. State and explain the various connectivity terminologies of IoT.
4. Explain categories of IoT.
5. What is IoT?
6. Write a note on Consumer IOT .
7. Write a note on Industrial IOT .
8. Write a note on enabling technologies used in IOT.
9. State and explain the different characteristics of IOT.
10. Explain connectivity layers in IOT.
11. State and explain in brief uses of IOT in different applications.
12. Explain different Baseline technologies used in IOT.
13. Write a note on IOT Terminological interdependence.

***********************************************************

25

Unit I NOTES IOT Concepts Notes 2022-23