Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

dr = root or minor diameter

5. SCREW FASTENERS ht = thread height
β = thread angle (60° for American V threads)
Screw Fasteners p = pitch of threads
These are threaded members used for tightening,
clamping or fastening other members in joints. They Thread Specifications
include bolts, screws, nuts, etc. 1. American and Unified National Thread Series
Other threaded members used for transmitting power 1” – 8 UNC – 2 A - RH
(e.g. power screws or translation screws are included in the RH – right hand threaded
latter part of Combined stresses) LH – left hand threaded

p Crest A – external thread

Crest Root
p B – internal thread
1 – widest tolerance
D D Root 2 – normal fit
3 – closest fit
External thread Internal thread
UNC – coarse thread
UNF – fine thread
where UNEF – extra fine thread
D = nominal size of the thread; major Number of threads per inch (TPI or
diameter; diameter at the crest of an th/in.); its reciprocal is the pitch of
external thread, or at the root of thread in inches,
an internal thread 𝑝𝑝 =
1
, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.
p = pitch of thread 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
Nominal size (major diameter)
Basic Thread Profile
This shows the proportions of the thread. The two Note:
thread standards (Unified thread or UN and the metric For UN threads, sizes may be fractional (greater than
thread M) have the same profiles. The threads may be ¼” in diameter) or numbered (less than ¼” ).
coarse (UNC), fine (UNF) or extra fine (UNEF). For fastening, both the UN and metric threads have a
thread angle of 2𝜃𝜃 = 60𝑜𝑜 .

Flank 2. Metric Thread Series

M – 16x2 – 6g

g– external thread
H – internal thread
Tolerance grade
Pitch in mm/thread
Nominal size (major
diameter; in mm
Terminology of thread profile. stands for Metric thread series

Note:
Metric threads can be coarse, fine, or extra fine, and
are also specified as right or left hand threaded

Example 1:
a) Determine the pitch of a 7/8”-9UNC thread.
b) Determine the diameter in inches of a 10-
32UNF thread

Solution:
a) p = ?

Details of M and UN thread profiles.

where
dc = D = diameter at the crest; major diameter
b) D = ?
dp = pitch diameter
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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

Tensile stress area, As c) As = ?: M10 x 1.5

This represents the equivalent area in determining the
tensile stress of a threaded member. It is an area based on
a circle whose diameter is the average between the pitch
diameter and the minor diameter of the thread.

p Stress area, As Thread Forms for Screws and Bolts

P P P P
60º 29º
Ds D 60º P/8 55º
0.3707P
American Seller’s Acme Screw Whitworth (British)
V-Threads Screw Thread Thread Thread
Note:
The following formulas for stress area As, were taken
from MED by Mott

UN threads
𝝅𝝅
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 = (𝑫𝑫 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑)𝟐𝟐 , 𝒊𝒊𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒
(D and p in inches)

Metric threads
𝝅𝝅 Types of threaded fastener.
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 = (𝑫𝑫 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)𝟐𝟐 , 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒 (a) Bolt and nut; (c) Cap screw; (c) stud.
(D and p in mm)
Empirical Formulas for Bolts from the Textbook
Example 2:
Determine the stress areas of each of the following Bolt head Fe Fe = tensile load of bolt; its safe
threads: a) 1” diameter bolt with fine thread, b) 1.5” external load
diameter screw with coarse thread, and c) M10 x 1.5 bolt. D = nominal size of bolt (major
diameter)
D
Solution: Sd = design stress of bolt
a) As = ?: 1” diameter fine thread Sy = yield strength of bolt
material
As = stress area of bolt
N = factor of safety

Fe
Nut
Connected parts

b) As = ?: 1.5” diameter coarse thread

Cylinder assembly using bolts and nuts.

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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

♦ Strength Consideration ♦ Initial Tightening Torque

Case 1. Design stress is given 𝑻𝑻𝒊𝒊 = 𝑪𝑪𝑳𝑳 𝑫𝑫𝑭𝑭𝒊𝒊

𝑭𝑭𝒆𝒆 Ti = tightening torque required in in-lb

𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕 = = 𝑺𝑺𝒅𝒅 : Fi = initial tension desired
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔
𝜋𝜋 D = major diameter, inches
where 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 𝐷𝐷2 : unless specified CL = friction factor: 0.15 for lubricated
4
Note : bolts; 0.20 for “as received” bolts.
This is a basic consideration wherein the bolt is treated
as an ordinary member of circular section under tension.
♦ Torque Causing Shear during Tightening
The bolt’s design stress Sd can also be expressed in
𝑻𝑻𝒔𝒔 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝑻𝑻𝒊𝒊
terms of Sy / N. However, it should have considered the
initial stress used during tightening of the bolt prior to the Ti = tightening torque
application of the external load Fe. This initial tightening Ts = twisting moment in bolt
stress is generally high.
Note:
Case 2. Only the yield strength is given, factor of safety
This torque causing shear is only present during
is not specified.
𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 tightening. It gradually disappears after tightening due
𝑭𝑭𝒆𝒆 = (𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 )𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓 to relaxation of the materials, vibration during
𝟔𝟔 operation, etc.
(from p. 169, DME Faires)
Note: ♦ Tightening Stress in Bolts, Si: (p. 169 Faires)
This assumes that the bolt is well-tightened before the
external load Fe is applied. Formula applies to D < ¾”. Rule of thumb in tightening the bolts

where: 𝑺𝑺𝒊𝒊 ≈ 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝑺𝑺𝒑𝒑 : If 𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝 is available

Sy = bolt material’s yield strength in psi
As = stress area in in2 where
Fe = safe external load in lb. 𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝 = proof stress of bolts; stress above which
permanent deformation of bolt starts to
Case 3. Bolt material is specified, but no Sy value given occur

𝑭𝑭𝒆𝒆 = 𝑪𝑪𝑨𝑨𝒓𝒓 𝟏𝟏.𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝑺𝑺𝒊𝒊 ≈ 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝑺𝑺𝒚𝒚 : If 𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝 is not available

(from p. 138, DMM – Doughtie & Vallance) 𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝 = yield strength of bolt material

Note: Note:
This assumes that the bolt is well-tightened before the Values of 𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝 , 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 , and 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 for selected bolt
external load Fe is applied. Formula applies to D ≥ ¾”. materials (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) are shown in 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 5.2
where DME Faires.
Ar = stress area, in2
C = material constant: ♦ Threaded Length of Bolts
C = 5000 psi for carbon steel bolts;
C = up to 15,000 for alloy steels; 𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡 = 1.5𝐷𝐷: 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
C = 1000 psi for bronze bolts. 1
𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡 = 2𝐷𝐷 + 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. : 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
4
For D > 2”, Sd is generally 7,000 to 8,000 psi for
carbon steels and up to 20,000 psi for alloy steels. ♦ Length of Engagement (Cap screws and Stud Bolts)

At least 𝐻𝐻 = 1.5𝐷𝐷 : for cast iron and other brittle

materials

At least 𝐻𝐻 = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷1.25𝐷𝐷 : for steel and other ductile

materials

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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

At least 𝐻𝐻 = 3𝐷𝐷 : for aluminum Example 1:

Ten stud bolts are used to fasten the head of
♦ Depth of Hole VS. Threaded Length 203.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 diameter ammonia compressor. The maximum
1 operating pressure inside the cylinder is to be 15 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡 + 𝐷𝐷
2 and the bolts are made of AISI C1020, as rolled steel.
a. Specify the standard diameter required for the
♦ Formulas from Machineries Handbook stud bolts.
b. Compute for the torque required in tightening
Working Strength of Bolts each bolt if the tightening stress is to be about
70% of the material’s yield strength value.
𝑾𝑾 = 𝑺𝑺𝒕𝒕 (𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐) c. Torsional stress induced at the root diameter of
each of the bolts during tightening.
where
W = working strength in lb.
Solution
St =allowable working stress, psi
d = bolt diameter, in.
Ten stud bolts: 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 =10
Hp rating of a set screw Pressure:𝑝𝑝 = 15 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚2
Effective dia,: 𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 = 20.32 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐.𝟑𝟑
𝑷𝑷 =
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓

Ref.: Machinery’s Handbook, 23rd ed. p. 1394 Thus, the external load of
each bolt is:
d = set screw diameter required, in.
P = horsepower transmitted by shaft
D = shaft diameter used, in.
N = shaft rpm

♦ Typical Joints using Bolts or Screws 𝑭𝑭𝒆𝒆 𝑻𝑻

𝑫𝑫𝒆𝒆
𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

a) D=?

𝑭𝑭𝒆𝒆 𝑻𝑻
𝑫𝑫𝒆𝒆
Cylinder assembly using bolts and nuts.

𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑇 = total external load supported by the bolts

𝑝𝑝 = pressure inside the vessel
𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 = equivalent diameter at which the pressure is
distributed; also the effective vessel
diameter

Thus, for each bolt the external load is

𝝅𝝅
𝒑𝒑 � 𝟒𝟒 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐𝒆𝒆 �
𝑭𝑭𝒆𝒆 = :
𝒏𝒏𝒃𝒃
where
nb = number of bolts in the joint

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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

Solution:
(a) 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 =?: Number of bolts required

b) 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖 =?: Torque required in tightening

From the empirical formula for Ti:

(b) 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 =?: Circumferential pitch (spacing of the bolts

along the circumference of the bolt circle)

c) 𝑆𝑆𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =?: torsional stress at the root of the threads

during tightening
𝑷𝑷𝒄𝒄

Example 2:
A steam cylinder, 10 mm thick, is to handle a
maximum pressure of 1.25 MPa. The effective cylinder
diameter is 350 mm (also the inside diameter, in this case).
The cylinder cover is to be held by 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 machine bolts M24
x 3. (a) Determine the number of bolts required if the
design stress of each bolt is about 33 MPa only. (b) What
is the circumferential pitch of the bolts? Is this enough for
a leak-proof joint? Consider a bolt hole diameter , 𝑑𝑑1 =
25𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and a clearance of 1.5𝑑𝑑1 from the center of bolt to
the edge of cover and external surface of cylinder. For a
leak-proof joint, the circumferential pitch should be about
20�𝑑𝑑1 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 30�𝑑𝑑1 , where d1 is the bolt hole diameter in mm.

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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

Elastic Analysis of Bolted Joints Stiffness, k:

The stiffness of the bolt and that of the connected • For the bolt:
parts are taken into consideration in the analysis of the 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 Δ𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏
joint. 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 = =
𝛿𝛿𝑏𝑏 Δ𝛿𝛿
• For the parts:
Fe 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 Δ𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐
Bolt head 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐 = =
Fe = tensile load of bolt; its safe 𝛿𝛿𝑐𝑐 Δ𝛿𝛿
Fi Thus,
external load
D = nominal size of bolt (major Δ𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 Δ𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐
D Δ𝛿𝛿 = = : Δ𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 = (Δ𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 )
diameter) 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏
Sd = design stress of bolt
Sy = yield strength of bolt Derivations for 𝚫𝚫𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝚫𝚫𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄, etc.:
material From
Bolt (b)
As = stress area of bolt 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = ∆𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 + ∆𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐
N = factor of safety 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐
Fi 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = ∆𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 + (Δ𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 ) = ∆𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 �1 + �:
𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏
Nut Fe 𝒌𝒌𝒃𝒃
Connected parts (c)
∆𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃 = 𝑭𝑭𝒆𝒆 � �
𝒌𝒌𝒃𝒃 + 𝒌𝒌𝒄𝒄
where,
Similarly, for Δ𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 = initial tension; serves as the initial tensile 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏
load of the bolt or the initial clamping force 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = ∆𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 + ∆𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 = (Δ𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 ) + Δ𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐
of the parts 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐
𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏
𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = external load of joint; (a fraction of this load 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 = ∆𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 �1 + �:
becomes the additional tensile load of the bolt 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐
and the remaining fraction serves as a 𝒌𝒌𝒄𝒄
∆𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄 = 𝑭𝑭𝒆𝒆 � �
reduction in the clamping force of the parts 𝒌𝒌𝒃𝒃 + 𝒌𝒌𝒄𝒄

Thus, the final loads after Fe is applied are:

𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅𝐅, 𝐅𝐅 Stiffness line
of bolts (b) :
𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃 = 𝑭𝑭𝒊𝒊 + ∆𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃
𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃 = 𝒌𝒌𝒃𝒃 𝜹𝜹𝒃𝒃 𝒌𝒌𝒃𝒃
𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃 = 𝑭𝑭𝒊𝒊 + 𝑭𝑭𝒆𝒆 � � (𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡)
𝒌𝒌𝒃𝒃 + 𝒌𝒌𝒄𝒄
𝐅𝐅𝐛𝐛 𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄 = 𝑭𝑭𝒊𝒊 − ∆𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄
∆𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 𝒌𝒌𝒄𝒄
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 𝐅𝐅𝐨𝐨 𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄 = 𝑭𝑭𝒊𝒊 − 𝑭𝑭𝒆𝒆 � � (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
∆𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 𝒌𝒌𝒃𝒃 + 𝒌𝒌𝒄𝒄
𝐅𝐅𝐜𝐜 Stiffness line
Δ𝛿𝛿 of connected Note:
parts (c):
𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄 = 𝒌𝒌𝒄𝒄 𝜹𝜹𝒄𝒄 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 > 0; to ensure that a clamping force still exists in
the parts
𝟎𝟎
𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃𝐃, 𝛅𝛅 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 should not exceed the bolt’s safe stress
𝛿𝛿𝑏𝑏 𝛿𝛿𝑐𝑐
External load that opens the joint, 𝑭𝑭𝒐𝒐 :
Final loads after Fe is applied: If the external load 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 is too high, 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 approaches 𝐹𝐹𝑜𝑜 and
the joint starts to open (i.e. 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 = 0).
For the bolts:
𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃 = 𝑭𝑭𝒊𝒊 + ∆𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃 From the chart, by similar triangles
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑜𝑜
=
For the connected parts: 𝛿𝛿𝑏𝑏 𝛿𝛿𝑏𝑏 + 𝛿𝛿𝑐𝑐
𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄 = 𝑭𝑭𝒊𝒊 − ∆𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄 But,
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖
𝛿𝛿𝑏𝑏 = : 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝛿𝛿𝑐𝑐 =
where 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐
𝑭𝑭𝒆𝒆 = ∆𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃 + ∆𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑜𝑜 𝒌𝒌𝒃𝒃 + 𝒌𝒌𝒄𝒄
= : 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜, 𝑭𝑭𝒐𝒐 = 𝑭𝑭𝒊𝒊 � �
𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹𝑖𝑖 𝒌𝒌𝒄𝒄
Reduction in the +
𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐
clamping force of parts
Additional tensile load
of bolts
External load applied
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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

Final Stress in the Bolt after External Load 𝑭𝑭𝒆𝒆 is Solution:

applied:

For the Bolt

𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃
𝑺𝑺𝒃𝒃 = Bolts (b):
𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 = 4
Note: D=?
Final tensile stress in bolt, 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 this
should not exceed the proof strength of the bolt
material.
Connected
parts (c)
For the Connected Parts 𝑭𝑭𝒆𝒆 𝑻𝑻
𝑭𝑭𝒄𝒄
𝑺𝑺𝒄𝒄 =
𝑨𝑨𝒄𝒄
Note:
If 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 ≤ 0 the joint opens, i.e. no more
clamping force is left in the connected parts.

Example 3:
A set four bolts in a joint provides a clamping
force of 16000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙, which is equally shared among the
bolts.
a. Specify the bolt size required if they are to be
designed based on an initial stress of 75% of their (a) D = ?: Selection is to be based on 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖 = 0.75𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝
proof stress/strength. (This is not a standard
procedure in selecting the bolts since the basis is
not the external load 𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒 that they are supposed to
handle). The bolts are to be made of SAE Gr. 5 or
ASTM A325 (Table 5.2 of DME by Faires) Also
compute for the torque necessary in tightening
each lubricated bolt.
b. Assume that the above joint is subjected to a total
external lead of 12,000 lb after the bolts have been
tightened, and that the stiffness of the connected
parts is three times that of the bolts. Compute for
the final stress in each bolt. Are the bolts still safe?
c. What total external land may open the joint?
d. The same as (b) and (c) except that the stiffness of
the parts is only one-tenth that of the bolt: 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐 =
1
𝑘𝑘 .
10 𝑏𝑏
e. Redesign the bolts (i.e. Solve for the required bolt
size in (d) if they are to be based on the external
load that they are supposed to handle.
f. Estimate the factor of safety (based on the
Soderberg criterion) of the bolts in (𝑒𝑒) if they are
to be made of SAE Gr. 5, with seller’s threads that
are cut & hardened (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴12), use the same load
values in (𝑎𝑎) & (𝑏𝑏) with 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐 = 3𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 . Consider the
loads to vary indefinitely.
g. Redesign the bolts in (f) based on a Soderberg’s
factor of safety of N = 2.0 only.

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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

(b) 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 =?: (Final stress in the bolt if the external load is
applied)

(e) 𝐷𝐷 =? : (Base the bolt selection on the empirical

(c) 𝐹𝐹𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇 =?: (Total external load that opens the joint)

1
(d) 𝑆𝑆𝑏𝑏 , 𝐹𝐹𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇 =?: If 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐 = 10 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏

(f) 𝑁𝑁 =?: (Soderberg criterion): Use 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐 = 3𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏

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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

Calculation of Stiffness, 𝒌𝒌 𝒃𝒃 & 𝒌𝒌 𝒄𝒄

Bolt (b) ℎ = bolt grip

𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 = unthreaded length of
bolt
𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡 = threaded length of bolt
𝐿𝐿1
D 𝐿𝐿1 , 𝐿𝐿2 , 𝐿𝐿3 = thickness of
𝐿𝐿2 ℎ
parts
𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡 𝐿𝐿3 𝐷𝐷 = bolt diameter
𝐷𝐷ℎ = bolt hole diameter

ℎ = 𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 + 𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡
Dh
ℎ = 𝐿𝐿1 + 𝐿𝐿2 + 𝐿𝐿3 + ⋯
Connected parts (c)

• Stiffness of the Bolt, 𝒌𝒌𝒃𝒃

Two sections of the bolt connected in series:

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
= +
𝒌𝒌𝒃𝒃 𝒌𝒌𝒖𝒖 𝒌𝒌𝒕𝒕

where,
(g) 𝐷𝐷 =?: If N=2.0 (Soderberg). Use 𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐 = 3𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏 𝜋𝜋
𝑘𝑘𝑢𝑢 = ∶ 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐷𝐷2
𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 4
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝐸𝑏𝑏
𝑘𝑘𝑡𝑡 = : 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = stress area of bolt
𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡

• Stiffness of the Connected Parts

For the ‘n’ clamped members that are connected

in series,
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
= + + + ⋯+
𝒌𝒌𝒄𝒄 𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒏𝒏

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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

Or, Solution:
𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳𝟑𝟑
= + + +⋯
𝒌𝒌𝒄𝒄 𝑨𝑨𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝟏𝟏 𝑨𝑨𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝟐𝟐 𝑨𝑨𝑪𝑪 𝑬𝑬𝟑𝟑

where,
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 = equivalent compressed area of the
connected parts
𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨𝒄𝒄 = [𝑫𝑫 − 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 ]
𝟒𝟒 𝒆𝒆

𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 = equivalent outside diameter of parts

being clamped

Note:
If the area being clamped is too large, an
estimation formula for 𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 may be used (page 169,
DME Faires)
ℎ
𝑫𝑫𝒆𝒆 = (Dimension 𝐴𝐴 from 𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀) +
2

where
Dimension A = width of nut across flats as
given by AT14

h = bolt grip

𝐴𝐴

Note:
If the compress area is clear (i.e. solvable and not too
large), don’t use the above estimation formulas.

Example 4
Determine 𝑘𝑘𝑏𝑏 /𝑘𝑘𝑐𝑐 from the given bolted joint by
considering the following dimensions. The bolt has coarse
threads.

Bolt : AISI C 1020,

rolled steel Other Data:
Gasket, Eg = 19ksi
𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 = 2.25”
𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡 = 0.75”
𝐿𝐿𝑢𝑢 𝐿𝐿1 𝐿𝐿1 = 1.45”
D
𝐿𝐿2 ℎ 𝐿𝐿2 = 0.05
𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡 𝐿𝐿3 𝐿𝐿3 = 1.5”

𝐷𝐷 = 1”
𝐷𝐷ℎ = 1.125”
D
Cast iron ASTM
40 blocks

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 Machine Design 1: BASAEN, RV

Table 5.2 of DME Faires

MINIMUM STRENGTHS OF BOLTS (ksi)
(SELECTED STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS)
GRADE SIZES, 𝑆𝑆𝑝𝑝 , 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑆𝑆𝑢𝑢 , 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦 , 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
INCL.
(in.)
1 3 55 69
−
4 4
7 52 64
SAE −1
Grade 2 8
1 1 28 55
1 −1
8 2
1 3 85 120 88
−
SAE 4 4
Grade 5, 7 78 115 81
−1
ASTM A325 8
1 1 74 105 77
1 −1
8 2
1 1 80 105 83
−2
BB 4 2
1 75 100 78
2 −4
2
1 1 105 125 109
ASTM −2
354 BC 4 2
1 95 115 99
2 −4
2
BD 1 1 120 150 125
−1
4 2

64