Integrated Science
Health & Sanitation Project
Name: Raimundo Robinson
Class: Form 4 Group 3
What is Personal Hygiene?
Personal Hygiene
Personal Hygiene refers to the practice of keeping oneself
clean and well-groomed in order to promote good overall
health and well-being.
Good personal hygiene practices include:
Regular washing of the body and the hair and applying
deodorant daily.
Regular washing of hands, especially after visiting the
toilet and before preparing food.
Keeping nails trimmed and clean.
Keeping the genitals clean, especially during
menstruation in females.
Regular brushing and flossing of teeth.
Frequent changing and washing of clothes.
Discuss the need to practice good personal and
community hygiene.
Personal Hygiene
Personal hygiene refers to the practice of keeping oneself
clean and well-groomed in order to promote good overall
health and well-being.
Personal hygiene is important because it help to:
Eliminate body odours.
Promote social acceptance.
Prevent dental caries.
Ensure good health.
Prevent infections.
Community Hygiene
Community hygiene refers to the practice of keeping one’s
living area clean in order to promote overall health and well-
being. Many human activities produce waste that must be
treated and disposed of properly. This waste includes sewage
and garbage:
Sewage consists of human faeces and urine, household
wastewater, wastewater from some industries and
rainwater.
Garbage consists of solid waste, including plastics,
paper, glass, metal, food, and garden waste.
Community hygiene is important because it helps:
To prevent vectors from breeding and spreading disease.
To prevent pollution of the environment
To prevent the garbage from piling up and creating an
eyesore and unpleasant odours.
What is the difference between a pest, parasite, and
pathogen?
-Pest-
A pest is a plant or animal that has a harmful effect on
humans, their food, or their living conditions.
-Parasite-
A parasite is an organism that lives in or on another living organism
known as its host.
-Pathogen-
A pathogen is a parasitic microorganism that causes disease in its
host.
What conditions encourage the breeding of household
pests and parasites?
Conditions that encourage the breeding of pests and parasites
include:
Faeces, dead animals, or animal waste left lying around.
Garbage, including food waste, left lying around.
Uncovered or overflowing drains.
Food left uncovered.
Pools of standing water caused by leaking tap and water-
holding containers left lying around.
Discuss methods of pest control.
-Cockroaches-
To control cockroaches:
Spray with insecticides to kill them.
Use cockroach bait to kill them.
Cover all food and do not leave food scraps lying
around.
-Rats and mice-
To control rats and mice:
Use rat or mouse bait to kill them.
Introduce cats or other animals that prey on them.
Rodent-proof buildings.
Use rat or mouse traps to trap and kill them.
-Flies-
To control flies:
Spray adults with insecticides to kill them.
Use fly traps to kill adults.
Dispose of all human and animal waste properly.
Treat all sewage.
Cover food so that adults cannot land on it.
-Mosquitos-
To control mosquito larvae and pupae:
Add insecticides to breeding areas to kill larvae and
pupae.
Introduce fish such as Tilapia into breeding areas to feed
on larvae and pupae.
Drain all areas of standing water and remove all
containers that collect water.
Spray oil, kerosene, or non-toxic lecithin onto still-water
breeding areas to prevent larvae and pupae from
breathing.
To control adult mosquitos:
Spray with insecticides to kill adults.
Remove dense vegetation to reduce protection for adults
during daylight hours.
Place mosquito screen over windows and doors to
prevent adults entering buildings, and place mosquito
nets over beds at night.
Discuss the different type of waste.
-Domestic waste-
Domestic waste is produced by households. It includes
sewage and garbage.
-Industrial waste-
Industrial waste is generated by industry activity, including
manufacturing mining, food, and construction industries. Its
components depend on the industry producing it.
-Biological waste-
Biological waste contains, or has been contaminated by,
potentially hazardous biological materials, e.g., bacteria,
viruses, and human cells. This is called biohazardous waste.
The waste usually comes from hospitals and laboratories and
can contain human blood, blood products, tissues and organs,
surgical dressings and gloves, needles, blood vials, culture
dishes and scalpels.
-Chemical waste-
Chemical waste contains potentially harmful chemicals
produced mainly by factories. It can contain mineral oils,
cyanides, acids and alkalis, solvents, expired drugs,
radioactive waste, and compounds of heavy metals such as
mercury and lead.
-Electronic waste-
Electronic waste consists of discarded electrical or
electronic devices, e.g., computers, tablets, mobile phones,
and televisions, with components that contain potentially
harmful chemicals, e.g., lead, cadmium, and mercury.
Discuss the concepts: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle,
Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable
-Reduce-
Reduce means to cut down on what is produced and what is
used. If this is achieved, then there should be less waste to
reuse and recycle. For example, the manufacture and use of
disposable plates, cutlery, glasses, napkins, bags, and
excessive packaging materials should be reduced to a
minimum.
-Reuse-
Reuse means to use the same item again, preferably many
times, for the same purpose or a different purpose. Glass
bottles, shopping bags, old tyres and old newspapers can all
be reused.
-Recycle-
Recycle means to reprocess materials back into new raw
materials that can then be used to make new products. Paper
can be repulped and reused to make new paper, glass and
metal can be melted and recast, and some plastics can be
melted and reformed to make plastic wood, fibres for clothing
and other useful materials.
-Biodegradable waste-
Biodegradable waste can be broken down by living
organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into harmless materials
thar can be recycled into the environment. It includes food
waste, most paper, garden and farmyard waste, and some
plastics.
-Non-biodegradable waste-
Non-biodegradable waste cannot be broken down by living
organisms, so it remains in the environment. It includes metal,
glass, rubber, and most plastics.
