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Raoult's Law
Raoult's Law
Colligative Properties
Colligative
Properties
Vapor Pressure Boiling Point
Elevation and Freezing
Depression Point Depression
Colligative Properties
Osmotic Pressure
Calculations
Vapor Pressure
Depression
Po = vapor
pressure of the pure liquid, or solvent
https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch15/colligative.php 1/8
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P < Po
vapor pressure vapor pressure
of the solvent
above a solution
P = Csolvent
Po
above a solution
Let's assume, for the moment, that the solvent is the only
component of the solution that is
volatile enough to have a
measurable vapor pressure. If this is true, the vapor pressure of
the
solution will be equal to the vapor pressure of the solvent
escaping from the solution. Raoult's law
suggests that the
difference between the vapor pressure of the pure solvent and the
solution
increases as the mole fraction of the solvent decreases.
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Boiling Point
Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
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look carefully at
the line that separates the solid and liquid regions in the phase
diagram. This line
is almost vertical because the melting point
of a substance is not very sensitive to pressure.
The figure above shows how the change in vapor pressure that
occurs when a solute dissolves in a
solvent leads to changes in
the melting point and the boiling point of the solvent as well.
Because
the change in vapor pressure is a colligative property,
which depends only on the relative number
of solute and solvent
particles, the changes in the boiling point and the melting point
of the solvent
are also colligative properties.
Colligative
Properties Calculations
P = Csolvent
Po
P = Po - P
P = Po - Csolvent Po
= (1 - Csolvent)
Po
Csolute
+ Csolvent
= 1
P = Csolute
Po
https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch15/colligative.php 4/8
6/25/22, 11:39 AM Colligative Properties
TBP = kb
solute
TBP = kbm
Here, TBP
is the boiling point elevation -- the change in
the boiling point that occurs when a
TFP = -kf
m
Values of kf and kb
as well as the freezing points and boiling points for a number of
pure solvents
Compound
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water 0 1.853
acetic acid 16.66 3.90
benzene 5.53 5.12
p-xylene 13.26 4.3
naphthalene 80.29 6.94
cyclohexane 6.54 20.0
carbon tetrachloride -22.95 29.8
camphor 178.75 37.7
Practice Problem 6:
Calculate
the molecular weight of sulfur if 35.5 grams of sulfur
dissolve in 100.0 grams of
CS2 to produce a
solution that has a boiling point of 49.48oC.
Click
here to check your answer to Practice Problem 6
Practice Problem 7:
Determine
the molecular weight of acetic acid if a solution that
contains 30.0 grams of acetic
Click
here to check your answer to Practice Problem 7
Click
here to see a solution to Practice Problem 7
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Practice Problem 8:
Explain
why an 0.100 m solution of HCl dissolved in
benzene has a freezing point depression
of 0.512oC,
while an 0.100 m solution of HCl in water has a
freezing point depression of
0.352oC.
Click
here to check your answer to Practice Problem 8
TFP = -kf
(i) m
Practice Problem 9:
Explain
why 0.60 grams of acetic acid dissolve in 200 grams of
benzene to form a solution
Click
here to check your answer to Practice Problem 9
Osmotic Pressure
https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch15/colligative.php 7/8
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filled
with a solution of sugar or alcohol in water and immersed in a
beaker of water. Water will
flow into the tube until the pressure
on the column of water due to the force of gravity balances
the
osmotic pressure driving water through the membrane.
= nRT
V
0oC.
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