1.

Architecture of Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has a wide variety of applications and use of Internet of Things is
growing so faster. Depending upon different application areas of Internet of Things, it works accordingly
as per it has been designed/developed. But it has not a standard defined architecture of working which
is strictly followed universally. The architecture of IoT depends upon its functionality and
implementation in different sectors. Still, there is a basic process flow based on which IoT is built.

So. Here in this article we will discuss basic fundamental architecture of IoT i.e., 4 Stage IoT architecture.

Sensing Layer –

The sensing layer is the first layer of the IoT architecture and is responsible for collecting data from
different sources. This layer includes sensors and actuators that are placed in the environment to gather
information about temperature, humidity, light, sound, and other physical parameters. These devices
are connected to the network layer through wired or wireless communication protocols.

Network Layer –

The network layer of an IoT architecture is responsible for providing communication and connectivity
between devices in the IoT system. It includes protocols and technologies that enable devices to connect
and communicate with each other and with the wider internet. Examples of network technologies that
are commonly used in IoT include WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks such as 4G and 5G.
Additionally, the network layer may include gateways and routers that act as intermediaries between
devices and the wider internet, and may also include security features such as encryption and
authentication to protect against unauthorized access.

Data processing Layer –

The data processing layer of IoT architecture refers to the software and hardware components that are
responsible for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data from IoT devices. This layer is responsible for
receiving raw data from the devices, processing it, and making it available for further analysis or
action.The data processing layer includes a variety of technologies and tools, such as data management
systems, analytics platforms, and machine learning algorithms. These tools are used to extract
meaningful insights from the data and make decisions based on that data.Example of a technology used
in the data processing layer is a data lake, which is a centralized repository for storing raw data from IoT
devices.

Application Layer –

The application layer of IoT architecture is the topmost layer that interacts directly with the end-user. It
is responsible for providing user-friendly interfaces and functionalities that enable users to access and
control IoT devices.This layer includes various software and applications such as mobile apps, web
portals, and other user interfaces that are designed to interact with the underlying IoT infrastructure. It
also includes middleware services that allow different IoT devices and systems to communicate and
share data seamlessly.The application layer also includes analytics and processing capabilities that allow
data to be analyzed and transformed into meaningful insights. This can include machine learning
algorithms, data visualization tools, and other advanced analytics capabilities.

2. IoT Value Chain

IoT Value Chain – Inputs

Inputs: The first thing that is apparent for an IoT value Chain is that there are significantly more inputs
than For an M2M solution.

Devices/Sensors: these are very similar to the M2M Solution devices and sensors, and may in fact be
built On the same technology.

Open Data: Open data is an increasingly important Input to Information Value Chains. A broad definition
of Open data defines it as: “A piece of data is open if Anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it”.

OSS/BSS: The Operational Support Systems and Business Support Systems of mobile operator networks
are also Important inputs to information value chains, and are being Used increasingly in tightly closed
information marketplaces That allow operators to deliver services to enterprises, for

Example, where phone usage data is already owned by the Company in question.

Corporate Databases: Companies of a certain size generally Have multiple corporate databases covering
various functions, Including supply chain management, payroll, accounting, etc.

Production/Manufacture

In the production and manufacturing processes for data in an IoT Solution, the raw inputs will
undergo initial development into Information components and products.

Asset Information: Asset information may include data such as Temperature over time of container
during transit or air quality During a particular month.

Essentially, this relates to whatever the sensor/device has been Developed to monitor.
 Open Data Sets: Open data sets may include maps, rail Timetables, or demographics about a certain
area in a country or City.

Network Information: Network information relates to Information such as GPS data, services
accessed via the mobile Network, etc. ...

Corporate Information: Corporate information may be, for Example, the current state of demand for
a particular product in The supply chain at a particular moment in time.

Processing

Processing: During the processing stage, data from Various sources is mixed together.

Packaging

Packaging: After the data from various inputs has been Combined together, the packaging section of the
information Value chain creates information components.

3.INTRODUCTION TO IOT AND WEB-TECHNOLOGY

Internet of Things (IoT)

• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of connected things that include electronics in Their design to
interact and perceive their interactions with one another and the external Environment.

• In the future, Internet-of-things technology will enable increased service levels and will Fundamentally
alter how people live their everyday lives.

• Medicine, energy, gene treatments, agriculture, intelligent buildings, and intelligent Buildings are just
a few of the broad categories in which IoT is well established.

Examples

• Biometric Security Systems

• Disaster Management

• Farming

• Home Automation

• Process Automation

• Shopping malls

• Smart Cars

• Wearable Health Monitors

Web technology
• Web technologies are how computers/devices connect using Markup languages. It is web-based
communication that is used to Generate, distribute, or manage online content via hypertext Markup
language (HTML).

• A web page is an HTML-formatted online document (hypertext

Markup language).

It is supposed to have reduced the globe to the size of a tiny Hamlet, where people and machines may
connect in real-time.

The WWW has enabled access to information that would have been Unattainable or difficult to locate
without the Internet.

4.Communication model

Safety

• the IoT Reference Model can only provide IoT-related guidelines for Ensuring a safe system to the
extent possible and controllable by a sys- tem Designer.

Eg: smart grid.

Privacy

• Because interactions with the physical world may often include humans,

Protecting the User privacy is of utmost importance for an IoT system.

The IoT-A Privacy Model depends on the following functional components:

Identity Management, Authentication, Authorisation, and Trust & Reputation

Trust

• Generally, an entity is said to ‘trust’ a second entity when the first Entity makes the assumption that
the second entity will behave Exactly as the first entity expects.”

Security

• The Security Model for IoT consists of communication security that Focuses mostly on the
confidentiality and integrity protection of Interacting entities and functional components such as
Identity Management, Authentication, Authorisation, and Trust & Reputation