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2
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CONTENTS
UNIT 1..........................................................5
UNIT 2........................................................18
UNIT 3........................................................26
UNIT 4........................................................41
UNIT 5........................................................60
UNIT 6........................................................70
UNIT 7........................................................79
UNIT 8........................................................93
UNIT 9......................................................110
UNIT 10....................................................122

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VOCABULARY

confirm (v) /kənˈfɜːm/ xác nhận Flights should be confirmed 48

hours before departure.

consequences (n) /ˈkɒn.sɪ.kwəns/ hậu Last summer there were 15

quả hurricanes, but only one was of
any consequence.

Correlation (n) /ˌkɒr.əˈleɪ.ʃən/ tương There is a proven correlation

quan between educational level and
income.

Current (n) /ˈkʌr.ənt/ hiện tại The word is no longer in current

use

Define (v) /dɪˈfaɪn/ định nghĩa

Desirable (v) /dɪˈzaɪə.rə.bəl/ mong The house is in a very desirable

muốn area of the city.

5
Frustrated (adj)  /frʌsˈtreɪ.tɪd/ bực bội My parents are frustrated about

Modest (adj) /ˈmɒd.ɪst/ khiêm tốn They live in a fairly modest

house, considering their wealth.

Rate (v) /reɪt/ tỉ /reɪt/ tỉ lệ The rate of birth is increasing

lệ

Tension (n)  / ˈten.ʃən/ căng thẳng They seem to be tension

Extrovert (adj) /ˈek.strə.vɜːt/ hướng A reserved student will   not

ngoại necessarily respond to an
extrovert companion.

Intuitive (adj) /ˌɪn.tʃuːˈɪʃ.ən/ trực Most people have an intuitive

giác sense of right and wrong.

Comprehensive /ˌkɒm.prɪˈhen.sɪv/ We offer you a comprehensive

(adj) toàn diện training in all aspects of the
business

Outcome (n) /ˈaʊt.kʌm/ chung She has good outcome

cuộc, kết quả

Scope (n)  /skəʊp/ phạm vi She complained that the plan was
too limited in scope.

Variable (n)  /ˈveə.ri.ə.bəl/:Biến Our weather is very variable in

đổi the spring.

Journal (n) /ˈdʒɜː.nəl/ tạp chí He became editor of the

legendary Irish journal 'The Bell'.

6
Dicusssion point
1. How do you display your identity in person?
My clothes say a lot about me. Now, I’m a student so I mainly choose simple
colthes with basic style, which helps me mix and match easily. Although I am
not a really fashiable type, I try to dress up for the secial occcation.
2. How do you display your identity online?
There are many ways to display our identity online. I create a profile with my
name brief description of myself. Morever, I am a big fan of cat. So my avatar
is a cute cat. I’m also follow many famous teachers for educational material
and study tips.
3. Do you think your online identity is communicated accurately?
You know online communication is becom more and more popular with many
people and so do I. But I’m not sure if it is accurate or not. Because I rarely
share my prive stories for ather people. Sometimes, I only post some contents
that reflects your values and interests.
Reading 1: Social identity (Page 10)
Vocabulary preview
1. matures 6. debate
2. desirable 7. categorize
3. tensions 8. confirmed
4.
consequences
5. define

C. Global
reading
1. Types of
identity traits
2. The
importance of
identity
7
3. Dangers of social identity
4. Implications

Summarize “Social identity” by graphic orgnizer

Summary Reading 1
This article discusses about “Social identity”-a concept is relatively new for us.
It happens from early and divided into 3 main type: ascribed (traits that you are
born with), achieved (traits that you work for) or chosen (identity such as club,
company you choose). Although traits can be positive or nagative, people
should find their ability to stimulate positive side; leader in society also need
to foster the positive effects of memberships.
D Close reading (Page 12)

8
1. Find the definitions for the term
1. ascribed trait: one that you are born with
2. achieved: one you work for
3.chosen trait: an identity such as a club membership or affilation is chosen
2. Match
1a 2d 3g 4e 5h 6f 7i 8c 9b
E Critical thinking (Page 12)
1. What are some benefits of rivalries? What are some problems? Give
specific examples.
In my point of view, there are some benefits of rivalries in daily life. It helps
us motive as well as inprise when we try to achieve something. However,
rivalries may cause some nagtive problems if tension arises out of control. For
example, in positive effect of rivalries, two companys produce the same
product, they will try to enhance the quality of product in stead of using toxic
way to lose reputation of opponant.
2. When people meet for the first time, do you think they focus on
similarities or difference? Why?
According to my personal opinion, people teend to concentrate on similarities
when they meet strange people. They want to find something in common to
establish a relationship or connection. People also like a familiar feeling and
being accepted easily by other people, which create a comfortable and
welcoming atmosphere for starting conversation.
3. Which of your identity traits do you think are strongest: ascribed,
achieved, or chosen? Do you think this is typical?
I suppose that achieved trait is the strongest trait. Ascribed traits are out of you
control whereas achieved trait is up to you. Therefor, if you know your strong,
you can develop it and you will easilt obtain remarkable successs.
Study skill (Page 13)
My study of English
Goals - Speaking fluencly
- Attain 7.0 IELTS
Strengths - Learning vocabularies
Weakness - Listening and reading skills
Aids - Using dictionary app, or study online with
native teacher
9
 Challenges and obstacles - it’s difficult for me to pronunce
Futher Reading
What is Personal Identity
Personal identity is basically about how you see yourself as different from
others. It involves what defines you as a person, what makes you the person
you are, and what makes you different from others. Personal identity may
involve choices you make in life, such as your career, hobbies, and interests, as
well as aspects of your life that you have no control over, such as your skin
color or where you grew up. Factors like your family background, the roles
you play in life (older sister, class monitor, girl scout, etc.), personality traits,
and education also play an important role in forming your personal identity.
What is Social Identity
Social identity is about how you identify yourself in relation to others
according to what you share in common with others. In other words, it’s the
identity you share with similar group members. For example, you can identify
yourself according to your religion (e.g., Islam, Hindu, Catholic), where you’re
from (e.g., Asian, New Yorker, Chinese), your political affiliation (e.g.,
Democrat, Republican, Environmentalist), etc. Some other categories in social
identity include race, social class, sexual orientation, gender identity, age,
citizenship, and disabilities.

A person may have multiple social identities, for example, Asian homosexual
woman or Hindu New Yorker. Social identities are something humans create
together as a society. Belonging to a specific social identity category usually
gives people a sense of belonging and community. It also makes them feel that
they are one of a group.
Difference Between Personal and Social Identity
Definition
Personal identity involves how you see yourself as different from others, while
social identity involves how you identify yourself in relation to others
according to what you share in common with others.
10
Similarities vs Differences
The personal identity focuses on the differences among people, whereas social
identity focuses on similarities people share.
https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-personal-and-social-
identity/
=> This article indicates more detail differences between Social and
Personality. It gives some specific examples, explainations. After reading, I
can have a clear understanding about identity.
Reading 2 (Page 14)
A. Vocabulary preview (page 14)
1. correlation (n) - e
2. current (adj) - a
3. frustrated (adj) - h 
4. modest (adj) - d 
5. participant (n) - b
6. rate (v) - g 
7. suggest (v) - c 
8. tend to (v) - f 
II.
1. Correlation 
2. Tend to
3. Current
4. Frustrated 
5. Suggested
6. Participant
7. Rated
8. Modest
B. Before you read (page 14)
In my opinion, your personality cannot be permanent. I once read an article
that said "A person's personality can change spontaneously over time, or
11
through deliberate effort". When we are teenagers, our thoughts, actions, and
personalities are quite impulsive and immature. During a period of studying,
training, exchanging... we become more mature about everything. For
example, once I asked my sister what she liked and she said she liked dolls.
But the next time I asked her what she liked, she said she liked teddy bears.
And this change in interests is also part of the personality change. Our
preferences can change over time for different reasons.
Summarize:
This article discusses about if personality is permanrnt or temporary and gives
some related evidenced as well as researches. The author’s opinion is the
personalities can change for various reason: personality forms a large part of a
worker’s suitability, personal implications,…
Summarize “Social identity” by graphic orgnizer

D. Close reading (page 17)

2. pragraph 4: each other - none of the ratings matched up with
3. pragraph 8: other - people to think about
4. pragraph 8: each other - didn’t like then
5. pragraph 8: each other - like now
6. pragraph 8: another - person to give the chance
7. pragraph 10: one another - people continue to get along with
E. Critical thinking (page 17)

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1. Did the results of the study surprise you? Why / why not? Do you believe
the results?
The results did not surprise me at all. Because I agree with that result. When
we were teenagers, our thoughts, actions, and personalities were quite
impulsive and immature. During the period of studying, training, and
exchanging… we become more mature about everything. And personality can
change over time. I believe that result is correct. The research has contributed
to my belief that the result is even more true.
2. What are some factors that could cause someone to change his or her
personality?
In my opinion, personality can change with time, environment, and emotions,
or because the individual wants to change their personality. Personality is
formed and changed through the process of learning and developing oneself
throughout life. And sometimes emotions also change a person's personality,
from a carefree, innocent person to a thoughtful and picky person. Or in a
certain environment, people want to develop themselves so they want to
change themselves to become a better version of themselves.
Further reading
I caught up this week with a longtime friend, Dr. Benjamin Hardy, an
organizational psychologist whose newest book, "Personality Isn't Permanent"
will be appearing in June.
Hardy is young — a thirty-something husband and the father of five. He and
his wife Lauren adopted three children (with great difficulty) from the foster
system, and also have year-old twins. He's very accomplished as a scholar,
speaker, organizational psychologist and author, but is surprisingly low-key in
conversation.
In the five or so years I've known him we've had fascinating exchanges on a
number of topics: habits, self-discipline, communication — and most recently,
personality.
Unlike traditional experts, Hardy maintains our personalities are not fixed. He
maintains and demonstrates through research that our lifestyles, preferences,
attitudes and character traits are surprisingly fluid. At every stage our
personalities are the result of the decisions and pivotal experiences along with
non-decisions and habits we accumulate on the way.
https://www.entrepreneur.com/living/is-your-personality-permanent-new-
research-says-no/351158

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=> While many people think that personalities are permanent, Hardy
conducted a research to prove that they can be flexible.
Vocabulary development (P18)
1. 
1. Thinking
2. intuitive
3. judging
4. Extroverted
5. Feeling
6. introverted
7. perceiving
8. Sensing
2.1- b   2- d    3- a   4- c
3.
1. Which identity traits do you think you have? Why do you think so?
I think I’m an introverted and feeling traits. Because I’m shy, quiet, and prefer
to spend time alone rather than often being with other people and I often use
emotions and feelings to guide my choices.
2. It is possible to take free, online tests that will determine your identity
type. Do you think such tests are useful and reliable? Why/why not?
I think such tests are useful and reliable. Many online tests have been surveyed
and the results are almost completely true for the survey participants. So it's
reliable. The online test is suitable for people who are disoriented, it helps
them make the right decisions that are right for them. When you don't know
yourself, what kind of person you are, online tests will help you somewhat
discover who you are. But you should not be too dependent on it, because it
cannot be 100% correct.
Academic words (P19)
1. 
1- c         3- a        5- f
2- e         4- b        6- d
2.
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1. journal
2. comprehensive
3. volunteers
4. scope
5. variables
6. outcome
3. 
 1. I think a study has to be comprehensive in order to be reliable
Critical thinking (P20)
2. 
- Every day more than 10,000 Americans retire from their jobs, which is
putting an increasing strain on some social services
- One problem with bringing more women into the workforce is that when they
have babies, they typically abandon their jobs
- Because shorter children have lower self-esteem, it’s important for teachers
to take this into account when considering forming study groups
- Sports teams enjoy the “home advantage”, meaning they play better in their
own towns, in part because of the enthusiastic support of their fans
3. Writing model (P21)
 A. Model
1. The key words: “not born with a fixed identity”; “raised determines your
personality”; “agree”; “reasons”; “relevant example”; “own knowledge or
experience”
2. Yes
B. Analyze
1. P1: introduction
P2+3: supporting example
P4: conclusion
2. The thesis statement: “Both research and personal experience have led me to
think that the most important factor is the identity that people have from
birth.” (Paragraph 1)
15
3. Grammar (P22)

1.
1. themselves
2. yourself
3. ourselves
4. himself
5. herself
2.
1. You yourself are responsible for paying the fee.
2. I myself don’t believe identity is very important.
3. Nobody was more surprised by the results of the study than the researchers
themselves!
4. Ms. Jimenez herself couldn’t believe the outcome of her research.
5. Jack created the contest, and then he himself won it!
3. Writing skill (Page 23)
1. -Word map
- Free writing
- Chart
2. Topic: An identity trait I want to change
For me, i think an identity i want to change is my clothes. Because nobody can
stop from changing your identity and we are not one thing, we keep changing. 
This change helps me change myself more in appearance. 
3. Which brainstorming method helped you get the most ideas?

16
In my opinion, i think the word map helps me get the most ideas, learn better
and faster than a traditional outline. Because they echo how our minds create-
in images. 
4.Which one would be easiest for you to write an essay from?
For me, I think free writing is the method would be easiest to write essay from.
Free writing is a brainstorming activity in which the writer writes anything
they can about topic, in continuous prose, hoping that one idea will lead to
another. The advantage of this technique is that it might enable me to generates
ideas when the other method fail.
Writing task (Page 24)
The importance of nature and nurture has always been debated and has now
become more controversial, with many people claiming that we have our
personality from birth and that it does not change; and that it will follow us
throughout our growing-up process. However, I would suggest that this
tendency is not fixed, it changes over time. 
The environment is also one of the major influences of one's trait, many people
raised in different environments have various traits, and it is no surprise that
those of them brought up in violent and poverty-stricken areas tend to be
tougher than those who grew up in peaceful and prosperous areas.
Furthermore, those born to a single parent or orphans usually lack the love of
their close relatives, and they tend to be more responsible and determined in
their efforts in life.
Finally, there is evidence that genetics plays a significant role in determining
one's personality. It is widely accepted that genetic factors always have an
impact on the development of personality; proposed theories emphasizing
genetic influences on personality have been established, and they may have
been influenced by hereditary factors. Experts in Japan, for example, have
discovered that blood is passed down from fathers or mothers to their children.
As a result, children will frequently inherit similarities from their parents.
In conclusion, personality is connected to our genes, but these do not define
us. Environmental factors mean that as humans we can and do change
throughout our lives. Because we have scope for change, we are also able to
train ourselves and improve when this is desirable
Journal
This week, we learned about the topic “Identity”. Our teacher explained this
topic clearly and gave a lot examples for us to discriminate type of identity
traits such as: ascribed, achieved, chosen trait. Besides that, we were asked to
17
answer some critical questions. We were also impressed by the way teacher
teaching. She instructed us how to expand ideal to make an answer more
persuasive. Especially, she can talk constantly during class and we really
admire her dedication.
It was also the first time we prepared a lesson by group. It is relatively easy for
us to work togerther because we had coorperate before. The leader divided the
lesson into different part for each people and then we posted on Googledoc.

VOCABULARY

Delicate (adj) /ˈdel.ɪ.kət/ thanh Peaches have delicate skins which are
nhã easily bruised

Entirely (adv) /ɪnˈtaɪə.li/ hoàn The company is run almost entirely by

toàn middle-aged men

Functional /ˈfʌŋk.ʃən.əl/ Is the central heating functional yet?

(adj) thuộc về

Harm (v) /hɑːm/ làm hại The government's reputation has already
been harmed by a series of scandals

Imitate (v) /ˈɪm.ɪ.teɪt/ làm They produce artificial chemicals which

theo exactly imitate particular natural ones

18
 Incident (n) /ˈɪn.sɪ.dənt/ việc A youth was seriously injured in a
xảy ra bất ngờ shooting incident on Saturday night

Modest (adj) /ˈmɒd.ɪst/ khiêm They live in a fairly modest house,

tốn considering their wealth

Objection (n) /əbˈdʒek.ʃən/ sự Her objection to/against the plan is based

phản đối on incorrect facts

Piece (n) /piːs/ một mẩu This jigsaw puzzle has two pieces
missing

Mass- /ˌmæs.prəˈdʒuːs/ Buying bulk works for simple, mass-

produced (adj) sản xuất hàng produced purchases such as cell phones,
loạt computers and office supplies

Generic (adj) /dʒəˈner.ɪk/ The new range of engines all had a

giống loài generic problem with their fan blades

Discussion point
1. Why is work done by hand slower than work done by machine?
Machines can work faster because machines make work easier. With the
advent of machines, an individual using a machine can perform work which
would have needed several people to carry out. A machine will only need one
person to operate it and then carry out duties which needed many people.
2. Are there any tasks that can be done faster by hand than by machine?
One such task could be before the industrial revolution, farmer had to reap the
corn by hand, this work is very hard and cost people much time, but by using
reaper, farmer can reap the corn in a little time. Another example, do you like
to wash clothes by hand or using washing machines? Of course, I choose using
washing machines, for washing machines can wash clothes very clean and fast.
Before you watch
1c  2e   3a   4b  5d
While you watch
1F 2T 3F 4T

19
After you watch
1. What kinds of artisans do you have in your country? What do they
produce?
Vietnam is famous for its traditional handicrafts, which are made by skilled
artisans using traditional techniques passed down from generations. Some of
the popular artisans in Vietnam include: Ceramic artisans, silk weaver, wood
workers, basket weavers, lacquer artisans, embroidery artisans…
2. Which do you prefer, modern or traditional designs?
I like traditional design because it is often associated with culture, heritage,
and history. Traditional designs are often deeply rooted in cultural and
historical significance, and they can evoke a sense of nostalgia and familiarity.
They can also convey a sense of authenticity and craftsmanship that is often
lacking in modern designs. Furthermore, traditional designs often incorporate
natural materials, such as wood, stone, and natural fibers, which can create a
warm and inviting atmosphere.
Reading 1: Beautiful broken
A Vocabulary preview
1. flaw(n) - g
2. imitate(v) - c
3. incident(n) - h
4. modest(adj) - b
5. piece(n) - f
6. practice(n) - e
7. smash(v) - a
8. value(v) – d
B Before you read:
1. What do you do with dishes that break? Do you repair or throw them
away? Why?
In my country, most of the broken dishes are thrown away, except for those
with a deep memory of their owner. Most of them are thrown away because
when they break they are unusable and very few skilled people can fix it.
2. Do you have any household objects that you have repaired? If so, why đi
you choose to keep them and repair them instead of replacing them?
20
Yes, of course.Some household objects can be repaired and I don’t need to
replace it.This is a waste.In my house, I repair some things like electronics, old
books, old clothes.I repair it instead of replace it because that's very money-
saving and environment-friendly.
3. What are some advantages and disadvantage to throwing away broken
items?
I think that disposing of broken items will have the following advantages.
Firstly, we will not have to face the case when we are using the object that it is
damaged. Secondly, you will be more comfortable with new furniture. On the
contrary, throwing away broken items also has disadvantages such as: costly to
buy new and pollute the environment.
C Global reading:
From problems to solutions to advantages.
Summary of reading
This is introduction to the art of kintsugi or "to mend with gold". Explain
definition of the name of this art "kintsugi". Explain why the craft tradition in
Japan developed like this and how it is made and its value after being
repaired. Nowadays, you can come across these working machines but the
original ones will never be destroyed. And repairing broken porcelain has
become a new trend that many people follow. These views on art teach us the
philosophy of life that imperfections are also unique features worth
celebrating.
Summarize “Social identity” by graphic orgnizer

21
help you see your flaws with more confidence.
D. Close reading:
I. 1C 2C 3A 4B 5B
II. 1T 2NG 3F 4T 5F
E Critical Thinking
1. The story of the ruler of Japan is the origin of the traditional art of
"kintsugi". It deserves to be handed down and discussed.
2. No, I think every work of art is imperfect. Because they contain their own
values, no two works are alike and they are unique.

Reading 2: Community development: A new business in town

A Vocabulary preview
1. 1c   2g   3a  4h  5f  6b  7e  8d
2. 1 on good terms with
2 entirely
3 romantic
4 harm
5 objections
6 thick
7 functional
8 delicate
B Before you read
I think reporters will ask questions such as advantage/disadvantage of factory;
the influence of the factory on the area; ensuring the safety of workers; and
some questions related to the products this factory produces. The
representative might offer more advantage information than disadvantage.
C Global reading
1. The two people mostly agree. For example, “Well, I know. I can’t argue
with that”; “I agree”; “I do, and I don’t disagree” 
2. Yes, the tone of the interview friendly

22
Summary of reading
In this month’s community development column, our reporter Karen Brandt
talks with Julian Vincenzo, the public relations officer for Mayflower Quality
Home Furnishings. Firstly, KB refers some of the objections Mayflower has
faced from residents in Carollton. JV explained why the company chose this
location. Then they discussed handmade furniture and machine made furniture.
JV points out the advantages and disadvantages of handmade furniture. About
advantages, it’s beautiful and high quality. But workers may be exposed to
risks while working such as hands that shake or thick fingers, sore shoulders or
bad backs,...And then he mentioned that the advantages of machine can
overcome the disadvantages of handmade furniture. One example is working
with weight, with heavy things like wood. A machine can lift a plank of wood
that weighs several hundred pounds and hold it perfectly still. A machine
doesn't get cold or nervous or sleepy and make a mistake. Finally, JV refers
they bring more jobs to Carrollton.
D. Close reading
1e    2d   3a   4c   5b
E. Critical thinking
1. Her bias was Carrollto residents when she offer their objections. I think she
changed her mind during the interview. She recognized things that Mayflower
bring to Carollton.
2. I think the most important benefit that Mayflower could bring to Carrollton
is they bring more jobs to Carrollton. The biggest harm it might do is affect the
handcrafted furniture traditions here.
Vocabulry development
1. Positive: appealing, multi-functional, innovative, durable
Nagative: fake, generic
Neutral: contemporary, mass-product
2.
1. T-shirt
2. bookshelf
3. table, TV
4 desk lamp
5. shoe, clothe
23
6. food, book
7. phone, computer
8. academic words
3. Work in group
1. The value of a phone will generally decrease over time as newer models are
released and older models become outdated. This is due to the fact that people
are more likely to buy the latest model with the latest features, rather than an
older model.
2. Making pottery. It is important to protect and maintain traditions because
they can provide a sense of identity and connection to the past. It is also pride
of the past generations.
E. Critical thinking
1. repeatedly restarting the claim
2. attacking the opposing view
3. using irrelevant evidence
Grammar
1. It can take a long time to sew a quilt
2. it can be difficult to tell if a scarf was knitted by machine or by hand
3.work of art can usually be found in people’s house as well as in museum
4. the culture of of a country can often be understood through its tradition
5. Some people can identify the maker of furniture just by looking at it
6. many craftsmen believe that no pice of art can be perfect
 Writing skill (page 41)
1. The author crossed out two ideas, "expensive" and "superior materials". I
think antiques can be expensive but some modern furniture can be even more
costly. And antiques can be made from high-quality materials but today,
modern furniture is made with more advanced materials.
2.Well crafted, good for environment, and valuable. In my opinion, the value
is the most important thing because antiques have been through many years
and witnessed the great history of the country. It has its aesthetic significance
or historical value and is often defined as being at least 100 years old (a full
century) It is also associated with people from time immemorial. It is not

24
expensive in material but expensive in spirit. I rank good for the environment
because of its very idea, for the environment. An environment is a place that
provides necessary resources for human life and production activities. So it's
very important.
Writing task (page 42)
There are mainly two ways for producing things – using hands and using
machines. Machine manufacturing is faster and more economical. Even so, I
prefer hand-made products because when things are made by hand, each one is
unique in its own way. Machine-made goods lack this uniqueness.
The biggest advantage of machine manufacturing is that it is faster. Also,
machine-made goods are cheaper than hand-made goods. Using machines we
can produce tens of thousands of identical copies of an object in a short
amount of time. This makes machine manufacturing ideal for mass production.
To produce an equal number of products using hands, a company will have to
hire thousands of people.
There is yet another advantage to producing goods by hand. They look unique,
elegant, and desirable. For example, Switzerland is famous for the production
of hand-made watches which are well known in all parts of the globe for their
accuracy and charm. Likewise, hand-made silk saris produced in Banaras are
cherished by millions of Indian women for their meticulous details. If hand-
woven fabrics are compared with machine-made fabrics, the former will look
and feel superior to the latter. This is because of the creativity with which
hand-made goods are made.
To conclude, in my perspective as a buyer, hand-made items are superior to
machine-made goods in several ways. Of course, machine manufacturing
certainly has some advantages but machine-made goods cannot beat hand-
made goods in quality or elegance.
Review
1. survive
2. enhance
3. tradition
4. journal
5. philosophy
Journal

25
In this lesson, we had a clear view about the advantages and disadvantages of
machine-products and handmade-products. The teacher assigned us to review
the writings of several other students on this topic. That could help us improve
our analysis and reasoning ability as well as avoid common mistakes when
writing a writing article. It's a good opportunity to improve teamwork. To be
honest, we found that the review was relatively boring and sometimes
confusing.

VOCABULARY

Word Phonetic Meaning Example

Anxiety (n) /æŋˈzaɪ.ə.ti/ An Children

uncomfortable normally feel a
feeling of lot of anxiety
nervousness or about their
worry about first day at
something that is school.
happening or
might happen in

26
 the future

Concrete (adj) /ˈkɒŋ.kriːt/ A very hard a concrete

building material floor/path
made by mixing
together cement,
sand, small
stones, and water

Constantly (adv) /ˈkɒn.stənt.li/ All the time or She has the TV

often on constantly.

Deadline (n) /ˈded.laɪn/ A time or day by There's no way

which something I can meet that
must be done deadline.

Emotions (n) /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/ A strong feeling Like a lot of

such as love or men, he finds
anger, or strong it hard to
feelings in express his
general emotions.

Encounter (v) /ɪnˈkaʊn.tər/ A meeting, I had an

especially one alarming
that happens by encounter with
chance a wild pig.

Guilt (n) /ɡɪlt/ A feeling of He suffered

worry or such feelings of

27
 unhappiness that guilt over
you have because leaving his
you have done children.
something
wrong, such as
causing harm to
another person

Hypothesize (v) /haɪˈpɒθ.ə.saɪz/ To give a We

possible but not hypothesize
yet proved d that
explanation for children of
something alcoholic
fathers will
demonstrat
e more
behavioural
problems.

Inappropriate /ˌɪn.ə Unsuitable His casual

(adj) ˈprəʊ.pri.ət/ behaviour was
wholly
inappropriate
for such a
formal
occasion.

28
Logical (adj) /ˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ Using reason Students need
the ability to
construct a
logical
argument.

Point of view (n) /ˌpɔɪnt əv ˈvjuː/ A way of From a purely

considering practical point
something of view, the
house is too
small.

Rational (adj) /ˈræʃ.ən.əl/ Based on clear There must be

thought and some rational
reason explanation
for what
happened.

Sort (v) /sɔːt/ To put a number Paper, plastic,

of things in an and cans are
order or to sorted for
separate them recycling.
into groups

Strengthen (v) /ˈstreŋ.θən/ To make They have

something been
stronger or more strengthening
effective, or to their border
become stronger defences in

29
 or more effective preparation
for war.

By the same Used to mean I don't think

token (phrase) that something that prices will
you are about to go up but, by
say is also true, the same
for the same token, I don't
reasons as what see them going
has just been down either.
said

Despite (prep) /dɪˈspaɪt/ Without taking I still enjoyed

any notice of or the week
being influenced despite the
by; not weather.
prevented by

Equally (adv) /ˈiː.kwə.li/ Fairly and in the In an ideal

same way world, would
everyone get
treated
equally?

In spite of Even though In spite of his

(phrase) there is injury,
something Ricardo will
unpleasant or play in
bad happening Saturday’s

30
 game.

In the same way To introduce a My parents

(phrase) situation that are together
you are and, if
comparing with anything,
one that you closer than
have just ever. In the
mentioned same way, I
because there is also feel closer
a strong to both of
similarity them.
between them.

On the contrary Used to show "I thought you

(phrase) that you think or said the film
feel the opposite was exciting?"
of what has just "On the
been stated contrary, I
nearly fell
asleep half way
through it!"

Similarly (adv) /ˈsɪm.ɪ.lə.li/ In a similar way The children

were similarly
dressed.

Whereas (conj) /weərˈæz/ Compared with He must be

the fact that; but about 60,

31
 whereas his
wife looks
about 30.

Abstract (adj) /ˈæb.strækt/ Existing as an Truth and

idea, feeling, or beauty are
quality, not as a abstract
material object concepts.

Categories (n) /ˈkæt.ə.ɡri/ (in a system for There are

dividing things three
according to categories of
appearance, accommodatio
quality, etc.) a n - standard,
type, or a group executive, and
of things having deluxe.
some features
that are the same

Complex (adj) /ˈkɒm.pleks/ Involving a lot of The company

different but has a complex
related parts organizational
structure.

Depressed (adj) /dɪˈprest/ Unhappy and He seemed a

without hope bit depressed
about his work
situation.

32
Interpret (v) /ɪnˈtɜː.prɪt/ To decide what It's difficult to
the intended interpret these
meaning of statistics
something is without
knowing how
they were
obtained.

Maximize (v) /ˈmæk.sɪ.maɪz/ To make Some airlines

something as have cancelled
great in amount, less popular
size, or routes in an
importance as effort to
possible maximize
profits.

Reluctant (adj) /rɪˈlʌk.tənt/ Not willing to do I was having

something and such a good
therefore slow to time I was
do it reluctant to
leave.

Solely (adv) /ˈsoʊl·li/ Not involving These

anyone or industries
anything else; aren’t solely
only. responsible for
hazardous
wastes.

GRAMMAR (Page 58)

33
I/ Reorder the words to make sentences.

1. Most girls both walk and talk at an earlier age

2. Many people feel somewhat depressed in the winter because of the lack of
sunshine

3. Some people believe that the power of thought can cure any illness

4. For some people, thinking can be more difficult in the middle of the
afternoon

5. Most teachers believe that positive thinking can help almost every student
get results

6. In most cases, people can be taught to think more logically

II/ Add a hedging adverb or adverbial to the following definite statements.

Then compare with a partner.

1. In most cases, people think better during the day if they eat breakfast

2. Thinking too much at night makes it difficult to sleep for some people

3. Many bilingual people have thoughts in one language they don’t have in the
other

4. Teens develop abstract thinking at approximately age 12, for the most part

5. Most right-brained people are often good at playing music.

READING
3.1. Reading 1: The Development of Thought (Page 46 - 48)

34
Reading 1 Summary:

Jean Piaget formulated his theories by both observing and talking to children.
Our bodies grow and develop as we age, so it should come as no surprise that
our thoughts do too. To understand more about the development of thought.
He pays attention to his nephew Gerard playing with a ball and hypothesized
that young children lacked the ability to see objects as separate from
themselves. He carefully observed his own daughter, Jacqueline, after she was
around 21 months, she seemed to clearly understand that objects existed
whether she was looking at them or not. Finally, he categorized cognitive
development into 4 stages: The Sensorimotor Stage ( from birth to two years
old), The Preoperational Stage( from two to six years old), The Concrete
Operational Stage( from six or seven to 11 years old), The Formal Operational
Stage( From age 11 or 12 on up)

3.2. Reading 2: Emotional thinking (Page 50 - 53)

Reading 2 Summary:

Rationally thinkers may be more influenced by their emotions than they

realized. Emotions are designed to influence behavior. a research found that
35
emotions carry out 4 key functions in decision-making, which include:
Providing information, improving speed, assessing relevance, and
strengthening commitment to others. People who feel happy are less likely to
take risks. As motivational thoughts come more quickly, and yet might not be
accurate, build extra time into your decision-making process. Understanding
emotional thinking will help you better understand the way other people
behave. It's the logical thing to do, and feels right too. If you can tell who is
approaching a task with anger or fear, you will better be able to predict how
they will act. Nonetheless, the same event or circumstance can cause different
emotions in different people.

36
RELATED ARTICLES
A not liar intelligence?
A. Emotional Intelligence as a theory was first brought to public attention by
the book Emotional Intelligence, Why It Can Matter More Than IQ by Daniel
Coleman, but the theory itself is, in fact, attributed to two Americans, John D.
Mayer, and Peter Salovey. What is emotional intelligence exactly? According
to Coleman, Emotional Intelligence consists of five key elements. The first is
knowing one’s own emotions: being able to recognize that one is emotional
and having the ability to identify which emotion is being experienced, even If
it is not a particularly comfortable feeling to admit to, e.g. jealousy or envy.

B. Emotional awareness can then lead to managing one’s emotions, This

Involves dealing with emotions, like jealousy, resentment, anger, etc., that one
may have difficulty accepting by, perhaps, giving oneself comfort food, or
doing nice things when one is feeling low. Many people do this instinctively
by buying chocolate or treating themselves; others can wrap themselves in
positive thoughts or “mother themselves”, There are, of course, ninny people
who are incapable of doing this, and so need to be taught. The third area is
37
self motivation. Our emotions can simultaneously empower and hinder us, so
it is important to develop the ability to control them. Strategies can be learnt
whereby emotions are set aside to be dealt with at a later date. For example,
when dealing with the success or good fortune of others, it Is better not to
suppress any “negative” emotion that arises. One just has to recognise it is
there. And then one just needs to be extra careful when making decisions and
not allow one’s emotions to cloud the issue, by letting them dictate how one
functions with that person, The separation of logic and emotion is not easy
when dealing with people,

C. As social beings, we need to be able to deal with other people which brings
us to the next Item on Goleman’s list, namely: recognising emotions in other
people. This means, in effect, having or developing “social radar”, i.e. learning
to read the weather systems around individuals or groups of people.
Obviously, loading on from this is the ability to handle a relationship, if we
can recognise, understand and then deal with other people’s emotions, we can
function better both socially and professionally. Not being tangible, emotions
are difficult to analyse and quantify, compounded by the fact that each area. In
the list above does not operate in isolation. Each of us has misread a friend’s or
a colleague’s behaviour to us and other people. The classic example Is the shy
person, categorised by some people as arrogant and distant and by others as
lively and friendly and very personable. How can two different groups make a
definitive analysis of someone that is so strikingly contradictory? And yet this
happens daily in all our relationships – even to the point of misreading the
behaviour of those close to us! In the work scenario, this can cost money. And
so it makes economic sense for a business to be aware of it and develop
strategies for employing people and dealing with their employees,

D. All common sense you might say. Goleman himself has even suggested that
emotional intelligence is just a new way of describing competence; what some
people might call savoir-faire or savior-vivre. Part of the problem here is that
38
society or some parts of society have forgotten that these skills ever existed
and have found the need to re-invent them. But the emergence of Emotional
Intelligence as theory suggests that the family situations and other social
interactions where social skills were honed in the past are fast disappearing so
that people now sadly need to be re-skilled.

=> Perhaps what surprises me most is that emotional intelligence is on the

decline. Because I think it is a kind of intelligence like IQ and needs to be
developed and enhanced. And I also think that emotional intelligence is
essential for good interpersonal communication. Some experts believe that this
ability is more important in determining success in life than IQ.

CRITICAL THINKING

Reading 1 - E. Critical thinking, p. 48

1. How can an understanding of the stages of the development of thought be

useful to parents, teachers, and other adults?

An understanding of the stages of development of thought can be useful for

parents, teachers, and other adults in several ways:

Understanding the child's perspective: An understanding of the stages of

development of thought can help parents, teachers, and other adults understand
the child's perspective. This understanding can help them to communicate with
children in a way that is age-appropriate and effective. For example, if an adult
understands that a child's thinking is still concrete during the preoperational
stage, they can avoid communicating in abstract terms that the child would not
understand.

Identifying developmental delays: An understanding of the stages of

development of thought can help parents, teachers, and other adults identify
when a child is experiencing developmental delays. If a child is not

39
progressing through the stages of development as expected, it may indicate
that there is a developmental issue that needs attention.

Providing appropriate support and guidance: An understanding of the stages of

development of thought can help parents, teachers, and other adults provide
appropriate support and guidance to children. This may include providing
opportunities for hands-on learning and exploration during the sensorimotor
stage or challenging children's thinking during the formal operational stage.

Developing appropriate expectations: An understanding of the stages of

development of thought can help parents, teachers, and other adults develop
appropriate expectations for children. For example, expecting a child to think
abstractly during the concrete operational stage would not be appropriate and
may cause frustration for the child.

Developing effective teaching strategies: An understanding of the stages of

development of thought can help parents, teachers, and other adults develop
effective teaching strategies. By tailoring teaching methods to each stage of
development, they can ensure that children receive the support they need to
progress through each stage successfully.

1. According to the article, many adults never reach the formal operational
stage. What do you think might be some reasons for this? Do you think it’s
important?

Some reasons adults may not reach the formal operational stage include lack of
education or exposure to abstract thinking, cognitive delay or disabilities, or
lack of opportunities to exercise and develop critical thinking skills. It may
also depend on cultural or social expectations and values. It is important to
reach the formal operational stage because it allows for more complex
reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making abilities.

Reading 2 - E. Critical thinking, p. 53

40
1. What are some reasons that people might have evolved to make emotional
decisions more quickly than intellectual decisions?

Emotional decisions are evolutionary adaptations that allowed humans to

quickly respond to potentially threatening situations. Immediate emotional
responses can increase survival rate, while intellectual decisions may take too
much time and increase the risk of danger. Additionally, emotions can provide
insight into a situation that intellectual analysis may not be able to provide.

2. What are some examples of decisions that should be made mostly

emotionally, mostly intellectually, or equally emotionally and intellectually?

Examples of decisions that should be made mostly emotionally could include

choosing a partner or deciding whether to trust someone. Examples of
decisions that should be made mostly intellectually could include choosing a
career path or making a financial investment. Decisions that should be made
equally emotionally and intellectually could include deciding whether to
relocate or choose medical treatment.

Critical thinking - Page 56

1. What is the analogy? That is, two situations are being compared?

Ignoring emotional intelligence would be like serving dinner without desert.

The two situations being compared are emotional intelligence and dinner.

2. Evaluate the following analogies. Check any you think are sound.
Not taking emotional intelligence into consideration when promoting a worker
is like making a color wheel with only blue and red, but not yellow. Emotional
& intellectual intelligence both make up a person’s personality, it can be
compared to all three primary colors making up the color wheel.

Journal

This week, we learned about the topic "Thought". When it comes to this topic,
it must be related to a lot of problems with our brains. And that's one of my
41
favorite topics. Especially through this lesson, I learned about "Emotional
thinking" - I was especially impressed by this reading, I also learned a lot of
lessons in using emotional thinking and rational thinking and learned the
concepts of emotional thinking. And we also learned about the developmental
stage of human thought. We were very enthusiastic about this subject the
lecturer and showed us many videos and articles on the subject. Really, this
has been a great week with a very new and energetic topic from her and the
students.

VOCABULARY

Word Phonetic Meaning Example

42
Natural- / Those that occur or Another famous
phenomenon ˈnætʃ.ər.əl// manifest without natural
(n) fə human input phenomenon in
ˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/ Hang Chau is Tien
Hiện tượng tự nhiên
Duong tides

Man-made /ˌmæn Produced Robot is a product

process (n) ˈmeɪd/ artificially; not of man - made
resulting from process
natural processes

Quá trình nhân tạo

Beneficial /ˌben.ɪ helpful, useful, or A stay in the

(adj) ˈfɪʃ.əl/ good country will be
beneficial to his
có lợi
health.

Conduct (v) to organize and We are conducting

/kənˈdʌkt/
perform a a survey to find out
particular activity what our customers
think of their local
chỉ đạo
bus service.

Costly (adv) /ˈkɒst.li/ expensive, especially The project was

too expensive subject to several
costly delays
tốn kém

Employ (v) to have someone How many people

/ɪmˈplɔɪ/
work or do a job for does your company

43
 you and pay them employ?
for it

thuê

Enforce (v) /ɪnˈfɔːs/ to make people obey The new teacher

a law, or to make a had failed to
particular situation enforce any sort of
happen or be discipline.
accepted

Thi hành

Extinguish (v) /ɪk to stop a fire or a It took the

ˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/ light burning firefighters several
hours to extinguish
Dập tắt
the flames

Historically /hɪ in a way that is The city will

(adv) ˈstɒr.ɪ.kəl.i/ related to the study provide grants to
or representation of help restore
the past historically
significant
trong lịch sử
buildings

Latter (adv) /ˈlæt.ər/ near or towards the Building of the new

end of something library should
begin in the latter
Sau này
part of next year.

Maintenance / the work needed to Old houses need a

44
(n) ˈmeɪn.tən.ə keep a road, lot of maintenance.
ns/ building, machine,
etc. in good
condition

Bảo trì

Melt (v) /melt/ to turn from The snow usually

something solid into melts by mid
something soft or March.
liquid, or to cause
something to do this

Tan chảy

Renew (v) /rɪˈnjuː/ to increase the life Every year I renew

of or replace my membership of
something old the sports club.

Thay mới

Rural (adj) /ˈrʊə.rəl/ in, of, or like the The area is still
countryside very rural and
undeveloped.
Nông thôn

Supervise (v) / to watch a person or The UN is

ˈsuː.pə.vaɪz/ activity to make supervising the
certain that distribution of aid
everything is done by local agencies in
correctly, safely, the disaster area
etc.

45
 giám sát

Threaten (v) /ˈθret.ən/ to tell someone that They threatened

you will kill or hurt the shopkeeper
them or cause with a gun.
problems if they do
not do what you
want

hăm dọa

Vegetation /ˌvedʒ.ɪ plants in general, or The railway track

(adj) ˈteɪ.ʃən/ plants that are will have to be
found in a cleared of
particular area vegetation if it is to
be used again.
thảm thực vật

Wilderness /ˈwɪl.də.nəs an area of land that Alaska is the last

(n) / has not been used to great wilderness.
grow crops or had
towns and roads
built on it,
especially because it
is difficult to live in
as a result of its
extremely cold or
hot weather or bad
earth

hoang dã

46
Cope (v) /kəʊp/ to deal successfully It's only been a
with a difficult year since he died -
situation how's she coping (=
how is she)?
đối phó

Face (v) /feɪs/ If you face a This is one of the

problem, or a many problems
problem faces you, faced by working
you have to deal mothers.
with it

đối mặt

Grave (n) /ɡreɪv/ a place in the He visits his

ground where a mother's grave
dead person is every Sunday.
buried

phần mộ

Minor (adj) /ˈmaɪ.nər/ having little There's been an

importance, increase in minor
influence, or effect, offences, such as
especially when traffic violations
compared with and petty theft.
other things of the
same type

không quan trọng

Perennial /pəˈren.i.əl/ lasting a very long The film "White

(adj) time, or happening Christmas" is a
47
 repeatedly or all the perennial favourite.
time

lâu năm

Pressing (adj) /ˈpres.ɪŋ/ urgent or needing to The most pressing

be dealt with question is what do
immediately we do next?

cấp bách

Problem (n) /ˈprɒb.ləm/ a situation, person, No one has solved

or thing that needs the problem of
attention and needs what to do with
to be dealt with or radioactive waste.
solved

vấn đề

Remedy (n) /ˈrem.ə.di/ a successful way of an effective herbal

curing an illness or remedy for
dealing with a headaches
problem or
difficulty

biện pháp khắc

phục

Root (n) /ruːt/ the cause or origin We must get to the

of something bad root of (= discover
the cause of) this
nguồn gốc
problem.

48
Acknowledge /əkˈnɒl.ɪdʒ/ to accept, admit, or Historians
(v) recognize generally
something, or the acknowledge her as
truth or existence of a genius in her
something field.

thừa nhận

Capable (adj) /ˈkeɪ.pə.bəl/ able to do things She's a very

effectively and capable
skilfully, and to woman/worker/jud
achieve results ge.

có khả năng

Decade (n) /ˈdek.eɪd/ a period of ten years The economy is

growing at its
thập kỷ
fastest rate this
decade.

Error (n) /ˈer.ər/ a mistake He admitted that

he'd made an
lỗi
error.

Federal (adj) /ˈfed.ər.əl/ A federal system of They were charged

government consists with violating
of a group of federal law.
regions that are
controlled by a
central government

49
 Liên bang

Regulation /ˈreɡ.jə.leɪt/ a rule or directive "planning

(n) made and regulations"
maintained by an
authority.

quy định

Evaporate (v) /ɪˈvæp.ər.eɪt/ to cause a liquid to The high

change to a gas, concentration of
especially by sugars forms a
heating syrup when the sap
evaporates.
bốc hơi

Spark (n) /spɑːk/ A very small piece Sparks were flying

of fire that flies out out of the bonfire
from something that and blowing
is burning, or one everywhere.
that is made by
rubbing two hard
things together, or a
flash of light made
by electricity

tia lửa

Clear out /klɪər/ to leave a place I hear Daphne's

finally told her
(phr v) tẩu thoát
husband to clear
out (= to leave

50
 home).

Livestock (n) /ˈlaɪv.stɒk/ animals and birds

that are kept on a
farm, such as cows,
sheep, or chickens

gia súc

Stack (n) /stæk/ a pile of things He chose a cartoon

arranged one on top from the stack of
of another DVDs on the shelf.

một đống

Archaeologica /ˌɑː.ki.ə involving or relating an archaeological

l (adj) ˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ to archaeology dig/excavation

khảo cổ học

Unpredictable /ˌʌn.prɪ likely to change The weather there

(adj) ˈdɪk.tə.bəl/ suddenly and can be
without reason and unpredictable - one
therefore not able to minute it's blue
be predicted (= skies and the next
expected before it minute it's pouring
happens) or rain.
depended on

không thể đoán

trước

GRAMMAR (Page 76)

51
1. Check the sentences that have gerunds as subjects

1. Supervising children around campfires is very important

2. Knowing when the conditions are safe for a prescribed burn is not easy

3. Understanding how wildfires are necessary for forest health can be taught in
schools

Rewrite the sentences in your notebook, to begin with a gerund. The first
one has been done as an example.

1. It is important to teach fire safety to everyone

Teaching fire safety to everyone is important

2. It is necessary to ban smoking in forests

Banning smoking in forests is necessary

3. It will help people understand fire to read this article

READING
3.1. Reading 1: The top five causes of wildfires (Page 64 - 66)

Reading 1 Summary:

52
The passage mentions the causes of forest fires. There are 2 main causes:
natural disasters and man-made disasters. Regarding natural disasters that
cause forest fires, forest fires can be drought, lightning, climate change, etc.
90% of forest fires are caused by humans. And the 5 main causes mentioned in
the reading include: The first is the fire caused by not being discovered in a
safe place. The second is to make children play with fire and fireworks
carelessly. Many forest fires are caused by cigarette smoke released by the
lungs next, forest fires are caused by sparks from unmaintained equipment,
and finally working on the landfill in the garden caused Besides the causes of
forest fires, the author also mentions measures to prevent them.

3.2. Reading 2: Controlling the uncontrollable (Page 68 - 71)

Reading 2 Summary:

In Northern New Mexico, in the southwestern United States fires occurred

naturally every few years. People started to build homes and graze livestock
and work hard to prevent such fires. However, if frequent fires didn’t remove
the dead wood and grass, once a wildfire did start, it burned much hotter and
longer will cause more serious consequences. Forest fires caused weather
pattern changes which killed much of the vegetation. Employees of the
53
National Park Service at Bandelier National Monument, a park known for its
wildlife and archaeological site made a decision after reviewing the landscape
and taking into account the cycles of large. The Park Service mistakenly
decided to employ a technique called a “controlled burn” to clear out the dead
plants.

RELATED ARTICLES
You And Forest Fires

Forest fires raging out of control, wildfires, are an awesome and terrifying
sight. They have aroused fear from the earliest times. The damage they do is
appalling. Forest wildfires spoil natural beauty and lower the quality of our
environment by destroying countless graceful trees, spoiling lovely scenic
vistas, and adding to the pollution of the countryside. They make forest
recreation areas, roads, trails, and streams less attractive to campers and
picnickers and to boating, swimming, hiking, and skiing enthusiasts. They
contribute to serious erosion and floods, which waste the richness of the earth.

With no bed of leaves and mulch to absorb rainfall, the water runs quickly
over the bare ground. Soil and ash are then washed into streams, rivers, lakes,
and community reservoirs, killing many fish. As lakes and reservoirs fill up
with silt, they hold less water. In some cases, reservoirs fill up with silt in a
few years, making them useless for community water supplies. When rains are
heavy in burned-over areas, rivers fill quickly and their banks overflow.
Damage to communities and farmlands downstream is often severe, and many
times the whole nation shares in the cost of rehabilitation. Raging fires can be
very damaging to wild animals and birds.

Forest wildfires destroy vast amounts of valuable timber. This timber is

needed to build our homes and our furniture, to supply us with paper of all
kinds (from grocery bags to newspapers to stationery to facial tissues), and for
many other products for home and industry. A single fire in Oregon in 1933
54
destroyed more timber than was harvested in the entire country for a whole
year. Wildfires also kill the young trees, the timber for tomorrow. They often
change a forest of valuable trees into a forest of inferior trees - 'weed trees'.

Repeated fires often prevent a new forest from starting, leaving large scarred,
barren areas, which must be replanted at great cost. In the United States in
1978, there were more than 215,000 wildfires. They burned almost 4,000,000
acres. One acre is about the size of a football field. That's nearly 8,000 square
miles, an area about as large as the State of Massachusetts. And this wasteful
burning goes on every year. What can we do about it? The best way to keep
forest fire damage low is to keep fires from getting started.

First, lets see how these wildfires get started, and then what is being done
about them, and finally what we can each do to prevent them.

There are two basic sources of forest wildfires. One is nature, by lightning.
The other is people. Lightning is a serious cause of wildfires in the mountains
of the West and in Alaska. These fires are often in remote areas where they are
difficult to reach and put out, so they can become large fast. They average a
total of nearly 1,000 square miles a year over the whole country including
Alaska.

People cause wildfires in many ways, both intentionally and accidentally. Over
the country as a whole by far most of the fires and most of the damage are
caused by people. Their acts are responsible for 9 out of every 10 forest fires.
What kind of acts? The principal ones are incendiarism (arson), debris
burning, smoking, campfires, and equipment use. In every case, either lack of
knowledge of the hazards, failure to take proper precautions, stubbornness,
maliciousness, or carelessness is involved.

Let's examine each of them briefly. Incendiary fires are those set deliberately
to burn or spread to the property of others without the permission of the

55
owners. Sad to say, more wildfires are due to this cause than any other. More
than half the area burned in the South each year is the result of incendiarism.
Three out of every ten fires in the United States during the past five years were
traced to incendiaries. They burned an average of about 1,000 square miles a
year, about the size of the State of Rhode Island.

Almost as serious are fires that are set to burn debris, but which escape from
control into adjoining woods. These fires burn about 500 square miles a year.
Incendiarism and debris burning together account for over half the annual
burned area in the Northeast, over two-thirds in the Midwest, and three-
quarters in the South.

Smokers are also a major cause of wildfires, around 250 square miles a year.
Quite a few fires also spread from cooking fires and warming fires built by
campers, hikers, hunters, fishers, and others. About one-half as many fires are
caused by equipment (trucks, cars, farm machinery, logging equipment, etc.)
used in or near woods as by lightning.

Since people cause most wildfires, we all have a part in preventing them. We
can be more careful ourselves. And wherever we are and whatever position we
are in, we can influence others to use more care with fires. Many forest fires
are started accidentally by ranchers, farmers, and homeowners in rural areas
when they burn debris. Under the right conditions, such fires can spread
rapidly to other properties and to woods. Debris burning is something many of
us can be much more careful about. The rules are: Never burn trash outside in
dry weather on windy days. Always have plenty of available help, tools, and
water nearby. Don't burn debris near woods or buildings or near fields or dry
grass. Burn only on bare ground or in a metal container. Clear everything away
down to the bare ground for 10 feet in all directions before burning. It is
usually safer to burn late in the day. Always check first to see if local or State
laws require a permit to burn brush, debris, etc., and get one from your fire

56
warden or ranger if needed.

Many of us are, at different times, picnickers, campers, hikers, fishers, or

hunters and we can unintentionally start forest fires with our cooking fires,
campfires, or warming fires. It is good practice to: Clear everything away that
could burn, down to bare earth in a circle 10 feet in diameter. Dig a hole in the
middle and build the fire there; keep it small. Never build a campfire against
trees, logs, or near brush. Before you leave your fire, stir the coals while you
pour water over them. Turn the Sticks over and Soak both sides as well as the
earth around the fire. Make sure all sparks are dead out by feeling the embers
with your bare hand.

When riding or walking through the woods, be careful with discarded cigarette
and cigar butts, pipe ash, and matches. Never throw butts or burnt matches
from a vehicle; they should go into the car ashtray. When on foot, clear a spot
down to bare earth for your used cigar, cigarette, or pipe ash. Grind it into the
ground with your heel. Before tossing it away, hold your burnt match until the
end feels cold to your touch. At home, of course, keep matches out of the reach
of children. Young children accidentally set many forest wildfires.

We have seen that incendiarism, deliberately setting fires to the property of

another without permission, is the leading cause of wildfires. To help
counteract this, we should report promptly any incident of suspected
incendiarism (and all fires) we see to police or forest officials.

=> I was amazed at how many things to do and avoid to protect myself and
others from burning. For example, in the article, there are many rules like
"Never burn trash outside in dry weather on windy days. Always have plenty
of available help, tools, and water nearby. Don't burn debris near woods or
buildings or near fields." or dry grass. Burn only on bare ground or in a metal
container. Clear everything away down to the bare ground for 10 feet in all
directions before burning. It is usually safer to burn late in the day. Always
57
check first to see if local or State laws require a permit to burn brush, debris,
etc., and get one from your fire warden or ranger if needed." I find it really
useful in daily living to protect myself and those around me.

CRITICAL THINKING

Reading 1 - E. Critical thinking, p. 66

1. According to the article, 90% of forest fires are caused by humans. Do

you think they all could have been prevented? Why / why not?

According to somebody, local scientists have demonstrated that forest fires

play an important role in keeping forests healthy and the ecosystem of a forest
in balance. So, I think controlling the fire isn’t always the best idea.

2. Whose responsibility is it to prevent forest fires: individuals,

organizations, or the government?

I think everyone is responsible for forest fire prevention. Because the forest is
the source of human life.

Reading 2 - E. Critical thinking, p. 71

1. The Cerro Grande fire was set deliberately, yet the people who set it were
trained professionals who were trying to do something beneficial. Should
they have been punished? Why / why not? If so, what sort of punishment do
you think is appropriate?

I do not have personal opinions or beliefs. However, based on ethical and legal
principles, any deliberate action that leads to harm and destruction should be
punished regardless of the original intent.

In the case of the Cerro Grande fire, it may be argued that the professionals
who set the fire had the best intentions and were trying to prevent a bigger
disaster. However, their actions resulted in the destruction of homes, natural

58
habitats, and other properties, leading to a significant loss for the affected
people and the community.

Therefore, they should be held accountable for their actions and face legal
consequences. The punishment should match the severity of their offense and
serve as a deterrent to others who may consider similar actions in the future.
The appropriate punishment could be fines, community service, or even
imprisonment, depending on the circumstances and the damages caused by the
fire.

1. What factors should be taken into account when considering forest

management: money, resources, benefits gained, possible risks, and other
factors?

There are several factors that should be considered when it comes to forest
management:

Economic factors: Forest management involves a significant amount of

investment in terms of money and resources. The cost-benefit analysis should
be done to ensure that the benefits gained from forest management outweigh
the costs.

Environmental factors: Forests provide a unique ecosystem that is critical for

biodiversity. Therefore, any forest management activities should be done in
consideration of the potential impacts on the environment and any measures to
mitigate them.

Social factors: Forests provide various benefits to local communities,

including employment opportunities, recreational activities, and cultural
heritage. The interests and needs of local people should be taken into account
when planning forest management activities.

1. Who should be responsible for taking care of large areas of wilderness?

Who should be responsible for paying for that care?

59
It is the responsibility of governments and organizations to take care of large
areas of wilderness, as they have the resources and expertise to do so
effectively. However, individuals and communities also have a role to play in
protecting the environment and promoting sustainable practices.

Funding for the care of wilderness areas can come from various sources,
including government budgets, conservation organizations, grants, donations,
and tourism revenue. It is important to ensure that funding is allocated
equitably and sustainably, taking into account the needs of local communities
and the long-term health of the environment.

Critical thinking - Page74

II/

1. Which of the assumptions are reasonable? Which are unreasonable?

Why?

The problem of forest fires is growing.

Something needs to be done about it.

=> The assumptions are reasonable

None of these methods can work.

We should instead keep homes away from forests.

=> the assumptions are unreasonable

2. What kind of evidence could be used to support the unreasonable

assumptions?

Rather than try to keep fires away from people's homes, it's clear that what we
should do instead is keep homes away from forests. If we passed a law
forbidding new home construction within 100 miles of a major forest, we
could prevent houses from burning down should a fire occur.

60
III/

1. Why is it dangerous to assume your readers agree with your position?

Because it can lead to the following issues:

- Miscommunication: If you assume that your readers share your opinions, you
may overlook crucial details or explanations they need to fully understand
your perspective. As a result, they may misinterpret your message, leading to a
breakdown in communication.

- Polarization: When you assume that everyone agrees with you, you risk
creating a polarized environment in which those who hold different views feel
ostracized or alienated.

- Confirmation bias: Assuming you and your readers share the same opinion
can lead to confirmation bias. Instead of critically analyzing an issue, you may
only look for evidence that confirms your existing belief, ignoring opposing
views.

1. Apart from writers, what other kinds of people make statements they
assume you'll agree with?

Politicians, public speakers, salespeople, religious leaders, educators, and

social media influencers are some examples of people who may make
statements they assume others will agree with.

2.Is it ever useful to make assumptions? Why / why not?

I do not have personal opinions or beliefs. However, I can provide a general

perspective on the subject matter.

Assumptions can be useful in certain circumstances, such as when making

predictions or decisions based on limited information. Assumptions help us fill
in gaps in our knowledge and allow us to make quick judgments without
spending too much time gathering all the necessary facts.

61
However, assumptions can also be problematic when they are based on flawed
or incomplete information. They can lead to misunderstandings, unnecessary
conflicts, and flawed decision-making. Therefore, it is crucial always to
double-check your assumptions and thoroughly evaluate the evidence before
accepting them as fact.

Journal

This week, we learned about the topic of "Fire". Talking about this topic, it
must be related to a lot of issues about fire prevention and our nature. And
that's one of my favorite topics. Especially through this lesson, I learned about
the causes of forest fires - I was especially impressed by this reading, I also
learned many lessons from experience in using fire when lighting a campfire
or cooking. eat, so on. and besides, I also learned how controlled burning has
advantages and disadvantages to humans and the environment and nature. We
were very enthusiastic about this subject by the lecturer and she showed us
many videos and articles on the subject. Really, this was a great week with a
very new and energetic topic from you and your students.

62
GRAMMAR
Vocabulary preview
1.zone
2. treaty
3. wamp
4. feat
5. cargo
63
6. toll
7. circumnavigate
B. Before you read
1. Why was the Panama Canal built?
The Panama Canal was built to lower the distance, cost, and time it took for
ships to carry cargo between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. Before the
canal, ships would have to go around the entire continent of South America.
2. What country began work on the Panama Canal? What country finished
it?
France started building the canal in 1881 but stopped because of a lack of
investor confidence due to technical problems and high worker mortality. The
United States took over the project on May 4, 1904, and opened the channel on
August 15, 1914.
3. What were the leading causes of death for workers on the Panama Canal?
Outbreaks of dysentery and epidemics of yellow fever and malaria decimated
the workforce.
C. Global Reading
The construction of the Suez Canal in 1869 meant that ships could more easily
pass between Europe and Asia. Attention then turned to Central America, the
narrowest land barrier between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. The first
country to attempt a canal was Frace. Work was abandoned in 1888. The
United States was the next country to be interested. In 1909, The Panama
Canal had its official opening on August 15, 1914. The workers experienced
great difficulties not only with the land but with the constant rains and malaria
and yellow fever from the region's many mosquitos. 
2. Match
1. The problem of traveling between different countries by sea
2. Find a solution by building canals in Central America
3. The obstacle to the idea of building a canal
4. France's failure to build the Panama Canal
5. The United States replaced France continued
6. The United States replaced France continued
7. The Leaving and Contribution of John Frank Stevens
64
8. The success of W. Goethals
9. Opening of the Panama Canal
10. The United States returned the canal to Panama to take over
11. Data of passing ships
12. Damage from the constrction of the Panama Canal
13. The effect of the Panama Canal on the people around
VOCABULARY

Study skills Set your priorities (p.85)

65
1. Match
1.Register for next semester– noon deadline!!
2. Take economics test
3. Go to business class lecturer
4. Call parents
5. Study for misterm exams with Katie and Ji Eun
6. Think about summer job– Check job postings
7. Exercise–walks? Go to the gym?
8. Do laundry
2. “To do” list for myself for tomorrow:
1. Go to semantic vocabulary lecturer
2. Practice listening and writing
3. Study Chinese
4. Shower
5. Do exercise
6. Take break
I made “to do” list because it helps work efficiently and smoothly. Besides,
don’t miss any work.
Reading 2: Dangers and opportunities in the Arctic Circle
A. Vocabulary preview
1.marine
2. halted
3. arises
4. sparse
5. indigenous
6. reef
7. dispute
8. coastal
 B. Before you read
66
3 Problem: global warming, wildfire, people overexploit resource
 C. Global reading
a) P1
b) P12
c) P4
d) P7-8
e) P3
f) P5
g) P10
h) P 11
i) P1
j) P3
k) P6
l) P9
D. Close reading
1. 81%
2. 600 million
3. 25%
4. The northern sea route
5. eight
6. 1996
Vocabulary development
1. Verb for talking about change

To add or add To change the To take away or

to shape of diminish

-Develop -Make into -Demolish

-Extend -Remodel -Tear down
-Replace
-Transform

2. Choose the correct words

1. That building has been abandoned for years. It should be torn down
2. Building a dam across the river completely replaced the countryside
67
3. If the city adds 20 kilometers to the road, it will be necessary to extend the
sidewalk as well
4. When it left for college, my parents decided to remodel my bedroom into a
home office
5. According to this report, there are plans to demolish the home along the
river and create a city park instead.
6. If we could develop the downtown area further, more businesses would be
attracted to the area.
7. The old bridge isn’t safe. It has to be replaced with a stronger one.
8. Unfortunately, a new train station design would cost too much money to
demolish.
Academic words
1. Match
1. abandon (v) to stop doing something, especially because it is difficult
2. alternative (adj) different choice or possibility from among several 
3. nevertheless (adv) in spite of that
4. primary (adj) very important; first or top priority
5. purchase (v) to buy
6. straightforward (adj) direct; uncomplicated
2. Complete the paragraph
1. abandoned
2. primary
3. alternative
4. straightforward
5. nevertheless
6. purchased
Writing skill
I. Rewrite
1. The village is set to be replaced by a large factory complex
2. This change is projected to have happened by the end of 2050
68
3. The population is likely to increase dramatically over the next decade
4. The industrial areas are due to be demolished in the coming months
5. Most of the trees are expected to be removed to allow the construction of
new housing
6. The number of malaria cases is forecast to decrease inthe next few years.
II. Make predictions
1.The government plans on reducing the amount of parkland in the area
2. The city plans to dramatically increase the amount of public transportation
in the area by the end of this decade
3.We plan to have doubled our profits by the end of this financial quarter
4. The city plans on increasing the size of its park area within the next few
years.
5. The department plans on making most of its staff take a pay cut.
Academic words review:
1. straightforward
2. decade
3. reluctant
4. alternative
5. primary
READING
3.1 Reading 1: “The Panama Canal: A brief history”

69
Summary:
Explorers had circumnavigated the world in the 1500s proving that the Earth
was round and that other countries could be reached by ship, traders and
travelers still had this problem: routes weren't always very convenient. The
construction of the Suez Canal in 1869 meant that ships could more easily pass
between Europe and Asia, and attention then turned to Central America, the
narrowest land barrier between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. The first
country to attempt a canal was France in 1880. The United States purchased
the Canal Zone from France in 1902. The Panama Canal was expanded in
2007 to include a wider lock for larger, more modern ships, and in 1977, the
United States and Panama signed a treaty to return control of the land to
Panama. The cost of the project was huge, and 22,000 workers died, mostly
from malaria or yellow fever. Today, 90% of all products are moved around
the world by cargo ships.
Reading 2: “Dangers and opportunities in the arctic circle”

70
Summary:
Climate change is causing rapid changes in the Arctic Circle, leading to more
forest fires and storm damage, as well as a rise in seawater levels that could
affect 600 million people and two-thirds of the world's largest cities. The
Arctic region is becoming increasingly exposed to climate change, leading to
increased opportunities for the development of resources such as oil, natural
gas, and minerals. As sea temperatures rise, cold-water species of fish and sea
animals are dying out, and diseases are spreading more rapidly. New
passageways could open up and make it easier for cargo ships to cross the
Arctic region, but there are still challenges due to weather conditions and ice in
the water.
Related articles
From Science to Conspiracy: The Flat Earth Movement
For centuries, it was commonly accepted that the Earth is a sphere. Ancient
Greeks were among the first to come to this conclusion through empirical
observations and reasoning. Since then, the idea that the Earth is a sphere has
been validated by countless scientists through various methods such as satellite
imagery and space exploration. However, in recent years, a growing number of
individuals and groups have been promoting the idea that the Earth is actually
flat.
This movement, known as the flat Earth movement, challenges the scientific
consensus and has gained significant attention through social media and online

71
communities. Despite the overwhelming evidence in favor of a spherical Earth,
the flat Earth movement continues to gain momentum. Many worry that if a
significant number of people reject scientific evidence and believe in
alternative theories, it could lead to a breakdown in the acceptance of scientific
facts and logic. This could have serious implications for everything from
education to public policy.
https://www.ancient-origins.net/videos/flat-earth-0018466
=>The thing that surprised me the most in this reading was the superstition.
Although science has proven that the earth is spherical, many people still
think that the earth is flat. That makes a scientist like me feel incredible.
Critical thinking
1. What are some reasons so many of the world's goods are transported by
cargo ship?
The first reason is savings. Some estimates suggest that freight costs by sea are
typically four to six times cheaper than by air. The second is its effectiveness.
Vessels are ideal for transporting large volumes of cargo as they are designed
to carry large volumes of cargo or raw materials. The last reason is that it is
capable of carrying oversized, heavy, bulky goods that air transport or even
road transport may not be able to do.
2. What positive changes does faster, easier shipping bring to the world?
Are there any negative changes?
Everyone knows that faster and easier transportation is a convenience for
goods transportation and makes the country's economy more and more
prosperous, and at the same time creates friendship and cooperation between
countries. However, this transportation still creates negative impacts on the
environment, including effects on human health, air pollution, climate change,
greenhouse gas emissions, discharge of ballast water that can contain invasive
aquatic species, use of old antifreeze, oil and chemical spills, dry bulk,
garbage, …
3. How would your life change if shipping were slower and more
expensive?
If transportation is slower and more expensive, it will not meet the needs of
people's living, and it will be difficult to improve the country's economic
situation and other political and military-related problems. in other countries.
And lead to the operation of transport stations being delayed and not
continuing to operate.
Critical thinking: (page 89)
72
1. Can you think of another situation where climate change made movement
easier-or more difficult?
In my opinion, when people think about the effects of disease, they will think
about people's effects or health effects. Because it is most important in their
mind.
2. Climate change causes some problems, yet also brings some benefits.
Should people try to halt or reverse climate change, or let it happen?
To the economy impacts described in the text, for me, it is so worst. Disease
can affect in all aspects of society. Especially, it can affect on me.
3. The Arctic Council is struggling with funding. Where could more money
come from? Do you think it’s important to fund organizations like this?
Why/ Why not?
Funding for the arctic council is essential because it can make an important
contribution to preventing climate change in the arctic. Thereby preventing the
development of disease-causing viruses and sea level rise.
Writing Journal
After finishing Unit 5: "Movement", my group has accumulated a lot of
knowledge on this topic including vocabulary, background knowledge about 2
reading passages. We also created our own thoughts on the topic of movement.
During the study, I found that we were still weak in writing and wanted to
practice this skill more.

73
VOCABULARY
Vocabulary
cholera /ˈkɒl.ər.ə/ a serious infection of the bowels caused by
drinking infected water or eating infected
food, causing diarrhea, vomiting, and often
death
bacteria /bækˈtɪə.ri.ə/ very small organisms that are found
everywhere and are the cause of many
diseases
diarrhea /ˌdaɪ.əˈriː.ə/ an illness in which the body's solid waste is
more liquid than usual and comes out of the
body more often
dehydratio /ˌdiː.haɪˈdreɪ.ʃən/  
n
infected /ɪnˈfek.tɪd/ (of a person or animal) affected by an
organism that can cause disease
miasma /miˈæz.mə/ an unpleasant fog that smells bad
cesspool /ˈses.puːl/ a large underground hole or container that is
used for collecting and storing solid waste,
urine, and dirty water
propagate /ˈprɒp.ə.ɡeɪt/ to produce a new plant using a parent plant

74
GRAMMAR

A Vocabulary preview

1. proof     2. Supply            3. Associate          4. Polluted

5. effective 6. Infected          7. Major                8. Gather

C Global Reading

1. Sign of cholera and the treatments

2. the cause and consequences of cholera outbreak

3. some theory about cholera outbreak

4. the real cause of cholera

5. evidence about the cause of cholera outbreak

6. the theory of Snow is accepted and sewer system were built

D Close listening

1. A) describe the effects of cholera: “it leads to diarrhea, which can result in
high levels of dehydration”

B) Describing the effects of treatment: “as a result of this cheap and

effective treatment, most people survive”

C) These days the disease can successfully be treated provided that

drinking water with added salt is consumed

D) Cholera is a disease that is transmitted by drinking water contaminated

with bacteria.

E) However, the number of people that die from cholera still exceeds
100000 every year

F) Today, according to the WHO, around three to five million people are
infected with cholera

2. Paragraph 2: Around the world there have been many outbreaks of cholera
that have killed millions of people

Paragraph 3: People suspect that bad air was the cause of the pandemic

Paragraph 4: it attacked people’s bowels and caused very bad diarrhea.

75
Paragraph 5: with this and other evidences, he was able to persuade the local
government to close the Broad Street pump and arguably stop the epidemic

Paragraph 6: the hot weather caused the smell of the river Thames to become
so bad that politicians were nearly force to leave the House of Parliament

THE ECONOMY IMPACT OF DISEASE

A. Vocabulary preview:

1. alarmed

2. productivity

3. overlooked

4. distinguish

5. related

6. Overall

7. doubtful

8. dependent

B. Before you read:

- Diseases can harm human health leading to reduced work performance.

- Expensive medical expenses.

- Illness affects the tourism industry due to a decrease in the number of

domestic and foreign tourists.

C. Global reading:

A3

B6

C2

D5

E7

F4

D. Close reading:
76
 1 reporting (reporting on SARS and the estimated loss of jobs in South-East
Asia)

2 naming (the name “Stoptober”)

3 defining (the explanation of “infectious disease”)

4 speculating (the use of the word “perhaps”)

5 classifying (two main groups)

Academic words (p.109)

I. Match
collapse (v) to fall dramatically
exposure (n) happening or existing in many places, or effecting many people
hence (adv) the state of being put into a situation in which something harmful
or dangerous might affect you
transmission (n) used to emphasize the main point you are speaking about
ultimately (adv) used for introducing something that is a result of the fact that
has just been started
undergo (v) to experience something, especially something that is unpleasant
but necessary
virtually (adv) used to emphasize that a statement is almost completely true
widespread (adj) a process by which a disease spreads from one person to
another
II. Answer
1. Virtually all diseases will have a cure in the next 100 years, but not all
2. Ultimately, most deaths in rich countries could be prevented with lifestyle
changes
3. If we discontinued public funding, the research industry would collapse
4. Hospitals should issue infection control audits to limit the spread of diseases
5. Diseases are mainly spread by individuals. Hence, it is the individual’s
responsibility, not the government’s, to prevent their spread.
6. Widespread to a disease, such as Ebola, can be fatal. Therefore governments
should place restrictions on travel

77
7. The residents of a local community are responsible for preventing the
undergo pf diseases such as the flu
8. Many diseases have become more common due to international travel.
Before you watch
1. d
2. c
3. b
4. a
While you watch
1. T
2. F (make the female sterile)
3. T
4. T
After you watch
1. Which of these do you think is more dangerous mosquitos, tigers, or
sharks? Justify your opinion.
In my opinion, of the three animals above, mosquitoes are the most dangerous.
Mosquitoes are the deadliest animals in the world with the ability to transmit
dangerous diseases such as dengue, malaria, and encephalitis. About 725,000
people die every year and more than half a billion people contract infectious
diseases, which are transmitted by mosquitoes.
2. Do you know any ways to prevent mosquitos from biting?
We should shower, maintain personal hygiene, clean the house regularly, and
prevent puddles from staying too long near the house because mosquitoes can
breed there. In addition, we should use scents to repel mosquitoes, and use
drugs to prevent disease after being bitten by mosquitoes.
3. What are the major causes of disease and illness in your country? What
can be done to prevent them?
- Mainly due to diet, environment, lifestyle, and disease burdens stemming
from drugs, unsafe sex, lack of contraception, iron deficiency, and sexual
abuse occurring among young people. The disease burdens from risk factors
for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer occur at an
older age.
- Measures to prevent illness are: 
+ Have a nutritious diet, have a suitable activity schedule.
78
 + environmental protection, keep a healthy and safe environment.
+ Educating people about disease prevention.
+ Propaganda to prevent disease.
Study Skills (P. 103)
1. db
2. a
3. c
4. e
5. f
Vocabulary development (P.108)_
I/ 
1. as a result
2. result from
3. result in
4. because of
5. therefore
6. consequently
II/
1. resulted in
2. Consequently
3. resulted from
4. Therefore
5. Because of
6. As a result
III/
In my opinion, it is due to human consciousness and the government's
management of disease prevention. When the government's management is lax
and the people sense of disregard for the disease, the number of patients is
increasing. And on the positive side, the number of patients will be reduced.
The effects of this change can reduce the population, increase the number of
deaths, the country's economy suffers, and lose the balance in society and the
safety of the people.
3.READING
3.1 Reading 1: “Fighting Cholera”

79
Summary:
This article talk about a cholera disease that happened in the past. It is caused
by drinking water contaminated with bacteria. It became an epidemic during
the industrial revolution. At first, people thought that cholera spread quickly
through polluted air. But after a time, Snow found evidence that this disease
transmitted through water. However, local government didn’t accept this
theory. Until that summer, the hot weather caused smell of the river worse,
Snow's theory was accepted and a huge sewer system was built.
3.2 Reading 2: “The economic impact of disease”

80
Summary
The reading is about the impact of the disease on the world economy. First,
the author talks about the simplest consequence of the disease is to increase the
number of days off, thereby reducing work efficiency. The second
consequence is the burden of disease on society due to the increase in the cost
of medical treatment leading to an increase in taxes. The next consequence is
that the disease increases the cost of vaccine production as well as affects the
tourism industry. The author talks about the impact of infectious diseases.
In addition, some examples of measures to reduce the effects of disease are
also mentioned.
Related articles
EXCLUSIVE: Warning 'world not prepared' as women infected with highly
contagious fungal disease
Medics have chillingly warned "the world is not prepared" for what is to come
as two women are confirmed to have been infected with the first cases of a
highly contagious fungal disease.
The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), confirmed the
unnamed patients in the United States, aged 28 and 47, have been struck down
with the first known cases of the drug-resistant ringworm, also known as tinea.
=> This is an article about the spread of a fungal disease. What makes me
surprised is that this disease occurs mainly in women and has special
symptoms that are easy to recognize and treat.
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.mirror.co.uk/news/us-news/warning-
world-not-prepared-women-30024418.amp
Critical thinking (p.102)
1. Why do you think a lot of people did not believe John Snow?
Because they believe that cholera was spread through polluted air and the
water in the Themes was fresh enough to drink
2. Think about research you read everyday, for example, the effects of a diet.
Do you always believe the research? Why?
It depends on what it is. For example, if research has scientific evidence, I
believe this. But if this research only depend on individual.
Critical thinking (p.107)

81
1. Why do you think people rarely talk about the economic effects of
disease?
In my opinion, when people think about the effects of disease, they will think
about people's effects or health effects. Because it is most important in their
mind.
2. Which of the economic impacts described in the text do you think is the
worst? Why?
To the economy impacts described in the text, for me, it is so worst. Disease
can affect in all aspects of society. Especially, it can affect on me.
Writing Journal
After finishing unit 6"disease", we learned new knowledge about this topic
including vocabulary and background knowledge of the 2 reading passages.
Especially, through this unit, we realized that illness is always a great problem
concern of mankind. Therefore, each of us should practice to improve
resistance and learn more knowledge about disease prevention and treatment.

UNIT 7: SURVIVAL

82
VOCABULARY  
Breed (v) /briːd/ Terriers are bred for their fighting
instincts.

Commerce (n) /ˈkɒm.ɜːs/ The world of commerce and industry.

Died out (phr /daɪ/ Dinosaurs died out millions of years

v) ago.

Disrupt (v) /dɪsˈrʌpt/ Heavy snow disrupted travel into the

city this morning.

Food chain (n) /ˈfuːd ˌtʃeɪn/ Corn has many uses throughout the
food chain as feed for animals and
as an ingredient on its own.

Habitat (n) /ˈhæb.ɪ.tæt/ With so many areas of woodland

being cut down, a lot of wildlife is
losing its natural habitat.

Minority (adj) /maɪˈnɒr.ə.ti/ It's only a tiny minority of people

who are causing the problem.

Ruling (adj) /ˈruː.lɪŋ/ The Communists are the ruling party

at the moment.

83
 Thrive (n) /θraɪv/ His business thrived in the years
before the war.

Comparison /kəmˈpær.ɪ.sən/ They made a comparison of different

(n) countries' eating habits.

Peak (v) /piːk/ Prices reach a peak during August.

Discrimination /dɪˌskrɪm.ɪ Until 1986 most companies would

(n) ˈneɪ.ʃən/ not even allow women to take the
exams, but such blatant
discrimination is now disappearing.

In the region of The cost of the new building will be

(phrase) somewhere in the region of
$200,000.

Well over The drainage ditches across the city

(phrase) have begun welling over as the heavy
rains continue.

Grant (v) /ɡraːnt/ He granted the soldier permission to

leave.

Inevitable (adj) /inˈevitəbl/ The Prime Minister said that war

was inevitable.

Reverse (v) /rəˈvəːs/ He reversed the film through the

projector.

Assist (v) /əˈsist/ The junior doctor assisted the

surgeon during the operation.

Distribution (n) /ˌdɪs.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/ They aimed to achieve a more

equitable distribution of resources.

Substantial /səbˈstæn.ʃəl/ She inherited a substantial fortune

(adj) from her grandmother.

Discussion point

1. Who is the oldest person you know? Why do you think they have lived so
long?

84
The oldest person I know is Tanaka from Japan. I think there isn't one specific
reason why she lives longer. It is combination of healthy lifestyle choices
(keeping her mind active, do exercise every day), genetics, access to
healthcare.

2. Why do you think some places have survived so long?

Some places may have survived for a long time due to various factors, such as
their strategic location, cultural significance, economic value or political
stability. For example, places that have a strong cultural heritage or historical
significance may be well-preserved and attract tourists or cultural enthusiasts.

3. Is it important to protect ancient places or things under threat?

Yes, I think so because several reasons:

- Preservation of history: Ancient places are considered as a tangible link to

our past. Preserving them helps us understand and appreciate our history and
culture better.

- Tourism and Economy: Ancient places and artifacts are significant tourist
attractions and can help boost the economy of the region.

- Scientific Value: Ancient places and artifacts can provide valuable scientific
information for researchers, historians, and archaeologists. The information
gained from them can help us better understand ancient civilizations, their life
of our ancetors

Before you watch

Absorb: take in

Factor: element

Reverse: turn back

Settlement: city

Species: kinds

While you watch

1. South America

2. city

3. migrate

4. fishing
85
5. reserve

After you watch

1. Is there an area in your country that is similar to Lake Titicaca?

Yes, there is. Is is Tô Lịch River in Ha Noi city. The river has become severely
polluted in recent years because it has to receive industrial and domestic waste
every day, which cause serious effects on the life of many people here.
However, the Hanoi city government has implemented many solutions and this
situation is improved.

2. Do you know of any places that have faced problems like the ones in video?

I know pollution of the Ganges, the largest river in India, poses significant
threats to human health and the larger environment. The river, which is
severely polluted with human waste and industrial contaminants. Today, the
Ganges is considered to be the fifth-most polluted river in the world.

Reading 1: The death of languages

86
Summary:
The reading shows that nowadays, there are 7000 languages in the world,
however of which a few have become the most spoken such as Mandarin,
Spanish, Hindi, English, and Arabic. And that leads to other languages facing
death. The reading presents the reality of the death of language. In North
America, for example, there are over 150 languages. However, around half of
these are spoken by only a small number of people. And the reading also gives
reasons for the disparity between languages. Few languages are related to
history and are spread around the world. Some languages face discrimination
and have been banned. Some other languages have achieved a superior
position in society through the enforcement of the law or have a special status
in education. However, the main cause of language death is commerce as
people move to cities for work. The reading offers solutions to keep the
language alive like the Welsh Language. Such as education and media

A. Vocabulary preview
1. widely
2. superior
3. urbanization
4. minority
5. ruling
6. official
7. commerce
8. nation
B. Before you read
1. How many languages do you think are spoken in the world?
I used to think that there were only about 1000 languages worldwide.
However, after reading an article on the internet, it surprised me with the
information that more than 7000 languages are spoken worldwide today.
2. Which parts of the world have the greatest variety of languages?
Papua New Guinea is the most linguistically diverse country in the world, with
approximately 840 languages used. 
3. What are the five most spoken languages?
Mandarin is, to this day, the most widely spoken language in the world, with
1.120 billion native speakers.
The second most spoken language in the world is none other than Spanish,
with an estimated 460 million native speakers. 
English is the third most spoken language in the world, with 380 million
people using it as their mother tongue.
Fourth place goes to Hindi, with its 340 million native speakers. 
Arabic is fifth out of the most spoken languages in the world, with the number
of native speakers amounting to 319 million.
87
C. Global reading
A. 3 B. 2 C. 4
D. Close reading
1. Many languages are now spoken by only a few people
In North America, for example, there are over 150 languages. However,
around half of these are spoken by only a small number of people. In fact,
around 25% of the world's languages are in a similar situation. 
2. Giving a language a particular legal status can cause the decline of
other languages
When we think of languages taking over others in commerce, it is easy to
quickly jump to the conclusion that the world has become more global.
However, this process started along with urbanization as more people moved
to cities in search of work and there became a need for common languages. 
3. The rise of English was one connected to the British, but now they are
not as important
More recently, the economic power of the USA has continued to push the
status of the English language. This has led to the rise of English as a global
language.
4. For a language to survive, it needs to be integrated into schools and the
media
To protect the language, it needs to be given a special status within society.
Education, from nursery to college, is available in Welsh. Dedicated Welsh TV
channels are also broadcast. Some estimates suggest that between 50% to 90%
of languages will no longer exist by the year 2100. 
E. Critical thinking 
1. Will the world eventually speak just a small number of languages?
Why/why not?
Probably, because It's predicted that 90% of all languages will die in the next
100 years, leaving us with a mere 600 languages. If we continue to integrate
the language or do not maintain the life of that language, the culture of that
country will also be lost and the language will also die.
On the other hand, It's unlikely that we'll see a world that speaks a small
number of languages any time soon. Protecting each country's culture is a
considerable barrier, but an important one to ensure our world is as beautifully
diverse as it's always been.
2. Why do you think people believe it is important to protect endangered
languages?
In my opinion, it is important to protect endangered languages because many
endangered languages have rich oral cultures with stories, songs, and histories
passed on to younger generations, but no written forms. With the extinction of
a language, an entire culture is lost. Much of what humans know about nature
is encoded only in oral languages.

Reading 2: More than just survival

88
Summary:

The researchers thought that between 0.01% and 0.1% of all species could
become extinct every year. This rate would mean between 900 and 9,000
extinctions every year. There are a number of different factors that lead to the
extinction or near extinction of an animal, including hunting and habitat
destruction. The author takes the example from the gray whale - an endangered
species. One big risk is that when animals breed from low numbers, there is
not enough variety in their genes. To reduce the problem of a limited gene
pool, the environment agency studied the variation within the species in
different areas. Another way to protect animals from extinction is by
protecting the wider food chain. Protecting the food chain is protecting the
ecosystem. People depend on the ecosystem to ensure their supply of food and
water, and ecosystems being disrupted can have serious consequences.
Protecting species has many other benefits. Research shows that whales are
vital to the oceans' carbon cycle because their iron-rich faeces foods
phytoplankton, organisms that absorb carbon dioxide. Another potential
benefit comes from the economic boost provided from ecotourism.

A Vocabulary preview

1.  disrupt

89
2. shortages

3. thrive

4. die out

5. food chain

6. habitat

7. breed

8. threat

B. Before you read

This picture shows a gray whale moving.

C. Global reading.

A-6

B-7

C-1

D-2

E-5

F-3

G-4

D. Close reading

1. the edge of extinction

2. reason

3. the population

4. food - water

5. 20th century

6. carbon levels

E.Critical thinking, p. 125

1 What do you think has had the biggest impact on the survival of animals?
90
The biggest threat is probably hunting. for example, killing animals for their
skins, tusks, or horns, or for food, which causes a decline in their populations
and eventually extinction.

2 What is the best way to ensure the survival of a species?

The most effective way is probably genetic diversity. Maintaining genetic

diversity is crucial to ensuring the survival of a species. Genetic diversity
ensures that a species can adapt to changing conditions such as environmental
changes. Besides, the government needs to tighten the ban on hunting
endangered species.

GRAMMAR
For each situation, write a sentence using the words in parentheses.

1 The films crew started filming two days ago.

The crew has been filming for two days.

2 Bee numbers started to fall recently, and they are still falling today.

Bee numbers have been falling recently

3 A new organization is working to change farming habits. Traveling for

six months so far.

The organization has been traveling for six months

Write sentences about these situations, using the present perfect

1. World population since 2000 🡪 The world’s population has been growing
since 2000

2. Sea levels for the last 50 years 🡪 Sea levels have been rising for the last 50
years

3 Renewable energy use since 2010 🡪 Renewable energy use has been
increasing since 2010

Related articles:

These violent undersea volcanoes harbor a secret: lifeThe night is so beautiful

and so is the sea as our ship glides south along Italy’s coast. I’m at the helm of
the Victoria IV and could easily follow my course observing the sophisticated
instruments on the bridge. But how could I resist relying instead on the ancestral
navigation guide known as the Lighthouse of the Mediterranean? The small
glowing light on the distant horizon is not the work of humans but rather fiery
91
lava explosions from Stromboli, a volcanic island in the Aeolian archipelago
north of Sicily. Though this flickering glow is barely perceptible from afar, it
has persisted for thousands of years, and we’re headed straight for it.

The Aeolian chain includes seven main islands and lies in the heart of the most
active volcano system in the Mediterranean. Most of this activity occurs deep
below the ocean floor. I’ve come here with Francesco Italiano, one of Italy’s
preeminent volcanologists, and Roberto Rinaldi, a renowned Italian filmmaker,
to document, in part, the hissing and spitting of hydrothermal vents that form on
the flanks of undersea volcanoes and spew out curtains of bubbles made of
mineral-rich hot gases. Volcanic activity in this region remains a threat to
millions of people who live along Italy’s southern coastline, and Italiano and his
colleagues want to find a way to better anticipate eruptions.

As a biologist, I want to see what kinds of marine species adapt and survive in
places so hostile to life. It took two years to put together a research expedition,
and we hope to unlock some secrets during our journey. The beauty of the world
is important, but it is less fascinating than its mysteries.

We anchor first at Panarea, the smallest Aeolian island, and dive into shallow,
acidic waters. Legend has it that ancient Romans moored here to clean barnacle
shells off the hulls of their ships. Panarea is considered dormant, yet it hums
with activity. Natural whirlpools give off a sulfur-like smell. Clouds of bubbles
made of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide rise to the surface with a
steadiness that makes it feel as if we are swimming through upside-down rain.
Everywhere I look, I see the effect of this acidity on marine life, as the
undersea landscape is barren of corals and hard-shelled organisms. A careless
marine worm settled too close to the bubbles. Its calcareous tube is already
dissolving. Elsewhere, the seagrass meadows of Posidonia, also known as
Neptune grass, display whitened, burned leaves.

Off Panarea, scientists operate a monitoring station that tracks the bubble
sounds for signs of volcanic activity increasing or tapering off. Italiano has
linked an increase in bubble noise to a large eruption on Stromboli. But to
prove his findings, he needs more evidence and wants our help exploring a
unique site he discovered a decade ago during an expedition mapping the
seabed. Sonar identified a narrow valley situated in a strangely perfect axis
between Panarea and Stromboli, 12 miles away. The site is 300 feet long and
50 feet wide. Extending across it as far as the eye can see is a collection of thin,
high chimneys of crystallized iron oxides that formed over thousands of years.
Italiano named it the Valley of 200 Volcanoes.

We descend 250 feet. The landscape looks Martian red, orange, and yellow,
though unlike the red planet, this forbidding place is alive, as if suffocating
from excess activity. It exhales, it grumbles, it spits. Gas and hot water escape
from the tops of the narrow chimneys, and while one chimney is being built,
92
 another seems to be dying out and a third is already collapsing. There is a great
sense of precariousness here, but underwater life is like that—at once fragile
and obstinate.

I watch a small flatworm slide incognito across the leaves of the pioneer algae
that cover a chimney’s red slopes with a miniature forest, green with hope. The
flatworm, smaller than my fingernail, is quite daring: It ventures to the top of the
hydrothermal vents. It’s difficult to understand what interest it might have in
walking on iron oxides in acidic water loaded with carbon dioxide.

Amid this same inhospitable environment a marine pantopod, or sea spider,

appears. Its long legs converge toward a body so tiny it’s almost nonexistent.
The only other place I have seen one this size is Antarctica.

To collect samples for Italiano, we insert a thermometer into the small vents at
the top of the chimneys and take a vial of hot water and another of gas. We have
time to sample only 20 before we have to resurface. We’ve been on the bottom
for an hour and must spend three more on the way up to allow us and our
samples time to decompress.

Finally, aboard the Victoria IV, we head to Stromboli, whose smoking summit
can be seen in the distance. Frequent tremors have caused the peak to slough off
soil, rock, and sand, destroying everything in its path. One side of Stromboli is
green with olive and fig trees; the other is a blackened corridor through which
lava flows and the rocky debris slides into the sea. The seabed is constantly
redesigned after successive disasters, and I’m curious to see how the ecosystem
below has recovered after the last major landslide, in 2002.

As we descend, fields of Cystoseira, bushes of yellow-hued algae brimming

with hidden marine animal life, disappear abruptly into black sand and jagged
stones. One might think we were on a barren planet if an anglerfish hadn’t
appeared in the black silica dust raised by our fins. On closer inspection, we spot
a series of pioneering species that have begun their work of reclaiming the area.
Nearby, a field of white gorgonian corals survived a close call: It is half-buried
in black sand of a recent flow but still alive. Then a juvenile dogfish, about eight
inches long, cruises by. This baby shark, whose fate is uncertain, is a perfect
symbol of a reborn ecosystem.

Successive landslides have also miraculously spared a magnificent pinnacle of

volcanic rock, an upright needle towering 130 feet. Rinaldi found it 30 years
ago, and when we locate it along the rearranged seafloor, we find it hosting
flourishing underwater life precisely because it has been spared. It’s common to
talk about the fragility of nature, yet nature clings on, resists, and bides its time.

After three weeks at the foot of volcanoes, we made our last dives in the Bay of
Naples, about a mile offshore from Italy’s third largest city, where Rinaldi
93
wanted to explore a hole in the bottom of the sea. Researchers know nothing
about it, but the hole is the stuff of legend among local fishermen. It’s said a
mysterious “mouth” exists at the bottom of the bay, which swallows their nets,
lines, and traps, never to be seen again. To say this dive is attractive would be an
outright lie. The water is green, murky, and cold—and the muddy seabed is
littered with trash. There is nothing to see, but there is a sense of curiosity to be
satisfied. Can it really be that on this seabed, soft and flat for miles around, lies
the entrance to a vertical, rocky cave so mysterious that no instrument has ever
probed its depths?
(Source:https://www.nationalgeographic.com/premium/article/underwater-
volcano-mediterranean-featur)

=> When descend 250 feet, the landscape looks Martian red, orange, and
yellow, though unlike the red planet, this forbidding place is alive, as if
suffocating from excess activity. This is what excites me. The vast ocean
contains many mysteries that humans have not yet discovered.

Critical thinking

Read the analyses of the graphs below. Then compare the graphs in more
detail with a partner.

1 A European language has fallen from just over 100,000 speakers to under
10,000 speakers in the last 50 years.

2 A regional African language has fallen from just under 100,000 speakers to
just over 10,000 speakers in the last 50 years.

* The similarity:

- Have the same timeline

- All start at 100,000 speakers and decrease over time

* The difference:

- A European language

+ has fallen from just over 100,000 speakers to under 10,000 speakers in the
last 50 years.

+ In the first 30-40 years, the number of speakers decreases slowly, and after
10-20 years, the number of speakers decreases rapidly.

- A regional African language

94
+ has fallen from just over 100,000 speakers to just over 10,000 speakers in
the last 50 years.

+ In the first 10-20 years, the number of speakers decreases rapidly and after
30-40 years, the number of speakers decreases slowly.

2 Think of the comparisons you made. How many focused on similarities

and how many on differences.

In my group, there are 3 members focus on the difference and 2 members

concentrate on the similarity. And I’m focus on the difference.

3 Think about the reasons behind the differences. Explain the possible
reasons for each difference.

The difference is due to the following factors:

- Because the war happened in the two areas above at different times and the
war damage in those two areas is different.

- Due to the different economic and social development in these two areas.

4 Read the example question. Brainstorm other questions you could ask to
focus on other differences.

Languages used through writing, speaking and gestures to communicate

between people around the world. It contains information, emotion and story.

Writing skill

1 The rise in elephant numbers may have been as a result of the ban on
hunting, although there is no evidence for this in the data

2 The fall in gazelle numbers is perhaps due to competing for land with
farmers

3 The growth in a number of animal populations could be the product of

government policy

4 The decline in gorilla numbers may have been due to the increased levels of
deforestation

5 The growing number of cod in certain regions could be attributed to the

limits placed on the number of fish that can be caught

6 The change in bird numbers could be a consequence of a loss of habitat

2.

95
1 hunting

2 overfishing

3 a hunting ban

4 a national park was created

5 changes in government rules

6 being given protected status.

3.

1 The tiger population perhaps fell due to hunting.

2 The fall in tuna numbers may be the result of

overfishing.

3 The growth in bison numbers could be the product of a

hunting ban.

4 The recent growth in wolf numbers may have been due

to the creation of a national park two years ago.

5 The leveling off in otter numbers could be attributed to

changes in government rules.

6 Hippo numbers could be rising as a consequence of

being given protected status.

Journal
This week, we learned Unit 7: Survival. During the lesson, we were guided by
the teacher on how to analyze the text and find the main ideas. Through the
reading, we collect many new words that help improve vocabulary. What I
enjoyed most about this session was the analysis of Reading 1. I understood why
some languages are in danger of extinction. After studying the reading passage,
we were guided by the teacher to write the writing task. After the lesson, the
group members exchanged writing task for each other for reference and
suggestions.

96
 UNIT 8 LAW

VOCABULARY  
Vocabulary Phonetics Definition Example
burn-out (n)  /ˈbɜːn.aʊt/ extreme tiredness employees
usually caused by complaining
working too much of/suffering burn-out
hyper- /ˌhīpərkəˈnektəd/ characterized by We live in a hectic
connected the widespread or world that is hyper-
(adj) habitual use of connected 24/7 365
devices that have days of the year. 
internet
connectivity.
incompetence /ɪnˈkɒm.pɪ.təns/ lack of ability to Management have
(n) do something demonstrated almost
successfully or as unbelievable
it should be done incompetence in their
handling of the
dispute.
log off (v) to stop using a The program lets you
computer system shut down, restart, or
or program by log off Windows at
97
 giving a particular specific times and
instruction dates.
work-life /ˌwɜːk.laɪf the amount of time It can be difficult to
balance (n) ˈbæl.əns/ you spend doing get the right work-life
your job compared balance.
with the amount of
time you spend
with your family
and doing things
you enjoy
a fine line If you say that As a parent, I knew
(phr) there is a fine line that there was a fine
between one thing line between panic and
and another, you caution
mean that they are
very similar. You
often say this when
one thing is
acceptable and the
other is not
basis (n) /ˈbeɪ.sɪs/ the most important This document will
facts, ideas, etc. form the basis for our
from which discussion.
something is
developed
break the law to do something Lisa broke the law
(phr) illegal. when she drove the
wrong way on a one-
way street.
conduct (n) /kənˈdʌkt/ to organize and The experiments were
perform a conducted by scientists
particular activity in New York.
declare (v) /dɪˈkleər/ to announce They declared their
something clearly, support for the
firmly, publicly, or proposal
officially
ethics (n) /ˈeθ·ɪks/ the study of what They’re completely
is morally right lacking in ethics
and wrong, or a set
98
 of beliefs about
what is morally
right and wrong
extent (n) /ɪkˈstent/ area or length; We don't yet know the
amount extent of his injuries
ideal (adj) /aɪˈdɪəl/ perfect, or the best It's the ideal
possible opportunity to meet
people.
illegal (adj) /ɪˈliː.ɡəl/ not allowed by law It is illegal to drive a
car that is not
registered and insured.
intention (n) /ɪnˈten.ʃən/ something that you I've no intention of
want and plan to changing my plans just
do to fit in with his.
occur (v) /əˈkɜːr/ (especially of An accident involving
accidents and other over ten vehicles has
unexpected events) occurred in the east-
to happen bound lane.
punishment /ˈpʌn·ɪʃ·mənt/ the infliction or Serving your
(n) imposition of a community is seen as a
penalty as punishment these days.
retribution for an
offense.
recruit (v) /rɪˈkruːt/ to persuade Even young boys are
someone to work now being recruited
for a company or into the army.
become a new
member of an
organization,
especially the
army
scandal (n) /ˈskæn.dəl/ (an action or event Their affair
that causes) a caused/created a
public feeling of scandal in the office.
shock and strong
moral disapproval
state (n) /steɪt/ a condition or way The building was in a

99
 of being that exists state of disrepair.
at a particular time
tactic (n) /ˈtæk.tɪk/ a planned way of These bomb attacks
doing something represent a change of
tactics by the terrorists.
arrest (v) /əˈrest/ If the police arrest He was arrested when
someone, they take customs officers found
them away to ask drugs in his bag.
them about a crime
that they might
have committed
crime (n) /kraɪm/ illegal activities The rate of violent
crime fell last month.
defend (v) /dɪˈfend/ to protect someone White blood cells help
or something defend the body
against attack or against infection.
criticism
judge (n) /dʒʌdʒ/ a person who is in a British high-court
charge of a trial in judge
a court and decides
how a person who
is guilty of a crime
should be
punished, or who
makes decisions
on legal matters
justice (n) /ˈdʒʌs.tɪs/ fairness in the way There's no justice in
people are dealt the world when people
with can be made to suffer
like that.
lawyer (n) /ˈlɔɪ.ər/ someone whose I want to see my
job is to give lawyer before I say
advice to people anything.
about the law and
speak for them in
court
trial (n) /traɪəl/ the hearing of She's going
statements and on/standing trial for

100
 showing of fraud.
objects, etc. in a
law court to judge
if a person is guilty
of a crime or to
decide a case or a
legal matter
witness (n) /ˈwɪt.nəs/ a person who sees Police are appealing
an event for witnesses to the
happening, accident to come
especially a crime forward.
or an accident
clause (n) /klɔːz/ a particular part of Clause 4 of the
a written legal constitution is thought
document, for to be the most
example, a law important section.
passed by
Parliament or a
contract (= an
agreement)
code (n) /kəʊd/ a system of words, The message was
letters, or signs written in code.
used to represent a
message in secret
form, or a system
of numbers, letters,
or signals used to
represent
something in a
shorter or more
convenient form
controversy /ˈkɒn.trə.vɜː.si/ a lot of There was a big
(n) disagreement or controversy
argument about surrounding/over the
something, usually use of drugs in
because it affects athletics.
or is important to
many people
corporate /ˈkɔː.pər.ət/ relating to a large a corporate merger
(adj) company

101
 initiative (n) /ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv/ a new plan or The peace initiative
process to achieve was welcomed by both
something or solve sides.
a problem
inspection (n) /ɪnˈspek.ʃən/ the act of looking She arrived to carry
at something out/make a health and
carefully, or an safety inspection of the
official visit to a building.
building or
organization to
check that
everything is
correct and legal
institute (n) /ˈɪn.stɪ.tʃuːt/ an organization the Massachusetts
where people do a Institute of
particular type of Technology
scientific,
educational, or
social work, or the
buildings that it
uses
ministry (n) /ˈmɪn.ɪ.stri/ in Britain and the Ministry of
some other Defence/Agriculture
countries, a
department of the
government led by
a minister

Discussion point (p.134)

1. Rank the behaviors in the infographic from most concerning to least

concerning.

I think someone lies to hide their mistakes is least concerning because when
you lie, you may escape ridicule and embarrassment for the moment, but you
revert to the old modus operandi of childhood and fail to grow. You also hurt
others and set a poor example to those you are supposed to be cooperating.

2. Do you think each of these situations should be punished? How and

why?

I think each of these situations should be punished because it affects others

and harms itself. For example,while gifts being sent to journalists and
102
newsrooms is met with indifference, its damage to the newspapers and our
vocation demands that the ethical principles of the matter must be enforced
with justice and equal fervor.

Before you watch (p.134)

1. burn-out (n) a state of exhaustion

2. hyper-connected (adj) to be connected to technology all the time
3. incompetence (n) not having the ability to do a job properly
4. log off (v) close down a computer or smart phone
5. work-life balance (n) the amount of time spent working compared to the
amount of time spent with family and leisure activities

While you watch (p.135)

1. The new French law will protect employees. => T

2. The law will protect them from spending too much time at the office.=> F
(The new law protects an employee’s work-life balanced)
3. Office workers will receive 32 times more information by 2020. => T
4. La Poste defines off-hours time as 7.30 a.m. until 8.30 p.m. on the
weekends. => F (The off-hours are 8 p.m. until 7.30 a.m. from Monday to
Friday, and all weekend.)

Reading 1 It’s legal, but is it ethical?

Summary:
Society judges right and wrong in many ways, with legal, religious, and ethical
interpretations used to decide between what is good and bad. Ethics and law are
closely connected and have a fine line between them. Laws are created by
103
society's ethical interpretations of right and wrong, while ethics is an imagined
ideal of what the perfect or best human being could be. Laws are regional,
national, or even international, while ethics is an individual concept. Many legal
things are ostensibly unethical, such as telling a serious lie but it is legal.
People often argue that breaking a promise is unethical, but it is usually not
illegal. Tax avoidance is a way of redistributing money to make society fairer,
while tax evasion is breaking the laws by trying to pay as little as possible. Tax
avoidance is considered unethical by many people, but is legal and no one can
be arrested for it. This has caused government ministries to debate how
companies are taxed so that tax avoidance becomes harder and companies have
a legal obligation to pay more tax. Ethics alone is not enough to control the
actions of individuals or organizations within a society, but when it affects the
lives of many people, there is a need to use this to change the law of a country.

A Vocabulary preview

1. basis 2 ethics 3 break the rule

4. ideal 5. Scandal 6. A fine line

C Global Reading

1. How do you define the law?

The law is a system of rules and regulations that are set by a governing
authority to help maintain order and ensure justice

2. What examples of unethical behavior can you think of?

Lying or misrepresenting information to gain a personal advantage. Another

example is discrimination, whether it be based on race, gender, religion, or
other factors

3. How are ethics and the law different?

Ethics are a set of moral values an individual establishes for one's self and
your own personal behavior. Laws are structured rules utilized to govern all of
society

4. When might legal behavior be unethical?

Breaking promises is generally legal, but is widely thought of as unethical;

Cheating on your husband or wife or boyfriend or girlfriend is legal, but
unethical

D Close Reading

1) 1F 2F 3F 4T 5NG 6NG
104
2) 1. Lying 2. Punishment 3. School and hospital 4. Tax avoidance 5. Tax
evasion 6. harder

E. Critical thinking P138

1. Should all unethical behavior be made illegal?

I think it shouldn’t. because some unethical behavior, like lying or being rude
don’t affect everyone.

2.Is it OK to do unethical things as long as they are not illegal?

This refers to a set of moral principles that guide an individual's behavior and
actions in society. While legality is determined by the law, ethics are
subjective and depend on an individual's values and beliefs. Doing something
unethical can harm others, damage relationships, and have long-term
consequences.

3. Who is responsible for judging unethical behavior?

The responsibility of judging unethical behavior varies depending on the

context of the situation. In a workplace setting, management and human
resources departments are responsible for establishing and enforcing
ethical standards

3.2. Reading 2 Right or wrong at work (P141)

105
Summary:

The passage talks about unethical behavior at work. The first section lists
actions that are considered immoral (paragraphs 1 and 2). Paragraph 3 is the
measures taken by companies to improve and limit such unethical practices
with a code of conduct . In addition, some factors such as praise and rewards
also help reduce unethical behavior (paragraph 4). The author has given a few
situations that have happened in the workplace.

A. vocabulary preview

1 recruit

2 conduct

3 extent

4 intentions

5 tactic

6 states

7 occur

106
8 declare

B. Before you read:

1.Through a film, story about unethical behavior in the workplace, I

recognized that women are people who are influenced by their boss. They
were sexually harassed, with a low salary compared to men,…

2.Companies should try to improve employees' ethical behavior by giving

appropriate punishments for these acts.

C. Global reading:

A3

B6

C1

D7

E8

F2

G5

H4

D. Close reading:

1 proportion

2 measures

3 interpretation

4 résumé

5 code of conduct

6 values

7 praising people

E. Critical thinking

1. Which of the unethical behaviors in paragraph 2 do you think is the most

serious? Why?

107
I think the most serious unethical behaviors in paragraph 2 are blaming someone
else for your poor work and hiding mistakes. Because it makes your boss not
find your mistakes in the project. This is so dangerous.

2. Do you think the advice for companies in paragraphs 3and 4 would be

effective? Why/why not?

I think it is so effective because it helps everyone in the workplace follow the

rules which companies give them.
Vocabulary development
Legal terms
1.
1-d
2-a
3-h
4-b
5-c
6-e
7-f
8-g
2.
1. lawyer - defend
2. judge
3. witness
4. arrest
5. crime
6. justice
7. trial
Academic words
1-c
2-e
3-a
4-h
5-g
6-f
7-b
8-d
2.
1. initiative
2. code
3. controversy
4. ministry
5. corporate
6. clause
7. institute
108
8. inspection
GRAMMAR

Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
Use the symbols (– / +) to help you.

1. If he_hadn't broken__(break –) the law, he_wouldn't have gone__(go –) to

prison.

2. If the company_had had__(have +) a code of conduct, then employees_would

have known__(know +) how to behave.

3. If the ministry_had reacted__(react +) quicker, then there_wouldn't have

been__(be –) such a controversy.

4. If all corporate organizations_had paid__(pay +) the full amount of tax, the

government_would have had_(have +) a lot more money to spend.

109
3 Read the following situations. Write sentences in the unreal conditional in
the past to express how things might have been different.
1 Someone didn’t finish their work because they spent so much time on social
media
If they hadn't spent so much time on social media, they would have finished
their work.
2 Someone made lots of mistakes in a report and the company made the wrong
decision.
If they hadn't made lots of mistakes in the report, the company wouldn't have
made the wrong decision.
3 Someone left confidential documents on a train and they were published in a
newspaper.
If they hadn't left the confidential documents on the train, the newspapers
wouldn't have published it.

Related articles:
Pacific countries advance regional policy towards migration and
climate change
It has been scientifically demonstrated that, regardless of whether we admit it
or not, climate change is a global process, unfortunately continuous, a “threat
multiplier” and “very likely” to be human-induced.

Since 2008, an average of 21.5 million people have been displaced from their
homes each year by rapid onset climate-related events. And the number of
such events is going to increase in the future. The same empirical research
shows that slow-onset events and environmental degradation also contribute to
people’s decision to move.

But recent failures to offer protection to people affected by climate change all

over the world, including in the Pacific region show a regrettable lack of
international legal safeguards (norms and language) when addressing climate
change. Implicit in this is a lack of respect for the human rights of those
seeking refuge, which policy and law makers can no longer afford.

Traditional law and climate legal risks

Supported by AXA Research Fund and United Nations University Institute for
Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), my recent research focuses on
the main two existing systems of law in the Pacific – the state or national
legislation, and the Kastom law (the traditional, customary law). It analyses
how the differences between the two could create legal risks when
implementing international law associated with climate change, such as the
2015 Paris Agreement.

110
While state or national law covers executive or legislative law, Kastom law
governs local community law. It is also known as the law of clans, families or
tribes, depending on the respective structures.

Implementing international norms into the domestic law typically follows a

top-bottom approach, emanating from the legislative or executive level to the
community. The existence of a second system of law at local level could
dramatically impact such an approach. Norms end up being interpreted
through the filter of Kastom law. What people in communities understand
about new laws could sometimes change completely the initial purpose or
expected results of these laws.

International regulations are not always welcomed by local people and this is a
global issue. However, not all local communities own a system of law, which
may interfere with the tubular top-bottom approach.

In some parts of the Pacific for example, planting a tree could initiate
immediate land ownership that sometimes is not reflected in the domestic land
legislation. And definitely does not subscribe to any international norms
regulating land management.

My research is based on a human rights-based approach that emphasises a

bottom-up standpoint. It embraces a progressive interpretation of law that
underlines a need for flexibility, openness and concrete applicability of the law
when it comes to supporting and implementing climate science. Law in
general, should be regarded as a supportive concept rather than a restrictive
(sometimes oppressive) state-led process.

My project will conclude in 2018 with a second segment of field research,

when final data will be processed and conclusions published and disseminated.
So far, there are indications of discrepancies between the two systems of law
that affect both legislators and communities. And it seems that structural
domestic legal reforms may be necessary to address these inconsistencies.

Hybrid law
The methodology used in this project is called hybrid international law. It was
elaborated in 2007 as a requisite for interpreting the relationship between
climate change and customary law in the Pacific, which is sometimes only
spoken, and hard to mark or analyse.

Hybrid law refers to three branches of international law – environmental

law, human rights and refugee or migration law. It shows an indubitable
interrelation between these three branches and that climate change cannot be
addressed without referring to human rights or migration – as direct or
subsidiary effects.
111
It’s also incomplete to analyse human rights without considering climate
change or look at human mobility without considering climate triggers as one
of the main factors of causality. Migrants, displaced or relocated people - both
internally and cross-border – have human rights and states should not
implement or abandon policies to prevent them from safe passage and legal
access to protection.

Under international human rights law and customary international law, states
have an obligation to respect the rights of migrants or refugees, to treat them
with dignity and respect, and to protect against their return if they face the risk
of having their human rights violated.

While international refugee law does not refer to environmental threats as

factors of persecution or conflict, this doesn’t exonerate states of their
obligations to address the needs of people seeking protection from climate
change.

https://theconversation.com/pacific-countries-advance-regional-policy-
towards-migration-and-climate-change-70632

5. Critical thinking:

Reading 1- E. Critical thinking P138

1. Should all unethical behavior be made illegal?

I think it shouldn’t. because some unethical behavior, like lying or being rude
don’t affect everyone.

2. Is it OK to do unethical things as long as they are not illegal?

This refers to a set of moral principles that guide an individual's behavior and
actions in society. While legality is determined by the law, ethics are
subjective and depend on an individual's values and beliefs. Doing something
unethical can harm others, damage relationships, and have long-term
consequences.

3. Who is responsible for judging unethical behavior?

The responsibility of judging unethical behavior varies depending on the

context of the situation. In a workplace setting, management and human
resources departments are responsible for establishing and enforcing ethical
standards.

Reading 2-E.Critical thinking, p. 143

112
1. Which of the unethical behaviors in paragraph 2 do you think is the most
serious? Why?

I think the most serious unethical behaviors in paragraph 2 are blaming

someone else for your poor work and hiding mistakes. Because it makes your
boss not find your mistakes in the project. This is so dangerous.

2. Do you think the advice for companies in paragraphs 3and 4 would be

effective? Why/why not?

I think it is so effective because it helps everyone in the workplace follow the

rules which companies give them.

Writing skill
1. Stating the first viewpoint: It can be argued that; One perspective is
Stating an alternative view: Others have argued that; Another viewpoint is
Giving the author's view: It is my belief that; This essay will argue that
3.
 blame others for their mistakes. 3
 an unethical attitude does not mean a low standard. 2
 do not complete work to the best of their ability. 3
 could badly affect the atmosphere. 2
 it is the company’s responsibility not the employees. 2
 do not start and finish at the correct time. 3
Journal
This week, we learned Unit 8: Law. We were asked to read and analyze the text.
During the lesson, we were asked to read and analyze the text. Besides, the
teacher asked us to discuss and give opinions on the main ideas of the text.
Through the reading, we collect many new words that help improve vocabulary.
After the lesson, we understand what is legal, ethical, legal and illegal. In
addition, we also know some ethical and unethical behaviors at work. After the
class, we discussed the writing task together.

113
Vocabulary:

Vocabulary Pronunciation Example

drill /drɪl/ Do you know how to use a power

drill?

interfere /ˌɪn.təˈfɪər/ It's their problem and I'm not

going to interfere.

navigate /ˈnæv.ɪ.ɡeɪt/ We had to navigate several flights

of stairs to find his office.

vibration /vaɪˈbreɪ.ʃən/ We could feel the vibration of the

music through the floor.

echolocation /ˌek.əʊ.ləʊˈkeɪ.ʃən Dolphins locate underwater

creatures using echolocation.

canyon /ˈkæn.jən/ A canyon is a deep, narrow valley

with steep sides

114
 accelerate /əkˈsel.ə.reɪt/ I accelerated to overtake the bus.

incredibly /ɪnˈkred.ə.bli/ Incredibly, no one was hurt in the

accident.

subconsciously /ˌsʌbˈkɒn.ʃəs.li/ Sometimes people subconsciously

want to get caught.

route-finding Route-finding difficulties are

often found in children with
reading disorders

dial-up /ˈdaɪ.əl/ The new test will only dial up the

stress factor

propose /prəˈpəʊz/ He proposed a motion that the

chairman resign.

criticize /ˈkrɪt.ɪ.saɪz/ We'll get nowhere if all you can

do is criticize.

trigger /ˈtrɪɡ.ər/ It's not clear who actually pulled

the trigger.

Discussion point (p.152)

1. Humans are able to complex information through language, while animals
can only communicate basic information or limited emotional states through
sound. In addition, humans can create devices that make sounds, but animals
cannot.
2. Yes, it is. Because it can help us to better understand animal behavior,
needs, and emotions. It can also help us to improve our relationships with
animals and develop better ways of caring for them.
3. I think the cell phone call was the most important because it revolutionized
communication, making it easier and faster for people to connect with others
far away. The telephone allowed people to talk to one another from different
locations, eliminating the need for writing letters or traveling long distances to
communicate important information.
Before you watch (p.152)
115
1-b
2-c
3-d
4-a
While you watch (p.153)
1-b
2-a
3-b
After you watch (p.153)
1. No, I haven’t. I've only ever seen it on TV and the Internet.
2. I know that they are found in all oceans around the world and are divided
into two groups: baleen whales (such as humpback whales and blue whales)
and toothed whales (such as killer whales and dolphins). Baleen whales have a
sieve-like structure in their mouths made of keratin, which they use to filter
small aquatic animals such as krill and plankton out of the water. Toothed
whales, on the other hand, hunt and eat fish and squid using their sharp teeth.
3. I think protecting whales is more important because it is very intelligent and
help our ocean better.
Reading 1:Seeing without your eyes (P.154-156)

Summary
116
 The passage shows us that in the animal world, there are many different
views. And the most notable creatures are bats and dolphins. Both live in
environments that are hard to see. Besides also shows how the echo is formed
by sound waves reflected in the direction of the speaker and we can use the
echo to find out the distance to the back of the cave. That's how echolocation
works. Besides, the reading also shows the discoveries of echolocation that
were proposed as a principle about 100 years ago and existed for about 70
years. Besides discovering how bats and dolphins use echolocation to adapt to
different environments. With that ability, dolphins have been around for about
25 million years, and bats for more than 50 million years.
Related article
https://theconversation.com/new-discovery-penguins-vocalise-under-
water-when-they-hunt-132527
Penguins, like all seabirds, are known to be highly vocal on land where they
come to breed. They use these vocalisations to help them recognise their mate
and kin.

Outside of the breeding season, seabirds spend most of their life at sea and are
adapted to the marine environment where they feed. Penguins are very unique
among seabirds for their extreme diving abilities. They can perform series of
dives to depths of between 20 and 500m (depending on the species) in search
of fish, krill, or squid.

Given the penguins’ diving abilities, we wanted to know if they produced

sound underwater. To do this, our Marine Apex Predator Research Unit
(MAPRU) team at Nelson Mandela University (South Africa) attached small
video loggers, with built-in microphones, on the back of three species of
penguins: the King penguin, the Gentoo penguin and the Macaroni penguin.

Our study provides the first evidence that penguins emit sounds under water
when they hunt.

Recording penguins at sea

Because of recording difficulties, very little was previously known about the
vocalisations of penguins when they are at sea. However, thanks to recent
developments in technology, such observation becomes accessible, in
particular through the use of miniaturised penguin-borne video loggers.

We used video loggers and recorded 203 underwater vocalisations from all
three species over almost five hours of underwater footage: 34 from two King
117
penguins, a single one from a Macaroni penguin and 168 from Gentoo
penguins.

These species were chosen because they reflect the diversity of feeding
strategies in penguins. The King penguin is specialised to feed on fish at a
substantial depth (200m), whereas the Macaroni penguin feeds mostly on
schooling krill within the first 10m of the water column. In contrast, the
Gentoo penguin displays a very diverse foraging strategy, feeding on all sorts
of prey at all depths.

The birds were caught as they left their breeding colonies at Marion Island (a
sub-Antarctic island off South Africa) on the way out to the sea. We then
retrieved the cameras after a single foraging trip.

We found that all vocalisations were short and emitted during dives when the
penguin was hunting. Most vocalisations (73%) happened during the bottom
phase of the dives. This is where penguins mostly catch their food, as opposed
to the descent and ascent.

Here is a video showing a full dive by a King penguin, as observed from the
penguin-borne video loggers:

=>I was surprised because normally penguins only make a terrestrial call when
looking for their friends. But in this article, it was discovered that penguins
make 203 underwater volisations when foraging. It's surprising and interesting.

A Vocabulary preview (p.154)

l/
1. Vibration
2. air pressure
3. determine
4. sound wave
5. advance
6. reflect
7. absorb
8. echo
B Before you read (p.154)
Bats are nocturnal animals that have adapted to a life in darkness, partly to
avoid predation during daylight hours from bird of prey species such as

118
sparrowhawks. And I think it's because of its characteristics that it will be able
to see at night with its upper body to hunt and move at night.
C Global reading (p.154)
A. 3
B. 6
C. 1
D. 5
E. 4
F. 2
D Close reading (p.156)
l/
1. vibration
2. sound waves
3. location
4. actually see
5. hunt small insects
6. intensity
7. stronger sound
8. varying
9. hear
ll/
Dolphins:
- use by producing the clicking sound.
- sound waves travel five times faster through water than air.
- receive the sounds back to the fat around their jaw and their large
forehead before their brain.
E. Critical thinking ( p.156)
1. One example of a modern technology that relies on an understanding of
echolocation and sound waves is sonar technology used for underwater
navigation and mapping. This technology uses sound waves to detect objects
and map the underwater terrain. Another example is medical ultrasound
technology, which uses sound waves to create images of internal organs and
structures. Without an understanding of the principles of echolocation and
sound waves, these technologies would not exist or would not function
properly.

119
2. Sonar technology uses sound waves to detect and locate objects underwater.
It works by emitting a sound wave, which then travels through the water and
bounces back when it encounters an object. The time it takes for the sound
wave to bounce back is then used to calculate the distance from the object.
This process is similar to how echolocation works in animals such as bats and
dolphins.
Reading 2: A wireless world (p.159- 160)

Summary
The passage shows us that difficulties when there was no wireless as for
centuries, the main way to take massage from one location to another was by
person on horseback. Besides, it also show the history and development of the
wireless. Such as: the improvement of telephone to mobile phone and the wi-fi
access.
Related article: Success of bluetooth wireless technology
https://ieltsquangbinh.com/success-of-bluetooth-wireless-technology/
A It was born amid a blaze of hype at the height of the dotcom boom, but
initially failed to thrive. Indeed, Bluetooth, a short-range wireless technology
used to interconnect portable devices, has been declared dead on many
occasions. Early versions of the technology suffered from compatibility
problems; an ambitious demonstration of the technology at a trade show in
2001 failed to work. And while Bluetooth struggled despite all the hype from
its backers, another wireless technology, Wi-Fi, took off on its own. Obituaries
120
of Bluetooth have appeared many times in the technology press, usually
attributing its demise to the success of Wi-Fi. “Bluetooth is in full retreat,”
declared Sean Maloney, an Intel executive, in 2001. “Bluetooth is dead,” said
Craig Mathias, an analyst at the Farpoint Group, in 2003. Other analysts issued
similar verdicts.

B But reports of the death of Bluetooth proved to be premature: today it is in

rude health. Sales of Bluetooth devices more than doubled in 2005 to reach
320m units, and the figure is expected to exceed 520m this year~equivalent to
more than 10m units a week and far outstripping sales of Wi-Fi chips, for
those who insist on the comparison. Around one in four mobile phones sold
now support Bluetooth. And after years of insisting that Bluetooth was more
than just a way to link a wireless headset to a mobile phone, its backers seem
to have been vindicated, as other uses for Bluetooth have at last begun to
emerge.

C This success, after its rocky start, is due to a combination of factors, says
Stuart Carlaw, an analyst at ABIResearch. In many countries Bluetooth’s
fortunes were boosted by new legislation banning the use of mobile phones
without a hands-free kit while driving. This prompted many people to buy
Bluetooth headsets. Several carmakers, led by Audi, also began to incorporate
microphones and speakers, capable of connecting to a handset via Bluetooth,
into their vehicles. As consumers became more aware of Bluetooth and began
to ask for it, handset-makers started to include it as a means of differentiating
their products and increasing their margins. Adding a Bluetooth chip to a
phone now costs very little— around $2, says Mr Carlaw, down from $20 in
2001-but allows the manufacturer to increase the price of the handset by far
more, and opens up a new market for high-margin accessories. Finally,
operators began offering Bluetooth headsets (typically end-of-line products
that cost very little) as incentives to new customers. Again, the perceived value
of the headset is far higher than its cost to the operator, so this increases
margins.

=>Attractive headlines usually technological product as winner take all

competition. Unfortunately, several competitors would be coexisting rather
than happened like this. Nevertheless, negative predictions still exist about
some technology’s disappearance. For example, they insist that Wi-Fi and
WiMax pose destructive threat to mobile networks of 3G, or popular smart
phones would be the terminator to ipod or blackberry. However, lessons from
bluetooth indicate that they are “ horses for course”.

A Vocabulary preview (p.158)

121
1. launch
2. accelerate
3. broadcast
B Before you read (p.158)
1. I think the invents of telephone that have greatly changed our life the most.
As far as I know, Graham Bell was the father of this terrific device and he
invented it in the last century after countless numbers of trials and errors. Few
centuries ago, it took us ages to deliver letters. In case of emergency or
confidential cases, people could hardly contact with each other because no
such instantly communicative means as telephones were available back then.
You know, communication enhancement is widely believed to act as the
central core of the social development. As the most obvious example,
telephones made it much easier for people to express their urgent messages to
distant recipients.
2. Wireless technology is freeing existing good ideas from the constraint of
wires and, at the same time, enabling an emergence of new ideas and
applications that weren't possible before. For a while we are on a trajectory of
rapidly increasing wireless solutions... leading to an 'explosion' of new types of
wireless technology. They are: Voice Communications; Remote Control;
Remote Measurement; Wireless Sensing Item; Tracking Entertainment;
Navigation and Location; Quality Management; Risk Management.
C Global reading (p.158)
A The development of wireless technology- 5
B Satelite communications - 4
C The future of wireless - 6
D Communication before wireless technology - 1
E A computer in your hand - 3
F Intercepting and hiding communication- 2
D Close reading (p.161)
1.
1. Distant communication previously a challenge.
2. Messages could take months on horse back.
3. Changed by telegraph and Morse code, but distance still limited.
E Critical thinking (p.161)

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1. For example, submarines use what’s called sonar to navigate. Sonar systems
send out pulses of sound and detect the echoes. And ultrasound, a technology
used in medicine, uses sound waves to take pictures inside the body.
2. Spider silk is famous for its strength and durability. It can absorb three times
as much energy as Kevlar, the material used to make bulletproof vests, and
some types of silk can stretch up to five times their original length.

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT (p.162)

Science verbs

1.

1. f
2. e
3. b
4. a
5. g
6. c
7. d
8. h

2.

1. signal
2. classifying
3. observing
4. criticized
5. calculate
6. underlined
7. composed
8. propose

1. What can scientist identify through observing people and animals?

Scientists can determine the appearance, age, personality, and lifestyle of

people and animals when they observe them.

2. Many scientific ideas proposed have later been identified as inaccurate.

Does it matter that scientists propose incorrect theories?

When scientists propose incorrect theories that make it harder to understand

and act on. It became more inaccurate to recognize as well as observe it.

3. What scientific processes do you most remember learning about at

school?
123
I remember chemistry the most when I was in school because in the process of
practicing chemistry, I witnessed chemical reactions occurring when practicing
experiments according to a mandatory process. Chemistry is a very interesting
science.

ACADEMIC WORDS (p.163)

1.

1. a
2. g
3. d
4. h
5. c
6. b
7. f
8. e

2.

1. trigger
2. prior
3. insights
4. comprised
5. phenomenon
6. device
7. thereby
8. dominate

Critical thinking

1. What technological devices or phenomenon have most affected modern

lives?

In my opinion, the most technological device that affects modern life today is
the phone. People today are increasingly immersed in their phones and have
phone addiction syndrome. Although phones bring many benefits to us in life,
it still has potential risks in cyberspace.

2. How can companies use technology to gain insights into customers’ lives?

Companies use technology to chat and learn about customers' personalities,

ages, and preferences. From there, the company will understand the life as well
as the wishes of customers.

3. Is it positive or negative that technology dominates modern life so much?

124
I think the technology that dominates modern life has more positives than
negatives. Technology improves people's material and spiritual lives. If we use
it correctly, the harm it brings is only very small.

CRITICAL THINKING (p.164)

1. It is about technology and its impact on life, but the focus is not clear.

2. No. It jumps between positive and negative impacts.

WRITING MODEL (p.165)

A. ANALYZE

B. MODEL

1 In the first question, the writer only needs to explain why this change has
been positive or negative. In the second question, the writer would need to
explain the positives and negatives of the statement.

GRAMMAR (p.166)

1.

1. defining
2. defining
3. non-defining
4. defining
5. non-defining

2.

1. (cannot be left out)

2. that
3. that
4. that
5. (cannot be left out)

Journal:

This week, we learned Unit 9: Sound. We learned to write. The teacher

analyzed the text clearly and specifically and helped us understand it more
deeply. Besides, it also gives us synonyms for difficult words in the reading
passage. The topic that we like the most is animals that hunted by sound. Very
interesting. They could hunt in the night such as bats, dolphins,... My teacher
who with erudite knowledge, we could understand more and more deeply
about that topic. After class, we scheduled a class meeting and exchanged what
we have learned. If one of the members does not understand a certain issue in
125
the text, the whole group discuss and explain together. Each week we will find
a topic and practice writing, exchanging, and referencing each other. Those
ways of learning are advised by our beloved teacher. We love it.

VOCABULARY

Vocabulary Phonetics Definition Example

concerned (adj) /kənˈsɜːnd/ worried I'm a bit

concerned
about/for your
health.

deteriorate (v) /dɪˈtɪə.ri.ə.reɪt/ to become worse She was taken

into hospital
last week when
her condition
suddenly
deteriorated.

126
devastating (adj) /ˈdev.ə.steɪ.tɪŋ/ causing a lot of If the bomb had
damage or exploded in the
destruction main shopping
area, it would
have been
devastating.

effectively (adv) /ɪˈfek.tɪv.li/ in a way that is The tablets

successful and work more
achieves what you effectively if
want you take a hot
drink after
them.

exaggerate (v) /ɪɡˈzædʒ.ə.reɪt/ to make The threat of

something seem attack has been
larger, more greatly
important, better, exaggerated.
or worse than it
really is

filter (n) /ˈfɪl.tər/ any of several Ozone is the

types of earth's primary
equipment or filter for
devices for ultraviolet
removing solids radiation.
from liquids or
gases, or for
removing
particular types of
light

moral (adj) /ˈmɒr.əl/ relating to the It's her moral

standards of good obligation to
or bad behaviour, tell the police
fairness, honesty, what she
etc. that each knows.
person believes
in, rather than to
laws

obsolete (adj) /ˌɒb.səlˈiːt/ not in use any Gas lamps

more, having been became
127
 replaced by obsolete when
something newer electric lighting
and better or more was invented.
fashionable

particle (n) /ˈpɑː.tɪ.kəl/ a word or a part of In the sentence

a word that has a "I tidied up the
grammatical room", the
purpose but often adverb "up" is a
has little or no particle.
meaning

poverty (n) /ˈpɒv.ə.ti/ the condition of Two million

being extremely people in the
poor city live in
abject (= very
great) poverty.

property (n) /ˈprɒp.ə.ti/ an object or The club does

objects that not accept
belong to responsibility
someone for loss of or
damage to club
members'
personal
property.

revolutionary /ˌrev.əˈluː.ʃən.ər.i/ involved in or He was arrested

(adj) relating to a for taking part
revolution in revolutionary
activities.

stagnant (adj) /ˈstæɡ.nənt/ (of water or air) a stagnant pond

not flowing or
moving, and
smelling
unpleasant

tackle (v) /ˈtæk.əl/ to try to deal with There are many

something or ways of
someone tackling this
problem.

128
threat (n) /θret/ a suggestion that Her parents
something carried out their
unpleasant or threat to take
violent will away her
happen, especially mobile phone if
if a particular her grades
action or order is didn't improve.
not followed

atom (n) /ˈæt.əm/ the smallest unit A molecule of

of any chemical carbon dioxide
element, (CO2) has one
consisting of a carbon atom
positive nucleus and two oxygen
surrounded by atoms.
negative
electrons. Atoms
can combine to
form a molecule

cell (n) /sel/ the smallest basic The fission of

unit of a plant or the cell could
animal be inhibited
with certain
chemicals.

decay (n) /dɪˈkeɪ/ to become Sugar makes

gradually your teeth
damaged, worse, decay.
or less; to cause
something to do
this

discovery (n) /dɪˈskʌv.ər.i/ the process of Leonardo made

finding many scientific
information, a discoveries.
place, or an
object, especially
for the first time,
or the thing that is
found

evaluation (n) /ɪˌvæl.juˈeɪ.ʃən/ the process of Evaluation of

129
 judging or this new
calculating the treatment
quality, cannot take
importance, place until all
amount, or value the data has
of something been collected.

force (n) /fɔːs/ physical, The force of the

especially violent, wind had
strength, or power brought down a
great many
trees in the
area.

pressure (n) /ˈpreʃ.ər/ the force you He put too

produce when you much pressure
press something on the door
handle and it
snapped.

source (n) /sɔːs/ the place Oranges are a

something comes good source of
from or starts at, vitamin C.
or the cause of
something

assessment (n) /əˈses·mənt/ the action of This is an

assessing interesting
someone or assessment of
something Mark Twain’s
importance in
American
literature.

derive (v) /dɪˈraɪv/ to get something The institute

from something derives all its
else money from
foreign
investments.

130
exhibit (v) /ɪɡˈzɪb.ɪt/ to show He frequently
something exhibits at the
publicly art gallery.

investigation (n) /ɪnˌves.tɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ the act or process An

of examining a investigation
crime, problem, has been
statement, etc. under way
carefully, for several
especially to days into the
discover the truth disappearanc
e of a 13-
year-old
boy.

isolate (v) /ˈaɪ.sə.leɪt/ to separate A high wall

something from isolated the
other things with house from the
which it is rest of the
connected or village.
mixed

nuclear (adj) /ˈnjuː.klɪər/ being or using the Nuclear

power produced energy/power
when the nucleus
of an atom is
divided or joined
to another nucleus

regulate (v) /ˈreɡ.jə.leɪt/ to control You can

something, regulate the
especially by temperature in
making it work in the house by
a particular way adjusting the
thermostat.

Discussion point:

1.The prediction I find the most interesting is “many people will live to 120
years old” because around me, there are a lot of old people celebrating their
100th birthday, but almost no one celebrates their 120th birthday.
131
2.It’s hard to predict the future because no one can predict the future, scientists
can even predict the future only by calculations, but not every prediction they
make is accurate. Even the weather forecast we see on TV every day can be
wrong.

3.I think in 2050, most people around the world will use smartphones. Besides,
climate change may be more serious if we do not improve the environment
now. I think that by the year 2050, science and technology has grown
tremendously and spread all over the world.

Before you watch:

1-d

2-c

3-a

4-e

5–b

While you watch:

1. Anywhere there is a light source.

2. Light to transmit Internet connectivity.

3. Decrease.

4. Light only travels in straight lines.

After you watch:

Reading 1 Products of the future (p.173)

132
Summary

A product of graphite, graphene is 200 times stronger than steel, 200 times
more flexible than rubber, and 200 times more effective at carrying electricity
than copper. It could be applied to charge batteries, hasten data transport, and
combat environmental catastrophes. With the potential to improve tennis
racquets and even save millions of lives, graphene has the power to drastically
lessen our negative influence on the environment. It is an adaptable and
practical material with the power to alter the course of history.

Related reading: https://www.wiley.com/edge/media/production-support-

the-best-career-in-tech-youve-never-heard-about/

Today’s banks are actually tech businesses

Technology teams are essential for investment banks to run smoothly. They’re

responsible for the maintenance of trading systems, the applications that send

data to traders as well as the technology that supports the wider business like

HR and finance.

What do production support teams and analysts do?

Production support teams fix issues with a business’s systems and

applications. The technical lifecycle of an application includes development,

user acceptance testing, and production. Production support teams mainly

work in phases 2 and 3 and it is their responsibility to find issues and work

with development teams to make improvements.

Production Support Analysts quickly solve problems with the aim of reducing

the business impact of a technology issue. For banks, the focus is reducing

financial and reputational impact, with the latter growing in importance in

recent years.

Compared to a decade ago, businesses now use multiple banks for different

services - if a bank has their reputation negatively affected clients can be quick

133
to leave. This can result in long term revenue loss and could be more

damaging than the original incident itself.

Why choose a career in production support?

A production support career means constantly tackling new challenges with no

two days being the same. Production Support Analysts are excellent problem-

solvers and get their sense of achievement from preventing an incident causing

major business impact.

The top four benefits:

1. You're on a steep learning curve. The beauty of production support is

you learn the technology and the business inside out.
2. You meet lots of people. The nature of the job means you’re working
with a diverse range of people across different departments all the time.
3. It opens up avenues. If you have good relationships with colleagues
you’ll build a positive reputation for yourself throughout the company
which can lead to job opportunities.
4. It’s unpredictable. Production support is great for those that want every
day at work to be different.
What's it like working in production support?
Mohammed has worked in production support for over 30 years for businesses

like GlaxoSmithKline and IBM. He now trains Wiley Edge Alumni to be the

next generation of Production Support Analysts:

"It's a question of attitude really. You have to be open-minded and ready to

learn on the go. When I used to get a call from a client about software I hadn’t
used before, I’d always help them and view it as an opportunity to learn.

Customer service is a crucial skill in production support; you need great

communication skills and be comfortable talking to people. My advice for

134
working in production support is to never assume! Don’t assume the customer
knows what the real issue is and verify every aspect of the problem."

Su led a production support team of 100 people at Deutsche Bank and has

worked in the industry for 13 years. She currently leads Wiley Edge training in

North America:

“You never know what's going to happen. While production support teams
have ongoing projects, you are completely dictated by what happens during the
day. You’ll be answering user queries and dealing with production incidents as
and when they happen.

An incident could be a quick fix like a user forgetting their password or you
could spend the day fixing an entire trading system that’s down. You're in the
front line working with people so it helps to be a confident communicator.

In your first few weeks (or even months) expect a lot of information to come at
you. You’ll learn about the business and the technology that you're supporting.

Listen, learn and document everything. Ask questions so you can understand
as much as possible. People can get conditioned to doing things a certain way;
a good leader will want to make the most of your fresh perspective and will
encourage you to challenge the status quo.”

Georgia-Mae, Alumni and Production Support Analyst for a leading

investment bank: “I provide technical support to applications that are used

within the bank. Software Developers create the apps, we then look after them

and make sure they work correctly. We’re IT Support, but we’re not fixing

keyboards and screens, we’re fixing technical applications so we need to

understand both the technology and the business”.

A Vocabulary preview

1. tackle

135
 2. devastating
3. revolutionary
4. obsolete
5. filter
6. particle
7. properties
8. efficiency

B Before you read

1.Which do you think are the most revolutionary products ever designed?

Some of the most revolutionary products ever designed include the

smartphone, the internet, the personal computer, the automobile, the airplane,
the television, the light bulb, the steam engine, and the printing press. These
inventions have significantly transformed the way we live, work, and
communicate with each other, and have created new industries and
opportunities for people around the world.

2.Why do some products become obsolete?

There can be several reasons for a product becoming obsolete. One of the main
reasons is the emergence of newer, better technologies or products that offer
more features, efficiency or ease of use. Additionally, products may also
become obsolete if they become too expensive to produce or if the cost of
maintaining or supporting them becomes too high.

3.Why are so many developments focused on efficiency?

Efficiency is often a top priority for businesses and individuals because it can
lead to cost savings, increased productivity, and improved outcomes. With
advances in technology, there are more opportunities for developments
focused on efficiency, such as automation, artificial intelligence, and data
analytics.

C Global reading

1. The most important discovery of the future?

2. Revolutionizing IT and mobile communication
3. Environmental impact
4. Water shortages
5. Medical miracle
6. The next industrial Revolution

E Critical thinking

136
Many new technologies have unexpected negative effects on the
environment? Why do you think it is?

-One possible reason is that the development of new technologies often

involves the extraction and use of natural resources such as metals, minerals,
and fossil fuels, which can lead to environmental degradation and pollution.

-The use of energy for powering these technologies can also contribute to
climate change and other environmental issues.

Reading 2: New technology: Is greater regulation needed? (p.177-178)

Summary

This article refers to the development of new technology. It leads to many

worrying consequences for AI. Firstly, modern technology has allowed for the
rapid spread of misinformation, or “fake news”. Secondly, AI could lead to
increased inequality and greater levels of unemployment. Thirdly, people are
increasingly concerned about how this data is being used. Finally, another
future concern is a large number of companies who are investing a lot of time
and money into developing driverless cars.

Related reading

https://ieltsonlinetests.com/sites/default/files/readingpracticetest3-v9-
2120.pdf

ROBOTS

Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning
tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, onerous, or just plain nasty.
137
That compulsion has culminated in robotics - the science of conferring various
human capabilities on machines.

A The modern world is increasingly populated by quasi-intelligent gizmos

whose presence we barely notice but whose creeping ubiquity has removed
much human drudgery. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly
arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with rote
politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless
robo- drivers. Our mine shafts are dug by automated moles, and our nuclear
accidents - such as those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl - are cleaned up
by robotic muckers fit to withstand radiation. Such is the scope of uses
envisioned by Karel Capek, the Czech playwright who coined the term ‘robot’
in 1920 (the word ‘robota’ means ‘forced labor’ in Czech). As progress
accelerates, the experimental becomes the exploitable at record pace.

B Other innovations promise to extend the abilities of human operators.

Thanks to the incessant miniaturisation of electronics and micromechanics,
there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone
surgery with submillimeter accuracy - far greater precision than highly skilled
physicians can achieve with their hands alone. At the same time, techniques of
long-distance control will keep people even farther from hazard. In 1994 a
tenfoot-tall NASA robotic explorer called Dante, with video-camera eyes and
with spiderlike legs, scrambled over the menacing rim of an Alaskan volcano
while technicians 2,000 miles away in California watched the scene by satellite
and controlled Dante’s descent.

C But if robots are to reach the next stage of labour-saving utility, they will
have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few
decisions for themselves - goals that pose a formidable challenge. ‘While we
know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,’ says one expert, ‘we can’t
yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic
world.’ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence (Al) has produced very
mixed results. Despite a spasm of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s,
when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to
perform in the same way as the human brain by the 21st century, researchers
lately have extended their forecasts by decades if not centuries.

D What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s
roughly one hundred billion neurons are much more talented - and human
perception far more complicated - than previously imagined. They have built
robots that can recognise the misalignment of a machine panel by a fraction of
a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can
glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 per cent
that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the woodchuck at the side of a
winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a tumultuous crowd. The
138
most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability,
and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.

=>The prototype of the Japanese ‘face robot’ observes humans through a

video camera which is planted in its head. It then refers to a database of
typical ‘looks’ that the human face can have, to decide what emotion the
person is feeling. To respond to this expression, the robot alters it’s own
expression using a number of pressure pads.

D. Close reading

1.

1. L
2. L
3. L
4. U

2.

1. Y
2. N
3. Y
4. Y
5. N
6. NG
7. Y

Critical thinking

1. I’m most worried about modern technology has allowed for the rapid spread
of misinformation, or “fake news” because it very dangerous, causing people
fall into panic, chaos and controversy. Besides, it causing many negative
consequences and it is difficult to correct all people who have received the
fake news.
2. I think it’s responsibility of individual. Because each individual must
require to confirm the information or news he or she receives. And they must
protect your privacy on social platforms.
3. If technology isn’t regulated, i think many risks of people on society.
Firstly, Cyber Crime is a new example of how modern technology changes the
way of crime. Cybercrime is a crime done by using computers and networks.
Secondly, our societies are growing and going to the side of technology. every
person wants to make everything automatic and for this, they use technology.
They refer to the use of advanced technology security systems in their houses,
offices, and factories.

139
Vocabulary (P180)
Vocabulary development
1.
1. d
2. e
3. a
4. b
5. g
6. c
7. h
8. f
2.
1. source
2. atom
3. force
4. evaluation
5. cell
6. decay
7. pressure
8. discovery
Academic words
1.
1. a
2. d
3. b
4. e
5. g
6. c
7. f
2.
1. nuclear
2. regulate
3. investigation
4. assessment
5. exhibit
6. derived
140
 7. isolating
Critical thinking
1.
1. All government investments will be ethical and benefit society.
2. Governments are not motivated by profits.
2.
1. Unreasonable. The implied assumptions are that people will not be able
to find new jobs and that people are not adaptable.
2. Unreasonable. The implied assumption is that all students find
coursework less stressful.
3. Unreasonable. The implied assumptions are that work contacting people
makes them stressed, that the ease of contact makes people stressed,
and that technology means people cannot switch off from work.
Writing model
Grammar
1.
1. will have taken
2. will have traveled
3. will have banned
4. won’t have replaced
5. will have reduced
2.
1. By 2025, solar energy will have become more important than oil.
2. Research will have stopped all food shortages by 2025.
3. Companies will have connected all electronic devices wirelessly by
2030.
4. By 2035, manufacturers will have replaced all plastic packaging with
biodegradable packaging.
5. By 2040, scientists will have mapped all human DNA from birth to
reduce the risk of disease.
Writing skill
1.
Adjective: legal, social, financial
Adverb: politically, socially, ethically, historically
Noun: politics, law, ethics, finance, history
141
2.
1. financially
2. legally
3. political
4. historically
5. society
6. ethics
Journal:
This week, we learned Unit 10: Tomorrow. We learned to write. Learn more
about technological developments and the risks that development carries. But
we are also curious as to whether the development of robots will replace
humans? The teacher made very good assumptions and made us think about
future assumptions. After class, we schedule a class meeting and exchange
what we have learned. Find an article similar to the one you learned to analyze.
In addition, we practice writing about that topic together and discuss it with
each other. We love this topic.

142