KERAJAAN MALAYSIA

JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA

STANDARD SPECIFICATION
FOR ROAD WORKS

Section 20 : Ground Improvement

 (JKR/SPJ/2019-S20)

SECTION 20 – GROUND IMPROVEMENT

PAGE
20.1 DESCRIPTION S20-1

20.2 REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT S20-1

20.2.1 General S20-1

20.2.2 Determination of Depth of Removal S20-1
20.2.3 Materials for Replacement S20-1

20.3 SURCHARGE S20-2

20.3.1 General S20-2

20.3.2 Materials S20-2
20.3.3 Surcharge Load And Surcharge Period S20-2
20.3.4 Stability Of Embankment S20-2
20.3.5 Drainage Blanket S20-3
20.3.6 Instrumentation S20-3
20.3.7 Removal Of Surcharge Materials S20-4
20.3.8 Use Of Surcharging In Conjunction With Other Ground S20-4
Improvement Methods

20.4 GEOSYNTHETICS S20-5

20.4.1 General S20-5

20.4.2 Packaging, Transportation and Storage S20-5
20.4.3 Quality Control and Testing S20-6
20.4.3.1 Submission of Material Test Report (MTR) S20-6
20.4.3.2 Routine Sample Testing S20-6

20.4.4 Geotextile S20-7

20.4.4.1 General S20-7
20.4.4.2 Installation S20-7
20.4.4.3 Jointing of Geotextile S20-8
20.4.4.4 Non-Woven Geotextile S20-10
20.4.4.5 High Strength Woven Geotextile S20-11

20.4.5 Geogrid S20-13

20.4.5.1 General S20-13
20.4.5.2 Durability of Geogrid S20-15
20.4.5.3 Method of Installation S20-15

20.5 PREFABRICATED VERTICAL DRAINS (PVD) S20-17

20.5.1 General S20-17

20.5.2 Soil Investigation Report S20-17
20.5.2.1 Pre-Treatment Investigation S20-17

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PAGE
20.5.3 Transportation and Storage S20-18
20.5.4 Materials S20-18
20.5.4.1 Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD) S20-18
20.5.4.2 Geotextile S20-20
20.5.4.3 Drainage Blanket S20-20
20.5.5 Installation S20-20
20.5.5.1 Procedure S20-20
20.5.5.2 Geotextile S20-20
20.5.5.3 Drainage Blanket S20-20
20.5.5.4 Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD) S20-20
20.5.5.5 Surcharge S20-23
20.5.6 As Built Records S20-23

20.6 STONE COLUMNS S20-24

20.6.1 General S20-24

20.6.2 Soil Investigation Report S20-24
20.6.2.1 Pre- Treatment Soil Investigation S20-24
20.6.3 Method Statement for Construction Operations S20-24
20.6.4 Unexpected Ground Conditions S20-25
20.6.5 Adjacent Structures S20-25
20.6.6 Existing Services S20-25
20.6.7 Workmanship S20-26
20.6.8 Setting Out S20-26
20.6.9 Materials S20-26
20.6.10 Stone Column Construction S20-27
20.6.10.1 Verticality S20-29
20.6.10.2 Depth and Spacing S20-29
20.6.10.3 Tolerances S20-29
20.6.11 Construction Records S20-29
20.6.12 Preliminary Stone Columns S20-30
20.6.13 Testing Of Stone Column Works S20-30
20.6.13.1 Load Test Procedures S20-31
20.6.13.2 Submission of Results S20-31
20.6.13.3 Completion of a Test S20-33
20.6.14 As-Built Records S20-33

20.7 DEEP SOIL MIXING S20-34

20.7.1 General S20-34

20.7.2 Soil Investigation Report S20-34
20.7.2.1 Pre- Treatment Soil Investigation S20-34
20.7.3 Method Statement for Construction Operations S20-34
20.7.4 Unexpected Ground Conditions S20-34
20.7.5 Adjacent Structures S20-35
20.7.6 Existing Services S20-35
20.7.7 Specialist Contractors and Personnel S20-35

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PAGE
20.7.8 Setting Out S20-35
20.7.9 Material S20-35
20.7.9.1 Binder S20-35
20.7.9.2 Water S20-35
20.7.9.3 Grout Suspension S20-36
20.7.9.4 Additives S20-36
20.7.9.5 Soil Mixing Material S20-36
20.7.9.6 Steel Reinforcement S20-36
20.7.10 DSM Column Installation S20-36
20.7.10.1 General S20-36
20.7.10.2 Drilling Equipment S20-36
20.7.10.3 Binder Delivery Station S20-37
20.7.10.4 Working Platform Preparation S20-37
20.7.10.5 Soil Mixing Work S20-38
20.7.10.6 Obstruction S20-38
20.7.10.7 Verticality S20-38
20.7.10.8 Length, diameter and spacing S20-38
20.7.10.9 Tolerances S20-39
20.7.11 Construction Records S20-39
20.7.12 Preliminary DSM Column(s) S20-39
20.7.13 Quality Control and Quality Assurance S20-40
20.7.13.1 Quality Control S20-40
20.7.13.2 Sampling S20-40
20.7.13.3 Unconfined Compression Test S20-41
20.7.13.4 Load Test Procedures S20-41
20.7.13.5 Submission of Test Results S20-41
20.7.14 As-built Drawing S20-41

20.8 DYNAMIC COMPACTION S20-42

20.8.1 General S20-42

20.8.2 Specialist Contractor S20-42
20.8.3 Soil Investigation Report S20-42
20.8.4 Method Statement for Construction Operations S20-42
20.8.5 Unexpected Ground Conditions S20-42
20.8.6 Adjacent Structures S20-43
20.8.7 Existing Services S20-43
20.8.8 Workmanship S20-43
20.8.9 Setting out S20-43
20.8.10 Working Platform S20-43
20.8.11 Spacing S20-43
20.8.12 DC Field Trial Area S20-44
20.8.13 Site Records S20-44
20.8.14 Testing S20-44
20.8.14.1 Pre-Treatment Testing S20-44
20.8.14.2 Final Acceptance Testing S20-45
20.8.15 Documents Submission S20-45

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PAGE
20.9 PILED EMBANKMENT S20-46

20.9.1 General S20-46

20.10 GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION S20-46

20.10.1 General S20-46

20.10.1.1 Protection And Maintenance of Instruments S20-47
20.10.1.2 Stabilising Electronic Readout Devices S20-47
20.10.1.3 Personnel S20-47
20.10.1.4 Boreholes for Instruments S20-48
20.10.1.5 Grouting of Boreholes S20-48
20.10.1.6 Labelling And Marking of Instruments S20-48
20.10.1.7 Survey Equipment and Survey Reference Station S20-48
20.10.1.8 Deep Levelling Datum S20-49
20.10.1.9 Instrumentation Equipment References S20-50
20.10.2 Displacement Marker / Settlement Marker S20-50
20.10.3 Building Settelmet Marker S20-51
20.10.4 Rod Settlement Gauge S20-51
20.10.5 Inclinometer S20-52
20.10.6 Horizontal Inclinometer S20-53
20.10.7 Hydrostatic Profile Gauge S20-53
20.10.8 Magnetic Extensometer S20-54
20.10.9 Combined Magnetic Extensometer and Inclinometer S20-55
20.10.10 Standpipe S20-55
20.10.11 Piezometer S20-56
20.10.11.1 Standpipe Piezometer S20-56
20.10.11.2 Pneumatic Piezometer S20-56
20.10.11.3 Vibrating Wire Piezometer (VWP) S20-57
20.10.11.4 Installation of Piezometer (All Types) S20-58
20.10.12 Commissioning and Base Readings S20-59
20.10.13 Readings S20-59
20.10.13.1 Frequency of Readings S20-61
20.10.13.2 Anomalous Readings S20-61
20.10.14 Report S20-61
20.10.14.1 General Information on All Records S20-61
20.10.14.2 Installation Records and Reports S20-62
20.10.14.3 Monthly Monitoring Reports S20-62

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SECTION 20 – GROUND IMPROVEMENT

20.1 DESCRIPTION

This work shall consist of numerous ground improvement techniques and the use of
geotechnical instrumentation taking into account general requirements, method of
installation and relevant testing to be implemented during construction.

20.2 REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT

20.2.1 General

This Section shall be read together with JKR Standard Specification for
Roadworks, Section 2: Earthworks. The work involves removal of
unsuitable material and/or soft soil layer and replaced with suitable
material as shown in the Drawing. Unsuitable material and suitable
material are as defined in JKR Standard Specification for Roadworks,
Section 2: Earthworks.

20.2.2 Determination of Depth of Removal

The depth of removal shall be as shown in the Drawing or as determined

by trial pits or JKR/Mackintosh Probe test as approved by the S.O. The
trial pits or probe test shall be carried out at locations as indicated in the
Drawing or as instructed by the S.O.

The apparatus used shall be the standard JKR probe or Mackintosh

probe. Procedure of works and details of the JKR probe and Mackintosh
probe are as per JKR Standard Specification for Roadworks, Section 17:
Site Investigation.

20.2.3 Materials for Replacement

Where geotextile is specified, it shall be laid as shown in the Drawing

before commencement of filling works. The specification of geotextile shall
be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.4.

Unless otherwise indicated in the Drawing, suitable materials for fill and
method of compaction shall conform to JKR Standard Specification for
Roadworks, Section 2: Earthworks.

For replacement of excavated material under standing water, the fill

material shall be granular material conforming to JKR Standard
Specification for Roadworks, Section 2: Earthworks.

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20.3 SURCHARGE

20.3.1 General

The execution of surcharging works shall be in accordance with this

Specification and details as shown in the Drawing.

The scope of works shall cover the following:-

a) Spread, level and compact surcharging material in accordance with

JKR Standard Specification for Roadworks, Section 2: Earthworks
and details as shown in the Drawing.
b) Install geotechnical instrumentation to monitor and validate the
performance of the works.
c) Removal and disposal of excess material on completion of specified
surcharge period or as shown in the Drawing or when directed by the
S.O.
d) Removal and disposal of excess material of the embankment to the
line, level and grade in accordance to details as shown in the
Drawing to complete the works.

The Contractor shall be responsible for the provision of surcharge material

and the removal and disposal of excess material on completion of the
specified surcharge period or when directed by the S.O.

20.3.2 Materials

Materials for use in surcharging shall be suitable material conforming to

JKR Standard Specification for Roadworks, Section 2: Earthworks.

The filling material shall be laid in layer and compacted as per JKR
Standard Specification for Roadworks, Section 2: Earthworks.

20.3.3 Surcharge Load and Surcharge Period

The surcharge load shall be applied throughout the surcharge period. The
surcharge period specified in the Drawing is subjected to validation from
field monitoring results, which may be shortened or lengthened at the
discretion of the S.O. based on interpretation of field monitoring results.

20.3.4 Stability of Embankment

The height of the embankment including the surcharge shall at no time

exceed the specified height in the Drawing. The placement of the
surcharge materials shall be in uniform layers and care shall be given to
ensure stability of the embankment. The contractor shall check at all times
the rate of placement and adjust accordingly in order to avoid instability.

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Stockpiling of excess earth, machineries or any other materials shall not

be permitted on the embankment.

Where counterweight berm is designed to enhance the stability of the

embankment including the surcharge, the counterweight berm shall be
constructed first prior to placement of surcharge material.

The width, height and slope gradient of the counterweight berms shall be
constructed in accordance to details shown in the Drawing. Any remedial
works arising from non-compliance of the requirements of this section
which leads to embankment failure shall be borne by the Contractor at his
own cost and time.

20.3.5 Drainage Blanket

The drainage blanket layer shall consist of clean sand with less than 10%
of fine content passing the 75 m sieve having grading within the
respective limits specified in JKR Standard Specification for Roadworks,
Section 2: Earthworks, Table 2.1.

The drainage material for depositing in water shall be deposited without

the associated use of a compaction plant.

The drainage blanket shall be built up evenly in horizontal layers, each not
more than 300mm thick up to the design thickness as specified in the
Drawing. Filling shall commence from the lowest level, and each layer
shall cover the full area of the intended total fill area at that level before
deposition of the subsequent layer commences.

The drainage system shall be regularly maintained throughout the

surcharge period to ensure smooth dissipation of water. The outlets of
water at the brinks of drainage blanket shall be cleared of any obstruction
at all times by way of regular maintenance.

20.3.6 Instrumentation

Surcharge monitoring shall be carried out to monitor stability, settlement,

deflection and pore water pressure of the embankment due to
Surcharging. The types and numbers of instruments and frequency of
monitoring shall be in accordance to the Drawing or as specified by the
S.O. Specification for Instrumentation shall be in accordance with Sub-
Section 20.10.

The monitoring results shall be submitted to the S.O. according to the

agreed frequency and shall form part of the surcharge control measures.
Evaluation and amendments to the surcharging design may be carried out
from time to time by the S.O. based on interpretations of the monitoring
results.

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The Contractor shall be responsible for and shall follow the instructions of
the manufacturer in the installation, calibration and testing of all
measuring instruments and equipment’s.

20.3.7 Removal of Surcharge Materials

Removal of surcharge materials shall only be carried out as instructed by

the S.O. upon completion of the specified surcharge period and validated
with field monitoring results.

There shall be no unauthorized removal of surcharge materials before the

completion of the specified surcharge period and any remedial works
arising from such unauthorized removal of surcharge shall be borne by
the Contractor at his own cost and time.

20.3.8 Use of Surcharging In Conjunction With Other Ground Improvement

Methods

When surcharging is used in conjunction with other ground improvement

methods such as prefabricated vertical drains, the works shall conform to
the requirements of the associated ground improvement works.

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20.4 GEOSYNTHETICS

20.4.1 General

Unless otherwise specified elsewhere in the specification or on the

Drawing, geosynthetics used in ground treatment shall conform to
requirements as specified herein.

Geosynthetics used shall be manufactured by manufacturer that is ISO

9001 certified.

Geosynthetics shall be durable and resistant to naturally occurring

chemical, fungi and bacteria when in contact with soils or materials to be
treated. In addition, geosynthetics used shall be resistant against rotting,
mildew, insects, salts, alkali, solvent and other constituents of the ground
water.

The contractor shall be responsible for the true and proper setting-out of
the areas to which the geosynthetics are to be placed and provide all
necessary resources and equipment related to supply and laying of
geosynthetics to the correct level and dimension as shown in the Drawing
or as instructed by the S.O.

20.4.2 Packaging, Transportation and Storage

Geosynthetics shall be wrapped in heavy paper or similar heavy-duty

protection covering for transportation and storage. If no covered area is
available, geosynthetics shall be stored on raised platform and covered
with a waterproof canvas. Geosynthetics shall be protected from sunlight,
moisture, mud, dirt, dust, debris and other detrimental substances during
transportation and storage.

Each roll of geosynthetics delivered to site shall be clearly labelled with

the following:-

i) Product brand name

ii) Product type
iii) Product grade
iv) Date of manufacture or submission of mill certificate
v) Roll width and length
vi) Batch serial number

The Contractor is solely responsible for the good condition of the

geosynthetics stored at the worksite and in the event of damages or
deterioration of the geosynthetics due to improper storage, the Contractor
shall be liable to replace the affected materials at his own cost when
directed by the S.O.

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All materials which are damaged during transportation, handling or

storage and do not meet the minimum requirements of the specification
shall be rejected by the S.O. and shall be immediately taken off the site.
No payment of any kind shall be made on the rejected product.

20.4.3 Quality Control and Testing

20.4.3.1 Submission of Material Test Report (MTR)

The contractor shall obtain the S.O.’s approval prior to supplying the
geosynthetics to the site. Prior to the procurement of materials, the
Contractor shall provide a sample and Material Test Report (MTR) not
older than two (2) years from the ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratory
with the scope of accreditation referring to geosynthetics, showing full
compliance of the proposed geosynthetics to all the specified property
values corresponding to their respective test methods for the approval of
the S.O. The ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratory shall be an
internationally recognized accredited laboratory or higher learning
institutions research laboratory.

The Contractor shall also submit technical data and samples to verify the
physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of the geosynthetics to be
used for S.O.’s approval.

All tests shall be carried out in accordance with the Codes of Practices
and Test Standards provided within this Specification. All cost associated
with the tests and preparation of the report shall be borne solely by the
Contractor.

20.4.3.2 Routine Sample Testing

Routine sample testing shall be carried out at a factory or at an

accreditated laboratory witnessed by the S.O.’s representative. The
Contractor shall submit test report after each routine test showing
compliance of the Specification.

Prior to installation and at the discretion of the S.O., sampling shall be

carried out as specified in Table 20.1 and Table 20.2. Control tests shall
be carried out for each batch of geosynthetics in accordance with the
provisions of Table 20.1 and Table 20.2.

The individual specimen for testing shall not be less than two (2) meters in
length for non-woven geotextile and one (1) meter in length for high
strength woven geotextile and geogrid, times the full width of the
geosynthetics. Samples submitted for tests shall indicate the linear
meters of the geosynthetics and manufacturer’s identifications
represented by the sample.

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Table 20.1: Sampling Frequency and Testing Requirements for Geotextile

Area of Number of Rolls Testing by the Contractor
2
Geotextile (m ) to be Sampled Non-Woven High Strength
Representing the Geotextile Woven Geotextile
Area of Geotextile
Initial 10,000 or 1 Tensile strength, Tensile strength,
part thereof Elongation, CBR Elongation
Each 1 puncture, Permeability,
subsequent Effective Opening Size
100,000 or part (O90) or Apparent
thereof Opening Size (O95)

Table 20.2: Sampling Frequency and Testing Requirements For Geogrid

Area of Number of Rolls Testing by the Contractor

2
Geogrid (m ) to be Sampled
Representing the Geogrid
Area of Geogrid
Initial 10,000 or 1
part thereof
Each 1
subsequent Tensile strength, Elongation
100,000 or part
thereof

Should any individual sample selected at random fail to meet the

Specification, then the entire roll represented by the sample shall be
rejected and two additional samples shall be taken at random from two
other rolls representing the same batch. If either of these two additional
samples fails to comply with the Specification, then the entire batch of
geotextile represented by the samples shall be rejected.

20.4.4 Geotextile

20.4.4.1 General

Geotextile shall be made of new synthetic polymeric fabric that are stable
or stabilized against ultra violet (UV) radiation such that three months
exposure to sunlight shall not reduce its specified strength to less than
70%.

20.4.4.2 Installation

Prior to laying of geotextile, site clearance shall be carried out in

accordance with the Specification and Drawing or as directed by the S.O.
All voids shall be filled with suitable material including the area cleared of
large stones and exposed tree root systems or other such like protrusions.
Geotextile fabric shall be installed to the shape and requirements as
specified herein and in the Drawing.

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Geotextile shall be placed just in advance of placement of the specified

overlying fill material. Geotextiles laid shall be covered by the fill as soon
as possible within seven (7) days of being placed. The counting of this
foresaid seven (7) days shall commence immediately upon the geotextile
being exposed from its protective wrapping. Installation proposals and
trials as deemed required shall be carried out for approval by the S.O.
prior to the acceptance of the placement method for the main works.

The geotextile shall be unrolled smoothly on the prepared ground. In

general, high strength woven geotextile shall be placed transversely,
across the direction of the road, or otherwise as approved by the S.O.
The geotextile shall be laid flat on the underlying surface with no wrinkles
or folds, and shall extend far enough over the edges of the embankment
for a wrap-around as shown in the Drawing.

Adjacent geotextile rolls shall be overlapped or sewn in accordance with

this Specification. Overlapping of geotextile without sewn connections
shall only be allowed with the approval of the S.O. On curves and
corners, geotextile may be folded or cut to conform to the direction as
approved by the S.O. The seaming of geotextile is as described in Sub-
section 20.4.4.3.

The specified overlying fill material properties and method of compaction

on the geotextile fabric shall be in accordance with JKR Standard
Specification for Roadworks, Section 2: Earthworks. Fill materials shall be
deposited in layers in accordance with JKR Standard Specification for
Roadworks, Section 2: Earthworks and shall be spread simultaneously
with the dumping in a manner to prevent any localized distress or failure
of the ground.

No traffic shall travel directly on the geotextile and there shall be no

sudden stops, starts or turns on the fill materials by the construction
equipment or other such actions which may cause damage to the
geotextile.

In water logged or swampy areas, the geotextiles shall be sunk after

jointing by ballasting with sufficient sandbags. To control the location of
the mattress, buoys shall be fixed with ropes on the edges of the
geotextile or using other method as approved by the S.O. The mattress
shall be ballasted as soon as possible after positioning.

The contractor shall submit a detailed method statement on installation of

the geotextile to the S.O. for approval prior to commencing installation
works.

20.4.4.3 Jointing of Geotextile

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In general, the joints are allowed for both machine direction (MD) and
cross direction (CD) of the non-woven or woven geotextile used in
separation and filtration application.

Jointing of reinforcement geosynthethics such as high strength woven

geotextile, geogrid etc. is only allowed in the CD for reinforced soil
structures (reinforced soil wall/soil slope and mechanically stabilized
embankment).

a) Methods of Jointing

There are two common methods to joint the geotextile, which are by
overlapping or seaming. The decision to use an overlap or seam shall be
based on the following: -

i) the weakness of the foundation soil upon which the geotextile is

directly placed with respect to the potential for mud waving during
backfill operation;

ii) the material and labour costs of deploying individual geotextile

panels with extra material required for the overlap versus the
material and labour costs of seaming and installing large, fabricated
panels; and

iii) the feasibility of deploying individual geotextile panels in poor

access and/or adverse climatic conditions.

Table 20.3 provides a guide in determining overlap requirements for

separation/stabilization applications based on sub grade strength. When
the sub grade soils upon which the geotextile is directly placed provides
shear strength less than CBR = 0.5, the adjacent geotextile panels shall
be seamed.

Table 20.3: Guidelines for Geotextile Overlap Requirements as a Function of

(Foundation Soil) Strength
(AASHTO M288-06)

Soil CBR Minimum Overlaps

>3 0.3 – 0.45 meters

1–3 0.6 – 1 meters
0.5 – 1 1 meter or seam
< 0.5 seam

b) Sewn Seams

The geotextile may be jointed using an approved handheld sewing

machine by sewing a double thread ‘lock stitch’ with 'prayer' or ‘J’ or
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‘butterfly’ seam (minimum lap of 50mm). Typically, polyester thread is

used for seaming geotextiles. Minimum required density of stitches during
sewing of the geotextile is 3 stitches per 25mm. The thread shall have a
breaking load of not less than 200N.

The expected seam strength shall be more than 70% of the original
strength of the non-woven geotextile. For high strength woven geotextiles,
the expected seam strength shall be more than 30% of the original
strength. Samples of such sewn seam assembly shall be tested in
accordance with ISO 10321 or ASTM D4884 as requested by the S.O.

(i) (ii) (iii)

(i) Prayer Seam (ii) J Seam (iii) Butterfly Seam
- with double thread ‘lock stitch’

Figure 1: Types of Seam

20.4.4.4 Non-Woven Geotextile

Non-woven geotextile described in this specification shall be for

separation and filtration application of the ground treatment.

Unless otherwise approved by the S.O., non-woven geotextile shall be

needle punched fibres of polypropylene or polyester supplied by an
approved manufacturer.

The physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of non-woven

geotextile shall meet the minimum requirements as given in Table 20.4.
Minimum roll width shall be 4.0 meters.

In addition to requirements given in Sub-Section 20.4.3, the Contractor

shall furnish test certificate from accredited laboratory that includes the
following:-

a) Wide width tensile strength

b) Elongation
c) CBR Puncture Resistance
d) Permeability
e) Effective Opening Size, O90 or Apparent Opening Size, O95

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Table 20.4: Technical Properties of Non-Woven Geotextile

Item Properties Test Unit Types of Non-Woven (NW) Geotextile
Standard
NW 9 NW 13 NW 19 NW 24

1. Wide width tensile ISO 10319 kN/m ≥ 9 ≥ 13 ≥ 19 ≥ 24

strength or ASTM
D4595
2. Wide width elongation ISO 10319 % ≥ 35
at break or ASTM
D4595
3. CBR puncture ISO 12236 N ≥ 1500 ≥ 2100 ≥ 2850 ≥ 3850
resistance or ASTM
D6241
4. Cone drop ISO 13433 mm ≤ 40 ≤ 25 ≤ 20 ≤ 15
2
5. Permeability at 50mm ISO 11058 l/m /s ≥ 90 ≥ 70 ≥ 55 ≥ 45
head or ASTM
D4491
6. Effective opening size, ISO 12956 µm ≤ 120 ≤ 100 ≤90 ≤90
O90,
or

Apparent Opening ASTM µm ≤270 ≤240 ≤ 190 ≤180

Size, O95 D4751
7. UV resistance EN 12224 % retained
after 430
hours
or ≥ 70
ASTM % retained
D4355 after 500
hours

20.4.4.5 High Strength Woven Geotextile

High strength woven geotextile described in this specification shall be for

basal reinforcement application of the ground treatment.

Unless otherwise approved by the S.O, high strength woven geotextile

shall comprise of woven yarns of high tenacity polyester filaments with
properties that meet the requirements as given in Table 20.5. The edges
of fabric shall be selvedged or otherwise finished in such a way to prevent
the outer yarn from unraveling.

High strength woven geotextile shall be free of any flaws that may have
an adverse effect on its physical and mechanical properties. Minimum roll
width shall be 5.0 meters.

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Table 20.5: Properties of Woven Geotextile

Item Types of High Strength (HS) Woven Geotextile4

Test
Properties Unit HS HS HS HS HS HS
Standard
100/50 200/50 300/50 400/50 600/50 800/50
1. Characteristics Short Term
Strength – MD
1 ISO 10319 or ≥ 100 ≥ 200 ≥ 300 ≥ 400 ≥600 ≥ 800
kN/m
ASTM D4595

2.
Characteristics Short Term ISO 10319 or kN/m ≥45 ≥ 90 ≥135 ≥180 ≥270 ≥360
1
Strength at 5% elongation – MD ASTM D4595

3.
Characteristics Short Term ISO 10319 or kN/m ≥50
2
Strength – CD ASTM D4595

4. Elongation at Characteristics Short ISO 10319 or % ≤10

1
Term Strength - MD ASTM D4595
7. Long Term Design Strength at 120 ≥ 55 ≥110 ≥170 ≥ 220 ≥ 355 ≥ 475
3 BS 8006 kN/m
years design life

1
MD: Machine Direction
2
CD: Cross Direction
3
The long term design strength assessment should take into consideration of reduction factors for creep, installation damage,
environmental effects and extrapolation of data
4
For high strength woven geotextile with required strength more than 800 kN/m, special design and specification shall be discussed with the designer
 (JKR/SPJ/2019-S20)

20.4.5 Geogrid

20.4.5.1 General

Unless otherwise specified elsewhere in the Specification or in the Drawing,

geogrid used as geotechnical reinforcement and in ground treatment shall
conform to the requirements as specified herein.

Geogrid shall be made of high tenacity polyester with polymeric coating that
meets the requirements as given Table 20.6. The geogrid shall be formed
from cross-laid strips (geo-linear elements) bonded at the cross-over points.
The geo-linear elements shall consist of continuous high tenacity polyester
fibers with polymeric coating.

Bonding at the cross-over points shall be such that the properties as required
by the Contract are not affected. The strength of the bond shall ensure the
function of the geogrid is achieved.
The polyester fibres shall be:

(a) coated with polymeric material to completely prevent ingress of moisture;

(b) all free ends shall be sealed to completely prevent ingress of moisture

The weft (referring to CD) elements shall be the same quality material as the
warp (referring to MD) elements.

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Table 20.6: Technical Properties of Geogrid

Item Types of Geogrid (GD)4

Test
Properties Unit GD GD GD GD GD GD GD
Standard
40 60 80 100 130 150 200
1. Characteristics Short Term
Strength – MD
1 ISO 10319 or ≥ 40 ≥ 60 ≥ 80 ≥ 100 ≥ 130 ≥150 ≥ 200
kN/m
ASTM D4595

2.
Characteristics Short Term ISO 10319 or kN/m ≥ 20 ≥ 30 ≥ 40 ≥ 50 ≥ 65 ≥ 75 ≥ 100
1
Strength at 5% elongation – MD ASTM D4595

3.
Characteristics Short Term ISO 10319 or kN/m ≥ 30
2
Strength – CD ASTM D4595

4. Elongation at Characteristics Short ISO 10319 or ≤ 10

1
%
Term Strength - MD ASTM D4595

5. Long Term Design Strength at 120 ≥ 20 ≥ 30 ≥ 40 ≥ 50 ≥ 75 ≥ 80 ≥ 105

3 BS 8006 kN/m
years design life

1
MD: Machine Direction
2
CD: Cross Direction
3
The long term design strength assessment should take into consideration of reduction factors for creep, installation damage (clay, silt,
sand or well graded gravel ), environmental effects and extrapolation of data
4
For geogrid with required strength more than 200 kN/m, special design and specification shall be discussed with the designer
 (JKR/SPJ/2019-S20)

20.4.5.2 Durability of Geogrid

Durability of the geogrid shall be such that a design life of 120 years is
achieved. The geogrid shall not deteriorate from exposure to sunlight and
due to chemical action or biodegradation when buried in wet soil.

Information relating to the durability of the geogrid shall be submitted as

required by the S.O. for his approval.

20.4.5.3 Method of Installation

Installation of geogrid shall be carried out by qualified and experienced

workers under the supervision of a competent person. The geogrid shall
be installed in compliance to Manufacturer's instructions utilizing approved
plants/equipment.

The fill to the lines and levels shall be well-graded granular, dry cohesive
soils or other engineered fill as shown in the Drawing.

All works related to earthworks shall be referred to JKR Standard

Specification for Roadworks, Section 2: Earthworks.

a) Installation of Geogrid for Reinforced Slope

At each level of geogrid reinforcement, backfill shall be roughly levelled

before placing the geogrid. Compaction shall be carried out to the
requirements of the Specifications. During backfill placement, trucks and
heavy vehicles shall be kept back at least one (1) meter from the face of
the Geogrid Reinforced Slope.

The deposition, spreading, levelling and compaction of the fill shall be

carried out generally in a direction parallel to the facing and shall be
executed in stages to alternate with the placing and fixing of the
reinforcing elements and the facing. The geogrid shall be laid whereby
machine direction (MD) is in a direction perpendicular to the face of
reinforced wall or slope. The overlapping width of adjacent panels of
geogrid shall be minimum 150mm.

Care shall be taken to ensure that the reinforcing elements and facing are
not damaged or displaced during deposition, spreading, levelling and
compaction of the fill. The program of filling shall be arranged so that no
machines or vehicles run on the reinforcing elements.

The fill within one (1) meter of the face of the Geogrid Reinforced Slope
shall be compacted using one of the following:-

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i) Vibro tamper
ii) Vibrating plate compacter having a mass not exceeding 1000kg
iii) Vibrating roller having a mass per metre width of not more than
1300kg and a total mass of not more than 1000kg

The rear of the Geogrid Reinforcing Slope shall be adequately supported

either by temporary shoring or by phasing the work to ensure the
contemporaneous deposition of the retained fill material.

b) Protection of Completed Geogrid Reinforced Slopes from

Erosion

The Contractor, as specified in the Drawing or where instructed by the

S.O., shall carry out adequate erosion protection measures such as
vegetation, etc.

c) Drainage

The Contractor, as specified in the Drawing or where instructed by the

S.O., shall carry out adequate water discharge method such as
horizontal drain, cascade drain, etc to ensure the drainage of
impounding water on the slope and the surface runoff.

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20.5 PREFABRICATED VERTICAL DRAINS (PVD)

20.5.1 General

This specification covers the technical requirements for the supply and
installation of Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD) as described herein. All
materials used shall meet the requirements of this specification and all
works shall be executed in accordance with the details shown in the
Drawing and the procedures described herein.

The Contractor shall provide all necessary resources including materials,

skilled workers, and plant/equipment to execute and complete the works
related to supply and installation of PVD as shown in the Drawing.

All materials and workmanship shall be in accordance with the appropriate

British Standards current at the time of tender, including those listed in
this Specification, except where the requirements of British Standards
conflict with this Specification, the latter shall take precedence unless
otherwise approved by the S.O.

The Contractor shall be responsible for the true and proper setting-out of
the areas to which the PVD is to be placed and for the correctness of the
lines, widths and levels.
The Contractor, where so directed by the S.O., shall be required to work
to other contractors’ Drawing whenever Drawing for temporary works not
included in the Contract are related to details of the Works.

20.5.2 Soil Investigation Report

A soil investigation report shall be made available at the S.O.’s office for
the Contractor’s information. The report is intended solely as a preliminary
guide and neither the completeness nor the accuracy of the information
provided is guaranteed. No responsibility is assumed by the S.O. for any
opinion or conclusion given in the report. The Contractor shall study the
given report and make his own interpretation of the information provided
and to make due allowance for the effect of site conditions on his
construction operations.

20.5.2.1 Pre-Treatment Soil Investigation

Cone Penetration Test (CPT) may be carried out if necessary to verify the
thickness of sub-soil to be treated using PVD. The CPT results shall be
submitted to the S.O. for design verification purpose prior to the
commencement of work.

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20.5.3 Transportation and Storage

The PVD materials shall be labelled or tagged for sample identification

and other quality control purposes. Each pallet shall be identified by the
manufacturer’s name, lot number, individual roll number, roll length, date
of manufacture or mill certificate, manufacturer and product identification
of the jacket and core.

During transportation and storage, the PVD shall be wrapped in heavy

paper, burlap or similar heavy-duty protection covering. The PVD shall be
protected from sunlight, mud, dirt, dust, debris and other detrimental
substances during transport and on-site storage.

The Contractor shall ensure that the PVD is in good condition and
properly stored in a covered area at the worksite. If no covered area is
available, the PVD may be stored on raised platform and covered with a
waterproof canvas. In the event of damage or deterioration of the PVD
due to improper storage, the Contractor shall be liable to replace the
affected materials at his own cost.

20.5.4 Materials

20.5.4.1 Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD)

General Requirements

Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD) shall be from an approved

manufacturer and consist of a polymer core enclosed within an external
non-woven filter jacket, and shall comply with the requirements as
indicated in Table 20.7. The PVD shall be produced by factory with ISO
9001 certification. The manufacturing process as well as the relevant tests
required shall be accredited. The filter jacket shall be capable of resisting
all bending, puncturing and tensioning subjected during installation and
design life of the drain.

The core shall be made of continuous plastic material fabricated to

facilitate drainage along the axis of the vertical drain.

The prefabricated vertical drain shall be resistant against rotting, mildew,

bacterial action, insect, salts, acids, alkalis, solvent and other constituents
in ground water.

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Table 20.7: Properties of Prefabricated Vertical Drain

Test
Item Properties Unit Types of PVD
Standard
1 2
Type A Type B
Continuous plastic drain core
Material Core Filter wrapped in non-woven
geotextile material
Width mm 100 ± 3
1. Dimension of drain
Thickness mm 4 to 5
ASTM D -4
2. Coefficient of permeability of drain filter m/s ≥ 1 x 10
4491
Discharge Capacity at Pressure, P=240kPa and ASTM D 3 -6 -6
3. m /s ≥ 25 x 10 ≥ 100 x 10
Hydraulic Gradient, i=1 4716
ASTM D
4. Apparent Opening Size, O95 m ≤ 90 ≤ 90
4751
ASTM D
5. Tensile strength of entire drain N ≥ 2500 ≥ 2800
4595
ASTM D
6. Tensile strength of filter N/m ≥ 3000 ≥ 6000
4595
ASTM D
7. Tensile elongation of entire drain at 1000N % ≤10 ≤ 10
4595

1
PVD Type A: For common application where soft soil depth is generally <25m and less
compressible soil [Vertical strain (Settlement) < 15%]
2
PVD Type B: For more critical application such as when soft soil depth is generally ≥25m, highly
compressible soil like peat or gyttja [Vertical strain (Settlement) ≥ 15%], PVD associated with vacum
preloading method or other special considerations based on engineering judgement of the designer.

Quality Control and Testing

Submission of Material Test Report (MTR)

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.4.3.1.

Routine Sample Testing

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.4.3.2.

Prior to installation and at the discretion of the S.O., individual test sample
shall be cut off from at least one roll selected at random to represent each
batch or the first 100,000 metres, whichever is lesser. Individual sample
shall be not less than 15 meters in length. Samples submitted for tests
shall indicate the linear meters of drain and manufacturer's identifications
represented by the sample.

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20.5.4.2 Geotextile

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.4.

20.5.4.3 Drainage Blanket

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.3.5.

20.5.5 Installation

Proper method statement for installation shall be prepared and submitted

to the S.O. for approval before commencement of works. The method
statement shall include the use of all necessary resources such as
materials, manpower, machineries and equipments. Also to include is the
sequence of works with diagrammatical illustrations where necessary,
workmanship requirements as well as the construction quality controls.

20.5.5.1 Procedure

The equipment used for the installation of the PVD shall have adequate
capacity to install the PVD to the required depth at one go without the
need for any withdrawal and re-insertion. The Contractor shall be
responsible to ensure that the working platform is stable and safe without
risk to workers and nearby buildings or structures.

20.5.5.2 Geotextile

The installation of geotextile section shall be carried out in accordance

with Sub-Section 20.4.

20.5.5.3 Drainage Blanket

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.3.5.

20.5.5.4 Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD)

Equipment

PVD shall be installed with approved equipment of a type which will cause
minimum disturbance to the sub-soil during the installation and maintain
the mandrel in a vertical position.

PVD shall be inserted into the soil using a mandrel or sleeve. The mandrel
or sleeve shall protect the drain material from tears, cuts and abrasion
during installation and shall be retracted after each drain is installed.

The size and shape of the mandrel or sleeve shall be as close as possible
to the size and shape of the drains to minimize disturbance to the soil.
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The length of the mandrel shall be not less than the maximum length of
the drain. The mandrel shall be capable of making a clean puncture
through any geotextile if necessary.

The mandrel or sleeve shall be provided with an anchor plate or similar

arrangement at the bottom to prevent the soil from entering the bottom of
the mandrel during the installation of the drain and to anchor the drain tip
at the required depth at the time of mandrel withdrawal.

The installation equipment of PVD shall come with a data log that shows
the details of each PVD installed which includes, among others, the tag
number and depth depending on what is required by the S.O. The data
log shall be converted into a file that is accessible and readable to the
S.O.

Method Statement

Fourteen (14) working days before commencement of PVD installation,

the Contractor shall submit full details of the materials, equipment,
sequence and method proposed for PVD installation to the S.O. for review
and approval. Approval by the S.O. on the installation sequence and
methods shall not relieve the Contractor of his responsibility to install
drains in accordance with the Drawing and specifications.

Approval by the S.O. of the method or equipment used to install the drains
shall not constitute, necessarily, acceptance of the method for the
remainder of the project. If, at any time, the S.O. considers that the
method of installation does not produce satisfactory quality and
productivity as expected, the Contractor shall alter his method and/or
equipment as necessary to comply with these specifications.

Setting Out

The intended positions of PVD shall be marked, numbered and pegged by

the Contractor using a baseline and benchmark indicated by the S.O. The
Contractor shall take all reasonable precautions to preserve the pegs and
is responsible for any necessary re-pegging.

Depth and Positioning

PVD shall be installed from the working surface to the depth shown in the
Drawing, or to such depth as directed by the S.O.

The Contractor shall furnish to the S.O. on the next working day a
summary of the PVD installed that day. The summary shall include the
PVD type, location and length of PVD installed at each location.

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Verticality

Equipment for PVD installation shall be plumbed prior to installation of

each PVD and shall not deviate from the vertical more than 1 in 50 during
installation of any PVD.

Tolerances

The position of installed PVD shall not vary by more than 150mm from the
position indicated in the Drawing.

PVD installed which deviate more than 150mm from design plan position
or are damaged or improperly installed shall be rejected and abandoned
in place and replaced accordingly.

Installation

PVD shall be installed using a continuous push using static weight or

vibration. Installation technique using driving is not permitted.

The installation shall be performed, without any damage to the PVD

during advancement or retraction of the mandrel. In no case will alternate
raising or lowering of the mandrel during advancement be permitted.
Raising of the mandrel will only be permitted after completion of an
installation.

The completed PVD shall be cut off neatly 150mm above the working
grade, or as otherwise specified in the contract Drawing.

Instrumentation Damage

The Contractor shall observe precautions necessary for protection of any

field instrumentation devices.

The Contractor shall replace, at his own expense, any instrumentation or

equipment that has been damaged or become unreliable as a result of his
operations prior to continuing with PVD installation or other construction
activities.

Pre-Augering

The Contractor shall be responsible for penetrating overlying fill material

as necessary to satisfactorily install the PVD. Satisfactory installation may
require clearing obstructions defined as any man-made or natural object
or strata that prevents the proper insertion of the mandrel and installation
of the PVD.

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Where obstructions are encountered below the working surface which

cannot be penetrated by the installation equipment, the Contractor shall
complete the drain from the elevation of the working surface to the
obstruction and notify the S.O. prior to installing any more PVD.

At the direction of the S.O. and under his review, the Contractor shall
attempt to install a new PVD within 600mm horizontally from the
obstructed PVD. A maximum of two attempts shall be made as directed by
the S.O. If the PVD still cannot be installed to the design tip elevation, the
PVD location shall be abandoned and the installation equipment shall be
moved to the next location, or other action shall be taken as directed by
the S.O.

The Contractor may use augering, spudding, or other approved methods

to loosen the soil and any obstructive material prior to the installation of
PVD. The obstruction clearance procedure is subjected to the approval of
the S.O.; however, such approval shall not relieve the Contractor of his
responsibility to clear obstructions in accordance with the specification.

If augering is the selected method, the augers shall have a minimum

outside diameter equal to the largest horizontal dimension of the mandrel,
shoe or anchor, whichever is greater.

Splicing

Splicing of PVD material shall be done by stapling in a workmanlike

manner and so as to ensure structural and hydraulic continuity of the
drain. At the splice, the minimum overlap shall be 150mm and the lower
portion of the jacket shall be external to the upper portion.

A maximum of 1 splice per PVD installed will be permitted.

20.5.5.5 Surcharge

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.3.

20.5.6 As-Built Records

The Contractor shall submit to the S.O., the daily installation record
verified by the S.O.’s representative, specialist contractor and main
contractor on the next working day. The Contractor shall submit as-built
PVD treatment area plan certified by a Licensed Surveyor within fourteen
(14) working days of completion of the last PVD.

The as-built Drawing and records shall include the as-built position and
depth of each PVD point noting any deviation outside specified
tolerances.

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20.6 STONE COLUMNS

20.6.1 General

The work shall consist of the supply of equipment, labour and materials
for the execution of stone column works for ground improvement. The
stone column described in this Specification shall be carried out by deep
vibratory compaction incorporating stone columns formed with imported
granular backfill complying with the requirements of the latest version of
BS EN 14731.

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.5.1.

20.6.2 Soil Investigation Report

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.5.2.

20.6.2.1 Pre-Treatment Soil Investigation

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.5.2.1.

20.6.3 Method Statement for Construction Operations

Two (2) weeks before the commencement of the works, the Contractor
shall submit to the S.O., a detailed method statement for the works. The
method statement shall contain the following:-

a. A detailed construction sequence;

b. Shop Drawing showing details of all special requirements for the
construction activities;
c. Design calculation of key temporary works endorsed by a P.E.;
d. Materials, plant and labour requirement at each construction stage;
e. Rate of production output based on resources allocated;
f. Environmental Management Plan in related with the works;
g. Other information relevant to the works.

If requested by the S.O., the Contractor shall submit additional information

pertaining to the method of construction.

The Contractor shall not change the methods which have been approved
by the S.O. Approval by the S.O. of the Contractor’s proposed methods of
construction shall not in any way relieve the Contractor of any of his duty
or responsibility under the contract.

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20.6.4 Unexpected Ground Conditions

The Contractor shall report immediately to the S.O. any circumstances

which, in the Contractor’s opinion, indicate ground conditions that may
differ from those expected by him from interpretation of the soil
investigation report. The Contractor’s report shall be in the form of written
notice of which shall be given to the S.O. at the earliest possible time after
encountering such conditions and obstructions. The report shall be
accompanied by all information available to the Contractor which will
materially assist the S.O. in verifying the conditions reported.

20.6.5 Adjacent Structures

The Contractor shall pay very careful attention to the construction

constraints imposed by adjacent structures. The Contractor shall exercise
extra care and implement adequate monitoring measures when carrying
out the works so as not to disturb or damage the existing adjacent
properties and foundations. The Contractor shall provide a proposal for
monitoring adjacent properties for any detrimental effects arising out in
execution of the works, so that appropriate and timely preventive action
can be taken to minimise damage. The Contractor’s proposal and
monitoring program shall be certified by his Professional Engineer and
approved by S.O.

The Contractor shall also carry out a condition survey of adjacent

properties to establish the condition of the existing structures and facilities
prior to commencement of work. Condition Survey shall be conducted by
competent personnel and the result of the survey shall be submitted to the
S.O. for record.

The Contractor shall be responsible for and shall bear the cost of such
works and any claims of damage to adjacent structure and facilities
arising from his execution of the works.

20.6.6 Existing Services

Prior to commencement of works, services in the ground and overhead

shall be identified and clearly marked. The Contractor shall give all
required notices to the appropriate utility authorities before
commencement of works. The Contractor shall also locate existing
services by piloting, protect existing services, rectify any damage or
interference to them and provide temporary support while repairs are
being carried out if so required.

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20.6.7 Workmanship

The Contractor shall satisfy the S.O. regarding the suitability, efficiency
and adequacy of the equipment to be employed. The Contractor shall
state the type and number of rigs he intends to use.

On completion of each area of stone column, the Contractor shall grade

debris and surplus material arising from the stone column to leave a
reasonable firm and level working surface. On completion of the stone
columns to the satisfaction of the S.O., the Contractor shall remove from
the site all plant and unwanted material.

Installation of the stone columns shall be carried out by experienced

Specialist Contractor approved by the S.O.

The Specialist Contractor shall employ personnel experienced in the

construction of stone columns for this part of the Works.

For both dry and wet methods, the depth vibrator shall be sufficiently
powerful to ensure:
a) The depth indicated in the Drawing may be reached; and
b) Adequate compaction of the stones can be achieved

For the avoidance of doubt, any equipment other than a depth vibrator as
specified in the latest version of BS EN 14731, is non-complying and
precluded.

20.6.8 Setting Out

Setting out shall be carried out by the Contractor from grid lines provided
and maintained by the Contractor. Immediately before installation, the
column position shall be marked with suitable identifiable pins, pegs or
markers with minimum length of 300mm. The pins, pegs or markers shall
be driven to the ground level and the location marked with contrasting
material.

20.6.9 Materials

Material used for forming stone columns shall consist of hard and durable
stone so as to remain stable during column construction and the working
life of stone columns. The material may be natural or crushed stones or
recycled material based on availability at site, and shall conform to the
following requirements:-

a) The Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) shall be not more than 30%
(tested in accordance with latest MS 30 or equivalent);

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b) The Flakiness Index shall be not more than 30% (tested in accordance
with latest MS 30 or equivalent);
c) The average loss of weight in the sodium sulphate soundness test (5
cycles), shall not be more than 10% (tested in accordance with
AASHTO Test Method T104 or equivalent);
d) The gradation shall comply with Table 20.8 as appropriate.

The above tests shall be carried out on every source of material supplied
to site.

Material shall be used with a grading appropriate for compaction to form a

dense column fully interlocking with the surrounding ground. Material shall
be compatible with the vibro plant used and flow freely within bottom and
through feed delivery system without arching, which may block these
systems.

Material with particle size falling in the range of 20-40mm size (dry
method) and 50-75mm size (wet method), its appropriate grading limit are
as per Table 20.8. Quarry dust and other fine stone chippings shall be
limited to not more than 5%. The material shall also be free of unsuitable
material.

Prior to commencement of the works, the Specialist Contractor shall

submit samples of the stone backfill from proposed source of supply to the
S.O. for his approval.

Throughout the period of the works, when directed by the S.O., the
Specialist Contractor shall be required to validate that the output from the
approved sources of stone consistently conforms to the requirement of the
Specifications and any conditions stipulated during the initial approval.

Table 20.8: Typical Gradings Used with the Different Processes

Process Grading in mm
Dry top-feed process 40 to 75
Wet process 25 to 75
Dry bottom-feed process 8 to 50

20.6.10 Stone Column Construction

The construction method may either be the wet or dry process. Generally,
the wet process is suited for sites underlain by very soft to firm soils and a
high ground water table. For dry process, it is suitable for soils with
undrained shear strength of about 40-60kPa with relatively low ground
water table. If the dry process is used it shall be demonstrated on site
that the hole made by the machine will remain open to enable the stone to

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be placed cleanly to the bottom of the hole to form a continuous column to

the surface.

Working platforms shall be designed, prepared and maintained by the

Contractor in a manner suitable for the safe movement and working of the
vibro plant. Material used to provide working platforms shall be granular,
suitable for the ground conditions on which it is placed and shall not
prevent poker penetration. Minimum thickness of the working platforms
shall be at least 1000mm to ensure that stone compaction is effectively
carried out to the ground surface.

Site working levels for the stone column shall be maintained throughout
the duration of the Works. Where near surface obstructions occur, they
shall be broken out prior to the commencement of the vibro works and the
resulting voids shall be filled with granular material that can be penetrated
and compacted by the vibrating poker.

The stone column shall be formed to the working surface without inclusion
of clay or other unsuitable material preventing intergranular contact
between stone particles.

When the dry top-feed process is being used, the vibrator may be
removed completely from the hole to allow access for the stone. Where
the dry bottom-feed process is used, the depth vibrator shall not be
removed from the ground during column construction. When the wet
process is being used, the vibrator shall be kept in the hole at all times in
order to maintain stability of the sides and to ensure that the stone shall
reach the required depth via the annular space around the vibrator.

The Contractor shall provide a supply of water if the wet process is

selected. The Contractor shall indicate the rate of water supply required
and be responsible for checking that this is available. The Contractor shall
be responsible for supplying any extra storage tanks and pumping as
required.

Any unnecessary excavation on the stone column construction shall be

avoided. Where this is not possible, excavation of the constructed stone
columns shall be carried out with prior approval from the S.O. and under
his strict supervision to minimize the disturbance on the constructed stone
columns. Compaction by rolling or tamping rammer shall be carried out
before foundation construction.

The Contractor shall be responsible for disposal of effluent from the works
and complying with the Environmental Law and Regulations. The
Contractor shall provide countermeasures as required by the
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and maintain silt traps required.
On completion of the stone column the Contractor shall remove all such
equipment and backfill any pits.
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In ground conditions where pre-boring is deemed necessary, it shall be

carried out by a method and to a sequence agreed by the S.O. Pre-boring
shall be carried out immediately before, or as near as practicable, to stone
column construction to mitigate any safety issues associated with open
excavations and prevent unnecessary deterioration of the underlying
ground, for example due to water ingress.

20.6.10.1 Verticality

The maximum permitted deviation of the stone column from the vertical is
1 in 20.

20.6.10.2 Depth and Spacing

The depth and spacing of the stone columns shall be as shown in the
Drawing and neither the depth nor spacing shall be varied without the
prior agreement of the S.O. Any variations in depth of stone columns due
to site conditions not anticipated in the design shall be reported
immediately to the S.O. who shall advise on any action to be taken.

20.6.10.3 Tolerances

All stone columns shall be located to within 150mm of the plan positions
shown on the stone column layout Drawing.

20.6.11 Construction Records

The Contractor shall keep records each of the stone column carried out as
required by the S.O. and shall submit two signed copies of these records
to the S.O. not later than the next working day after the stone column is
completed. The duly signed records shall form part of the records for the
works. Any unexpected conditions shall be noted in the records.

The Contractor shall ensure that the equipment to be used shall be

instrumented with sensors and the data processed by a micro-processing
unit to enable continuous monitoring and data capture of the following
parameters during the construction of each stone column: -
a) The depth of vibrator and vibrator movements (depth of penetration);
and
b) Power consumption (compaction effort)
Data captured shall be continuously displayed on an LCD unit and
graphical output (plots of depths versus time and power consumption)
shall be generated by an automated computerised recording device
throughout the process of the stone column installation. This shall be
done for each point and records shall be submitted to the S.O. by the next
working day.
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The records of each completed stone column shall contain but not limited
to the following information where applicable:-
a) Identification number and location of stone column point
b) Date and time
c) Method of treatment
d) Equipment and personnel in-charge
e) Depth of penetration
f) Time required to reach maximum depth and withdrawal
g) Vibrator power consumption during penetration and compaction
h) Material consumption
Any observed ground heave or settlement during construction shall also
be recorded and reported to the S.O.

20.6.12 Preliminary Stone Columns

Prior to commencement of actual stone column works, the Contractor

shall carry out preliminary stone column as shown in the Drawing to
establish the installation criteria for the subsequent stone column and for
confirming the adequacy of the design, dimensions and working load
through load test. The Contractor shall give at least three (3) days’ notice
of the commencement of construction of any preliminary stone column.

20.6.13 Testing Of Stone Column Works

To verify the design assumptions and working load, the Contractor shall
carry out load test on stone column as shown in the Drawing or as
instructed by S.O. The testing procedures shall be submitted two (2)
weeks before the commencement of load test for S.O.’s approval. Loading
of a stone column shall not commence until seven (7) days have elapsed
after completion of its installation.

Load testing for stone column can be carried out using plate test or zone
test as shown in the Drawing or as instructed by the S.O.

Plate test: A plate test is a loading test carried out using a plate on
treated ground essentially used as a control of
workmanship. It can be a single column plate load test or a
group of four columns plate load test.

Zone test: A zone test is a loading test carried out over a large treated
area, intended to test stone columns’ performance over a
wider and deeper zone than in the plate bearing test. A
zone test is usually carried out by placing earth fill to
simulate widespread loads, and the fill height will be
determined to meet the required test pressures.

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During the progress of a test, the testing equipment and all records of the
test shall be available for inspection by the S.O.

20.6.13.1 Load Test Procedures

The plate load test shall be carried out in accordance with the latest
version of MS 2038.

20.6.13.2 Submission of Results

Full test data and results shall be jointly signed in duplicate by the S.O.’s
representative witnessing the test and the Contractor’s authorized
personnel immediately upon completion of the test. A copy of the records
shall be kept by the S.O.

Within seven (7) days of the completion of the test, a complete test report
inclusive of all necessary analysis shall be submitted to the S.O. This shall
be as specified below for a plate bearing test or a zone test as
appropriate.

Plate tests

The Contractor shall provide information about the tested ground in

accordance with the following schedule where applicable: -

a. general
 contract identification
 date of test

b. test area details

 identification of area relative to site layout drawing
 brief description of position in structure
 ground level at test position
 excavated test level

c. treatment details
 date and time of treatment
 unexpected circumstances or difficulties

d. stone columns
 identification numbers of stone columns
 diameter and depth of stone columns exposed
 spacing of adjacent columns
 depth
 stone consumption

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e. test procedure
 approximate weight of kentledge
 date and times of load application

f. test results
 load and settlement with time reported in tabular form, and in
graphical form, load and settlement being plotted against time, and
load against settlement.

Zone tests

The Contractor shall provide information about the tested ground in

accordance with the following schedule where applicable: -

a. general
 contract identification
 date of tests

b. test area details

 identification of area relative to site layout drawing
 size and position of area
 ground level at test position
 excavated test level

c. treatment details
 date and time of treatment
 unexpected circumstances or difficulties
 identification number of stone columns
 depth of treatment
 stone consumption

d. test details
 plan showing position and extent of zone test fill in reference to the
stone columns and instrumentation layout
 method of load-measurement, if any (e.g. pressure cells, or earth fill
field density tests)
 Fill height measurements versus time (e.g. rod settlement gauges)
 dates and times of fill application, duration of instrumentation
 other instrumentation measurements over time (e.g. inclinometers,
settlement markers).

e. test results

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 load and settlement with time reported in tabular form, and in

graphical form, load and settlement being plotted against time, and
load against settlement

20.6.13.3 Completion of a Test

Upon completion of a test, all temporary structures used in the testing

(concrete slab or ground anchor etc.) shall be dismantled and removed
from site. The ground shall be made good to the original commencing
surface level.

20.6.14 As-Built Records

The Contractor shall submit an as-built stone column location plan certified
by a Licensed Surveyor to the S.O. within fourteen (14) working days after
the completion of the works. Partial as-built plan may be submitted
throughout construction of the works for verification by the S.O.
The as-built Drawing shall include the following information:
i. The stone column identification number and corresponding as-built
depth of each point;
ii. Spatial coordinates of reference points delineating the treatment and
where stone columns positions were deviated on site due to
obstructions or other reasons with the knowledge of the S.O., the new
position coordinates shall be included.

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20.7 DEEP SOIL MIXING

20.7.1 General

The work shall consist of the supply of equipment, labour and materials
for the execution of deep soil mixing (DSM) works. Deep soil mixing
method shall comply to the latest version of BS EN 14679.

This section shall also be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.5.1.

20.7.2 Soil Investigation Report

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.5.2.

20.7.2.1 Pre-Treatment Soil Investigations

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.5.2.1.

The Contractor shall carry out chemical tests to determine the types of
chemicals present in the soil for effective deep soil mixing. The
Contractor shall provide Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) produced by
the Manufacturer for the handling and storage of chemicals used. The
use of chemicals shall be in accordance with JKR Standard Specification
for Roadworks, Section 18: Soil Stabilisation.

20.7.3 Method Statement for Construction Operations

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.6.3.

The method statement shall also include precautions against heave and
settlement.

20.7.4 Unexpected Ground Conditions

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.6.4.

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20.7.5 Adjacent Structures

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.6.5.

20.7.6 Existing Services

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.6.6.

20.7.7 Specialist Contractors and Personnel

DSM works shall be carried out by experienced Specialist Contractor

approved by the S.O. The Specialist Contractor shall have the following
experience and personnel:-
a) Personnel experienced in the design, supervision and construction of
DSM columns.

20.7.8 Setting Out

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.6.8.

20.7.9 Material

20.7.9.1 Binder

Cementitious binders to be used shall be an approved variant of Portland

Cement, complying to JKR Standard Specification for Roadworks, Section
9: Concrete or as per the latest version of BS EN 197-1. The cement shall
be adequately protected from moisture and contamination in storage at the
job site. Reclaimed cement containing lumps or deleterious matter shall not
be used. Other binders shall only be acceptable if the project requirements
can be met with their use. Laboratory tests shall be required to verify the
suitability and dosage of the other binder variants.

If other chemicals are proposed, the material shall be in accordance with

JKR Standard Specification for Roadworks, Section 18: Soil Stabilisation.

20.7.9.2 Water

Freshwater, free of an excessive amount of deleterious substances which

can adversely affect the properties of the binder shall be used. It is the
responsibility of the Contractor that the grout resulting from the water shall
always meet the requirements of this specification.

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20.7.9.3 Grout Suspension

Grout suspension shall be prepared on site using binder(s) as described in

Sub-Section 20.7.9.1 and other additives, wherever required, in water. The
grout shall be pumpable and workable with the DSM injection equipment.

20.7.9.4 Additives

Additives may be used to enhance the workability or final properties of the

treated soil. Conventional additives include bentonite, fly ash, lime, sodium
silicate, a set retarder, alkali activator, etc. Additives may be added to the
water or the grout. Notwithstanding this, the use of additives is subjected to
the approval of the S.O.

The Contractor shall provide Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) produced
by the Manufacturer on the use of chemical additives to ensure the safety of
the material used. The Contractor shall be made liable for any
discrepancies that occur during the application of chemical additives in the
absence of MSDS.

20.7.9.5 Soil Mixing Material

Soil-mixing material, resulting from the in-site mixing of soil with grout
suspension (mainly for a wet method of mixing), should have a
compressive strength as specified in the Drawing. The factor of safety
concerning the maximum characteristic stress acting on a single column
shall be not less than 2.0.

20.7.9.6 Steel Reinforcement

Steel reinforcement, if specified in the drawing shall comply with JKR

Standard Specification for Roadworks, Section 9: Concrete, relevant
specifications and Malaysian Standards.

20.7.10 DSM Column Installation

20.7.10.1 General

The Contractor shall satisfy the S.O. regarding the suitability, efficiency and
adequacy of the equipment to be employed based on soil conditions and
the requirements defined herein and in the design. The equipment chosen
for the installation of works shall be in full compliance with the provision of
the latest version of BS EN 14679.

20.7.10.2 Drilling Equipment

a) DSM equipment shall be capable of rotating down to the required

depth or stiff layer through the weak soil and withdrawing the mixing
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tool by simultaneous rotation and mixing of the binder with in-situ

soil.
b) DSM machine shall have a single or multiple shaft(s) with
cutting/mixing blades at the lower end.
c) DSM machine shall be able to operate at different rotation and
withdrawal rates within the required range as in the design to
complete the work and produce the required cement columns, and
as required by the latest version of BS EN 14679.
d) The cutting/mixing blades shall have the minimum diameter as per
design. The size of the mixing tool shall define the column diameter.
e) The mixing tools shall consist of minimum one nozzle for the binder
delivery but shall be demonstrated that it is adequately sized to
meet the binder dosage as required by design.
f) Real-time measuring and recording devices shall be provided
throughout the mixing operation, to capture data e.g. column
number, time, depth, pressure, feed rates, rotation speed, injection
rate, injection volume, binder consumption, etc.

20.7.10.3 Binder Delivery Station

a) Dry Method

In the dry method, the deep soil mixing process shall be carried out
by mixing the binder in powder form. The medium of transportation of
binder is typically compressed air unless otherwise approved by the
S.O. Binder storage tank(s)/ silo(s) is generally on-board with the
DSM machine or on a separate self-propelled chassis connected to
the DSM machine.

b) Wet Method
In the wet method, the deep soil mixing process shall be carried out
by mixing the binder in slurry form. The medium of transportation of
binder usually is water unless otherwise approved. The binder is
generally prepared at the separate mixing and holding tanks and
pumping station shall be required to deliver the binder to the DSM
machine. The mixing and pumping station shall be able to produce
enough volume of slurry required and enable continuous supply and
controlled delivery of slurry.

20.7.10.4 Working Platform Preparation

Working platforms shall be designed, prepared and maintained by the

Contractor in a manner suitable for the safe movement and working of the
deep soil mixing equipment. The material used to provide working platforms
shall be suitable for the ground conditions on which it is placed and shall
not be detrimental to the drilling operation. Site working levels for the
treatment shall be provided and maintained by the Contractor throughout
the deep soil mixing works.
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20.7.10.5 Soil Mixing Work

Unless otherwise specified, pressure feed of the binder shall be terminated

approximately 0.5m to 1.0m below the working platform. Satisfactory quality
shall not be relied on in the design over a depth of 1.0m below the working
level, i.e. within the working platform material. If the deep soil mixing
operation is interrupted for any reason, re-mixing or repositioning may be
required upon confirmation from the S.O. on site.

The mixing tool rotation speed shall be adjusted to accommodate a

constant rate of mixing as given in the design. The penetration/withdrawal
rate of the mixing tool shall be maintained such that the proper amount of
binder is added and the proper amount of mixing time is allowed as per
design. Both the rotation speed for mixing tool and penetration/withdrawal
rate can be adjusted according to drilling difficulty, upon confirmation from
the S.O. on site.

The injection rate per vertical meter of column shall be predefined by the
Contractor. The injection rate shall be adjusted accordingly, if necessary,
with the working parameters in the paragraph above herein, throughout the
work to achieve the requirement for the DSM columns. The injection rate of
the binder shall be measurable and monitored with the appropriate device
as proposed by the Contractor.

After completion, the DSM columns shall be left undisturbed for at least 14
days. The area of DSM columns shall not be driven over with heavy
equipment.

20.7.10.6 Obstruction

In the event of obstructions preventing the drilling and installation of DSM

columns, the S.O. shall be informed immediately. Remedial options subject
to approval from the S.O. shall include: -

i) Reposition the column by offset at a short distance from the original

position.
ii) Additional DSM column(s) around the obstruction, if necessary.
iii) Excavate, remove the obstruction, backfill and compact to the
requirements of JKR Standard Specification for Roadworks, Section
2: Earthworks and reinstall the DSM column.

20.7.10.7 Verticality

The maximum permitted inclination of the DSM columns is 1 in 75.

20.7.10.8 Length, diameter and spacing

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The length, diameter and spacing of the DSM columns shown in the
Drawing shall be adjusted to suit site conditions when deemed
necessary as instructed by the S.O.

20.7.10.9 Tolerances

The maximum permitted deviation of the centre of the DSM column from
the centre point shown on the setting out drawing shall be 150 mm in
any direction.

20.7.11 Construction Records

On the same day, a daily record shall be submitted to the S.O.

summarizing the points completed and depths of DSM column installed.
Two (2) copies of signed records for each soil mixing element shall be
submitted to the S.O. on the next working day.

The record shall include the following information, but not limited to: -
i) Column ID or reference number;
ii) Depth of installation;
iii) Column top and toe level;
iv) Binder type and composition, injection rate and total injection
volume;
v) Time for mixing during penetration and withdrawal;
vi) Rotation of mixing tool versus depth and blade rotations numbers;
vii) Weather report;
viii) Any other information as may be required by the S.O.

20.7.12 Preliminary DSM Column(s)

Before commencement of the DSM works, the Contractor shall carry out
field trial as shown in the Drawing. A total number of minimum four (4)
numbers of preliminary columns shall be constructed to verify the deep
soil mixing methodology, suitability of the mixing tool and the design
parameters. The quality of DSM columns shall conform to the design
requirements and shall be verified using the appropriate testing method,
e.g. by the mean of the load test. Loading on the DSM column shall not
commence until fourteen (14) days have elapsed after completion of its
installation.

Where excavation is possible, assessment of the geometric and

mechanical characteristics of the DSM column should be made by visual
inspection. Coring can be made on the completed columns. Unconfined
Compressive Strength Testing (UCS) on samples recovered by coring or
excavation can be made to verify the soil-mixing material compressive
strength as specified in the design. UCS testing shall be carried out on
three samples from at least one (1) of the trial columns. The sampling and

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testing frequency may be varied based on project requirements or at the

instruction of the S.O.

20.7.13 Quality Control and Quality Assurance

20.7.13.1 Quality Control

Before the commencement of all works, procedures for verification, control

and acceptance shall be established in the method statement with
reference to the drawing and specification.

Blade rotation number of soil mixing shall be used as a guide to verify the
consistency of mixing and forming homogenous columns. Minimum blade
rotation number in cohesionless soils shall be at least 300, whereas for
cohesive soils it shall not be less than 400. For peaty and organic soils the
blade rotation number shall be at least 600. These requirements shall be
followed unless otherwise stated in the project requirement or instructed
by the S.O.

The construction process shall be controlled and monitored automatically,

with the aid of a computerised system. The following construction
parameters and information shall be monitored continuously during
execution:-

Table 20.9: Construction Parameters to be monitored during DSM Installation

Dry Method Wet Method

 Air tank pressure  Slurry pressure; air pressure (if any)
 Time vs depth (penetration and  Time vs depth (penetration and
retrieval rate) retrieval rate)
 Rotation speed (revs/min during  Rotation speed (revs/min during
penetration and retrieval) penetration and retrieval)
 The quantity of binder per meter of  The quantity of slurry per meter of
depth during penetration and depth during penetration and
retrieval retrieval

20.7.13.2 Sampling

The sampling of DSM improved ground shall be done by conventional

vertical coring. Double tube sampling shall also be acceptable provided
the Contractor can demonstrate that good sample recovery can be
obtained. Wet grab sampling shall also be permitted, and samples shall
be prepared from wet grabs at the instruction of the S.O. The S.O. shall
also instruct at what depth the sampling needs to be taken. Sampling shall
ensure that the recovery ratio is at least 80% or otherwise instructed by
the S.O.

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At least 1% of the installed columns shall be sampled by coring, double

tube or wet grabbing, unless otherwise stated in the drawing. Minimum
three (3) samples from each sampled column shall be tested for UCS. The
sampling and testing frequency may be varied based on project
requirements or at the instruction of the S.O.

20.7.13.3 Unconfined Compression Test

Where necessary, the improvement from the treatment shall be tested by

Unconfined Compression Test (UCT) of samples. The Unconfined
Compressive Strength (UCS) of samples shall meet the requirements of
the design, where the characteristic strength of samples shall be more
than the project requirements.

UCS testing shall be done on cylindrical or cube samples having a

minimum dimension of 50 mm diameter. Corrections to readings and
reporting of values shall be per the latest version of BS EN 12504-1.

Where required the S.O. may specify additional tests to determine other
engineering properties of the improved ground.

20.7.13.4 Load Test Procedures

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.6.14.

20.7.13.5 Submission of Test Results

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.6.14.2.

20.7.14 As-built Drawing

The Contractor shall submit an as-built DSM columns location plan

certified by a Licensed Surveyor to the S.O. within fourteen (14) working
days after the completion of the works. Partial as-built plan may be
submitted throughout construction of the works for verification by the S.O.

The as-built Drawing shall include the following information:

i. The DSM column identification number and corresponding as-built
depth of each point;
ii. Spatial coordinates of reference points delineating the treatment;
and where DSM columns positions were deviated on site due to
obstructions or other reasons with the knowledge of the S.O., the
new position coordinates shall be included.

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20.8 DYNAMIC COMPACTION

20.8.1 General

The works shall consist of supply of plant, equipment and specialist

personnel for the execution of dynamic compaction (DC) works for ground
improvement.

This section shall also be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.5.1.

20.8.2 Specialist Contractor

DC works shall be carried out by experienced Specialist Contractor

approved by the S.O. The Specialist Contractor shall have the following
experience and the personnel:-

a) The Specialist Contractor shall employ competent and experienced

geotechnical engineer(s) capable of analyzing existing soil data,
obtaining and interpreting additional data as required, performing field
testing prior to, during and after DC works.

20.8.3 Soil Investigation Report

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.5.2.

20.8.4 Method Statement for Construction Operations

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.6.3.

20.8.5 Unexpected ground conditions

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This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.6.4.

20.8.6 Adjacent structures

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.6.5.

At locations where acceptable peak particle velocity or acceleration are

likely to be exceeded, cut off trenches or other protective measures shall
be taken. Contractor shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the S.O., by
trials, that his proposal will reduce the maximum peak particle velocity or
acceleration to acceptable values.

20.8.7 Existing Services

This section shall be in accordance with Sub-Section 20.6.6.

20.8.8 Workmanship

Contractor shall satisfy the S.O. on the suitability and efficiency of the
equipment to be employed.

The dynamic compaction (DC) works shall be performed by a qualified

Contractor. The DC works shall be carried out up to the designed
depth/compaction energy required to ensure the design criteria are
achievable.

20.8.9 Setting out

Contractor shall perform setting out from the temporary bench mark (TBM)
provided and shall be maintained by the Contractor. The approximate
limits of work shall be shown in the DC shop Drawing and the exact limit
shall be determined by the Contractor upon completion of the pre-
treatment testing. DC points shall be marked with suitable and identifiable
markers.

20.8.10 Working platform

The working platform shall be prepared and maintained by the Contractor

and shall be suitable for safe movement and operation of the DC plant
and equipment. The working platform shall be made of granular material
and at least 1000 mm above the ground water level.

20.8.11 Spacing

The spacing of the DC point shall be shown in the construction drawing.

This shall be confirmed by field calibration or field trial conducted as
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approved by S.O.

20.8.12 DC field trial area

The Contractor shall perform at least one (1) DC field calibration or trial
area prior to commencement of the full production DC works. Minimum
trial area shall be 20 m x 20 m. The objective of the field trial is to
determine the optimum compaction energy to be applied to the DC point
and to confirm the technical data obtained is as per design.

20.8.13 Site Records

The Contractor shall keep and submit to the S.O. the following records:-

a) Number of blows for each DC point for each phase of DC works

b) DC pounder free fall height for each blow for each phase of DC
works
c) Ground level before and after DC works
d) Any other record as required by the S.O.

20.8.14 Testing

20.8.14.1 Pre-Treatment Testing

The Contractor shall undertake soil testing prior to commencement of

DC works to provide data for the purpose of refining the preliminary
design in compliance with the acceptance criteria as specified. The field
testing shall include the following:-

i) Pressuremeter Tests (PMT) shall be performed at every meter

vertical interval and at changes in strata in accordance with the
method outlined in ASTM D4719 or the latest version of BS EN ISO
22476-4.
ii) Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) shall be performed in accordance
with ASTM D5778 or the latest version of BS EN ISO 22476-1.

The Contractor shall determine the total number of locations of pre-

engineering tests necessary to analyse the soil conditions and to
delineate the areas requiring DC works. Pre-engineering testing shall
include the following as a minimum:-

i) A minimum of one PMT for every 2000 m² of area marked for

improvement in the Drawing
ii) A minimum of one CPT for every 2000 m² of area marked for
improvement in the Drawing

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The Contractor shall determine locations of any additional testing that

may be required if conflicting test results are indicated by two adjacent
tests or to delineate areas for ground improvement.

20.8.14.2 Final Acceptance Testing

The Contractor shall verify the ground improvements works for

compliance with the acceptance criteria by in-situ tests of the improved
soils and by analysis of the test results. The final testing shall be
conducted at a minimum of one week after completion of the ground
improvement works.

The final tests shall generally be at the locations of the pre-engineering

test locations and shall include the following field tests:-

i) Pressuremeter Tests (PMT) shall be performed at every meter

vertical interval and at changes in strata in accordance with the
method outlined in ASTM D4719 or the latest version of BS EN ISO
22476-4

ii) Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) shall be performed in accordance

with ASTM D5778 or the latest version of BS EN ISO 22476-1

Final testing shall include the following as a minimum:-

i) A minimum of one PMT for every 2000 m² of area marked for

improvement in the Drawing

ii) A minimum of one CPT for every 2000 m² of area marked for
improvement in the Drawing

Areas in which the specified criteria are not met shall be reworked by the
Contractor until the specified requirements are met. The S.O., at his
discretion, may check the Contractor’s test results by conducting
additional and independent testing.

If necessary, correlation between the Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

results with Pressuremeter Test (PMT) results can be conducted to
obtain the limit pressure and pressuremeter modulus required for the
engineering calculations.

20.8.15 Documents submission

The Contractor shall submit to S.O. documents regarding the DC works as

follows:

i) Pre-treatment testing proposal – this document is a plan and

schedule for pre-treatment testing and shall be submitted at least
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seven (7) days before the pre-treatment testing is scheduled to

begin.

ii) Pre-treatment testing report – this document shall be submitted not

later than fourteen (14) days after completion of pre-treatment
testing.

iii) Interim progress report – this document states the DC works

operations, including pre-treatment testing, final acceptance testing,
elevation measurements, quantities completed during month,
cumulative quantities to date and a forecast of remaining work.

iv) Final technical report – this document shall be submitted at the

completion of the DC works. The report shall contain graphical
presentation of all parameters used by the Contractor to accomplish
the acceptance criteria including all pre-treatment testing and final
testing results together with as built Drawing. The report shall be
submitted in five copies duly endorsed by a Professional Engineer.

20.9 PILED EMBANKMENT

20.9.1 General

The works shall consist of all labour, materials, tools, transportation,

instrumentation, etc. necessary to construct piled embankment in
accordance to the Drawing and JKR Standard Specification for
Roadworks, Section 10: Piling Works.

The works shall cover the following: -

i. Mobilization and demobilization of all labour, plants, piling and drilling

equipment on site.
ii. Supply, handling, pitching and installation of piles to the pile lengths
as specified in the Drawing.
iii. Lengthening of piles by jointing to detail.
iv. Strip pile to cut-off level and check pile eccentricity.
v. Construct reinforced concrete slab as per the details in the Drawing.
vi. Carry out pile testing in accordance to JKR Standard Specification for
Roadworks, Section 10: Piling Works on working piles as specified.

20.10 GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION

20.10.1 General

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Instrumentation shall be installed to measure horizontal and vertical

displacement of the subsoil or structures supported by the subsoil and
water pressures within the Works and shall remain operational both during
and after the construction period specified in the Contract.

The Contractor shall be responsible for and shall follow the instruction of
the manufacturer and the requirements of this specification in the
installation, calibration and testing of all measuring instruments and
equipment, which shall be carried out under the direct supervision of the
S.O. The Contractor shall inform the S.O. at least 2 days prior to
undertaking installation of the equipment. The Contractor shall make due
allowances in his construction programme for any delays which may arise
on account of the installation of the instruments.

20.10.1.1 Protection And Maintenance Of Instruments

The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to protect the

instruments and maintain the instruments in good working order after
commissioning. For all instruments which project through and above the
fill, special precautions shall be taken to provide protection from vehicles
and plant including substantial and readily visible barriers at a radius of
750mm around each instrument. Heavy compaction equipment shall not
approach within 1.0m of projecting instruments. Damaged instruments
shall be replaced or repaired by the Contractor at his own expense within
seven (7) days.

20.10.1.2 Stabilising Electronic Readout Devices

All electronic readout devices and transducers shall be shaded from direct
sunlight during use. Probes which are used inside access tubes shall be
placed inside the tube and allowed to come to a stable temperature for at
least 10 minutes before use. Zero or starting values shall only be taken
once temperature stabilization is complete.

All readout units shall be calibrated at least once a year and the
calibration certificates submitted to the S.O.

20.10.1.3 Personnel

The Contractor shall submit names and curricular vitae of personnel

(including instrumentation engineer and instrumentation technician)
responsible for instrumentation and monitoring works. A programme of
their attendance shall also be provided for the approval of the S.O.
Deviation from the approved programme of attendance or the
requirements given in this clause shall only be permitted with the approval
of the S.O.

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The instrumentation engineer shall be responsible for the overall planning,

implementation and monitoring of the instruments. He shall be on site
throughout installation, commissioning and initial monitoring. He shall be
on site for the remaining monitoring on a basis to be agreed with the S.O.

All instrumentation and monitoring works shall be carried out by an

experienced instrumentation technician. Instrument data obtained shall be
verified by an instrumentation engineer.

20.10.1.4 Boreholes for Instruments

Boreholes for instruments may be drilled by any method provided that it

results in a clean and stable hole of the required diameter to the correct
depth. The method of forming boreholes, including the procedure for
advancing casing, shall be submitted to the S.O. for approval before
commencement of the works.

Boreholes shall be cased to their full depth unless strata are sufficiently
competent for the hole to stay open under dry conditions. If boreholes are
drilled using water as a flushing medium, clean water shall be used.
Drilling mud or polymer additives shall only be used with the approval of
the S.O. In the case of installation of piezometers, drilling mud or polymer
additives shall not be permitted.

During drilling, care shall be taken to ensure that minimum material is lost
from outside the casing. Surging of the casing shall not be allowed and
flushing of drilling water outside the annulus of the casing shall be
minimized.

20.10.1.5 Grouting Of Boreholes

For all instruments placed in boreholes, grouting is required in parts of the

borehole or the entire borehole during installation. The grout shall be a
bentonite: cement mixture with sufficient water to achieve a pumpable
mix. The proportions of the mix shall be such that it imitates as closely as
possible the strength or consistency of the natural soils present. Unless
otherwise stated in the Drawing, the Contractor shall propose the suitable
bentonite: cement mixture to S.O.’s approval. Grout shall be pumped into
boreholes using a tremie pipe.

20.10.1.6 Labelling And Marking of Instruments

All instruments shall be labelled with their reference numbers at the

location where readings or measurements are taken. The labelling shall
be permanent using a method or material agreed by the S.O.

20.10.1.7 Survey Equipment and Survey Reference Station

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The Contractor shall be responsible for establishing survey reference

station at locations selected by the S.O. to monitor settlement markers,
settlement plates, displacement markers and other instruments deemed
necessary.

All survey equipment used in conjunction with the monitoring of

instrumentation, including measuring tapes, levels and total stations shall
be maintained and calibrated as required by the manufacturers and good
surveying practice.

The survey reference station provides a reference for levelling or

horizontal measurement to other points. The location of the survey
reference station, shall be agreed by the S.O. The coordinates and
elevation of the survey reference station shall be surveyed in and
submitted to the S.O.

The survey reference station shall be established on undisturbed ground

clear of the embankment. The survey reference station shall be located on
stable ground not affected by the Works, preferably away from the
construction activities. The survey reference station is to be located on
structures free of settlement and lateral movement or as agreed by the
S.O.

The survey reference station may comprise of a steel rod of 20mm

diameter, which shall be driven vertically into the undisturbed ground for a
minimum distance of 1.0m and shall project approximately 75mm above
ground surface. The rod shall be surrounded by not less than 0.03 m3 of
concrete at surface level, and the top of the rod shall be carefully centre
punched.

The survey reference station shall be checked at intervals to be

established by the S.O. to ensure that it is stable during the course of the
monitoring works.

20.10.1.8 Deep Levelling Datum

A deep datum is required to provide a reference for measurement of

ground levels in areas of soft ground.

The Contractor shall propose the location and depth of the deep levelling
datum for the approval of the S.O.

The datum itself shall be fixed into hard ground with SPT value more than
50 or rock and isolated from soft and compressible overlying strata. If the
SPT value of more than 50 is not achievable at great depths, the
Contractor and the S.O shall mutually agree on the termination depth.

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A deep levelling datum shall consist of a 25mm galvanized iron (GI) pipe
fixed into hard ground with cement grout. The datum pipe shall be isolated
from the overlying soft ground by a 75mm GI pipe embedded into the top
of the cement grout. The upper part of the 75mm pipe shall be surrounded
by a square concrete plinth of not less than 0.03m3 of concrete. The
details of the deep levelling datum including its protective measures are
as shown in the Drawing. The concrete shall be scored with the reference
number of the datum.

The level of a deep levelling datum shall be established by standard

levelling techniques from agreed bench mark in the vicinity. Levelling shall
be closed back to the bench marks to check for accuracy. The level shall
be measured three times soon after installation of the datum and shall be
checked at intervals to be agreed by the S.O.

20.10.1.9 Instrumentation Equipment References

Details of equipment shall be submitted to the S.O. for approval. If the

S.O. considers it necessary, demonstrations shall be arranged by the
Contractor. Any supplier of geotechnical instrumentation shall
demonstrate that the manufacturer operates an adequate system of
product quality assurance.

20.10.2 Displacement Marker / Settlement Marker

Displacement marker / settlement marker is required to monitor the

horizontal and vertical movement of the ground or embankment surface.
The Contractor shall be responsible for establishing settlement markers at
locations as shown in the Drawing or as determined by the S.O.

The marker shall comprise of a steel rod of minimum 20mm diameter

which shall be driven vertically into the embankment or undisturbed
ground for a minimum depth of 1.0m and shall project approximately
75mm above the ground surface. The rod shall be surrounded by not less
than 0.03cu.m. of concrete at ground level, and the top shall be domed
and centre punched. The details of the installation are shown in the
Drawing. The concrete shall be scored with the reference number of the
marker.

For the settlement marker, the level of the top of the rod shall be
measured using standard precise levelling techniques, referencing and
closing back to the survey reference station with instrument to a minimum
of +1mm accuracy.

For the displacement marker, the lateral movement shall be measured

using a total station or other survey techniques agreed by the S.O.

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20.10.3 Building Settlement Marker

Vertical deformation of adjacent structures shall be determined by means

of precision devices to an accuracy of + 1.0mm. The Contractor shall
install building settlement markers at locations as specified by the S.O.

The precise levels shall have robust tripods. Levelling studs are to be
provided for the purpose of precise levelling. Levelling studs shall be: -

a) Manufactured from stainless steel

b) Fixed to the building lining in the same manner and standard
c) Designed such that their use in conjunction with the appropriate
precise instruments allow precision levelling to an accuracy of +
1.0mm
d) Designed such that the heads of the levelling studs on the walls
can be easily levelled without the studs being vulnerable to
damage
e) Designed such that the studs are safe from any hazards and to
human life

20.10.4 Rod Settlement Gauge

Rod settlement gauge is required to measure settlement beneath the

embankment. The Contractor shall provide and install rod settlement
gauge at locations and levels as shown in the Drawing or as specified by
the S.O.

The details of the rod settlement gauge shall be as shown in the Drawing
and the Contractor shall be responsible for the installation of all the
gauges as work proceeds. The base plate and first length of the rod shall
be placed as early as possible during earthworks, preferably before any
significant filling has been placed. Extension lengths shall be installed
when the level of compacted embankment is 250mm below the top of the
preceding lengths.

Should a rod settlement gauge be damaged, or should the Contractor fail

to extend the gauge when required, the Contractor shall stop all filling
activities in the vicinity of the gauge until the necessary remedial works
have been carried out. The Contractor shall be liable for any delay in his
programme, or any additional works that need to be done as the result of
such damage.

Should any rod settlement gauge be damaged in such a way as to make it

useless for its purpose and unable for S.O. to assess the settlement, the
Contractor shall engage a third-party specialist at his own cost to assess
the settlement for measurement purposes and shall be agreeable and
approved by S.O. as the final decision.

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Rod settlement plates shall be monitored by standard precise levelling

techniques, referencing and closing back to the survey reference station
with instrument to a minimum of +1mm accuracy. Levels shall be taken at
the top of rod itself and the fill adjacent to the gauge on each occasion.
When rods are extended, levels shall be measured immediately before
and immediately after adding the extension.

20.10.5 Inclinometer

Inclinometer provides a method of measuring a continuous profile of

horizontal deflection both at the surface of and within a mass of soil. The
Contractor shall install inclinometer at locations and depths as specified
by the S.O. The details of the inclinometer shall be as shown in the
Drawing.

Inclinometer access tube shall consist of broached PVC tubing with four
keyways set at right angles to each other and with couplings and end
caps where necessary. The S.O. may instruct the Contractor to obtain
spiral metric measurements of the keyways in the inclinometer tubing after
installation. After that, assembly joints and rivets shall be wrapped in
sealing tape. The tube shall be coated with thick grease over its upper
part when it passes through compressible subsoils.

The assembled tube shall be lowered into borehole backfilled with a

suitable bentonite: cement grout mix. Alternatively, the tube may be
placed in an open borehole and grout placed afterwards. In granular
material, the backfill may be sand or pea gravel. The keyways shall be
orientated such that movements are measured parallel to and at right
angles to the embankment axis.

Angular movements shall be measured by an inclinometer probe

(torpedo) which shall be a biaxial type and the system shall be capable of
measuring lateral deformation to an accuracy of ± 6mm over a depth of
25m.

The inclinometer data logger unit shall display the readings from the
inclinometer torpedo on an alphanumeric display. The following facilities
are also, required within the readout unit :-

(a) Scan stored data

(b) Display of face errors as readings are being obtained
(c) Display of mean deviation and cumulative deviation of anyone set
of readings
(d) Backlit LCD display

The readings shall be read at every 0.5m and stored in the data logger.

The level of the top of the access tube shall be measured by standard
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precise levelling techniques as and when necessary.

20.10.6 Horizontal Inclinometer

The horizontal inclinometer provides a method of measuring vertical

displacement beneath an embankment. Readings are taken at regular
intervals across the entire width of the embankment. The Contractor shall
install the horizontal inclinometer across the full width of the embankment
at locations and with details as shown in the Drawing.

The horizontal inclinometer shall be installed before earthworks

commence as shown in the Drawing and shall consist of 70mm or 85mm
inclinometer casing installed in a trench. The trench shall be filled with
sand or the excavated material provided it is suitable fill and stone free,
and approval is given by the S.O. Each end of the inclinometer casing
shall have an end cap and shall have an eye for retention of the
instrument draw cord. Each end of the inclinometer casing shall also pass
freely through a plastic protective cover set into a concrete pad. The
concrete pads shall have minimum dimensions of 1.5m x 1.5m x 0.3m.
They shall be located beyond the influence of the area causing
settlement. At each concrete pad, a survey pin shall be cast into the
concrete.

Sufficient inclinometer casing shall be installed to accommodate large

relative movement of the ground.

The horizontal inclinometer readout unit shall have a resolution of

+0.02mm or better and a sensor accuracy of +0.1mm or better.

Immediately before taking a set of readings, levels shall be taken of the

two survey pins set into the concrete pads.

20.10.7 Hydrostatic Profile Gauge

The hydrostatic profile gauge provides a method of measuring vertical

displacement beneath an embankment. Readings are taken at regular
intervals across the full width of the embankment and provide a
continuous profile of settlement. The Contractor shall install hydrostatic
profile gauges at locations and with details as shown in the Drawing.

The hydrostatic profile gauge shall be installed before earthworks

commences as shown in the Drawing and shall consist of semi-rigid or
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) profile tube with minimum outer
diameter of 50mm installed in a trench. The trench shall be filled with sand
or the excavated material, provided it is suitable fill and stone-free, and
approval is given by the S.O. Each end of the access tube shall pass
freely through a protective cover fabricated in plastic complete with solid
PVC taper-threaded plug. The plug shall have an eye for retention of the
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instrument drawcord.

Each protective cover shall be set into a concrete pad. If the expected
settlement is large such that the protective cover may not be long enough
to accommodate the relative movement of the access tube, then the
protective cover shall be extended using a suitable piece of plastic pipe.
The concrete pads shall have minimum dimensions of 1.5m x 1.5m x 0.3m
at both ends of the HDPE tube. The concrete pads shall be located
beyond the influence of the located area causing settlement. A survey pin
shall be cast into each of the concrete pad. Both ends of the access tube
shall be covered with a suitable end cap at all times.

The readout device system shall be capable of measuring elevation with

reference to the survey pin to an accuracy of ±1.0mm. Immediately before
taking a set of readings with the hydrostatic profile gauge, levels shall be
measured of the two survey pins set into the concrete pads.

20.10.8 Magnetic Extensometer

Magnetic extensometer provides a method of measuring settlement at a

point or a series of points below the ground surface. The Contractor shall
install magnetic extensometer at locations and as specified by the S.O.
The details of the magnetic extensometer shall be as shown in the
Drawing.

The magnetic extensometer shall consist of an access tube and a series

of magnetic targets which are free to slide down the tube, together with a
datum magnet which is fixed to the tube near its base. The access tube
shall be a rigid PVC tube with minimum 33mm outer diameter and 24mm
inner diameter. External coupling shall be used to connect the access
tube and this compression/extension coupling shall allow axial movement
of access tubes to minimize distortion due to vertical strain. A rigid PVC
endcap shall be fixed to the lower end of the series of tubes.

A datum ring magnet shall be fixed approximately 1m above the lower end
of the tube. Spider magnets shall be used within the subsoil and plate
magnets within the fill.

The tubes and spider magnets shall be assembled prior to installation in

such a way that the magnets remain in the correct position in relation to
the tube.

It shall then be lowered together with all magnets and necessary

accessories fixed in position into a 100mm diameter borehole backfilled
with a suitable bentonite: cement grout mix. Once in position the spider
magnets shall be released.

Where the access tube passes through fill which is being placed, the
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access tube and outer sleeve shall be extended as filling progresses. The
top of the access tube, and the larger diameter sleeve where present,
shall be protected with a suitable cover.

Magnetic extensometer shall be monitored by passing the probe down to

the base of the access tube. The probe shall then be pulled upwards
measuring the position of each magnet from the top of the tube. The
position of each magnet shall be measured, once with the probe moving
upwards from the base. Immediately before or after taking a series of
readings, the level of the top of the access tube shall be measured by
standard levelling techniques.

20.10.9 Combined Magnetic Extensometer and Inclinometer

Combined magnetic extensometer and inclinometer provide a method of

measuring both vertical settlement and horizontal displacement at a series
of points below the ground surface. The Contractor shall install combined
magnetic extensometer and inclinometer at locations, and with depths and
details as shown in the Drawing or as specified by the S.O.

The specification for magnetic extensometer shall be referred to Sub-

section 20.10.8 and the specification for inclinometer shall be referred to
Sub-section 20.10.5 of this specification.

The magnets shall be positioned in relation to sleeved joints such that

they can move downwards without obstruction sufficiently to monitor the
expected settlement.

The borehole shall be 150mm diameter.

20.10.10 Standpipe

Standpipe provides a method of monitoring the water table or ground

water level. The Contractor shall install standpipe at locations and with
depths and details as shown in the Drawing or as specified by the S.O.

The standpipe shall be slotted UPVC tubing of nominal size 50mm

diameter. The perforated part shall be wrapped with filter fabric as
indicated in the Drawing.

The UPVC tubing shall be installed in not less than 3m lengths, except for
one shorter length as required to suit the total standpipe dimensions. The
concrete upper end of the tube shall be set in concrete.

The standpipe shall be placed in a 100mm diameter borehole backfilled

with a graded filter sand (600 to 1200microns) to the depth indicated. The
top of the hole shall be sealed with bentonite pellets, and with a concrete
plug. A protective cover shall be set into the concrete with caps and air

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vents.

Depth to water in the standpipe shall be measured using a dipmeter.

20.10.11 Piezometer

20.10.11.1 Standpipe Piezometer

Standpipe piezometer give a measurement of piezometric level at a

specific depth within a soil profile. They are generally used in soils of
medium to high permeability. The Contractor shall install standpipe
piezometer at locations, and with depth and details as shown in the
Drawing or as directed by the S.O.

Standpipe piezometer shall be installed in boreholes at locations as

shown in the Drawing or as instructed by the S.O. The piezometer tip shall
consist of a porous ceramic, plastic element or other suitable element not
less than 150 mm long with minimum diameter of 25mm and shall be
protected at each end by plasticised polyvinylchloride (UPVC) fittings. The
filter element shall have a pore diameter of not more than 60 microns and
a permeability of not higher than 3 x 10-4 m/s. The tubes shall be jointed
together and to the porous element with threaded coupling or other
approved coupling, tape and glue in such a manner that the joints remain
leak proof under the anticipated head of water.

The standpipe piezometer shall be installed in a borehole of minimum

76mm diameter. The sand filter surrounding the porous element shall be
clean and fall wholly between the limits of grading 600 and 1200 microns.
The contractor shall ensure that no sand adheres to the soil in the sides of
the borehole. Where there is water in the borehole the contractor shall
allow sufficient time for all sand to settle. The final level of the top of this
sand shall be recorded. The porous element shall be placed in the hole
and the remaining sand filter shall then be added as described above.

Seals consisting of bentonite pellets shall be placed above, and if

necessary, below a sand filter. The remainder of the hole shall be filled
with a bentonite:cement grout, and the top part with concrete with caps
and air vents as indicated in the drawing. Before taking initial readings the
contractor shall carry out simple falling head test by raising the water level
1.5m above the static level, using an extension pipe if necessary

The depth to water in the standpipe piezometer shall be measured using a

dip meter.

20.10.11.2 Pneumatic Piezometer

Pneumatic piezometer is used to measure pore water pressures at

specific depths within a soil profile. They can be used in a wide variety of
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soil types. The Contractor shall install pneumatic piezometers at locations,

and with depths and details as shown in the Drawing or as directed by the
S.O.

Pneumatic piezometer tips shall be of high air entry ceramic type with an
average pore diameter of 1 micron using stainless steel. The piezometer
system shall be capable of measuring water pressures to an accuracy of
0.2m head of water in the range 0m-35m head of water.

The piezometers shall be connected to twin tubing with suitable brass

couplings. Joints in the tubing other than at the piezometer tip or at the
terminal point shall not be permitted. The tubing shall be connected either
to suitable quick release couplings or a terminal point which shall be
protected at all times. Where tubing is laid in trenches the backfill shall
either be sand or excavated material, provided it is suitable fill and stone-
free. The tubing shall be laid with sufficient slack to take up any lateral
movements that are expected to occur due to settlement of embankments
or structures.

Before installation and taking initial readings, the Contractor shall conduct
a pressure test on the pneumatic piezometer tip in a container of water
after connection to the tubing to check for leaks or poor connections. The
ceramic element shall be workable under vacuum and precautions shall
be taken to ensure that it remains saturated during installation. During
installation, readings shall be taken when the piezometer tip is lowered
down the borehole, when it is pushed in or placed in the sand pocket and
at various times after installation to check the response of the piezometer
and help find the static pressure value before the initial base readings are
taken.

Readings shall be taken by and stored on the readout device. Care shall
be taken to ensure that the flow and return leads are connected correctly.

20.10.11.3 Vibrating Wire Piezometer (VWP)

The Vibrating Wire Piezometer (VWP) is used to measure water pressure

at specific depths in variety of soil types. The Contractor shall install VWP
at location, and with depths and details as shown in the Drawing or as
directed by the S.O. Prior to the installation of the VWP, the Contractor
shall submit all required technical specifications, including a calibration
certificate for S.O.’s approval.

VWP is used to monitor pore water pressures in soils. The VWP converts
water pressure signal via components of VWP, include a porous tip
containing a pressure-sensitive diaphragm; a pre-tensioned steel wire;
and an electro-magnetic coil, one end of which is connected to the
diaphragm, and the other to the body of the piezometer.

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The VWP tip shall be of high air entry ceramic type with an average pore
diameter of 50 micron using a stainless-steel body. The piezometer
system shall have a pressure range with an accuracy of 0.1% of full scale.

The cable shall be laid with sufficient slack to take up any lateral
movements that are expected to occur due to settlement of embankments
or structures.

During installation, readings shall be taken when the piezometer tip is

lowered down the borehole, when it is pushed in or placed in the sand
pocket and at various times after installation to check the response of the
piezometer and help find the static pressure value before the initial base
readings are taken.

Readings shall be taken by connecting the signal cable to the readout unit
and the data shall be stored in the readout unit.

20.10.11.4 Installation of Piezometer (All Types)

The piezometer shall be installed in a borehole of not less than 76mm

diameter. The drilling medium shall be water and extra care and attention
shall be given during boring to ensure that the borehole is as vertical as
possible to the required depth. Steel casing shall be used to prevent the
collapse of the borehole. The borehole shall be flushed clean with water
prior to installation.

Before installation the piezometer element shall be immersed in de-aired

water for at least 24 hours to saturate the element. De-aired water shall
be prepared by boiling, and subsequently allowing the water to cool
before use.

The piezometer tip shall be installed in a borehole backfilled with graded

sand filter to the depth indicated. The sand filter surrounding the porous
element shall be clean and fall wholly between the limits of grading 600
and 1200 microns. The Contractor shall ensure that no sand adheres to
the soil in the sides of the borehole. The Contractor shall allow sufficient
time for all sand to settle. The final level of the top of the sand shall be
recorded. The porous element shall be placed in the hole and the
remaining sand filter shall then be added as described above.

Seals consisting of bentonite pellets shall be placed above, and if

necessary, below the sand filter. The remainder of the hole shall be filled
with a bentonite: cement grout, and the top part with a concrete plug. The
bentonite:cement grout mix shall be designed to mimic the surrounding
soil or as shown in the Drawing. A protective cover shall be set into the
concrete with caps and air vents as indicated in the Drawing.

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20.10.12 Commissioning And Base Readings

After installation, the functioning of each instrument shall be demonstrated

to the S.O. including the recording of measured values using the
appropriate readout device. As part of the commissioning, three sets of
readings shall be taken and compared. The three sets of readings shall be
taken immediately after installation of the instruments. If there are
significant differences or anomalies, further readings shall be taken. Once
three sets of comparable readings have been taken, these shall be
averaged to form the base readings.

In cases where instruments are installed during earthworks, three sets of

readings shall be taken in quick succession and the results compared.
These results shall be used to provide base readings in a manner to be
agreed with the S.O.

20.10.13 Readings

The measured values shall be recorded on a record sheet. For readings

that are recorded on data loggers, a record sheet shall be required giving
references to the data stored. The format of plotted results shall be
submitted to the S.O. for approval. Details of information and values to be
stored on each record sheet in addition to the general information required
but not limited to the following:-

Table 20.10: Data Required for Each Instrument

Instrument Data Required

Displacement - distance from fixed point (m) (details to be given) including

marker base reading
- change in distance from fixed point relative to base readings
(mm)

Settlement marker - reduced level of top of rod (mRL) including base reading
- change in reduced level of top of rod relative to base readings
and previous reading (mm)

Building Settlement - reduced level of stud (mRL) including base reading

Marker - change in reduced level of stud relative to base readings and
previous reading (mm)

Survey reference - chainage, offset, coordinates (in WGS 84) and reduced level
station of top of rod (m)

Deep levelling - reduced level of datum (mRL)

datum

Rod settlement - reduced level of top of rod (mRL) including base reading

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gauge - original ground level at gauge location (mRL)

- reduced level of ground adjacent to gauge (mRL)
- record of fill placed (m)
- total thickness of fill (m)
- record of extensions (m)
- settlement of plate relative to base readings and previous
reading (mm)

Hydrostatic profile - reduced levels of survey pins (mRL)

gauge - original ground level every 10.0m along line of gauge (mRL)
- level of fill every 10.0m along line of gauge (mRL)
- thickness of fill along the line of the
- gauge (m)
- distance from end of access tube to point used as reference
for longitudinal measurement (m)
- listing of elevation of access tube relative to survey pin at
1.0m intervals (mRL)
- graph of settlement of access tube relative to base readings
and thickness of fill against distance along the tube
- maximum settlement relative to base readings and previous
reading and its location (mm)

Horizontal - reduced levels of survey pins (mRL)

Inclinometer - original ground level every 10.0m along line of gauge (mRL)
- level of fill every 10.0m along line of gauge (mRL)
- thickness of fill along line of gauge (m)
- distance from end of access tube to point used as reference
for longitudinal measurement (m)
- listing of elevation of access tube relative to survey pin at
0.5m intervals (mRL)
- graph of settlement of access tube relative to base readings
and thickness of fill against distance along the tube
- maximum settlement relative to base readings and previous
reading and its location (mm)

Magnetic - reduced level of top of access tube (mRL)

extensometer - reduced level of ground adjacent to access tube (mRL) -
distance of each magnet from top of tube (m)
- reduced level of each magnet (mRL)
- settlement of each magnet relative to base readings (mm)

Inclinometers - reduced level of top of access tube (mRL)

- reduced level of ground adjacent to access tube (mRL)
- graph and listing of horizontal movement of access tube
relative to base readings against depth

Combined - reduced level of top of access tube (mRL) including base

magnetic reading
extensometer and - reduced level of ground adjacent to access tube (mRL) -
inclinometer distance of each magnet from top of tube (m)
- reduced level of each magnet (mRL)
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- settlement of each magnet relative to base readings (mm)

- graph and listing of horizontal movement of access tube
relative to base readings against depth depth to water from
top of tube (m)

Standpipe - depth to water from top of tube (mRL) including base reading
piezometers - reduced level of top of tube (mRL)
- reduced level of ground adjacent to standpipe (mRL)
- water head (mRL)
- change in water head relative to base readings (m)

Pneumatic - water pressure reading (m water) including base reading

piezometers - reduced level of piezometer tip as installed (mRL)
- water head (mRL)
- change in water head relative to base readings (m)

Vibrating wire - water pressure reading (m water) including base reading

piezometer - reduced level of piezometer tip as installed (mRL)
- water head (mRL)
- change in water head relative to base readings (m)

The Contractor shall submit to the S.O. the specified number of copies of
each record sheet with necessary raw data within one (1) working day of
taking the readings.

If any anomalous readings are detected and verified to be correct, the

S.O. shall be informed immediately.

20.10.13.1 Frequency Of Readings

Each instrument shall be read immediately before and after each change
in loading (i.e. each layer of embankment or structural fill, etc.) unless
otherwise shown in the Drawing or as directed by the S.O. Any
instruments found to be faulty shall be promptly brought to the S.O.'s
attention so that remedial measures can be implemented.

20.10.13.2 Anomalous Readings

Whenever sets of data are measured, they shall be compared to previous

sets of data. If anomalous readings are present which differ from the
expected values or trends, then further readings shall be taken
immediately and the S.O. shall be informed. If the anomalous values
persist, then the S.O. shall be informed and an investigation shall be
carried out to find the reason(s) for the anomalous readings.

20.10.14 Report

20.10.14.1 General Information on All Records

All records of instrumentation including installation, readings or monthly

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summaries, shall contain the following information: -

- Project name
- Contract name and number
- Instrument reference number and type
- Dates and times of installation and completion,
- Summary of reading
- Chainage and offset / coordinates in WGS 84
- Personnel names, roles and responsibilities
- Relevant comments or remarks

20.10.14.2 Installation Records And Reports

The Contractor shall prepare an installation record sheet for each

instrument to be installed and submit to the S.O. for approval at least two
weeks before installation commences.

20.10.14.3 Monthly Monitoring Reports

A sample of the format of the report shall be submitted to the S.O.

including all graphical presentations for approval at least one month
before submission of the first monthly report unless otherwise specified by
the S.O. Each monthly report shall include :-

- a description/scope of monitoring works

- information on reading anomalies or corrections, if any, and factors
which may influence measured data

- observations or remarks

- a drawing showing installed locations of instrumentation

- data tabulations or plots of instrument readings include but not limited

to the following :- .

Table 20.11: Data Required for Each Instrument

Instrument Data Required Plots and Summaries Required

Displacement marker - deflection vs. time indicating direction of movement

(tabulation and plot)

Settlement marker - settlement vs. time (tabulation and plot)

Building settlement marker - settlement vs. time (tabulation and plot)

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Survey reference station - chainage, offset coordinates and reduced level (tabulation)

Deep levelling datum - reduced level (tabulation)

Rod settlement gauge - thickness of fill and settlement of plate vs. time (tabulation
and plot)

Hydrostatic profile gauge - latest graph of settlement of access tube relative to base
readings and fill thickness against distance along the tube
- maximum gauge settlement and corresponding fill
thickness vs. time (tabulation and plot)

Horizontal inclinometer - latest graph of settlement of access tube relative to base

readings and fill thickness against distance along the tube
maximum gauge settlement and corresponding fill
thickness vs. time (tabulation and plot)

Magnetic extensometer - settlement of each magnet vs. time (tabulation and plot)
- settlement of each magnet vs. depth for latest set of
readings (plot)

Inclinometer - latest graph of horizontal movement of access tube

relative to base readings against depth
- Maximum horizontal movement relative to base readings
vs. time (tabulation and plot)

Combined Magnetic - as per magnetic extensometer and inclinometer described

Extensometer above
Inclinometer

Standpipe piezometer - water head vs. time (tabulation and plot)

/Pneumatic piezometer/ - excess water head vs. time (tabulation and plot)
Vibrating wire piezometer - all instruments in a profile plotted on the same graph

The Contractor shall submit four sets of report to the S.O. (hardcopy and
softcopy) within seven (7) days after the end of each calendar month of
monitoring.

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