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DSP Classnotes

Digital Signal Processing Shortnotes

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Areeb Zulkifle
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319 views131 pages

DSP Classnotes

Digital Signal Processing Shortnotes

Uploaded by

Areeb Zulkifle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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| Sunday | $-o4 28/09/24 about: the Atate / behavior of system * Fattoum of voruotions $0, a Adgmial cam be raprosentecl mathomatioaky aw function of- 1/1+ variables | ip —» speech — E 2D. dmage 9 %54 Atom Fn prenatin is attoriatid 40 Ayttem cA dovice that performs operation on Algnals Signol procecsing Iypes Analog . » Digital att. Oo Cordimuos ~time tarot? and safe | © Coptinusus valucd anil Aceanetinlii @ Sigelal (hiserete: time, Hacer amrplitic) ren ® Mult Chammicl signals © Mule dimonserah Alg nals (AD, 20; 39 © Jtemimistioa ond tender signals Petosn the poids, the values ane Rohe Conathereadicadly) Buk pluistinally, the Loum tundafired! Ld Conroe . Quaritination > makeing 4-valuce diserete Bigttal — oth tire amd amplitude gre-ciscrel ECG = at hast 12 Leads, Loads collect Ls mmulki-~ chammol f : Ctnaleg signal prove liing’* Most real-workh Signals shanty DSP astantages + Better wi np Eb leas RARE OE Aeope of ffiire capitan Pleribility to modify /Aeconfipiire clot _ changing phaytarms Bsns OY » Repetition pportumily. - Aossgraitive torecteal motte ‘Lower cost L-02 Monday. Sampling — Sind 28 laguemoe of nerrnbers DSP —> phocosting sith a digital processor Reconstruction of of analog Aignat (digital #0 ) Yo obtain digital dgnal 2 a polcote @ Yirre anus hischete ( @ Quantization Carnphitude: has Sisorwke-Lime dtgnalt vat LAU Spin pele! intorwol —>T. - Si | “sion | \ Agee) En] = x(nT) T-0 9 F 38; some. Aarmples ane. actually lyst, Sampler wonkd ad a b1sitch Con a very short duration, the Switch is Lose. cAt that time, Aero e OCCU , Bitrete Aime sna d e Tey ON RS) esr Mdorete Aine Os, har . @nalog) = =9uF, a = organ frequency (deeb) - Qa fF (4) = Acos(Qt+ 8). Corchimexeite foie =Acos(2nFt +6) Beipnatize % CAT) =Acos (2FnT +6) Siete time = Acos(2Fn46) Tet beget [AJ = x (nT) = A cos ( 2nfn46) ‘ Ney _ T-5 eae ee wh} = “‘Acos Confos6) ices (ons 6) = Quf = oF = 206, (eer a f-p 1 eyele per 20 samples $259 Ht beter than fit 5 Because getting mone Aamples Ls better. E ned a mimimum value. Kaepimg F=1, fobs 5 use toke f= 4, the analog analog signal cannot be 4 roproduced Put df F- 2, the analog Aigral can fe Japro cluced . $0, f= 2 is Ha mimiraum possible value. Lhis gow the maximum value of f is 0°6, (Ne * aT if aT -44 f<4 beccucte from 4 4(8 +€") = 20, we get the mathumakeak hepresimtation 6 Fhpticaliy meget ee ig e ihe sign -8 Convertion 48 porely matt matical, fz EL cyek x Second Ae ol ef Fe re * “Samples” Samplod fe uM 3 eat _4 r 8 i 4 Fy: i. if 45 CEN ty looking at F ase Acos (20 D) 2eos 20 1000t + 5eos 20 2000t analog \ v Fy fo Femin = 4000 Ha (Wyqutat) “det, f= 5000 He ; 1 " 3 cos 2VEN + F cos Wen 29 Wednesd. acacia 3/3/2024 of an analog Aignal Ls sampled ata sampling pate t+ (Sampo. pegquuncy “k) we qt a ACL - te- dime Atgral. 2D = AcosCQE+0) aon] = X(T) = Acos(2nfn+9) pocodic Aanple. Fundamental % O(n) = Acos Cron 9) |. Ap] or “0) 2s okay © Kw KT. wo= On cash 4 3 what probloms ? Matting cos (21 1000+) + cos,(2n 20008) wes won. Liroks ‘| démilan F, =3000 sample Keo a ee to old. OMe 3, agcuinnst— ACh] = cos (20 3") + Cos Gn@) sapling Aaler Buk FSmax wt 60 \/problem because fon f Ane, Tindlaad of ede kc * tion, Cena aa ey yt Aimmilax 0 the 184 wave; F Astll Be. equal +9 4 pshichis tdhog Sund | t-04, : __ Vs7b0s — T—> time feforonee F—- sampe rate cos (Ean) T#? anfn= 2 problem simee J is not Aatconal fo- 5 both k and N must Ge integers to nove that a wave 45 Atnusod N= purdasnented puuod iho Be SG a ferdarceiel pouod ; li a f= OG f= ge G00 ~ 300 N= G00 No =,300 : huge difference wn periodicity — Moving porn (within —wamkm) 28clh Qn Gove # ‘the Lame (Sera o4n —> 240 Aasre Clits event “i called. liaaing If heppest Popuney tro CT tigral x6C8) 5 Finax = B amiol» Banipladnas a tate fe z DFnat CLhem XC) can be eden saree gD, an sinderpoladion _ Sin 2nBe 1_F 1 DaBe “toes = RF _ a a rad = $ra(2AC-Z) (babok Ss = 610001) gle 9d ‘ Ras . OB yea tee yt XC) = 3 c05C 2m 40ot) + 4005 Comcoot) Fo =§00 x[n] = Geos (2n =F bay te Qn sn) ae 4 c & dt. ec} dvsavy ohio Qiang, > reed structed Pil) A le oath] = 305 Gat =n) = IN ‘4 original +4cos (owe n) w=o0 dna ersicaigaly/ Goot pant = cos (en Sn) Ne boat Pode Fos Chet o04) ees ares of: Sods K-05 __a DT dint digital _ Guarilixedin sitter sarmplirg Buardinaction is ovary am snteger rrultiple, Amar = Lenin on 4 = atin = Quantization slop Dy rarrec range L devels, (L-D blocks Fordicare Utmisation, nurrber of usable lavele purctiulan points are not podted quant&gation Ahifee points. So quamtczotion £8 a Loire ard App 4thle proce. Tra 2 A> Az L2A a y= 2) Ge) Pa ie 7 ae gD = A608 Not. | Woy 9 2 ole astyp 2 AP res Cal) Sa Sigrial to Quantiuation Noise Fats SBN ‘SQNR (a8) grade Mid Seats ongdy, da of flak Alacrcage. Guamtigertion Vihiels dae odd. Bue to 000, bart Zo propagate. Mich ene 6 better to wie. bicouse at foput =O , AQne, output carn be sont. CHris £4 the problem tiscth mid} treaty Cornpamd'=>*. era ast bore tramimit- afttr reooive £06 Basie Sequerees ke oporotions, © Delaying (Ahifting) a Ang mone yn =X fn red . “Wed, do, 08/20 aI Shh] = tS Nn 0\ | 1 no | Otiponvntiat deptrce © Unit atop Aaguomice ay ah) =Aa" Ae SE onslaad ® xn) — x(n-no) means n, shift Aon (N44) means In, » Ahift to daft Enid AFooer Hares, Ly E=2 |am*> P= = Lona 2 \xcal* n= . 1 E oe boat” eo P = hin gE E> Lim En na The . Gin La Fower signet ape pt Ig F 3 DSP sqatemd (Ana loc umput = ° - rales output de Atal r@oanding 0 mieeste, Ana log anput — Blgetal output ~ Youeh stone phone hills — Begctat annpuel - Analog output = Yext fo specoh Bio ctal inp ict — ef output — Compression g a file on computer oes of oe P ee P= dion aa rel 2 Ao) uy NEL ‘ein! QN+4' La tnd N~@ a4 a eee xEnl = xfh] metic + fn) = -x tr] a0) Zt (a Cr) +x) ath = Xgl) $x,CV] Ay Un] © 4 (xh) - xGr}) Teme Jere delay, TH Letny] = x(n-k) kro TD oleperds /epyrates en K Foldirg , FDEX Cr] = % Cn) nda —n © Ty { FOOD) = Tye Cuter) = un) @ FPA TD LA] = FD[xtn=¥)] x Cn-K) @: n replaced iy se iny TD || 8 —n hoplaced > (rk) = = nk, Ae (-n+k) © FD aprates emma 1 sinloshad Ad xCn-K) Seating x(n) > ylr)= x(2n) GR foe n AUT por 11), Dz say a= xX Ca) eee Ay 27 La] } Grutotlal Auguances ah = Atos (onto), Complex Sinusotd . ‘4 2° «gl eth] = AVG); Wicd A=\Alel®, Polyfei [Ln] = ial et iyi" el" = Jay eon = JA} yl? 008 Contd) +jIAIIPI sin (ant 0) Goriodie if, x tnin]= 203 : an] = Actos (w+) = Acos (topint NY +4) N = 20k Wo Discrete —Yirre BLquonce ato} py ld TPO ; ; yn) =x) 4xbh-1] +4 h-2 Moving anna g® q aA T ape vty 3 Seal delay 5 yor = xM-r} Mourne ry less 2 yl] eloponds on ln} at 7 2 a dineoln; other posilien's yd Cs) valde mot rattled. Clarclocy- Linear Aydtom’ , Lrtan aff "na ag tnd = Tah} + 1} tall addtipe anol Thaxtnyy = . aT{ xO] sealing I Combing > T Jan ln}+ bxscn) ieee is ea Thgtid f BT} x5 Of i Dime davobdare Plime ab.ift ot input eautes corresponding time, ahi | at outed. yr = T} xB} yoo- —ng) = ede nelt Causality puput- ai a purecin ¥ Lab hort amd previous Aarmpos, » ylo} = +h] Pate No) Stabilily, Male riff ating bourdled rpuct produces hourdeh oubput, | JIL By, <0 > yell a, 40 = I) | Lirean Tine. Son Linear Lime J Srvare crafter Convolution Aum ath} = 2 xk} $la-K] K2-0 3 5 ox 0 y Ca} = T{ 4 xCk] stn-KIj K=+4 . * 4 Or) = “eri T{Sh-H f = ca Ckyh, £1 od [n} = (k]h (h-k] LTL yt) eee Jhh only : y fn} = xCn] %h En] f qtn}= [2 3-4] ' hind = = c 2 1] = he) y Lo ont % A *h ae me ay Ie Sehe 3, BR 9g 4 A hy65 Athearn, f 0 Te). 1 7 Marder | k=08 45/3/2004 vatnJa 42 04 2 15 1+ Arrows Milpoimt hEn] = 43 2 “adi unde {2 2-35 Geiger alignrécl 2. Oi 41) 2 *tylol =: =OX441X242%3 1 27% = $3 20 Fal cbe we 4 1“9 3 =8 “Liat | = dl mA yg Iq) 2 yEsl= Q2x1+0Xx 24+1x3 3 a5 fare A Loom ag Farge _ fee ane(a aT” Wael produck 0. 2; 0 438 WC ycaj=2xa=4 42 3 5 saps x{n] = Z x(k) SLa- as) Sy | Heed b | ir {é MI re | ati} = [061216 ai = 06 $(n+2] + §Cne1] 26001 44°65 §Cn-1] - $(r-2) a od - axCrh= 4. 00K]$Onrk]. 4. gpg fests. Sucten, ho “OP : ome tnvarient qo = Te ACK sir-ias (aad Kirtan 'y Cn) = 2 Ck) 74 {sth af koe al Ak Ck] hy fn] Clorne,—imardamk- 4 [x)= 2 4CK KK) rSeOgtxs =| yo sat) &herl > i p= hee tum — dmpuibye faip arte Se HT iy KOM aohile put aa ena h [nJ fall imfo af, differen equation y Or) = x0) ~ «fh } + athe DO gtd = Zrwro = bial) + b(t] abe ii PeCojate a +hC2}2th=2].@. O20 blo} =a, hOT=- 4, h(2l-o, US] = 2. tn) [g lA > you ablow® = Conveluctier cg rita yn} = xn] x gl Commutative CRI % (hy CK] +h [KD = x [ik] x h,LK] + TALK) x HUK Distrobuctie , WI,* balk] 7 tribute = SalK)ntn-J ; Ke= Ext eh] HHT se canteve = Entiat | =x Ce) # Chalo) & hatl) | K=-2 = HUKI 8x0) | deonitety W7Ahefl. Cr] & Stn] = xn) an) * §to-kK) =xlh-J aunality GUT Japhet dl S = GSS qerd = h (nj # xln) > Commutative. SAR _ N viat = 2 wldah- + 3 bly xln-4 4 ” Keo ; iKe-2@, . gf iti Ayatem 4 cawral, nln] =0 fox n Z [hel §, + Bourte ieput: “epee output eae Hirear Costar Conttamd Gafieiont Biff tan, yor) = = — 2s Ky rn a4 2b, x{n- J = 4 5 ged >O fb be dotovmimed fo" xtr] > 0 tn] = tn] +4. fn] dq none dr ¢ yea + ayy En -1J=x01; x) uh) —y f= ? cat fou fir ania. I) ‘tnd = ser =0,%, Le tou aR Gy tert! 2 fea | \ 4 ARAL From the action, Le, a0 Oa C4 an 4a, no ' ' . eter K=O Say — . Eye -ay ‘ nyods egos s yt =e,coste ted Jo yin} PTO. Yp lr) =kuhh] > yd ayy Co 4] = uth] kulh) taykutn-1j ae : = K+ka= Ae AS cae Sepik CO) ‘ \ ' Ouwkput. q (nr). . Az=k eonstant ——____5 & UL] + ku Aa? Tera ek n sgn in kee AP es Ayn Kin) A coscan Binur | ——>.k cogugn + Ky Singgn se Cs -ay4 5 “a jabirint sp th O. > Lal yo yt, tay ulin: q = xfh] = «Oi hi Faye = ufol= f°. yl) = 4- oye <1 pt | Rican ft =4 Feith ty 1444 Ltag it te) pp Ah | fick r—) 1D Y 4 uid, “C04 1 - yo al ‘w= rp tH Log as ito, aa) nate gape, R-3n 4 son. WN (1-3X1- 4N*) =O => G- HOAID.= 0 / ned, =iNehe tah ids bY, 400] - eyceeg a” Liat re mpalee Hepa tore henner brut sy ltl = fees apuld; nro pled —ed es te dfs .goaeBesteg yor) = C4 (=1)" +e, 4° a aybf)- ayeal> a0) 0 ue Ae pwondi. Ini Galoned ei ~3x 0- -AX0-F 1= C44 ey o yf - By Lo] - 4y C3] = ET onl) italy WCHL = tab 4ge [ry -3x4- 4x0 = 0 +2x4 > Va abe pots yor} =F y[n-3] + tyfn-o] = x 0rd “irs J (n] fon af) =ul] _ o il n-2 nr a +5g4 = 6 > 19%-Jas1 =o AHS nord = (ty , (4) po kuln] “ath yl) = = “4 ne aru ‘ kel | | Now, . | kutn) - kulh- -T+ 1 Kult] = - uli] | k(l- it i 13 k=2 | syd =e oe eo +2 wb) Fru Dolaxed oe ee sige) = 104 =» ylo= 4 | y fed = Ch egt Zed Cyetga dt yr ~ yo Heyl tH (4) 2 Rt | ad ie ost 0 2-9, ei BSB. 4 12 = 1 ye) = She + eat 4 = Monday — : 22/3/2024 Botweon £00 Aignals x(n) amc yO) Tay ©) = Lunylod Cro Ss PEO soy dug oh D178 Me Toy (D = 2 x(0 +Dy() ag, Tyr (Q = a xn) = ZyorD aay [7 ae Fuse yx) = Eg (n) tn-£) - 2 extn) an) —~T N=- 0 ome Yun. (8) = E (xine E N=-0 ry (OI < Vix (0) Tyy = eye by, rag CO|S ryy C6) = Bae (2) Sa Nowmaler f a ty 9 ‘ged ue » auto Cah olastion Sy (OD f () = = Nommralizeh fg N Ya (D) Ny60) Cross “po clakion rie with 419 nal w= ES yingto-9 pdhite-vall frequencies yy : ano. prabemnt/ worn ea A Cn)+w (0) bude egtr Mn=0 Fa (net) +w(n-0)] ausion TE =O) On = rt £ xcrtr-D +e Z “opto + neo 4 3 ye) von) 4 iy wey wen ~0) n=O =n CO + MO +t Til) + tw) yor) = xin) hm) = hoe 2) 7 Z h(K x-k) ke aw ty O sy) + xCO = h(o efx) * x60] yn = h(D* ba Yay = hED ¥ Fu l(Y %y (= 4(O* yeu = [hO * 1] & (hED * xCO] = Th) #&hCO) ¥ (x (O & x0) = Tn lO ¥ Bx lO . : : Radon Signal Procerring yr} aeons Mgrak mo target - yo) = wh] — yl) tanget — yn) = Ax[n-4] + why] > Hy CY A-10 “sada Fourier Trams.form Input xt] = 0?” to a LTI dy stem. yCr) = hn] # wh) at = ga,e! = Zhi xh") k sok je) ag yo) =Za,t(ee e j@(n-k) ra = ghlkle . ” | ayn (E00) =H (el) eam FT of hind = Hel) = 2nCKde RK las ction of 0 faced oS Oat 4 tome Lomain, A broad. ote of signali > Mimear, oornblo- of Lemp toe exporuentcal , =“ Si Seg ure yor) =xtn-ny] ath) = ew yin) = sow enn ae Hel”) . fend Voufy w(els) = 2 node 4g jon ele H(e!) = 2 Eth (e ) 2s hang Je RL ah) + Slh-ngl Juced)| =4, x He!) =e wn = “(n-ngl x (el) « ieee iXe Ce) = 1X1 A HY) oe Phase cpa IX 7 7 A er a > 4) a Foutoolicity tH Cel”) is putodic c3th porod ar. H(ern Dnt eH) i H (ei j(w4 20) = Zhole piesa) Atediliby lie i] | Zancai se nee alt= 2 Z Intl <9 - 2nmee” Supprcvent- condition jor corwlengen ce Axcel9| = [ Zane!" ‘ z beta) [ei] <2 tabs] < I ath 44 ab soluctely suorrvrrolle,, X (2) exisk, \XI \ oe Coritimuous. Fineoniky a(n) Pc sf stg (0) <2 Xs Cel Jin any fn) tba Dd ad ast ce) + 6X2. ”) “fore shift a: & x (eh) afn-ng fy elon X (el) Z Ameo phase Cagney Sifting nOT Es Y(eit) elon eae <7, Weg mtn] iter Binme neverdad a Bx X (e?) nba Es x(2) = HALO) Bifferortiation 4) Bs x(el¥) nu pal w Ce yor = ea fn], - Y (el) = 3 J tebe aes ee Fourntor Spasrsfowrn Pana : 1 3 6. (naar u(r] = — * cel < i etane lel He y= tee a og nai Ut =o Lad =)ultn]<—> : (3) 4 1 ge hoa = (Lue ~ GYG)"ub- SMednerde oN ID 31/3/2021" Sirussoldal Response of LT Xn) = Acos (w, Dep d) | -4 et elton A A mid in | yoo= 4 fuels) 4) elm (it) & ey grr (el) = He) Os AH (eo) Won) = AlHCeM)| cos Cnr b+) JucelD) a4, B= ~ahy yO = Aas Leond + #1 m boy 1 Z- run : x) - Zullo se, Z nore! on Me-@ Ngee , Ube ree Bees 1 ZxCnJ Zee x(n] (re) ' Kiad= 2 {r-" orl} to” FIT P=4_ n= 700 4|x{r]| < re oe 4 re o” 1 2 7 g ey =(¢ i mids ee Poa OLDS vie a Z- Arama poh gives more phgyAteal tramtf- xOh) = {2-4 3f T 3 x(2) = Zaln] gM = 2246 24 3972 nen FS gee Beh xX (e4) = B alo} ob" =2- gol? 4 ge PII ne-o qtr) = {5 13 X= 62414324 Roa: allt excopt 0 and o- a] =a uth} Xe) = Zabe-” = 2 Publ2- h=-@ ¢ = 2 (arf prart nso = aa Qa (t = 2 vc itpeps ; = (45) if ipla , ROC: reils a! x= 1 fb ees cult, thin P21, FT exit, - Bruak > 0 LFT not ~co ns a” “error fore Se Sak Wh 71> error 503 ET not ‘e(n] = - a ‘uln 1] X(2) = 2 u(-n-s}e" en diane? > 2B a 7 myc D ta ‘ M=o 4- , f Stale itie ste 3 tale Hus 4- az’ a noc: latel< 4» |2)24 Sal a(n} > -£(-4)urd v4 3" ut), a,b) = - Cs ia s % : | = -t, Roc. zl >t X(2) Bt vaL or ; yh i AGO), =r 5 3 SE Redd w= 2.—4+-, (Roe 1a <3” yobs J09 a A527 : KZ) = XO + thn Roc, t b clel¢ <3 et ext ate, Roe of X(2)5 sthe det of alt values of 2 Jor Whieh X(D atlama a. fomite Rekee Su ey ‘ihe Binding ROC of X(2) | X@),_ oie = Sout et " n=-0@ In the Roe of X@, IX@)<@ | Ixca| = | 2 xr” ani < z Ror n el6n] = Z ae "he Ix(2)| S 2 xine" + 79 g Z beorl + 2 SFI OWhemever a 2-tramsfonm 4 tid the ROG 45 alse undicated. ROG us s2ethin 2-1-7 en ROC Aas Z=4 2 Eas Ls0 pate. . ele pn x! 2g 3 6 > ae Lak 4X0 By £ ait, Lito oars Ss alt, Ayunure ue RoC, a XCn)| a > n >| £2 \xGnr"| + 4 xe ‘ Wee ip eannot Nay r caninoxt-bed «Pade poe fot an) 6 oo 217% si " ee aa plane La ns Fe) | - ‘fo “RK. Iz th. noon keen ag soap 2 bf + { Glemtle. Barration —_ 7) Arikicausal—> trite zr plame Moa | (heft sided) | ' plane 7200 uo - sided —1> Erol 2 plane except (moet, aust) . ., #0 and 2-0 ROC properties (2 - Lrantfonrn) © Roe ts a ring on disk am the 2-plame dorkviod at the. ohdgin Les 08 tp Kl = RTO. Snfinite Duration Citak ~—> N27 P; outsole cihole | (Right sided) G ul] etrticausal —> l21 nleldns Aung | (not causal), foc foe pup g-tersonn) © 4 x0] 2s Aight - sited LL. ktro for nN, Seo, the ROC evtende sutwarad prom the largest magrttucle /outvurrok finite pole in X(2), 2-9 200 @ I. x(n] 4g Aft - sided £0. rere fon. no 00, the Roc ‘eutomdd Amaro prior | Are omallert “cempagnitudle | dmmensmost Menken’ ‘pote im X(2) 40 2= 0 @ H x On) 48 4190 Ateleol, ROC 48 Be a réng Boun- duct by pole on beth hides, and no pote usithin. @ Roe must Be connected. 7 apt whole 2\plan’’ tan never Be ROC. , fg) tvoqe DO abe ROE Leediete’ Se eae 2 pros thin ecg toys Sagan ps poles. af ge oat bce Roce LE PUB oA ae pS : Lis Sea ¥ epee PAE ’ “p5e7 : amtcequsal yl Jee “RIDES Right aide/ AL21615 both siden 48 sable y Im , Roe: — NA a NRL S 3 Heft Lede / 5 t | x - x _ = > Re antioausal ° 3 SIC 3 both ticle/ btable beaaute . vb Conkaims unit— 2 —bramsfonm e ¢ cinele _ Propoties “yi ) {PICS oth aie / oct 22K te) | Roderkg 9) P29 gece} causal any Cn) + bxlh] =: 0X02, 4 bXa(2. i Roe = Ray N Rap attneni JS 2t™ XC ROG = Ry ereept adlding on dime shift deletorg 0 0k & 2p xh) = X(%) 3 'Ro@= Tol Rog ; nxCn] 5-2 2X) aR 5" ROC samme’ Jor. Orr] (n-n6) = KGwe ae xU ees od phase one a(n-5 <> 2-8X(2) gnitial value Theorem Gritial vata “athJ=03 n I Pel a)" (RY ucn- Ds if fect 1 Srp ev “east soto X(%) = 4 Ck) 27 An) = a § XO de Kae 2m} Je $. x@ 24g -¢ Z all 2K gg anjxth] lhe, : , © Kena , C—» dosed cantor iin ROC of KC2)~ Sime the senies cong on res Corkoicn, 6. Keo a a 21O§ ee > a] dz n-i-k 1 K=n Cauchy — he ; Ae ste kan - 1 6 y Qa). ¥ eee He) ee aL 8 funy 2 baer gdat* T3994 h(n) = (4y'u Ucn) + 2x8 uli), (2: 3. caval ho = - $y utn- 4) - 2x2 ucn-d; laid mo (=) u(n) = 9x3" un De z fat ticked Then K(2) = a2thy byrey.. he positive, 3 PowdeL Musk- 2% M4 G2"4 tagta 0° pe T oot piy 1-324027_ 32-297 : he 7 XCD =2P7 46 +14 st: 2G) = dows 14, 6,2,0, of One sided. Z Ore ailed 2-franifontm ¥ seine Etsy b + Bor aso, Pan 060, m0 dnfarmation : Unig only, fe, eeuil tigate. + Soenticod, to. 2 zoue - ROC us oor of cinole , aban. » HIN x : . y Feeis=e “eafaoai! Schur- Cghn Stability Tt For atom B(2) On a “¢t 43th tramefer fametion H@=T 5 We fet Ml?) Le the dememimatan ‘pogpromiad Af deghee w mM. An Q) = ae (Kye 5 ald) =4 Pwvorie ar fecip memial B \» Coefficients are un nae pe ee ml2) Ky, Koy eos Kip > reflection o¢fficients . Z » oletained fiom Am(2) ae 2 Koy = nq ¢m) A+ (2) = Am(@ “Kn Bm(3) Yon stability, [Kl < 4 for alm 4,0,...,N H(2) = ee “Awe ide eae 1-Ze-5% K,=- es B,@ =-t-frle* Att Ko9(2) ms oe ERP KEE But Jkyl>4 bo unttable rystom yo) -3 yln-1] +y fr- 2) + xf-2] Y@ ah 477Y@ 47 KO 2 ORDO MG) warm aay epe «AS He@= ae = Gredeede) [2192 0k lei< 3 on A diel i . hen = LO) co's) ]4ty ho 8O cod: 2e5fue) Causal and Gob 10) Causal h(n) mut be tight Aho ROC : putécsle! autvimost pole ‘Sables ROC tncluctes unit chrele Coutal te babe Bll pole of (2) mustbe tn dnkt— anole Fovoue SyAtom ‘ Gl) = HEC) HAL si , ore ae h(i) # hy “£69 In ENV, “ayactom, 4 ‘Leg magnitude » phase & pip dy oe mgt of the onsgived ystem. . Mat al typtorns Eads Lyrae Ly sleat Levsposa ROCA o HC2) Be Hi(2), must orelap,. Poles of ¥ (2), = Feros of Hie & vice vorsa Menimum phose —>, Bath poles and berwes of Hz) ane indtde wit role —> H(2), Hi Ce) stable + cautal | H(e) = 42082 ROC :1z>0'9 1-092 Hi (2) = 4.0% Roc: ay 2.0'5 casas Caused, stable. hin) = oN uh, 019.0: 5) mols 1] | Syatem fumotions from Lee DE Beodt ys Ebene K=0 : fat nibs ero K=o <= 3 Beek eae Xe ae ” ee ae esi in AB= = fos eor Xue) = ='ArG[t (ey) + or () j {o- 1 fo 1; ang 2 any Yale : diseonbinibout. © = ey pee “peep Ae, gra LHCe!®)] = ~F, farglule'®) If 5 fea Magnitude Squared Perponse cle) O(a) = HC) H* (4x) seis is bo lly Gee? 4 ac Th eae) EAS) | = |HC@|* tach pole, de ‘of Wa)— peu of C(®) at de anol ‘Gt eae aF mg ey OLB) at Chand KL eo" Mat2).= =, 22 Dds) "ds ove Hee Oe VF gt) Hy)(D= Q~ 2 C+2e-4 (1-0' 3 te Ny ogee) Lpey hae: He same CCB), pane "epee Deena de th Graal al aemmpensrta of" Ampu eee Bs 3 z ca by wae ae “4 taal® | Hap’ c= rhe at de ‘Me (ge en (ee ex) “Hap (D = at as d- 4 Ks 1 ~e, 2 (I~ ~@2") Causal. amol, ptable: Tul <4 Jel) A? 7 = - ketal pete +: : crema jo) Var Psi (OBLO) | % Hap le = to ~ Dhan 1-005 (ca- Foil ) =pr gpd i Hap Ce”) ] = Tone E 70 abecad % Hop (ei) <0 always Auinemum Phasz tl Fass Secompasitio H.(2) = Hap (2) Hmin (2) Bre ror | iputaite the unt cinch ak 2 = shen lel <1; fe ard pe Dodi utc . - HQ). 48 minémiur anon -e2 03 t- ai J -» all poles amd Hy(2) C1-e% -) i Slabionssn mae bn Ltt : . iT i+3e7 ar tH id ey) ie H, (2) = 1452" ae ve ma ee =) eal gra iLike! ‘912 2 cy =) HDa, fe bite = Haan (2 ae salt > 2B Coryourds Meneey a en tc Hmin(®- dt commot be Hap(z) Because Hop (2) £8 firecl- format . =a eas ae S(t) — 3H eal 1 f Hale) = an OD ma He(® = eal Ce : : Tens eee G (2) = Ha (2) H(z) = Hap (2) Sun (dete 13_ it oalospint 4055 Wzpe’s (eM) S]H(eh9| £ Hey 20) a “RSE 5 yd = ho) eo Vig y 1 s(itay Yigvbss a 0 Sagas deine Overall stgnal tol JAA. On wrwelope olelouy AWD : rig ls bu HA, been 4 se 36 00 $y CHIE) - Pree é] Ble!) cs) by Syr' = ~5w ds @ Linear lm 1b ye Ting gi ely ee ae graye §-zy SanglH(eMt Se 2g. ae fang {HCD = 8 tee ag ardtHeldjn-6 Hips SE SS aing t GY hhh] Arg —y Rottrrot Bettreon +1 and -1 In verse Sysstom and Socervolution digital hin) tele pherk dnf [dterpation a channd ain] yh : I we Pa . cca i distorted clue ee Toe kote aK ib sed ty. Fpl pi Aeparote channel in formection,. Equalizer is used to oucl the distortion glial [Hil J > xfn] 1) Y@=%@U® XD = YOHI® =X@MHQHZ ve H(2 Hi @- 4: HB =o 5 oa hn) ¥ hj ln) = 8) Gebderyid tote Hil® 2 equalizer WTI System ee oof} 403 yl) = safle bth] =hll + x] fat = 9d #2 = he) ny, Shige «Ce « cP) Fourter ranifoum Of NL) glues Fajser Spectral Bemaity (PSD). ' Syxle"®) =H1( H( el) Sux (el) = Hoel) IxCel4)? Jus Med Ka If. XO") 45 white Gaussian nose, ince 7) condtomt fon oll values of w. “WB aces to bet eta Chene £3 another _ oa ie \ yh = hol wate] = _Z nda n20 % hin] Co) 4 2 {stkd-ath- as, > hb = oe fy lad Dadam af net a0) must be anyon. hoy = <-n=0> yos= ACo}x tl * x) | Uses of aepsbuurn ds kepstuumn ane nife , Complex Copsduun, Cx (2) = dn [XQ] o = 2a, 7" n=-o extn) = 2 [042] = 27 [nx] YD =X(D HO) An Y (2) = dn X(2) + Qn H@) = Cy) Usimg the Hear propoty of 2- Leantform, 77 Loyal = Cy] = c.f) +¢, 0) x, adomaur @,(0] > coer, H(z). representation ie if hin] hes 4 a cay to qe hh Lbing— copatrwm climimnum, Marcimmum, eMé ved Phare cltimimuum —>. eal poles amd is Luthin unit. corele, Hy(@=14d27 > ae =-1 2-5 Kero 2 -1 Hy (2) = Gt? —3 gtect e292 a Bs. erg Hy (el) - tbe BAW 6 este Tey 4 \ i #4 $eosw—F isin. THs] = (ih eands G sn) r, : ‘ bs wafiveosaad - Fsiow. 1) 7 a 4Mi= ‘yb eosw 2 eet at W=04H4=0 atwetl,4ti= Hale) = ie eM p+ cosa inn oe ee eafbrcos utd =) 5 +e0su =[Hs| $i = 5 oat W=0 ond wen, AH, =0 4 teosw 2 Wet phase chamge for w= and w=6 Case -1.: COmin) 0 Céinriole wrt eine.) case-2: (4maxt) TT Cxor0 outside Umit circle) M number of Rer0A . : Man phase : Mir (alloutside untt cirole) Hired phase: dome sutiide sora tndicle Finite Impulse Response (FIR). H@= 22 ACB =4 dn FIR Ov “nessa yy ee poded 9, = Aa bathe be" omnol Roros inside. M+1 cooffinionts sumitoincle . _ _M Rerod Ban’ all poles and rpros outacle unit odrele dying 4mme utsile, corre Lmbice ALL = Foss arglap (e*Y1 (2) = Himin (2) + Hapl2) ul «B=. Din * Pap Tf not ming Mar Co anitimum "But always —ve phate. 40 adding Yop ill oy COMAL mone lag WG = Hanin (®t Hap (2) wcll oome nat mont mmm > | 4 ‘ amin + Jap P Lose Lal. says tug > : 40 dd dining Linaup delay 44 a ) , 4 (veoup delay a pwn bor, 4a will Berane aoup delay ' cMeminarwm phase syrtorn. hos BOW Of mminmum grep ay. edecordeng 40 Fartoval’s theanorn, 2 lhtn)!” = 3 Monin OT af mo olay én b() 2 need g Zito Af, aelagy sn h(oi) and hlm) a5 mot mininum So miminnum phaie com be eerstidDiad to hove greater onwhges pim yea Well Hi Ce) be daicat dated B, . at PE 7 ‘btable 7 ra Hea) = LEU D089) | Ope) RrD-p2) ot btval nor at- point o, G-P2DG-ppaU-p2) Poled ancl xerag Ge ce D(A 02) (4-0-2") oe (are eee eatdsal ame Ltable, Hi 5 a-19 4705/0024 dinear Ayatorns th Generalized Kinrtar Phase Koro prose Ree fo" causal Filttr — Frequency Reaponsr He!) ea) > i : thase Le ee ene SHC) = mote 4d phase ts montinear (a, w,.-.), ; a Wah, co components hand. we)= [HED] EM aliffoumt 4, 40 there 44 more x= corttart = di dtontion. ‘ Son do palfsee” 4 Nye) il be tp { 0 toy lal <7 sine din LiL Se om inctage, the <— hyp ll = ae Lowospending Lrrputoe Iypll Jeasporne hod were \- | Ao Ayrivmetyy about x, 2 SE moans hl2en] = hil un Lows - pass fitters, Mpeephioal representation of digmnireetig t hl 2e-o] = hl] ia 14 9a 10 “il (1 ay blo} = hCt0] 0 t a 3 ! BG a hl 1] = htgaJ hts} hos] Sm sine mode, there tll be an o-bhift towards poactive ineckion . Pra even 2 hyp fn) = Gea , h [2a-n] = “Sin Cel 2a= n~a) & ! Tl (Ba -n =a) = Sin ela) * Tilo —n) = 7 Sin We (na) —11(n-) = Siclwglnee) | Wd, YY, = hy pln) oh Bifferont | ty pe of FIR dimear phase H(gy= PW FIR, yeay= B®) Ae mtb bet be” +: h(a) = 660+ b,SE0-1) + by 50r~ 2» + by? “Eb m S(n-M) atten coefficiorts Dre iio Minna Aarmpar values. Sype=d- ) He 0) = 2 h(n) €, mn 2 “ibis (pes De By , 209 (¢ ran o 1. 2°34 “hi = hOM-ri] =h(2) é" ME, cit Et, MENU {eve oD wy =h(PHe 35 426 wee. Eni) cos a(n-= wy 7 . Mw det M nak = h() int +€ e* *é Bw coscak} n=O > | a(o) = h(2) te Me M M 2 atk) = 2h (3 -k) SK=1 2,00 Mot Yee 1 ih zibax ~ A | Hl (ei) =e 2 2b rosutk-s) | | \o ft > ig oe ae hin} =hisn) xine M= Odd bsrady M yee is Hes ie Ed sin ate ~ he al oh G 7 Bh I fal Tey = 4;2, as -hOD=hb IM 5 ' Ms veneer, \ Mes ype He!) je 2 {a6 ae - at®)= oh feat SMA Rm 1,9)... - hii} = hia M=0dd 5 oF € 2 10 he gnoup delay 21 B Lut how? Mts see. rom He fguin, # dype I FIR. posarg (el l= 8a simee the maruim- 01,2 3 dom tat n=. : grde ~ fargli(ed By yt She Ayo of sine fumetion h(n) will go to n=5, | | Sunday d-20 30/05/21 In] = Za. [n-k] + Zon 20> kJ ” asd a Ss pacgernt ame BY apes | of x0 Zz bak H(2)= en eee 4- Baa" ke4 er. Benga i erahifp ah] ar oe ge e yond I a xfh-4] | —>— @—<— yln-1] b : yet x2] ai =n gee 1 ycn-2] : “bys ' i | Be by uh) Le Pon Ye NJ he blo vk cliogham day Hy (n) —fh® jf Ra) —> yO) Ya) = XCD HD =X@® Hl® 1(® LTL Hy(2)= b parts, Hol2 = a pants | . - ~ — oe Aor an LTT Ayton, tHyH, = Noha. The prreviour oliog/carmn cam be searviamged ar: aD oe of 3 Bp > yod j j got ? 4 > ® On 1b 4 oo pie [5 g Baeek folmn ay i Cannone | I byed "4 a F | > On-4 yz" Ke = Ei d On on omiminmum number ololay (M= N), you = Zany va Zbl can Y@)= ans + 2b Kx(2) ket Aram direct form 1, wy(D= Wh @OXO= co as é a fh Y@O= OVO oe wens ze -K) iti vz N - 1 Saut* SK ‘HE2) = fs Py An dint. - svpls VBS OE gs foun 2 b= xh] — —— T2 7 - - yO] ~4 wy PL ay=15 lb =2 Pag [ba ? BID = b+ bye? = 14 2e-4 dealZa1-srhowe% Ay = 18 Ag=-0'9 ral Bao Apaph.(S°8) b Wy -bo asa — 2, gs ao oN “ee a1 Vz re whe rts In. SFG, 4th] 2 paubiee 405 4 Aimk | Multi input, one wnput + atlelor (rede?) One unput, multi anput —> Cot Leots Bp bdo i oda tollecton adder chleotor | n WE) / x1) >" op? at of > aif, — yi iO a- tp” A 0 . yr ay yln-4] Wih-1] ¢— > w Oi] <1 nt | grt e oe 2 N z wir] yh-2) wih = 20] + 3'wih-4) +wln-2J yard = Woh! + y tnt + yO) aj) 01 w(2)= x(2) + oye + ee > w(2[1-32 de X@ 9 ‘ WW _ iL / Vv WO =a Taee ; Y (2) = W(2) + BT Y BE YQ > Va T-2 Shae NG w OE) A Ay. Pw Hy) = Way T2292 Lis. oe 2H) = aC Hl)" ey” geag ag oe Ola. Ka24 3 Ha ied SFG Aepresentoctiond -1 MQ “ RP / Ww. ix 2 /\ | \ Ade wider \ »/ on | _chdcltr ii} > So yeni A et | L»Ae “>. > Collector 7 iy zg! Wy \ restadgler ; ee © o&(w, fr] ~ cin]}) = woh} = xw fr] Wo (2) = 0 (Wy (D-KZ) = «Wi &) ® woth] =w,[n] + cbr] W;(D=Wol(D EX @ wah] = w3tn-1] Wa (2) = 2 V(Wa 4X) @ yo) = Wr Ch) +e W4 (n) Y(D =Wol® +W4(® Wo =x Wy (® * aX (%) oo Wa (2) = 2 Wy (2) + £1 K(®) SWy(D=F a W4lZ)~ 21AX (B+ 21x (2) | => W4(2) [1- -F]=x@L moll Beh, o Wa (2) = EMD i (y t-or Wy (@ = AF! (WB +X (BD) FOND 3S wy(a) [t-aF T= x(LE t-te 2 Wal) “Te X(@) | 5 NOs Ses XO - 5 “rephation tn Breck forma A M4 -Mes oy at) — > 4nd xu aig ot rT A> Ne pa } / | Lee Ns le oF es BY V/ ! Q Al 6 Bony p's Cased, C LO Nae 1-9 ert W@= EERO MCSE RE) i (1-2) ou U-de) U-d¥ =) é Cs ond ander M= My +0My ,N=Ny4ON, At onder factor Cascade. \ a poo ee eat Ho (a) = [ | *~—*—_- 3 | Ms Em ayy 2 — nyt b vr wtp De ww “lw 9 . 14 bint “bat 4 amustiplicr Hol#)=b, 4 aad | of2) ey Ir O42 ayy with An, gt overald ga Bae fu q ° Prollel Fon 5 Ny No “By (4- a2! H(D = Bout! + Ztret EEOC ramen Ne at ; PEN Np = M~N NS ey ney 2 B= ca! to ye W® -2 “ 4 {- Oy 2" ayy 2 Ne = | “s+ | ws the eg eGR in the vuernit IFS Nad tte EP ys rh+E2" (zy he) = Bit - Wee) 1-075 2 40425 2% 1-0'75F'40'12657 7 ded sf { 4 AN] o> “fy, o yr) 2 Bey ; , ». Z) | i ae on cos he ees implificel £0 aN, libel vical Compute ilig re vehi gov) ei p must Contain a olay demure, ee the papheemtotion cs OT 1 70, lay 86 ee compe ee . yGi) = - wir] ‘ TH wo = UCD, 4 yon] = xtaJ+ bv Oi) | vf) = awfi)+ wih-1] | 1 + ay [n] OG 7 yl 0) + ab win) + bw lh-d] +aby [nh] > yfn} = xfn] +aby[n]-ab yh] —by ih-1) 4 ~ > yrds byln-f}= x0] > HG) = Thea eee wnday aoe = ge 0G “06/06 fo01 — FIR — Yuindte Smpulie Ropresrdocton FIR ttn Lepresomtation qm) = 2b oun-¥) ) mode n=Ot0 M K=o O thaw Arg H(z) =B(z, Al) =4 Phan 271 xn 2) qo . XC) => $ +4». @-— 4 bie. >, “(n-M) hoy ; “| wh ml pros rhe bb ye dL Sy H@)= tebe tbe? s Eby eT Wy PE yak H(z) = x y ‘ bo. ark \ yor = = Un) + by WHY $ ber heath ss bu x(n- 9 yor" = Zao e0- -®) =hh) « xp uw ie We 90h) + h(x r- Nae “+h (M)x(n-M) Ve No.7 Ey WO Tiby, h@ =b,, .., hM)=by Ty dimean Phase FIR Lt FIR dtructwe hcw—n} = ho wn 1. 040M | hom -9] = -hih) odd | | Even ‘Lype i YO=_e 2 nO feo Di nv] ws ne n(ts) x(n- 2) Lype UL: y= 2 2 np Exes —x(n-m 41] Odo Type Tl: = Zi pdt) +x mr M+] ype IW : y@) = z "UD AGH aulpom hl Lyper I xh] — 1g r- > » 5-4 ce be +7 A 4 L I p \ K “f fy 4 4 Zz TR bth \ Sry } fo] Nee hey KO Py yd be bigger Ey t I i 1 ; by & Vat gl gt aten gt TIN] 99> gyre? Parry | A | 1y ay ay | Aa dd aL | ; | ty Li jdj pS uty yor) = ch) taxtn-1) ++ + atn-B YO = (ZB Faz AB to ba? VFX) We) #0 =itaz a ve balgr? _ deobzt _ TH HDs ae XD Y(2) - -a7" Y(2) = X(2) - oo ~& X(2) yin) = aytn- -4) +n) = a! ¥ x(n-8) Lhe mew equation ‘ye diagram ue a a(n] - pode ‘ ‘ “yt BEN ie! WOO ye i 4 a NI H olelag Hay count PACs, LOW Le plier anol " olecntase . aAas Pro hlorn iy Te Bayt > pe avr aia ad | Ny Mle uy (it) = 20H) + Wy -D x6]-5— nf “Wo (h) = 26) + W304) % We x Wal is) Wad = 2wy(h) 4 Wa (n-1) gn case of Wy amok Mer wqitd = = yen) ~ vy CO) fae npn, ore Cut apm) 27! oukput 6s not Wed, So, Wy (2) = AC2) 4 21 W, W,(@= X@ + 21YR) YD = 2Wy (2) + 2TWYR Wa(2) = - ¥(2) -W,@) . YR) = 2Wy (2) +2 Wy) > Y(2)= x4 Z'W,(B) +2 Z'CWw® {e) = = 2X(2) + zw, (2) -7' YX) = 9X2) + F1(KDHt VAY) ~T = 2X2) +z AY¥(2) +227 YO -= 'Y(@) . | “¥(a) t TIVD-27Y@ = 2XOA DX] = yO) + ytn- 1) ~qurD = x(n) + (n-L) AMO e Tee A139 i oe ot - a) edned ad T, s(e) - ae Pst 1" 09/06/24 o Fleusts f sho | convergant [absolutely | AT fox PT Aigmals 43 puradkic . Sf XII a: poviedia FS Aepacientatin cam he obtained. Kh] 4 pevodda pepelition of xt], tn] = a{n- PN] N= perisol /Longth Gporodse repetition or Rg rtien Gay i "Labo 7 w-f 2%Me en . | les sopresomtat[en | z | x X[K] =O, | X(ee) = “220 Fe] Suse) | | Beaonete e Fourer “Tramafolum (DFD price 0 to N~-4 NTT] 040 2K | 2u 4 i bij yy k= 6; het’ J, K? sti) = er AT, Se) = 6 (o- ) 200 olen k=o:N-1 vb] = 2a,€ FT, Ve jn) 2 2eona,slo- le 12nd rea Ae apt weak oe net eal Ger We) Bago) Ss Y sl) 2 vi] - a olden thu X (eX) = = 24 ao, la 2) P=0-— X (es) c 2 Dura, 6(u- ae) AG] = xLp- ON] = xh] # Pony AX (eis. ath + ohh- NJ = xfn-n] X (8) R38) P BOnl=Z6n—n N}, P(e) = 2 2n 1 § (9-20 Pe-0 So, Rtn] = xf) x PO Xe) = xed PCD 1 P(e) = & 20 6 (eae) od oe ae cay Jo, Stree X(e! ) we le °) . Ciena Yes Zz "29.03 s(t) = Xe) = Xpgq —a>.kK=0:N-4 DET u the FS “chepibions of St] walthon 0 amo N-1. | Disorete Fowrinr Dries OFS), N-1n, Oink onk 1 14, - 0, an] = => 2 Xf) JON N 1 K=0; if Ly 2k Net Si = 2x oN = Zao Wy” z N=0 k : Wy." properties _ Nr - wh - woe wile ki Wy "= kino . (we fic Wy | wy Kod SO ae. gin N Dd “jem > ak elds j20 we Lis spre) > HO 6 “pt, : 2 | Hanis for we DFS propuctis a DE _& Kt ity 2 aC) + BX,L] <>. aX (+ 1 himearity eS us Period No. A oo DES. witty 2. Shifting + % [n= i | w X(® ww 50 fa PES, PES K(k snk S 5. Suality * & i 2B, XO . Sin]

NACH 4. Symmetry 5. eniodic Convolution ayes 2 "S40 %, Lo- ma] < =0 Poradio WA apucodde + Sum over Wal £N-4 ~Valucd of 34 [n- i jopoat periodically PFS, ya = Sig CK ogm4N-4 for m wutiidle this untowol 26 ue Weil ea Poriedic Sh y= 2x0 Py] ¥316/2 iv I DFS X04 ~2 x0 wir xo) aperivooie fA tgs gen Ss X (el) DT FT a = Ny eos 6) RUD DEI DET X( ey] ‘= X[K] XW = = Ee oe eae ret “KeOtN-d ry Ook, = Wat Woar)) fy a9 Exc ige Ur) = 2 xfr-rh] x OSKEN-A XU = { OS me. DET DET properties. A dimeantty : avin] 4 boy DH 2S ak -+ YY bX M4) Ny No j DET makLny Na] 2. Coveular Shot: ke Cnr ),J PES Wy XO" of£nen oe 3. Bualit : an] ees DET, XO i XPS NeeLCODI \ / OLKEN-4 ey oT] PEE ACH) ATED PEL X* (x) os OSN SN-1 5 = Bhavan Covwe luton : oy in) = 12 64 Or] Xo [(n-m))y] = x ,71 ® valy} Xgl = % aca ad ‘Cixoulan Shi 4 point X(Q) ay) > Meee 2 > KW: ps 10 ab ey ‘ rat) ={b 0 0..a Oa be GD | oniginak 7 degL€en~ 4] = x9) j20K 9 Hy) EMH € ron kW = em X44) XolK) = €™*% 4) = ssotrsnk sey => X, (b= (= Xi & » é WS = (0% 40 (-1)“ io the amssere of '2) FRYE Opeime cas antic mn RC haftedl tine 5 Toe data \oT sla N | grr tiol @ cos/sin a Fagr aie seer ea GES Pay Ha | | nd ay LA 26 bp AAG / 24 — Crenlan Con eoliction_ XC) @® xy ln) = F944 [re] % [Cen~ mdi] M=0 x4@)=[o0 1 0 of ro) = Te b a d]’ Dip da brad deaeblad.ec ba duramgoment is : Oo 4 0 (debad «ba al 4(0) = d ) O sts, 0 30 dabageba y= a 1B. On, 10 dic pada ba 0 ed 0 0 e badeaeba ya=e “YO= 4 00@ mab) = Ce abe] X, fn] = Ct o 2 4) yor) - x, ® xf] Aem]= [Oo 10° “J =[1-124 4 As “what My the Value } ee. ot1oc, / ie OP uO fy td oeceont 0 4104 2 4 CuO deere Cue Oe mc) yov= 1420 1 0 2 14 co 4 0 @e Of 0 yeaa 4° 0 214 a 0 4 0 e 0140 ys) = a+o aot She Leck from yo y= t4+2e=41-9=-1 y¥(S) = 2Qte =9-424 Voufee ek fe ee 3-poimt of grt ak Bod ait IOs basis woh FAS “yes a ads bd , Ts ebony a ieee aorta ts elder €f a 0 b a) Ob iy s cod a ¢ 1 T yO) = oc a oO b a o b d a d ce yCd) = ad y(® =be ook a ylisbe et eed ne) = bd ame yor] = [actbd ad be] yOrd 2 Spoink circular, y,(1 & Lirar Lewolution with 4 peunts. LH & Acwn that the Lost Loum of y,lr] cam be aoleled ty the pirat towm to getyC) Aimee n(=0,1,9 carmmet exceed N(=3) on be equal #0 At tn circular convelu— tion. Mow -if yer hada {pth term , it would be adlded to Auconcd tm fox aula convolution . kn k(n) ey Wn = Wy = Wy 2 demgth Arg pemrcee ay] 2- pout DET, XW) = Ja bi cA nes th & £3 defined Loy oo cara] bares amo 0 atheuscse. hand * pote DET af yond ytas 2 Zyl we" 7) yay) De ° we o aff] Oo 0 4 [i] — xf] O° ° e . YOd= xo} Ww, 4+ x04] Wy! = 6x] we ; cA ark k ka japan _ gitstn - w*" " 04K LF Ke “Yods éxhIwy n=0 0 4 2 3 4 56 6 F 1 ° 1 a te gd ey Wy Wy Wy We W, We, Wy nk — k 0 we— Ww) 2 oO wh ew OYTQ= fa babab a bf I: “Wedrosday | 91 = Ag/os/as 4 > i y, DFT XKk)=¢ oe fil Wy" wrt = o! i | : "ee Ned i . ran) | IDET ain] = awit = Wy T gh) = ELE Ww - writ) N xn] = {1 4 of y=? %, fn] fo 4 1 Xo =? X50) = Bag wh n=0 ? oO > X00 = mel W, + x, 01) ws 4 oe; word ae => Xy Ww = 1 44. => XU) = 4+ We 2 % WD = 3% Dr) we n=0 > xX,= ws 4 Ws. Now fir yh) from Yo where yor) ay] © ~%[] Ve 3-poimt etreular corwolution "= O4+1.Wy + 1Wy yfo] = J ytd = 4 q : peal aio’ 1 £6 yl] = 2 2 yor = pad oye y Now, YU = YX WOXMH wi? OO aT Oagans] uses = WET W5 + Wa ee =1 tw 4203" goa =4 20 id Ws "a5 2 (tems sav é (tsa, *) we at 7 yl = 3 ~ y fo] = at Neer jiwhtows + +5420 2) =1 (G43W3+3W;) * “W3 = 3 S2+WeeWe -\2n ie Wi= 6)? = eos 2 - jsin 5 =-4_53j . Or 2 i an _sgipdn 1 B Wa * = caste sin’ = 547 yo] = 9-4-8 j- $48) =1 2 ais “ yLt] =4 2 (A+W3 + 2w35) Wg 2 wit=wet™* = -k k oe a == $ (Wi +14 2Ws) ; : 3, pote Ns) =Ws-Wa° 1 2 gll=3 (wy rt homss, + pe ON + W3! +44 2W5 pa . wW-ws* 44 2 a) 0° =W,- Ws : tak id eds (64s 4205 Ws (ws) 7 i, J} wack 203) > yTy=4 (6 +30) saw?) = 24wi +wi = 4 yi = 4 2 + WE 4.2.W3") W532 yl 32 (Wet ews) | k —3-GWK 4 Wy" GWy* Ml j2uk o ! jek | | xy toee * XW fh] —} St N=? 1° able aeLlln 4D] | P on=2, 400 x,t] —— _| 4 Y, PE O0S > xhore oa © i. n-08 n=1 Xetin ‘Ao N=5, -28 , : Sunday hy) = i 4 2 ah . 20/6/21 an] = e %> b i Hd Cn} = dr #hO] + L=L,+L)-1 | fo = =r] ® h B] SAY D Fag ‘pont Ean. be Aeleoted WbE (ioe = xO] ®, AE], 2 > paints prfovied uae DFT &, LDFT #8 ford fold . Bey x [9] = {a 2 21%. XW = ea vet] We" ! N=0 : = 1+ 2Wy + We 4 We hiv} = ip 2 3h HUd = z hol we" = 142WL43Wg Yo(kK) = XU) HUD -(h ows +2We +We) (L425 oe) = 1+ 2WE + 3Wy + 2We “4 4 We 46 Ws" PEW ge AEE ews «wits owe'+ 3, = 1+ 4We a+ Ws “4 41We “+ 8We “4 3We* y tnd = §(n) + 45(n~ -1) +96(n- -2) + 118(n- 34 3$(n-4) + 38Cn-5) =fi4d 9 i189 3°70 4 t 0 paddung done Aimee 3*peint DF] dimean cowelution Ls dare, 122-4 Wa oe 4. 324 32 1 tT : 40] =i) y Cad =4 4,224 » Leia a Sao) od WAS. 9 OH y 21 =. yada 14 | 12.2 1 Wid)? = Zayd ya lity Sq. ” oe 3.24 y, C47 = 8, 4, C5] = 3 x yoda 4-9 41, 8.3] 4 paint yer = [48 443 9 11] _ DFT, =[9 7% 9 11) tong doker Aequamee filtoring (DFT-IoF D © overlap add [SAS] | Rind am $f QO werlap-save yln}— L4M—£ #29 ee 7/ Co 27/06/21 | / FIR ee design f vignn Sy 2 asindousirrg, Hy (es) [> ah Yor o Low pass fetter, | L_,, deuireal preguemey nespors " aia = 2 nae ™ fra blero Fro blerns of édleak fer: “abe i Lente fea Sin en) le We (n= tp hfe] = hd we) | 1 (05) =H * wig) eerie aZ| “(e®) wel) ao -wI fone sine steureote i ' : m3 Tet / ryite' 5] ; Hel) ! lj 1 Wit? convolution, SN , ass.) ~ adh, fp a and bef Noe oO Soy Band “HUG as tpl ae aie «4 ro Lange, shey ae Retoor rarstten bandit sito Gk off 2 wert = 58 Sf humsition Bamclusidth is Large ie. passband Alaiwdy Jeduces to Atephamd, One dango. A Lower Aw Lonrespords (30 Lower bépples amet BB Pe end Hon. ‘btemuabimn, A “pranlngiate patsdbmet supple — maximum stephamd pple A £6 usually in 1B, ae i Bartlet, Window Ayper Rectamgulon, Hamming , anarerg Kaiser, Blackrmain | In ()= Rereth orvolor modified Bessel function s Fila pecteaalrs : win] = ALB ACY I eS) _ Kaiser sats I. () o + _ =. 7 nw = 18° M > S088 A ROA? or Bear? SAY SO] > p= 01102 (A- aa) ET cM 5653.26 Dc. it ney wD] = 1, LB 18°55 IoLBNI- Cast) J, Ys 565396 N _ Behe q h, [hI = - Shanta) » hE) =whhJh, 6 das s0/ae/o i" Kaiser window Baseol FIR filer THI) < O04 fore 6 lwl £025 0°95 < |HCel®)| < 1:08 for 0°35n< 109] <0%6n | HH] B= o's a4a(h-24y”"4 A-8 - a} 0°07 88GCA 24) = ——_ = 89155 & 90, 62 939530 2285Aw a= M = 45 ee pit pape Le lz Ya deugn the filter, am Leleal diagram 4S raw, Wey = 0°3T, Weg 0'6 251, he Hale!) basnelpads fier cam | gry perms Be shaun a8 OW , Lifferervee. of 200 = Sineea(M-A) __ sin weylh-e) oO Woy i Wop : * hyTe] = TT (n-a) W(n-a) Multiband FIR f itor Gift, Got |_ $2 Gras| 2 ot = wy | diGole @ *Oipe BPP BSF apr $ 82 8 $4n° = min Go’? Gi’ Ga 6°= mi 1B G2” Gg Gis.) at 0 bel, Gy = 4 hod = & byl I= . i oy (I i h, fn) 3 es o) G4 hl 2 6 GT snial hala) = g-0 0 od eros ty - sin w(a-g) __ sinwestn-o(, occa ae AG) hide 32 a ‘Sunday Limear Phase Ht A ud » fiepeont ditiqn Hy (— der inecl Meaperne Ce = ed) | ‘= 0 ont ko oma ie Sete i] . Ke 0 to Epon nem Mo, 32 k+a) (el) = Zhyvi sian - Zhgtil e ig edn rte By, [i] 6 ve Heron Ly. =O ank Sfa-0, Hy = Bie Mot Ss DET _Biradvamteges. Mincentiolable behavior at Ay Q t - ‘Ripple op free \ ’ Optimunn lppsoxtmartion of FIR Fillers with guncralized. dinsar phase H(ele) = A(e®) € Joo + 58 h Im~ n) , ogh 8, a Skep IL: Bertgn CT ine (ato Hels) ok he LD Lp, Os, » "Step IL: Conwoct ¢T se DT presonvting— HeCS) propertios HO) ¢ on hb @ Bilinear aoraforakin Spulee Irwartames. % CD) > 7 - 2&1] = OT tbl ho = 1 hia) T yu) = ofr] * hip] QnF_ oO we dof = = R= OT x@y=4 Eke Gla “kOs))D 05-38, Qe # x iaryeE ZXGO-) %~GD= Hn a) ¥ (e191) = Holi.) H(etM)x (ei) Ho) = 4 2 Ne(i($-3H) Ff eC) 12 Bancl Limiter Hew) = {7 HeG?) dln, 0 else (el) = Xe 6D Yp (46) = HG HC) X59) = Heg GDXoCM) where Hes G 2) = Hp G2) He!) . SNuceitty (ale ee atl (re Aal2% || Gf heli) 24 barrel hisrnitect. Hey Cit) = He (SD) HE Tahe(OTs)=Thelon) and Hel) = He Gay C, ‘Hey G2) = He) his 4 wmputse trwarianee _- t-34 Geeiwi) xt | seeeres TIR Gilt ‘feabions © Impulse, TAR, Fitter pecipeapons 5 - Impulse Sip sah oC PO, yop (ATA \y, A 1h AN ' 1-8 p< 1H (eld) < 14 fp | . cE 1 for Os lwl< wp, ff N AY 4) 0 Oy wes 4 \h Ceio)| < 6. Sore RAIA I. Corwort to oT 1-6 <1 He LGA] <4) for os|a}< Se ~ id IHG D] dt Gao” 14+(y" >o 29198) = = = (He aay. = 0125893 +(e ae => ON [ Loy 02 ~ bog Ne] = ~O' 58682 > oq 0'20.- oq Sq = “O'ERGER 0" “eee doy De = log 8-207 } get ame. (017785) = —_+_ (0'4 Pa (egy = (2ety"= = 30°62004 => 2N[ lpg 0°31 ~ dog De] = 1°48603 dog Ne 4 148603 TAS603 e = bog 0'3n . ~opseRa- 1 48603 log 22 = ~0'17609 c N=588ERG - : Slog Sie = = 044956 ~> Lig =0°F08 66 Aowle is drawn for 12 pote. +) 83 $4, = 0 T0866€ sof $3.4 =0' Gossett - S56. = 070866 efit ek ‘ 5 rasa Re) — races fa (S+S))(S- So) + “(S-Se) Ta C0'708 C6 and H(z) = ; Y aE), ORE) 5 oe ae 7D hoes urday An 35 C4N/oq/04 Ril linear Sramsfowm N= wv —0 $s z, tang -1Ws 0 O= 2 tar! (2) dunivadion « Lp det og rel? Ta 1407) Ta 146? “2 ie ie ec S ce = ary a) yw -j2 Ta €)2 ela yet 2, 2)8ine ne 4.28 B > p= ies t]l= Jo. tend ? Ta 2eos2 > “/ Tg ee 2 ge 2 Bt reo, = 5, tame ay ee - @-4_ $Ta ee ano oy Zoltan tate g-4-2-L gs Ty-2 22! eT 2! Specht = sTy-2 Te ot. ots ttf Se +h 88° Oe ae F - jy QT 1 +a? 8 Steps Soe np I. pT #0 ¢T, ( Hoa ‘Aitemaat hes = tang 0. Design —s He 8) 5 he) TM. Gnd HD, bt) _ 2 fanz _ 248Ta e* (55)? eT ox8Ta = O'9m) W. = 0'3Tr, §, = 0'17783, a a Mp 0° $9495 Z|H(e] <1 for oélol < o' 20 Cel] < 0147783 fox ors lolsT T.Corwort 40 OT . LL=% tons 5 Op = Lan ott ae o' 45 wr 089425 S|HeC\M] <1 fon 0S 0. Dan O° tr MHe GM) $ 047783 fox Dtanorseng 9 <% I. Butteworcth- Filter | Hel; ey Te , (99) ey Ml fps 2 4 . (0'€9 125) = as" =» (Benes) 025893 => 2N [tog (0164984) Log Deg] =-0' 58682 o' 58632 ‘ ‘ ~-a = 0'64984 tog Ne oi tog 448603 _ ; amd Log Vet ON = £09 1'01905 0°86 82-1'46603 _ 0'64984 2N 101905 =- 0'19539 “N= 6304 26 amd 09 a= = 0143829 > Ne= O'F2729 jm Armpudte dervaniance ore. 50, $4.9 =0°F2729 212 Ww Sa,q = 0'F29F29 € fe , 85,67 OFLT22 aie 6 07> 72929)" Hf) = OI > a F(S~S«) A (1-3z) Ke whore %= StS ower rarer Ba aT d Lx AE <7 _y25kn Radix 2 FFT ellgonithm Wy" =e fn) = xC2n) n=0, iis tat f,(9) = x@n+4) : -41 X(KH = ZuGwy K=0,4,...,N-4 N=0 = Zany wKrs 2 x0 neven Nodd Noy Noy : o g «(ra weer Z x (am4 pwerrne =o n=-0 25 1 es vm XD = FO) Was WE ZS) We m=0 2 2 Wa = Wa =F, (O+We RW Nw. nN \ Ve Res Nes wey ele = > one 2 é = Wy FyCK) amet F, CK) are the N peine DFTs of file) and fam) herpectively . Dhey ore poresolie 40ith Pred S. S Fyk+ ¥=RO and FolK4Z) =F and were =-Wh Coy, +) W, : rere 7 rate corm plen 1 thubtgpliction |\s8t2 onine DET has Ni pemplex muttiolications § —peimt DET Aas S* eampdon. multiplication XK) = Fy 0) + wR Ke 0,1, ...,-4 X(k+ 2) = Fil) - ~ Wy FC) Ato a a comple onultiplicntiors We ae —¥ i addin te one, Nedona 28! pel WPreduced 038 don a Longe N, NEN oe yt V4, Cn) =F, en 7 fea tov M2) = §,@n+d ogee ed Yo4(i) = Fp (28) v,,(n) =f, (2n+4) N N pgimt DET FQ = VWy(" + Wa Vil) ke 0,1, ‘ -1 ax wel = Se) wap? AE * anutltiplications Fo 2 neplaces 4 jen g ay aay rey 26/07/24 Troer ger Specteum é ‘stimation FroaKis XE), H@) = aes he H@ = — ee on, Lede /: T+ Za? a[p)=- = 2a xen ys South Vv ARI MA ve W@s so story movin overag: eduto | Moving OA GE WCR)= apy WU pols> aude reghesiton XC ’ _ i nrlel) : x Hf the aignal 23 passeol through a Lowpass fitter, the alias is NOt avoided, etliasing prenenia the return of te original sgnak. So, Ns 7 28. Rate. x fi) = x.(nT) Recucirrg aovrnple rate By integer oP] = % [ne] = eb) Zournsarmple on mM 7% i ° - spreading oF 5 TEMT | ees Toe) | iso Inoweasing -darmple Nate Beg érndogere xiJ—> TL—> xe ‘Ups ample a5 qed contraction t te Na tell xl“) n=o0, +L, +2L,.-- ein] = { 0 otherwise Ket e”) = XCel4) i : owe X(e) * Xue!) , Ls | Ms | Baw oY “ey 4 wo = 2w go e > 0 8 5 M- ‘fom X (ei) = i( ) oo ay CR ae”) £x(e t ’) 20 SIT Ahibr age oe xe) )= 22x(e 1eg™) 24 () = 3 [4x (02 2 ee 42 4 (uo~2ri 5 (ean x, (e®) = £ f(el8) + x(2ES) +x (SE)| & axel) ween ary ys A ge Be : ' /\ =e Poy te aap hse =o 0 : ia “a 0 a ' Some sha tions + MEG ~ - A, {\\ /\\ ; No “29, =D, OD, Os za, ‘ aXe) | of \ : A \ EN PAL INPEN GEN o ae M20 —> Dy fioy 2 SF snif-72c asncanpli) But for M=2, Kyle) = 4 [x(e2) +x(EEZ))] Be the sarmples with be adolecl amel there | will be no space betta con ther. | | ® . L=2— 3 fo +2 GH Shift wae (ups ampling) Kee) | JAMAATAAN I ee “En “dn On On VO Bn Bn a . dt is awn that dovrwampling expands ‘Spectrum Aamge Aut removes Larnprles for certaan pounds , Upsasrnpling makes dignale Novrr0Lwer hut-acldls sasmples 2 points shore there cacre Borsrsampling had a serious proHem . Mt Lhore &s a. possibility of aliasing. his 2 extremly handful for a dovitee | CLhis prob horn cam Le provemteot fy using a en pass fitter of eulopf prequemey ¥ ti + “then the expansion effect cam be alleviated . xf] LFF YM— Xj (e™) Chis Lows pass filter 4 called arili- ak fittor (Anr). Oh wuprampde am LPF 2s adloleal after bi darmnplimg . : ati te Xe(e@) thr L If Mon Lis mot dn fog er. ee * Boumsample Ly 3 Upsarmpde bey 2 Ole fordt upsamnple then deunsemple But two LPF, 0 min (43 2) & takurn camel. them. Aasrapledd ,. am P29 ns 43> x ale!) 3

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