GE1105 PROBLEM SOLVING AND PYTHON PROGRAMMING UNIT - 2

UNIT 2
INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Python Introduction, Technical Strength of Python, Python interpreter and interactive mode,
Introduction to colab, pycharm, and jupyter idle(s), Values and types: int, float, boolean, string,
and list; Built-in data types, variables, Literals, Constants, statements, Operators: Assignment,
Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Bitwise operators and their precedence, Expressions, tuple
assignment, Accepting input from Console, printing statements, Simple Python programs.

INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-level programming
language.
• It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990.
• Python got its name from “Monty Python’s flying circus”. Python was released in the year
2000.
• Python is interpreted: Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it.
• Python is Interactive: You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter
directly to write your programs.
• Python is Object-Oriented: Python supports an Object-Oriented style or technique of
programming that encapsulates code within objects.
• Python is a Beginner's Language: Python is a great language for beginner-level programmers
and supports the development of a wide range of applications.
Python Features:
• Easy-to-learn: Python is clearly defined and easily readable. The structure of the program is
very simple. It uses a few keywords.
• Easy-to-maintain: Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
• Portable: Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same interface
on all platforms.
• Interpreted: Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. So, there is no need to compile a
program before executing it. You can simply run the program.
• Extensible: Programmers can embed python within their C, C++, Java script, ActiveX, etc.
• Free and Open Source: Anyone can freely distribute it, read the source code, and edit it.
• High-Level Language: When writing programs, programmers concentrate on solutions to the
current problem, no need to worry about the low-level details.
• Scalable: Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell scripting.

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Applications
• Bit Torrent file sharing
• Google search engine, Youtube
• Intel, Cisco, HP, IBM
• i–Robot
• NASA
• Facebook, Dropbox
Python interpreter
Interpreter: To execute a program in a high-level language by translating it one line at a time.
Compiler: To translate a program written in a high-level language into a low-level language all at
once, in preparation for later execution.

MODES OF PYTHON INTERPRETER:

Python Interpreter is a program that reads and executes Python code. It uses 2 modes of Execution.
Interactive mode & Script mode
1. Interactive mode:
Interactive Mode, as the name suggests, allows us to interact with OS.
When we type a Python statement, the interpreter displays the result(s) immediately.
Advantages:
Python, in interactive mode, is good enough to learn, experiment or explore.
Working in interactive mode is convenient for beginners and for testing small pieces of code.

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Drawback:
We cannot save the statements and have to retype all the statements once again to re-run them.
In interactive mode, you type Python programs and the interpreter displays the result:
>>> 1+1
2
The chevron, >>>, is the prompt the interpreter uses to indicate that it is ready for you to enter code.
If you type 1 + 1, the interpreter replies 2.
>>> print ('Hello, World!')
Hello, World!
This is an example of a print statement. It displays a result on the screen. In this case, the result is the
words.

2. Script mode:
• In script mode, we type a python program in a file and then use an interpreter to execute the
content of the file.
• Scripts can be saved to disk for future use. Python scripts have the extension .py, meaning
that the filename ends with .py
• Save the code with filename.py and run the interpreter in script mode to execute the script.

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Integrated Development Learning Environment (IDLE):

• Is a graphical user interface that is completely written in Python.
• It is bundled with the default implementation of the python language and also comes with an
optional part of the Python packaging.
Features of IDLE:
• Multi-window text editor with syntax highlighting.
• Auto-completion with smart indentation.
• Python shell to display output with syntax highlighting.
VALUES AND DATA TYPES

Values
Value can be any letter, number, or string.
Eg, Values are 2, 42.0, and 'Hello, World!'. (These values belong to different datatypes.)
Data type:
• Every value in Python has a data type.
• It is a set of values and the allowable operations on those values.
Python has four standard data types:

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Numbers:
• Number data type stores Numerical Values.
• This data type is immutable [i.e. values/items cannot be changed].
• Python supports integers, floating point numbers and complex numbers. They are defined as,

Sequence:
• A sequence is an ordered collection of items, indexed by positive integers.
• It is a combination of mutable (value can be changed) and immutable (values cannot be
changed) data types.
• There are three types of sequence data type available in Python, they are
1. Strings
2. Lists
3. Tuples

1. Strings
A String in Python consists of a series or sequence of characters - letters, numbers, and special
characters.
Strings are marked by quotes:
• single quotes (' ') Eg, 'This a string in single quotes'
• double quotes (" ") Eg, "'This a string in double quotes'"
• triple quotes(""" """) Eg, This is a paragraph. It is made up of multiple lines and sentences."""
➢ Individual character in a string is accessed using a subscript (index).
➢ Characters can be accessed using indexing and slicing operations
Strings are immutable i.e. the contents of the string cannot be changed after it is created.
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2. Lists
A list is an ordered sequence of items. Values in the list are called elements/items.
It can be written as a list of comma-separated items (values) between square brackets[ ].
Items in the lists can be of different data types.

3. Tuple:
• A tuple is the same as a list, except that the set of elements is enclosed in parentheses instead
of square brackets.
• A tuple is an immutable list. i.e. once a tuple has been created, you can't add elements to a
tuple or remove elements from the tuple.
The benefit of Tuple:
➢ Tuples are faster than lists.
➢ If the user wants to protect the data from accidental changes, a tuple can be used.
➢ Tuples can be used as keys in dictionaries, while lists can't.

4. Dictionaries:
• Lists are ordered sets of objects, whereas dictionaries are unordered sets.
• Dictionary is created by using curly brackets. i,e. {}
• Dictionaries are accessed via keys and not via their position.
• A dictionary is an associative array (also known as hashes). Any key of the dictionary is
associated (or mapped) to a value.
• The values of a dictionary can be any Python data type. So dictionaries are unordered key-
value-pairs(The association of a key and a value is called a key-value pair )
• Dictionaries don't support the sequence operation of the sequence data types like strings, tuples
and lists.

VARIABLES:
A variable allows us to store a value by assigning it to a name, which can be used later.
• Named memory locations to store values.
• Programmers generally choose names for their variables that are meaningful.
• It can be of any length. No space is allowed.
• We don't need to declare a variable before using it. In Python, we simply assign a value to a
variable and it will exist.
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Assigning value to a variable:

The value should be given on the right side of the assignment operator(=) and the variable on the left
side.
>>>counter =45
print(counter)
Assigning a single value to several variables simultaneously:
>>> a=b=c=100
Assigning multiple values to multiple variables:
>>> a,b,c=2,4,"ram"
KEYWORDS
Keywords are the reserved words in Python.
• We cannot use a keyword as a variable name, function name, or any other identifier.
• They are used to define the syntax and structure of the Python language.
• Keywords are case-sensitive.

IDENTIFIERS
Identifier is the name given to entities like classes, functions, variables, etc. in Python.
• Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase (A to Z) or digits
(0 to 9) or underscore (_). all are valid examples.
• An identifier cannot start with a digit.
• Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.
• Cannot use special symbols like! @, #, $, %, etc. in our identifier.
• Identifiers can be of any length.
Example: Names like myClass, var_1, and this_is_a_long_variable

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STATEMENTS AND EXPRESSIONS

Statements: Instructions that a Python interpreter can execute are called statements.
A statement is a unit of code like creating a variable or displaying a value.
>>> n = 17
>>> print(n)
Here, The first line is an assignment statement that gives a value to n.
The second line is a print statement that displays the value of n.
Expressions: An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators.
A value all by itself is considered an expression, and also a variable.
So the following are all legal expressions:
>>> 42
42
>>> a=2
>>> a+3+2
7
>>> z=("hi"+"friend")
>>> print(z)
Hifriend
INPUT AND OUTPUT
INPUT: Input is data entered by the user (end-user) in the program.
In python, the input () function is available for input.
Syntax for input() is: variable = input (“data”)
Example:
>>> x=input("enter the name:") enter the name: george
>>> y=int(input("enter the number"))
enter the number 3 #python accepts a string as the default data type. conversion is required for type.
OUTPUT: Output can be displayed to the user using a Print statement.
Syntax: print (expression/constant/variable)
Example: print ("Hello")
Hello
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COMMENTS
A hash sign (#) is the beginning of a comment.
Anything written after # in a line is ignored by interpreter.
Eg: percentage = (minute * 100) / 60 # calculating percentage of an hour
Python does not have multiple-line commenting feature. You have to comment each line
individually as follows :
Example:
# This is a comment.
# This is a comment, too.
# I said that already.
LINES AND INDENTATION
• Most of the programming languages like C, C++, Java use braces { } to define a block of code.
But, python uses indentation.
• Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation.
• It is a space given to the block of codes for class and function definitions or flow control.
Example:
a=3
b=1
if a>b:
print("a is greater")
else:
print("b is greater")
TUPLE ASSIGNMENT
An assignment to all of the elements in a tuple using a single assignment statement.
• Python has a very powerful tuple assignment feature that allows a tuple of variables on the left
of an assignment to be assigned values from a tuple on the right of the assignment.
• The left side is a tuple of variables; the right side is a tuple of values.
• Each value is assigned to its respective variable.
• All the expressions on the right side are evaluated before any of the assignments. This feature
makes tuple assignments quite versatile.
• Naturally, the number of variables on the left and the number of values on the right have to be
the same.
>>> (a, b, c, d) = (1, 2, 3)
ValueError: need more than 3 values to unpack
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Example:
It is useful to swap the values of two variables. With conventional assignment statements, we have
to use a temporary variable. For example, to swap a and b:
Swap two numbers
a=2;b=3 Output:
print(a,b) (2, 3)
temp = a (3, 2)
a=b
b = temp
print(a,b)
Tuple assignment solves this problem neatly: (a, b) = (b, a)

OPERATORS
Operators are the constructs that can manipulate the value of operands.
Consider the expression 4 + 5 = 9. Here, 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called operator
Types of Operators:
Python language supports the following types of operators
• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison (Relational) Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Membership Operators
• Identity Operators
Arithmetic operators: They are used to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication etc. Assume, a=10 and b=5

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Examples Output:
a=10 a+b= 15
b=5 a-b= 5
print("a+b=",a+b) a*b= 50
print("a-b=",a-b) a/b= 2.0
print("a*b=",a*b) a%b= 0
print("a/b=",a/b) a//b= 2
print("a%b=",a%b) a**b= 100000
print("a//b=",a//b)
print("a**b=",a**b)

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Comparison (Relational) Operators:

Comparison operators are used to comparing values.
It either returns True or False according to the condition. Assume, a=10 and b=5

Example Output:
a=10 a>b=> True
b=5 a>b=> False
print("a>b=>",a>b) a==b=> False
print("a>b=>",a<b) a!=b=> True
print("a==b=>",a==b) a>=b=> False
print("a!=b=>",a!=b) a>=b=> True
print("a>=b=>",a<=b)
print("a>=b=>",a>=b)

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Assignment Operators:
Assignment operators are used in Python to assign values to variables.

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Example Output
a = 21 Line 1 - Value of c is 31
b = 10 Line 2 - Value of c is 52
c=0 Line 3 - Value of c is 1092
c=a+b Line 4 - Value of c is 52.0
print("Line 1 - Value of c is ", c) Line 5 - Value of c is 2
c += a Line 6 - Value of c is 2097152
print("Line 2 - Value of c is ", c) Line 7 - Value of c is 99864
c *= a
print("Line 3 - Value of c is ", c)
c /= a
print("Line 4 - Value of c is ", c)
c= 2 c %= a
print("Line 5 - Value of c is ", c) c **= a
print("Line 6 - Value of c is ", c) c //= a
print("Line 7 - Value of c is ", c)

Logical Operators:
Logical operators are the and, or, not operators.

Example Output
a = True x and y is False
b = False
print('a and b is',a and b) x or y is True
print('a or b is',a or b)
not x is False
print('not a is',not a)

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Bitwise Operators:
A bitwise operation operates on one or more bit patterns at the level of individual Bits
Example:
Let x = 10 (0000 1010 in binary) and
y = 4 (0000 0100 in binary)

Example Output
a = 60 # 60 = 0011 1100 Line 1 - Value of c is 12
b = 13 # 13 = 0000 1101 Line 2 - Value of c is 61
c=0 Line 3 - Value of c is 49
c = a & b; # 12 = 0000 1100 Line 4 - Value of c is -61
print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c Line 5 - Value of c is 240
c = a | b; # 61 = 0011 1101 Line 6 - Value of c is 15
print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c
c = a ^ b; # 49 = 0011 0001
print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c
c = ~a; # -61 = 1100 0011
print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c
c = a << 2; # 240 = 1111 0000
print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c
c = a >> 2; # 15 = 0000 1111
print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c

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Membership Operators:
Evaluates to find a value or a variable is in the specified sequence of string, list, tuple, dictionary or
not.
Let, x=[5,3,6,4,1]. To check particular item in list or not, in and not in operators are used.

Example:
x=[5,3,6,4,1]
>>> 5 in x
True
>>> 5 not in x
False
Identity Operators
They are used to check if two values (or variables) are located on the same part of the memory.

Example
x=5
y=5
x2 = 'Hello'
y2 = 'Hello'
print(x1 is not y1)
print(x2 is y2)

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Output
False
True
OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
When an expression contains more than one operator, the order of evaluation depends on the order of
operations.

For mathematical operators, Python follows mathematical conventions.

The acronym PEMDAS (Parentheses, Exponentiation, Multiplication, Division, Addition,
Subtraction) is a useful way to remember the rules:

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• Parentheses have the highest precedence and can be used to force an expression to evaluate in
the order you want. Since expressions in parentheses are evaluated first, 2 * (3-1)is 4, and
(1+1)**(5-2) is 8.
• You can also use parentheses to make an expression easier to read, as in (minute * 100) / 60,
even if it doesn’t change the result.
• Exponentiation has the next highest precedence, so 1 + 2**3 is 9, not 27, and 2 *3**2 is 18,
not 36.
• Multiplication and Division have higher precedence than Addition and Subtraction. So 2*3-1
is 5, not 4, and 6+4/2 is 8, not 5.
• Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right (except exponentiation).
Example:
a=9-12/3+3*2-1 A=2*3+4%5-3/2+6 find m=? a=2*3+4%5-3//2+6
a=? A=6+4%5-3/2+6 m=-43||8&&0||-2 a=6+4-1+6
a=9-4+3*2-1 A=6+4-3/2+6 m=-43||0||-2 a=10-1+6
a=9-4+6-1 A=6+4-1+6 m=1||-2 a=15
a=5+6-1 A=10-1+6 m=1
a=11-1 A=9+6
a=10 A=15

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BASIC PYTHON PROGRAMS

1. Addition of two numbers
a=eval(input(“enter first no”)) Output
b=eval(input(“enter second no”)) enter first no
c=a+b 5
print(“the sum is “,c) enter second no
6
the sum is 11

2. Area of rectangle
l=eval(input(“enter the length of rectangle”)) Output
b=eval(input(“enter the breath of rectangle”)) enter the length of rectangle 5
a=l*b enter the breath of rectangle 6
print(a) 30

3. Area & circumference of a circle

r=eval(input(“enter the radius of circle”)) Output
a=3.14*r*r enter the radius of circle4
c=2*3.14*r the area of circle 50.24
print(“the area of circle”,a) the circumference of circle
print(“the circumference of circle”,c) 25.12

4. Calculate simple interest

p=eval(input(“enter principle amount”)) Output
n=eval(input(“enter no of years”)) enter principle amount 5000
r=eval(input(“enter rate of interest”)) enter no of years 4
si=p*n*r/100 enter rate of interest6
print(“simple interest is”,si) simple interest is 1200.0

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5. Calculate engineering cutoff

p=eval(input(“enter physics marks”)) Output
c=eval(input(“enter chemistry marks”)) enter physics marks 100
m=eval(input(“enter maths marks”)) enter chemistry marks 99
cutoff=(p/4+c/4+m/2) enter maths marks 96
print(“cutoff =”,cutoff) cutoff = 97.75

6. Check voting eligibility

age=eval(input(“enter ur age”)) output
If(age>=18): Enter ur age
print(“eligible for voting”) 19
else: Eligible for voting
print(“not eligible for voting”)

7. Find the greatest of three numbers

a=eval(input(“enter the value of a”)) output
b=eval(input(“enter the value of b”)) enter the value of a 9
c=eval(input(“enter the value of c”)) enter the value of a 1
if(a>b): enter the value of a 8
if(a>c): the greatest no is 9
print(“the greatest no is”,a)
else:
print(“the greatest no is”,c)
else:
if(b>c):
print(“the greatest no is”,b)
else:
print(“the greatest no is”,c)

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8. Print n natural numbers

i=1 Output
1
while(i<=5): 2
3
print(i)
4
i=i+1 5

9. Print n odd numbers

i=2 Output
2
while(i<=10):
4
print(i) 6
8
i=i+2
10

10. Print n even numbers

i=1 Output
1
while(i<=10):
3
print(i) 5
7
i=i+2
9

11. Print n squares of numbers

i=1 Output
while(i<=5): 1
print(i*i) 4
i=i+1 9
16
25

12. Print n cubes numbers

i=1 Output
while(i<=3): 1
print(i*i*i) 8
i=i+1 27

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13. Find the sum of n numbers

i=1 Output
sum=0 55
while(i<=10):
sum=sum+i
i=i+1
print(sum)

14. Factorial of n numbers/product of n numbers

i=1 Output
product=1 3628800
while(i<=10):
product=product*i
i=i+1
print(product)

15. Swap two values of variables

a=eval(input("enter a value")) Output
b=eval(input("enter b value")) enter a value3
c=a enter b value5
a=b a= 5 b= 3
b=c
print("a=",a,"b=",b)

16. Convert the temperature

c=eval(input("enter temperature in centigrade")) Output
f=(1.8*c)+32 enter temperature in centigrade 37
print("the temperature in Fahrenheit is",f) the temperature in Fahrenheit is 98.6
f=eval(input("enter temp in Fahrenheit")) enter temp in Fahrenheit 100
c=(f-32)/1.8 the temperature in centigrade is 37.77
print("the temperature in centigrade is",c)

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17. Program for a basic calculator

a=eval(input("enter a value")) Output
b=eval(input("enter b value")) enter a value 10
c=a+b enter b value 10
print("the sum is",c) the sum is 20
a=eval(input("enter a value")) enter a value 10
b=eval(input("enter b value")) enter b value 10
c=a-b the diff is 0
print("the diff is",c) enter a value 10
a=eval(input("enter a value")) enter b value 10
b=eval(input("enter b value")) the mul is 100
c=a*b enter a value 10
print("the mul is",c) enter b value 10
a=eval(input("enter a value")) the div is 1
b=eval(input("enter b value"))
c=a/b
print("the div is",c)

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