DIV, GRAD, CURL, AND ALL THAT AN INFORMAL TEXT ON VECTOR ANALYSIS FOURTH EDITION SOLUTION MANUAL H. M. SCHEY ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROCHESTER, NEW YORK COPYRIGHT 6 2005 het *W* NORTON & COMPANY, INC.The diagrams in this manual were made by Nathan D. Clinch using Mathwriter. We are grateful to Professor Rebecca E. Hill for her generous assistance in the use of Mathwriter. There is no harm in being sometimes wrong--especially if one is promptly found out. --Maynard KeynesCHAPTER I » VAAN BENE ANN aA NANANANANN NNAANKANANN NAANANANANN NAANANAKAANNN PUN NI NNN NNNNANANNNN NANNNIANNANN PANN NaN NECN ENON NE NUN N\A LL ede Ve Le yy VAN LL Yay eae a4 : ‘Ie rey [iis (eve ee ees Bee era Gee ae enn NNN ln we seer 44S 4474 @ ©NANA Reine eee NANA ee NANNY ee NNNA VAAN 444 e Siac Tatas tH s esaee te NANA LA en S/ NN NANA i eee Ss 2 tes feared mre cee tera ance cae ciee ee ee eee Seeereegee sNN wee SANS Sn No eel aN Soest toa . sya Se ee ae wll ie Soea oa Coe SUE MEU eer reer et ® ny. a, 2% + JY c. -iy + jx Ves x b. G+ yt td a. 2% + jy + ke v2 Vx? + y? + 2? a. = Va'cos’wt + b’sin’wt Gece boy ae ine: -iamsinwt + jbwcoswt c. a = SY = -iaotcoswt - jbo%sinot = -w'r a. The x and y coordinates of the object at time t are given by x = acosmt and y = bsinwt. Hence (x/a)’ + (y/b)? = cos’wt + sin’ot = 1, 5. the y component of the field is 0. The x component of the field due to the charge at (1,0,0) is But r= e 1/e. Hence 2 2 Ex ‘4mey 7 It is clear from the figure that 1_cos®The x component of the field due to the charge at (-1,0,0), EL”, is the same as this. Hence 1 = ~9neo a + yy?” 6. a. Since the function F is tangent to the field line, the slope of the field line at any point is F,/F, (see figure). But the slope is also given by dy/dx. Hence dy/dx = Py /P ye b. In the following, ¢ represents an arbitrary constant. y \ LS 7 (i). dy/dx = x/y, x* - (ii). dy/dx = 1, y=x+ ce. A A family of hyperbolas with family of lines with slope 1. y - asymptotes y = #x.“ (Ai). dy/ax = -y/x, y = c/x A family of hyperbolas with asymptotes on the axes. == (v). dy/dx is not defined, but dx/dy = 0, x = c. A family of lines parallel to the y-axis. “ (iv). dy/dx = 0, y = c. A family of lines parallel to the x-axis. [xy y Gf NN (vi). dy/dx = x/y, x? - y* A family of hyperbolas with a~ symptotes y = tx.(vii). dy/dx =x, y=x’/2+c. (viii). dy/dx = y, y=ce™. A A family of parabolas. family of exponentials.CHAPTER IT az _ e = eee 1. a. Ox Ss -1, A = (dtjtk)/V3. ae ee oe ett Sere p/p eae aa bat ye AP a3 Fo J) (ela) v/a ~ ix + dy - kez V22 oc. 8% 2%, % 20, & = (ix/ethy/\Cx/aynl = (ixtk2)/Veee? +e Tee oe V Vv = ix +kz since x? +27 = 1, az oz = (-2ix-24 da axe 2x, ay * 2y, & = (-2ix-2jytk) ice oa ae Ox = _ixtiytka’z al 1-(a?-1)2? ia/ctjb/e Vab/ottp?/c741 2. a. 2 = (d-ax-by)/c, ee = -ale, 5) = -b/e, B= _ datjbtke V attb*+e? b. As d varies with a, b, and c fixed, a family of parallel planes is generated. Because they are parallel they all have the same normal.w= ufe + 539 le 332) uxv=uy{s - 139 499 _ 4299), sy 1 a (8) * (oe f eeu xw/fu xl = (5 - 43 v= vfs +598) a) woofs 4) wy say {i - 22 a fisuxv/la xv = ( - 3% - oh) Jay) ah we) -@y+(ay dh oz ;4, a. 2 = f(x,y) = 1 - x ~ y so df/dx = df/dy = Sfjses = Sh V3 dxdy = 8 ffo ~ x ~ y) dxdy where R is the triangle in the xy-plane bounded by the coordinate axes and the line x + y= 1. Hence the integral is Thus b. 2 = £(x,y) = x? + y? so d£/dx = 2x and d£/dy = 2y. Thus Mowe = Wl aes VEO OF Fey = IS where R is the circle of radius 1 lying in the xy-plane with its center at the origin. Transforming to polar coordinates we get 1 ff, aoe 39 Vi+ 4x? ok rar 1 aay Bays Vaid = an{t)a + ax} Io = 5(v5 - 1). c. z= £(x,y) = (1 - x* - y*)? so af/dx = -x/z and of/dy = -y/z. Hence freteceatier ffises = | (= x? = y)¥2\/2 + SEY axay = ls ln y 2 [Lo-#-0~- Ql we oY = fh, QQ - x? - y?) dxay, where R is the circle of radius 1 lying in the xy-plane with its center at the origin. Transforming to polar coordinates we get ark 1 a J J (1 - x%)rdrd@ = 2n] (1 - r4)rar = 2m] (© - 29) ar = ° 35. a. 2 = £(x,y) = 1 - x/2 - y/2 so d£/dx = df/dy = -1/2. Hence M.vm as = J] 2) - 2] over = ff [5 - a Ih + x - 1) dxdy, where R is the region in the xy-plane bounded by the coordinate axes and the line x + y Thus the integral is — »)| dxdy = Nie ax 2 ax J J ravens 5 zs 2 ao J vavex ~2= fue — x)dx + aje - x)? dx - 2 ° oa 0 4/3 + 2/3-2=0. b. 2 = £(x,y) = Va"~ x’ ~ y? so df/dx = -x/z and dfdy = ~ y/z. where R is the circle of radius a lying in the xy-plane with its center at the origin. Transforming to polar coordinates we get 2x a 2 rdrd@ * fae ga o> Va@-r c. 2 = £(x,y) = 1 - x? - y? so d€/dx = -2x and df/dy = -2y. Thus = 2na{-(a? - 17)¥/) |p = ana? fl, Pn dS = ff [-y(-2y) + l]dxdy = ff, (1 + 2y’) dxdy, where R is the circle of radius 1 lying in the xy-plane with its center at the origin. Therefore the integral is a 1 fey + aff y'dxdy = 1 + af J r*sin’® rdrdQ = n+ anfrar I in a0 3 10e 6. m=ff ov,y.2) as = ff + v4 as , wll. where S is the surface z = f(x,y) = VR? - x? - Hence d£/dx = -x/z and a£/ay = -y/z, so 5 — n= all (x2 y)V1 + (x/2)? + (y/2)? axdy ik where R is the disc x? + y* < R’. Thus, This integral can be done by elementary methods; its value is 2/3. Hence we have, finally, m= 4n0,R7/3. ir fl o(x,y,2)(x? + y*) dS. This integral differs from the one s in Problem 6 by an extra factor x’ + y* = r’ in the integrand. R ome rr? ar Hen = ence I 7 . This integral can be done by elementary methods; its value is 8/15, and so I = 16m0R'/15. 8. To find the total charge q we use Gauss’ law, ff EA dS = q/e. The s surface § consists of the circular base x’ + y? < R? and the hemispherical shell z= VR - x?- y?. on the base, A = -k so that E-A = -Axy. Hence se ae = afey aay - - an "1ar -a| rrsinocose drd@. But the @ integration yields 0. (This result ao can also be obtained using symmetry arguments.) On the hemispherical shell, d2/dx = -x/z and dzdy = ~y/z. Also, since the projection of the shell onto the xy-plane is the circular base, Shon? a ds -{_ [pe ~ hxe(-¥) + aay dxdy = -32 Se dxdy = 0 as before. Thus ff E-A dS = q/ty s 9. To find the total charge q we use Gauss’ law, ff EA ds = Is @/eg. On the rectangular base in the xy-plane, ='-k and so E-A = 0. ‘Thus the base makes no contribution to the surface integral. On the semi-circular end at x = h/2 we have @ = i'so BA = Ax = Ah/2. Hence ff BA dS = (Ah/2)(nr?/2) = Anmr’?/4. On the ena semi-circular end at x = -h/2, f = -i so E-A = -Ax = Ah/2. Thus this end also contributes Ahrr’/4 to the surface integral. On the cylindrical top z = Vr? - y’? so dz/dx = 0 and dzdy = -y/z. Hence, noting that the projection of the cylindrical top onto the xy-plane is the rectangular base R, we have fe A ds = Sf, [-Ax-0 - Ay(-y/2) + 0] dxdy = fe axdy = dydx = Anr*h/2. Thus 2 2 flea ae arin - — 4 Anxth s dar*h = a/eo > Gg = Anr’h ey. 10. a. On the face in the yz-plane, i = +i, so Fi = tx = 0 (because x = 0 in the yz-plane). The other two faces can be handled in the same way. Hence fla ds = 0. tk and F-a R?, Hence on b. On the circular top and bottom, & the curved surface A = (ix + jy)/R and x? + + y*) = R InR? = 2R 1nR. 12Thus i F-A dS = (2R 1nR)(2mRh) = 4nR*h Ink. Ss On the spherical surface, fi = (ix + jy + kz)/R and x+y? 4 22 = R?, Hence 2 2) 2 a evttyesy) Ree _ gow ae R ‘Thus Ilr fi ds = Re® (4nR’) = anR’e s d. The only surfaces to contribute to the surface integral are the one at x = 0 and the one at x = b. At x = 0, i =i and so FA = -E(x) = -E(0). At x= b, A = i and F-A = E(x) = E(b). Thus fra ds = [E(b) — £(0))b. s 1l. a. By symmetry E= iF), x>0 iE(x), x < 0, and E(x) = E(-x). For the surface s choose the cylinder of cross-sectional area A with its axis coinciding with the x-axis, and extending from x = -L/2 to x = L/2. Now Ea surface of the cylinder. On the flat end at x = = 0 on the curved L/2, Ei = E(L/2), and so fl EA dS = E(L/2)A. Similarly over the flat surface at x = -L/2 the surface integral is ECL/2)A. Using Gauss’ law and the fact that E(-L/2) = E(L/2), we have ff Ea dS = B(L/2)A + E(-L/2)A = 2E(L/2)A = OA/E, and so, E = 6/(2e,). onus & = io/(2e), x > 0, and E = ~io/(2e), x < 0. b Symmetry considerations are the same here as in (a). Hence Jf, ea 45 = 2008. 3 We consider two cases. In the first, ~b < x b. The enclosed charge is 2bAp) and so 2E(x)JA = 2bAPo/e, OF E(x) = bpo/ty. summarizing, B= ipox/ey, -bSKESb Apgb/eo, x>b ~ipgb/es, x <-b c. Symmetry considerations are the same here as in (a). so ff E-A dS = 2E(x)A. Now, however, the charge enclosed by the surface s is apofe ae = aapofer’Mix = anpyoa — &*%. Ip © 2i yb Db PP 6), or noo = 2 —( - e*/), Hence & € Thus 2A5(x) = 12. a. By symmetry the field is radially outward and depends only upon r: E = E(r)é,. Take as the surface $ the right circular cylinder of length L whose axis coincides with the line of charge as shown in the figure. The flux through the flat circular ends of S is 0 because E-A = 0 on the ends. Only the curved surface (CS) of the cylinder contributes to the flux which is given by Sie A ds = J E(x) dS = ae)ff as = E(r)(2nrb). The total charge enclosed by S$ is AL and so 2mrLE(r) = AL/eq and E(x) = A/(2nepr). Hence a er RO) = ghee: Note that if the line of charge coincides with the z-axis then é@, ix + jy 14b. The symmetry is the same as in (a). We consider two cases. In the first the radius of the cylinder r b the enclosed charge is mb*Lp) so Gauss’ law reads 2mrLE(r) = Mb*Lpy/eq so E(x) = b’po/(2egr). Hence c. The symmetry is the same as in (a) but now the enclosed charge is oer z ponf for > prar'd® = anpatfe'” r'dr’ bo > _ anpatb 1 -(+ £). 2np Lb’ Hence Gauss’ law reads 2xxLE(x) = —” [: -(1+ re. or 0 13. a. Here the field is in the radial direction and d upon r: BE = E(r) @, where @, (ix + jy + kz)/Vx? + y? + 22. the surface $ is the sphere of radius r with its center at the center of charge, which is also the origin of the coordinate system. The flux of E is then flea ds = E(r)(4mr’). Is We consider two cases. In the first r b so that the enclosed charge is 4mb’p,/3 and Gauss'law is 4mr°E(r) = 4mb'po/(3€)), and we get E(r) = b%p/(3eqr’). Summarizing, 15E(t) = 5, Sinton: 0 Pob® ee Be gr’ b. The symmetry is the same as in (a) but now the charge enclosed by S is a= [ffpaeriav = enpafer™1e)* ae : 2 = anna 7 ere, +E 2)} Therefore Gauss’ law gives so pob*| ost de ) E(r) = 2-e" + +2\l@,. A egr? bese: c. The symmetry is the same as in (a). To determine the total charge enclosed we must consider three cases. In the first case, 3 zr r )p, sce 3 7 so from Gauss’ law we have 4nr%a(x) = 3% [b'py + (c? - bY)p,ly and Bx) 0 In the second case, b < r < 2b and q = = <1 5lb%p + (©? - bYpyl. 3eqr? Finally, in the third case we have r > 2b whence the total enclosed charge is given by an 4n nb? a = J pcb? + “p,(8b? - b*) 3 (Po + 7M) 2 _ 4nb? and so from Gauss’ law we get 4nr7B(x) = “SP™-(p) + Tpi)y 80 H(z) = 162 aeqx? P? + 7p;). Summarizing we have Po er 3e x?! 1 tb°p, + (8 - Dyes, bs 4s 2b E(r) = r 2b. To have E = 0 when r > 2b, we must have py + 7p; = 0, or Po = 7p. The total charge is then _4nb? 4 3 (PD + 3 (8b? — b*)p, = 0 a 14. (a). be? = x+y +2). xy? + yP8? — xy(x? + 479? = 0. 15. (a). In the following we evaluate the function at the center of the relevant face of the cube. on S, Ff = Fed = (x) + 8/2)? on Sz Fei = -F-i = -(xp - 8/2)? On Sy Fei = F-j = (yo + 8/2)? on S Fe = -F-j = ~(y) - 8/2)? On Ss FA = Fk = (zo + 8/2)? on S, FB -PK = -(29 - 8/2)? 7s[(xq + 8/2)? — (Xo — 8/2)7] = 2x87, rence ff ra os + [f ra os with analogous results for the othe two pairs of faces. Hence {fra os (b). The volume of the cube is V = s* so 28%x%o + Yo + 20)+ 28%(%) + Yo + Zo) amffra as = SP = 2%) + yo + 2) s s By definition this is V-F at (Xq/Yo/%) and it agrees with Prob. II-14(a). [Note that there is no need to calculate the limit of this expression as s -» 0 since the result is independent of s.] (c). For F = iyz + jxz + kxy (evaluating F-A at the center of the face), On S$, F-fa = yz so ff F-a ds = j yz dS = yoz)s* ss 3: On S, P- = -yz so ff F-A ds = -f yz dS = ~yyzps*. se 2 Note that these two results cancel. Calculations analogous to this one show that the other two pairs of faces also give cancelling results. Thus Jira dS = 0 and so V-F = 0, which is s the result obtained in Prob II-14(b). For F = ie* + je¥ + ke” (evaluating FA at the center of the face), we find and [ra es = ff er as e-em He, Hence []._., tas = ste 0 ~ eter 27) Dividing this by the volume, s*, gives 18ett + 9/2) _ gobo ~ 8/2) ae oe se ' 5 as s -> 0. The other two pairs of faces are treated in the same way and yield e¥° and e*°, The sum of the three contributions is thus e*° + e¥° + @%*, which is the result of ProbII-14(c), evaluated at (or Yor Zo)- 16. Let £'(u) = dé/du. Then V-F = £'(x) + £"(y) + £'(-2z)(-2). With (x,y,z) = (€,¢,-c/2) we get V-F = £'(c) + £"(c) ~ 2£'(c) = 0. ve = 24,2) + yaa) + Znc,y) = 0. ( AX, 0 17. For the triangle at the front, F-f PgXo + 1 Yor 2] (see Figure a). Hence Goyorto) ae 5 ‘ay Figuea Figure b : ( Axo ff Fea dS & Fx + 5", Yor ZojAvAz/2. Similarly on the back pont triangle, ff FA ds = -#{x. - ax, Yor 2o}yd2/2. For the sack rectangular side parallel to the xz-piane, [f Fads = rect side aif rye- SF za )xde. On the rectangular base, ff Pads = 2 Rect Base =F Korvor20 - 82 anne. Next we must find @ for the slanted surface. From Figure b we see that f = jsind + kcoso = —A42 + kay V (Ay)? + (Az? 19Therefore FyAz + F,Ay (ayy? + (Az)? Hence Fy(%r¥or2QA2 + Fa(%yeYor20)A¥ | —p——— jl pea ag = i forYor the + Eoltor¥or 20OY a V(ayy? + (aay! sient. sure. Vay)? + 2) w Fy(Xor Yor Z)AXAZ + F,(Xor¥or Zo)AxAY~ Adding all these results and dividing by AV = Jaxayaz we get { Ax Ax A Fyleorvor2e) ~ Fy{xorve SY 20] Ay/2 A F ,(%9rYor%o) — Fy(x0rYor20~ ‘2 | * Az/2 ar, OF, Pillgeihiayet as Ax, Ay, and Az 30. (ory or20) 18. Figures Figure b 20a. Using Figures (a) and (b) we find eee 4X = icos + jsine sind + jcosé These are three equations in the three unkonwns i,j,k. Solving, we find i = @cos@ ~ é)sin®, j = @,sin® + &cosd, and k = @,. xy + jy? _ _rsin@cosé x? + y? x? b. F (@,cosé ~ @psin8) 2 080 (a sind + &:cosd) Y @,(-sin@cos*@ + sinOcos’6) + @(sin’@cos6 + cos’@) = @cos6. put VF = 23 (cose) = -2i0® = -¥_, which agrees with Prob. ra r ay TI-14(e). c. F = kr = @r. then VF = 2 (2) = 0, which agrees with Prob. II~14(£). 19. Nee Figure a Figure b a. Using Figures a and b we have ax + dy + kz : = isingcos® + jsingsin® + kcoso at& = -isin® + jcosé Then i i k a x @ sind cosé 0 singcos@ sindsin® cos icos#cos) + jsin@coso ~ ksing. These expressions for @,, @, and @) are three equations in the three unknowns i,j, and k. Solving these three equations yields the three expressions for i, j, and k given in the statement of the problem. b. F = ix + jy + kz. Using the results given in (a) and the standard expressions for x, y, and z in terms of r, 0, and >, we find that F = @r. Then V-F = t2crn = 3, in agreement with r the result for Prob II14-(g). c. pF = “*#¥23*_ Using the results given in (a) and the Vx2 + y? standard expressions for x, y, and z in terms of r, @, and $, we a 1_ 9 find that F = @. Then VF = ~i-)35(1) = 0, in agreement with the results of ProbIT14~-(h). 20. For the side Ss, we have ff, P-nds = F(r8 + 48 Jaraz, oe and for Sz, Si F-nds -r(r.9 - 2 a |araz. ‘Thus 1 oe 1 A av), "9 = zaoheaa[taleso + AO AG -ndeste8l a) nfo 2) an sia > Fag as A050. 22For S3, ff F-ndS = F{x.6,2 + 92 \ragar, ss 2 and for 84, Hence 1 av, eae - 21. For sides S, and 8, we have [ rses and Be +o 1,8)}r?singagae Srnec = -a(r - SF 10,8 sinpsoao. Hence : re + + 0.0) - Fe - 19,0) = av, oan nds = eae eee or as Ar>0. For sides S, and S, we have Ae 2 Jf, race = F(x + Sf 0}rsinlo + Jerse, [J rnes a(c,or4e 10 }sin( oe?) - rere 0 ain(t-4?) rsinOAd and an F(x - SP 0 }esin(o - 40)\arag. ‘Thus 1 awd), vo Fras Hin Hs sin) as A—0. 23For sides S, and S, we get jl FndS = F{=,0,0 + a8 Jeaoar and ss ff Fads = -r(r14,0 - 20 \eapar . Thus ff FndS = IS 6 2 Ss + Se ) a(£.9,8 +9)- Fe(£14,9 : 4e) a rsinoAe > zsing aa 25 4050- 22. Vile £(2)) = 1 280) = 0 if rer) = const. Thus f(x) = © const, es 23. a. For faces S, and S, we have [recs = ff sarax = ff aves b, and ff Fnds = -{f xdydx = 0 Is s2 because x = 0 on 8). In exactly the same way S,; and S, each yield b® and S, and S, both give 0. Hence Sr nds s = 3b. But VF = V-(ix + jy + kz) = 3. Thus fi V-F dv = fff dv = 3b’. by by b. On S, we have ff F-nds ff 2ds = aff as = mR’h/4, s Ns Ss a Le as Next, J Fends = j F-ndS = 0 because ss sa 1 because z = 0 on S. s,— fi = 48) on S, and S4 and Ft = Fo = 0. Finally, If, rae = See ds = fe ds = aff, es = x2 | 243mR7h ra the non-zero contributions from 8, and S;, we get Slr nds = s next we nave VF = 22¢er + 12) + 2@ = 3. Thus the volume integral is [er ov afffev = of & fips = fle = 4r. Therefore ff VF dav = ff 4rdv = Jffee r’sind dr d@ do = hy ly 200 _ 3a a fos eee dees ffjas = ane? put VF = Spee) ane’. 24. a. Using the divergence theorem, ffpa as = ff VB dv = 0 Is hy because V-B = 0. b. rom (@) [Ja as = ff ma as + [fsa as = 0, where cs means the curved surface of the cone. It follows then that ff B-AdS es = -ff Ba dS. But on the base B-A = -B, because the normal points base outward from the volume. Hence Sle* ds = aff_es = ARB. 25. In the divergence theorem let F = ¢ where c is an arbitrary constant vector. Then V-F = V-c = 0 and so ffx os = Ses as = effa as = 0. But because ¢ is an arbitrary vector, this last equality implies that [fa as - 0. 25 }26. a. In the divergence theorem set F = r. Recalling that V-r = 3, we have fra as = i aav = 3v, or v= fra as. Ns S b. (i) We have the following (see figure below): on, rh=x=a On Sz, ri = -x=0 on 8, ri=y=b On, ri = -y=0 On Ss; ri=z2=c On S, r= -z=0 5 flea dS = abe + bac + cab = 3abc. Is (ii). On the curved surface, r 1 fi so On the top (see figure), ra = rk = 2=h, Hence fra ds = har’ and so V = s (iii). flrs ds flee ds = a{fas = R(4mR’) = 4nR*, and so V = 4nr*/3. 2627. a. S, and S, are the two parts of the surface that encloses V. With fi, and f, oriented as shown in the figure, we have [Lvs os [fra os = [fv ov =o, ; Ss because V-F = 0 in V. Thus ff Pa ds = -ff Fei dS . If we now replace fi, by -f; we Is get ff FA ds = J Fa dS. Note that this choice of f, and f, s s2 corresponds to the normals pictured in the text. b. Using the divergence in spherical coordinates, V-F " 1a rear 0. (= &) = 0 (c is a constant). Note that this holds only if r x c. Let S) be a sphere of radius R centered at the charge and lying entirely within S (see figure). The field of a point charge gq at the origin is E Hence ff Eads = —%_(amr) = 2. put from (a), Iso 4me Ra & [805 = ffacs wien ene normeis as shown in the figure. Hence Sle fds = 7 i s 0 q. d. We have established in (c) that ffeca ds = e! where E, is s the field due to the charge q,. Thus, using superposition, dlfee > de vA ds = ae or Sizses Ye, is the field due to the entire collection of charges, and q = i Sas is the total charge. i as where E = a7wa. f[ra as = ; 1 a(21) zi? 5) is apparently violated. However, for the theorem to hold, F must | be well-behaved everywhere in V (and on S$). But V includes the point r = 0 where F is not defined. a8, ae, bff reas [fra asa ff hess ff Mas - 4nRi Amr} re (rs = (2 Jeane = 4m. But VF = = 0 and so fi V-Pdv = 0 # 4m. The divergence theorem We which is the desired result because V-F = 0 in the region v between the two spheres. c. The region enclosed by S must not include the point r 28CHAPTER IIT pix t jy tke kz 1. F = f(x) = ee, = Fe Hence Feds = Lt(ydx + yay + 2d2) = {rer = tener [rites = | £(x)dr = F(r,) - F(r,), where F’ = £. lc This result is independent of c. 2. Defining the sides of the triangle as shown in the figure, we get the following: Onc, t =i so | F-tds [rex = es es Flxey - SF ya )ax, on cs @ = -3 80 f reas = -[ ray = -r(x - ERO y/Z)AK + FyCx,y,2)Ay]. Vax)? + (Ay)? Hence f F-tds LPC, 2)Ax + Fy(x-y,2)Ay]\ (Aw? + (Ay)? fea V (Ax)? + + (ay? a FAK Y ZAK + FY(t,y, 2)Ay. The area of the triangle is AS = AxAy/2 so we get ashFtes = Real Fay - 4 ~ Wya)ax - ale - Sy,z)ay - F,&/¥/2)Ax + Fy(xyy,2)Ay] 298 ya) devia) ~ Bex ~ ¥,2) F(X Y,2) — Fix - ‘Ax/2 ~Ay/2 ar, Fy > Be 7 By 38 4x and Ay > 0. ij ok 3. a. | d/dx d/dy d/dz | = 2-dy + 42 + kx). aaa acts Pn k b. 0/dx d/dy 0/02 | = 55x. 3xz 0 x? ij k c. | a/ax a/ay d/az | = ie * + je% + ke. ey e% eo 4 9 k d. A/dx d/dy 3/dz = ite - x) + UW - y) + kz - 2) = ye xz oxy ij k e. | d/dx d/ay a/az | = -ix - dy + 2kz. -yz xz 0 i j k £. O/dx d/dy d/dz | = Ady ~ 5x). x yxy? a j k g. | a/dx d/ay a/dz | = iz ~ kx. xy yo yz i ij k he a/ax d/dy A/az where D = (x? + y? + 27)? , x/D y/D 2/D The x component of this is Orie Oey te eeayedaceiccee a aeetetuayes mar dyD 7 aD ~ Gta ye + ap? * Gaya aye OThe other two components yield 0 in the same way. 4. a. [rt as = [tas = 0 @ecause 2 = 0 onc), jf F-t ds = f wds = (x) + 8/2)*s, es es fret ds = f zds = 0 (because 2 = 0 es cs on C3), and j F-& ds = -] x’ds = -(x) - s/2)’s. ee ce Combining these results we find fre ds le Since the area of the square is s* we get [lp + 8/2)? - (x9 — 8/2)7]13 = 2x8”. 0 Lfre ds = 2x = (e-V X Flog yo,2qe (Note that there is no side need to take the limit as s + 0 because our result, 2x), is independent of s.) This result agrees with Prob III3-(a). » For F = 3ixz - kx? rt ds = 3] xzds = 0 (because z = 0 on C)) Nes ey : Ft ds es nt iL Fy ds = 0 (because Fy = 0) j F-t ds = -3| xz ds = 0 (because z = 0 on C;) lea cs f Pt ds = -| F, ds = 0 (because Fy = 0) ee cy 31Combining these results we get fra ds = 0. This implies that lc V x F = 0, which agrees with Prob I113-(b). For F = ie + je*+ ke, f Ft ds = f eds ce, cy ell — 2g [re as = [ ees ee es f Pt ds -f oY ds = 2 * 9/25 ea es Combining these results and dividing by the area of the square, s’, -s we get evs - 9/2) Ayo + 9/2) Lfre ds = ade 8 The limit of this expression as s -> 0 is by definition ~y Y evaluated at yo, that ise, This agrees with Prob IIT4~(d). 5. fre ds fr + y’)dz, and the curve C consists of the three 32sides of the triangle as shown in Figure (a). However, on C, y = 0 and on C, z = 0, so the only contribution to the integral comes from C3. Prom Figure (b) we get (a - y)/s = 1/2 or y= a - s/V2 and 2/s = 1/2 or z s/2. Here s the length along Cc, measured from the point (0,a,0) as shown in Figure (b). Hence Va fre ors [utara fe - eye = ofea — w) + a1 - w)’] dw = ES + a. (« The triangle is equilateral with side 2a and its area A = V3a?/2. Hence tae 2) a F-t ds = +2 )=24+ y+ 2% as a7 0. af 3) 7 Ja * v3 i 3 k i But Vx F =| a/dx d/dy a/dz | = (1 + 2y)d, and a = 4 e 0 o yty? gence oV xr 2 bt 1 y= as y — 0, in agreement with the limit calculated above. 6. AX x = i(Aj2 ~ Ay) + JAX ~ A,z) + k(AZ - A,X). Hence ai j k a/ax a/dy a/dz AyZ-A,Y Ayx-A,2 YAK u Vx(ax rn) = iQ + AY + J, + Ay) + kA, + A,) = 2A. Hence Vx xX =A (Fs oFy (98 OF, ory OF, 7. Vx = al gr - ae) + alge - ae +50 — gy Je TBs a (2s 4) afar, ar, a(t a.) WV x FY = iF ~ Ge) + aylaz ~ Ge) * d2ldx ~ ay) = ° because terms cancel in pairs: (1 & 4), (2 & 5), and (3 & 6). 338. To get the radial component of the curl we proceed as follows. [ F-2 ds a(r,0,2 - rao, Cy 2 f F-t ds e{c,0 + zs, 2 2 f Ft ds “(e102 + 4 )ra0, C3 2 Ft ds -r{2,0 - {6 2 )z. Adding these four integrals and dividing by AA = rA@Az we get 1 r{c,6 + %,2) - F{x.8 - aaprt as = Mi To get the @ component of the curl we proceed as follows. [rt as B(r.8,2 + anne ca 2 F-t ds -{e + SE o,2)az ea 2 Ft ds = -e(r.0,2 = a2)ar lea 2 Ft ds ele - * 0.2) ee 2 Adding these four integrals and x dividing by AA = ArAz we get r(c.0,2 + 2 lfae ange dsar, OF, Eten Hed Ja 7 Oe 7 (VX Fle as Az and Ar > 0. 9. To get the @ component of the curl we proceed as follows (see figure below [rtas le Ft ds = lee ; Ar Ar ri den [ads a-nfe- Snale- A : [eae eo rde- Fanole - Ze [rtas= [res =n(ee- Sr lea es Adding the contributions from C, and C, and dividing by AA = rA@Ar, we get : A(z + 8 ole + oS w 1a > DjeGF) as Ar 3 0 35Adding the contributions of C, and C, and dividing by AA we get A AR, leatcs e{z.0 + 4,0) - F{z/0 - 48,0) Ft ds = - ———_,, — rA@ 1 at, “xr do as Ar ~ 0. Combining these two results we get at atten F ’ ” 1 Ps 1a 19Fr Wx Fy = Fry - S55 We next obtain (V x F), (see figure below): t & we ds ds as ds [Feds = of: Bee ole - 4F}singao Ja 7 2{=.0.8 + 40 jar -f esas -#{r + % ,o,0\e + 2 leinoao es -| F.ds = -2{=10,0 - AO ar lea 2 Adding the contributions from C; and C; and dividing by Aa rsinoA@Ar, we get12 > pgp Fe) as dr > 0. Adding the contributions from C, and C, and dividing by AA we get F{r,9,0 + ae) - F{r-6,0 - “) EEE pA ete 1_ oF, > Feing 0 28 40 > 0. Combining these two results we find 1 OF, (VY * Fy = Feind 30 1a ~ Ee Finally we obtain (Vx F), (see figure below): f F-ids =-| Rds = lex les m L a 4 me > + a B = f F-t ds = -f F,ds = -rd 10 - 28 0 )rsin(o - 48)a9 + Ao rids= [ras = m(r19,0 - 2 ra { aes eat tae 2 jae 37Le & ds = [eas = rrr + 88 jo )esin( + po Adding the integrals over C, and C, and dividing by AA = x’singAgAd we get AG AG : : r{e-4,0 +4 ) 5 F{£.4,0 -4 ) ta ge tee eoeen et rsinoA® ar, 1 as Ae > 0. > TEsing 00° Adding the integrals over C, and C, and dividing by AA we get se) 2 1 a Tsing 99 (50 Fe) as Ad > 0. Thus 1a 1_ oF © Pe = shag ag ine Fo) — Fyhng ge 10. a. F = -iyz + jxz = ~ (@,cos@ — ésinO)zrsin@ + (@sin@ + @cos®)zrcosé = rza, ‘Thus Wx PF), = - 22) sor (WW x Fg = 0 (Wx F), = 12 (era) = 22 and so Vx F = -ra, + 22 ~x(icos® + jsin®) + 2kz = -ix - dy + 2k2. 38be. P=ixt+jy k(x’? + y4) = (@,cos® — gsin®)rcos@ + (@,sin® + @ycosd)rsin® + é,r? = @xr + 6,1. Thus Wx FP), = 230% =0 (V x Fg = x - Ze) = -2r w xr, = $20 - 2m -0 and so Vx F = -2réy = -2jx + 2iy = 2ady - jx. ll. a. F = ixy + jy’ + kyz (@,sindcos® + €,cos¢cos® - ésin@)r*sin*gcos@sin® + (@,singsin® + @,cosdsin® + @gcos0)r’sin*gsin’® + (@,cos - @,sind)r*singsin®cosd = @,r’sinosind Thus Wx F), = 0 (Wx FP), = 4-1. 2 (singsine) = —rcos® o = 5 sind 20 (Vx Fy = -1 A (?singsind) = -reosdsin® and 80 V x F = €rcos® - @rcospsin® = iz - kx. 7 ixt+jy+kz Te & @+ys 2?” pp Thus F has only a radial component and depends only upon r. Using the form of the curl in spherical coordinates, the only terms involving F, are one in the 9 component which is proportional to oF, oF, "yg. 1 and one in the @ component which is proportional to ‘94. Both these derivatives are zero, so V x F = 0. 12. The argument given in Prob III-11 shows that V x F = 0. 3913. The ones with zero curl, (d) and (h). 14. In Stokes’ theorem put F = ¢ where ¢ is an arbitrary constant vector. Then Stokes’ theorem reads fee as = f[avxecas=o a s because V x c = 0. Hence efé ds = 0. But because ¢ is an lc arbitrary vector this implies that fe ds = 0 lc 15. a. F = az? - jy’, Thus pre ds = ferax - ydy = fetax le le because y = 0 on C. Now f z*dx = 0, because z = 0 on C, les j z7dx = 0, because dx = 0 on C, ce 2 j 2dx = fox 1, because z es ° " 2 5 C3 jf 2?dx = 0, because dx = 0 on Cy le “ fre as al. le It is easy to show that V x F = 2jz which implies that a-V x F = 0 on all surfaces except S,. But on S, i = j so @#V x F = 22. . line integral given above. 40F = iy + jz + kx. Hence j F-£ ds fe ydx (because z = 0 on C,), Letting x ley = cos0, y = sinO, this integral becomes A - | sintoce = -m/4. The integrals over C, 2 and C, are treated in exactly the same way and both yield -n/4. Hence fre ds = jo ~3n/4. A straightforward calculation gives V x F = -i -j - k, while the equation of the surface is z= V1- x’ - Hence d£/0x = -x/z and df£/dy = -y/z. We therefore have Slav x F dS = IG -%- rJexay where R is the quarter circle of radius 1 lying in the xy-plane and centered at the origin. The integral can be written axdy - ff x 3 dxdy ~ ff dxdy. RV - xi he eeeas -y But fl The second integral above can be treated in exactly the same way and also yields n/4. The third integral is just the area of the quarter-circle and thus also equals x/4. It follows then that I in agreement with the line integral calculated above. 2 nI21 ; ee J frees cess r’cos®_drdé V1 - x - y’ 33 Viz "Vx F ds atc. fre ds = fyex - xdy + 2dz = le le fyax - xdy, because z = 0 on C. But le a ? | sin’oao = -nr’ where we 2 pyax = lc have put x = Reos® and y = Rsin0, as shown in the figure. Using the same transformation we find fray = Ic 2n | cos"oa0 -mR?, Adding these two ° results we get fré ds = -2nr’. A straightforward calculation le gives V x F = -2k. On the curved surface of the cylinder #-V x F = ~2h-k = 0. On the top of the cylinder i = k so #V « F = k-(-2k) = 2. Therefore we have flav x F dS = -2ffas = ~2@rR*) = -2nR*, in 5 Is agreement with the line integral calculated above. 16. a. C, and C, together constitute a curve (in two parts) which encloses a surface S (see figure; note that the orientation of C, is the | opposite of that in the figure in the text). Applying Stokes‘theorem, fre ds = lo fire as+ fre as = [fav xr as =o, ey lee s because Vx F = 0 on C and S. Thus $ Fé ds af Fi ds. Changing . cs Ca the direction of C, to conform to the diagram in the text we get § Ft ds f Ft ds. es les 42. coe . Hol Hol eo b, Using cylindrical coordinates, V x ar = eVX T= MoT 1a(id : Greer jelrt | <0. Note that this result does not hold at x = 0 where B is undefined. a Hot ©. Bt ds = @et ds. But 1 circle circte 205 the circle & = 6@ f pr agt as = on the circle @ = @ so f 7oepé ds = ean) a = ZqR(@™R) = Hol. Now consider any closed curve C enclosing the line of current. Construct a circular path lying entirely within C (see figure). Since V x B = 0 (c # 0) the result from (a) applies and gives foe ds = $ Bt ds = pot. f circle Mot Hol | Cc 7 aot : Wea. fre ds = fas. But € = @, and x = Ron so fre ds ke Joe a A & 1d(1)_ = 3(2mR) = 2m. On the other hand, V x — = s—|x-— | = 0 so that R r 7 rar\™r & fev x | dS = 0. Thus Stokes’ theorem fails. The reason is s that Stokes’ theorem requires F to be smooth on C and S, but F = eo zis not defined at r= 0. b. F is smooth in D and Stokes’ theorem holds. D is not simply connected. ‘ __ a : eee _{f 28 18. Since E = - GP we have fee ds = Pall ds = ff Se 38+ Applying Stokes’ theorem to the line integral, we find flav x Eds ls ; oB this implies that V x B = -Sr.19. A simple calculation shows that V x F = 0 so that the line integral is independent of path. We may therefore replace the complicated path given in the statement of the problem by a simple one. We choose x = w, y=w, z2=w(0¢w<¥ 1), Then fre ds = 1 1 2 Jew - we)dw + fie ~ we™)dw + fe ° ° o ~ we}aw = afte ~ wee = 3 3/e. 20. Take the divergence of the fourth equation recalling that VV xF = 0. Then VV x B=0= ete: = + u,V-J. But using the first equation we get v2 a Zw) = ie(8} Hen 0 ewes (8) + Va = 0, or 2 + Va electric charge is conserved. 21. From the second of Maxwell’s equations we have B-V x E = 2 = -2(#), and from the fourth, E-V x B = eqiigf a + Mes 2 ewea(®) + [loJ-B. Subtracting these two equations we get a [ Eolo? + B? Qcniigan) ene Using the fourth identity on the inside front cover of text we find that the left hand side of this last equation can be written VB x BE). Thus E(V x B) ~ B{V x BE) a (= + wine : v(t x B) ea 2 ie} TE €B* + B?/[y We interpret pp = : as the electromagnetic energy density, and 3, aa B as the electromagnetic energy current 0 i : Pe density. Thus our last equation reads 5," + Vid, = -0-E. If the right-hand side of this equation were 0, the equation would assert 44that electromagnetic energy is conserved. However, the term JE is the rate at which the electric field does work in moving electric charges. Thus the electromagnetic energy is not conserved: it decreases when the field does work on the charges, and it increases when the charges do work on the field. 22. a. Let CS stand for curved surface and T&B for top and bottom. men fea ds = ff ea as+ ff oa cs. However, the integral over IS es bas the top and bottom is zero because fi = tk and G-k = 0. Now we note that on the curved surface dS = dsdz (see figure). Hence ff Ga ds = jh GA dsdz = nfo ds, where h is the height of the ks cs le cylinder. Now a- = 0 (see Figure b). Thus yo. nyt, + Nyty = 0 so that n, = -n,t,/t,. Hence 4 - f = (nyty/nyi + nyj = (n,/t)(tyd - tJ). To make this a unit vector we take A = ty - td Thus GA = Gty — Gyty, and so fo-acs = fist, — Gyt,) ds = ficey ~ Gax). eee cteaee eee ke fc a af cay - ¢,a0 = [ffv-6 av = We offs + Ser. ‘Thus we have flies osficay ~ 540 = ([(3e + lacey. b. fre ds = frax + Fay = J &-V x F ds. But f = k so le lc Is frac ton [fo ©. In the equation derived in (b) put F, = -G, and Fy ve ost foray ~ oe = ff( derived in (a). ‘Then which is the equation 23. a, Using the result of Prob III22-(b), fre ds = f aV x F ds le s (dr, oF, ar, a (de 7 dy JOxay = A provided 5" - FP = 3x or F = ~iy. c We use F = jx so that fre ds lo i. jf xdy = f xdy = 0 because dy=0 |’ oy cy 6 (xr = afer = 5 : [= i a 0 because x = 0 / A= ab ii. xdy = 0 because dy = Ne, [wr On C, x/s = b/Vh? +b? 50 x = bs/Vh? +b? and y/s = h/Vh? + b? 80 afey = hb y =hs/Vn?+b?. thus fxey = awrR J sas = ° 462 iii. A= prey = *fcos*eas = art. - i o Co) dad. x x & = (ix + jy) x (idx + jay) = k(xdy - ydx). Thus ficvex + xdy) = le fre ds = frex + Fydy when F, = -y and le lc Fy=x-Hence using III22~(b), fvex + xdy) lc 2 Ie 7 Zener = aff exay = 2a. Thus A= 3hi-vex + xdy) = lage x & ds au, aR, ia (WX. = 57 - Fy = ~f Rey sy 2pax + G(Xor¥, 2) ~]Zs.00y 20a" = Goto V7) — J[Zece re + Zoe sy.2)fte? eee Baie ou But VG&x',y/2) = 0 = ge GlKtv¥e2) + GoGyx r¥.2) + 3, Gl sys 2). Hence (VX Wy = Ge(Xor ye 2) + Jaoesee x nex = GylKor¥e2) + GyVs2) — CxorVr2) = Gxloeryr2)- an, any We also have (V x Hy = —37 = Gytsyz) and (Vx BH), = 9, = G,x,y,z). Thus V x H = iG(x,y,2) + 3Gy(,y,2) + kG(X,¥,2)- b. We can add to H any vector function whose curl is 0. Thus if Vx K = 0, thenG=Vx (H+K)= Vx 4H. 4725. a. VG = 0 as is easily verified. This implies that an # exists such that ¢ = V x H. Using the equations given in Prob 11124 we have H, = 0, §, Jere = do? ~ x), and #, = ~fzax + y Jvrev: wx2 + xe + Hy? - yo)®. Thus ¥ 1 : 1 g(x? — x5 + [xe + xz + 30? - vo" fk Ve = 0 as is easily verified. Then A, = 0, Hy = Jere: = B(x ~ X), and H, = 0. Thus H = Bx ~ x)k. c. Here it can easily be verified that V-G ¥ 0, so there is no H in this case. d. VG = 0 as is easily verified. Then H, = 0, Hy = ~Jeax = x x -2(x - Xo), and H, = fax: + 2] roay" = y(% — %) + 2Xp(y ~ Yo)» Hence xo Yo H = ~2(x ~ Xo)j + (xy + Xo ~ 2xo¥o)k- e. Here it can easily be verified that V-¢ + 0, so there is no H in this case. 26. Using Stokes’ theorem, fat ds = fev xa ds = flea as. fc s 527. fet ds = flav x H dS and fat ds ff aV x H dS. Adding these, the line integrals se cancel because C and C’ are oppositely directed. Hence we get ff AV x HdS = 0. But by the ses! divergence theorem, ff av x Has eas [lvoe « » dv. Now let @ = V x BL Wy fi Ve dv = 0. But since v is arbitrary implies VG = 28. a. By Stokes’ theorem fue ds = flev x lc s the integral form of the equation is fx tds lc b. Using Problem I1125-(a), @ = iy + jz + kx for which V-@ = 0. Then from Problem III24 we find H, = 0, Hy = roe fr + fear = : xo = do? - x), and a, 2x — x) + a - yi). Let us select the path shown in the diagram and put x9 = ¥o = 0. Note that y = 0 and dy = 0 on C. Thus ut ds lc Ss any | Ac, ci fexaz. Now lc J axdz = j zxdz = 0 because dz = 0 on C, and C;. Also f zxdz = 0 es es i ea because x = 0 on Cy. But [cove = ~feae = -}+ Hence ft ds = 3 -3. For S take the square in the xz-plane enclosed by C. Now 4929. a. With the sides labelled as shown in the diagram and using the notation F,(S,) to mean the value of Fy (q = x,y,z) at the center of the face 5, we have on S, A= i and i x F = kF(S)) - 5F,(8) on $, A = -i and -i x F = -kFY(S;) + F,(S)) on S, A= j and j x F = -kF(S,) + iF,(S3) on 8, & = -j and -3 x kF,(S,) — iF(S) on S, f= k and k x F = $F,(S,) — iFy(S;) on S, & = -k and -k x F = -JF,(S.) + 4F\(S,) We must now integrate each of these over the appropriate face of the cuboid and add the results. Examining only those terms which are multiplied by i we get (vee - ffs os - fin os» ff. osDividing this expression by Av = AxAyAz we get Bee ee Taking the limit of this expression as Ay and Az > 0 this becomes or, OF, we we = (V x F),. The other two components of V x F can be handled in the same way. b. Divide the volume v enclosed by S into subvolumes. We then assert that Se x F ds = ff x F dS, where S$; is the surface of Is s res subvolume |. To show this consider two adjacent subvolumes; they have a face in common, S,, and following the argument given in the text we can show that S, makes no contribution to the sum given above. ‘Thus only the contributions from the faces which combine to give the original surface S are non-zero. Hence we have fa If Pt ds = XI &V x F dS, using Stokes’ - ee eee theorem. If we use the result of (a) and divide the region into rectangles and right triangles, then af eee =I, (B-3 a nay = rf, c(xy)dxdy - Flore +), w 00) ove ce . soos + () ory! (= yo +» xy = CX, Y)AA + (2) [Elle - rose] + ~ where AA is the area enclosed by the approximating polygon. Now let (x,y) be an arbitrary point in As Then f = 5 xo)axdy (%y — x)AS, and Se ~ yo)dxdy = (y) — yo)AS). Hencei ac | fre as = coxryoaa + (22) Yo - nas + (32) Son - voasy | xoyod Kove F ‘i In the limit as N—+ oo and each As; > 0, we have AA — AS, and fre ds > fre ds, as well as Yew - x,)AS) > Il - x))dxdy and le lo : ke Din - vos, > fy — rosy. rurenernore, [[raeay = x45 and 7 n i ff vexey = YAS. Hence Rk Receeceee ac ac gre ds = C(xp,yoAS + (& — x0(32) as+ Y - vo( 2) AS + xorye xor¥o a. From the equation just derived we get 1 zt a ma AshPt as = Clx-yo) + (& > oe) i v0(3 If we now take the limit as AS 0 about the point (xo/yo), then x > xp and ¥ > yo so are ar, a.) Fe ashe ds = (V xP), = Crore) = (Sr - Fe naryoCHAPTER IV 1. oa. (i). F = 2 ove) + mo + Zoe) = dyz + jxz + kxy. Gi). F idee = (ai + dy + kz). +y +A +52 yr +y +2) + eZ o8 + yt 2) (iii). F = Roy + yz + xz) + ig (xy + yz + x2) + «2 ey + v2 + xz) = ily +2) +d tat ky t+. (iv). F = i2oe = 42%) + iyo - 427) + n2Ge ~ 427) = 6ix — 8kz. Ww). F ide *siny) + 34 oe *siny) + x2 (e%siny) e“siny + je7cosy b. Using f = x? + y’ + 2?, we have F y = 2(ix + jy + kz). For the square path cs an) shown in the figure, z= 0 so fr tds = af (xax + ydy). On Cc, y = 0 so | Feéds = GY Aer lc x 1 afxax = 2. on C, ax = 0 so [réas = a co 2fyay = 1. On Cs dy = 55For the triangular path shown in the figure x = 0 so we have freas = Ic 1 af ive + 2dz). On C, z = 0 so f P-tds = 2 fray lc es > on ¢ y =0 so [ Ftas = 2 es the path C, we have x = 2 J (vae- 1jds = 0. Hence ° For the circular path shown in the x figure y = 0 so fr tds = af cxax + zdz). i lc Ic set x = cos@ and 2 = sind. Then ei a 2h (xox +202) = 2 Jcoso(-sino)a0 lc ° fr tas fe on + 2 sinocosoae 0. ° 2. a. V(fg) a2 (£9) + 42 (49) + «2 (£9) ax ay oz af (£98 4 gt og ot 9x) + UCESY + 95,) + K(EQD + 952) og (eS +9 ag , 409 ag i9f 4 59f 4 Of £5 * Day * Baz) * 94a, * Jay * Faz?) £Vg + gVE. 88b. The x-component of the left hand side of the identity is a ac, ar, ac, ary ac, ar, Pere ne tag tg Gg tg t Ga The x-component of the right hand side is ar, ar, oF, ac, ac, ac, ac, ag, Sete + Soy t Sean * Fea * Fray * Pan * PeGx 7 oy? ac, a) ary 2) (aR, is) +6, oe” ox de ~ dy)” SX dz 7 Ox a, _aF, a, ar a, OF, = Ft * Sax * Fyox * Sydx * Fie eaesloxts Analogous procedures will establish the equality of the y- and z-components. c. vier) = Zerg + 2 oer) + Lee) 7 2 a H z é of of -(%+ az } * Feo * Fray * Feaz = £V-P + F-VE. da. VF x 6) = Ze (BG, ~ F,Gy) + ‘ (FG, ~ F,G,) + Zee, - FG.) ar, ar,) ar, *) (2 its) dy ~ a2) * G2 ~ Oe) * SOx ~ Oy ae, a6,) Gc, 2%) (* } * Pg. 7 ay) * rae epee SR =GVxF-FVxG. e. [Vx (EF)lk = Sur) . Zery ar, ar, oF, | OFy at _ of d dy ~ oz) + Fray ~ Fyoz = £0 x F), + (VE) x Fle The other two components are handled in the same way. 87£ (Vx (Vx P= Hes - F,G,) - Zee, - F,G,) a, ar, GF, Mae + Yay - Fvay - a, a, ay ¥ Bue foe _* Sejg * Fee * Say ay. Fe - oF, 0G, CVF, ~ G5," = PVG, + Fe + RVG - Peat - GAV-F) + on = G@V)F, - F-VG, + F,V-6 - G(V-F) = (G-V)F], - [(F-V)G] + [F(V-6)], - [G(V-F)],. The other two components are handled in the same way. (a, ay ar, oP, ga Vx x P= Sloe - ap) - delde 7 Be ar, ad | OFy oe) (Ze Or, °F, wy te) ae * ay * oe = 2w F) - V*r, = [V-(VF) - VF], The other two components are handled in the same way. oe oe 3. VX Vile = Guia ~ deay The other two components are handled in the same way. 4. a. (i). Vx F = -k #0 = not path independent. xy Gi). Vx F = 0 = whx,y,z) = J dz" = C(z - 2) or Cz + const oy F020aye (ii). Vx F = 0 = Wix,y,z) = J yiz'dx' + x'z'dy’ + x'y'dz’. x0, Yor29 Choose the path shown in the figure. On C; y’ = z’ = 0, so there is on y2) cs no contribution to the integral. On C, x’ = x and z’ = 0, so again there is no contribution to the integral. On C, x’ = x, y’ = y and so the integral is fuvee’ = xyz to which a constant may be added ° to give xyz + const. nye Gy. Vx F = 05 weys2) =f x'ax? + yrey’ + 2'd2". Using the my 7 : 2 sane path as in (iii), wouy,2) = frat + fray’ + forces = doe+ ° 3 > + 28) or Lats yt + 2%) + conse. (v). V x F = -ke“cosy # 0 =) not path independent. fe fe “a fe = nr + const provided r e r 59(i). y= fetensgy | ter : = 215 + const © & : y 5. F(r,0,z) =. Hence on Cy, & = Py m, since r = and | F-t ds cu If we try to define y = fre ds we see lo that the value assigned to y at a point depends on the path used to reach that point; thus y is multiple valued and therefore not a function. 6 a. fz fas = Zz 2e080 4, + SinPrag|. on c, this integral le ANE, He r _p_ feesto, =p ceed ‘ becomes 5f5-| rs Ot = gue C08] 5 — Ta |- On Ca we ge ata (4000) (49) aso8 P_1[,5 pe it ibuti ane, sindde = Gis, 72160800 cos$). On C; we get no contribution a because E has no @ component. Adding our results we find ‘ p (55% cos E-tds = rH o ven | moo By definition ® is the negative of this. Thus, dropping the additive constant, x,9,0) = 42 SS? a b. Over a sphere centered at the origin, A = @, so Ea = wx : p_cos SS ceeeeee tet _ J they g3 and we get fle Ads = anes former = ayn foosea® 0. c. Gauss’ law tells us that fle fi dS = q/e, where § is any ls closed surface, and q is the charge enclosed by S. We have shown that the flux of E is zero over any sphere centered at the origin. Thus the net charge contained in any such sphere is 0. Hence the flux through any closed surface not passing though the origin is 0. 7. The divergence theorem says surface | _ | volume | ang integral integral Stokes’ theorem says |, Hine surface || 1 this problem we integral integral have attempted to eliminate the surface integral from these two equations to get {une } nique : . This is not valid integral integral because the surface integral in the divergence theorem is over a closed surface, while the surface integal in Stokes’ theorem is over a capping surface which is open. The surface integral in the divergence theorem can never be equal to the surface integral in Stokes’ theorem. 618. 3 = py = -kVp. Thus v = ~5Np. Using the identity given in Prob Iv2-(e) we find V x v = -kV x (%) a -*y Vp (v3) x Vp - - «Vv ( 2) x Vp because V x Vp = 0 (see Prob IV-3). But Vv) = -Lvp. thus Vx v = Vp x Vp = 0, because the cross product of f ° a vector function with itself is 0. 9. a. Because the diffusing matter is conserved, the continuity equation is valid: se + Va = 0. But g = -kVp. Combining these two equations yields 2% + V-kVp) = 0 or 2 = kV?p. b. The rate of change of the number of bacteria in any volume v is equal to the rate at which they flow through the surface S of v plus the rate at which they reproduce. Hence A fffpav = [fa es « afffoov. Applying the divergence theorem to the first integral on the right hand side of this equation we get Miter = rs «+ flyer or, because the volume Vv is arbitrary, 2 = -V-o + Ap. Using Fick’s law we can rewrite this 2 = = kVp + Ap. 10. a. Since the fluid is incompressible, 2 = 0. Using this in the continuity equation gives VJ = 0. But since J = pv, this means that V-(pv) = 0. Making use of the fact that p is constant, 62this last equation reads pV-v = 0. However, p # 0, so we have Vv = 0. b. Since V x v = 0 there is a scalar function, 6, such that v = Vo. But V-v = 0 = V-Vo, or V% = 0. ll. Q = offfzeav, so 2 iat efff es av = x [fave ds = eff av, where we have applied the divergence theorem. Since V is ep at _ oT kot Ot" arbitrary, this implies that one = kV*? or V*T = 12. a. Schrédinger equation and its complex conjugate are a # a B gaye * inst oa + Vy and -iny" = vay + wy where h is Planck’s constant divided by 2m. Multiplying the first of these equations by y* and the second by y and then subtracting we get Ny lw? a * vt). Buys v[ hs Sov - ww] 0. Ba ” oa Vy ~ wy") or Let p = y'y and g = Bw'v = wVy"). Then we get % + Vea = b. p is interpreted as the probability density and J as the probability current density. The continuity equation derived in (a) then implies that probability is conserved. 13. a. We know that V-E = p/e). Hence p = &V-E = 3€9, using the given field. ao ao a@ : -v eee a aa b. Because E ® we have 5° x, Sy gy 55 ge whence ® = foe + y? + 24) + const. Alternatively, we can integrate over an arbitrary path. Using the one shown in the 63uy.2) cs figure we have ® = -frt ds = ~af x'ax" y'dy'+ 2'dz' = Je lc -}¢? + y? + 24) (to which an arbitrary constant may be added). 2 ® co. Vb = -22 +24 2) = -3g 14. a. In the divergence theorem, fra as = Sfvr av, put F = Is uVey uVv. Then we get fla (uVv) ds = fi V-(uVv) dv. But V-(uVv) Is hy + (Vu)(Vu), and so we have Ja (aVv) ds = fev + (Vuy(Vw)) av. i a b. If V¥u = 0, the the expression found in (a) becomes [Jr0ove a8 = [foro av. If we now set v = u in this expresion we get Jjaovo as = fffive? av. ¢. In the expression found in (a) interchange u and v to get 64fjaerm ds = ii [vV7u + (Vv)-(Vu)] av. s ly If we now subtract this from the result found in (a) we find flmcve - vVu) ds = fi (uV?v — vV7u) dv. s NW 15. Maxwells equations in the absence of charges and currents read VE=0 qd) vVB=0 (3) aB _.. a8 VxE=-3 @ Vx B= eutose (4) | 7 gous a ee Taking the time derivative of (4) we get 5¢(V x B) = Gollon b+ But a aB Wx py) =Vx = - V x (V x B), where we have used (2). Now ot ot from the identity in Prob Iv2~(g) we get V x (V x E) = V(V-B) - VE oe _ 10E 1 = -V’E, using (1). Ve = egip@ = = 1 2F wn =. using (1). Hence VE = culo = aagz WROTE © = Tag = 2.997 x 10° m/sec. which we 8.854 x 10? x 1.257 x 10°° recognize as the velocity of light. be derived by an analogous procedure. The wave equation for B can 16. a. We add v, to the potential to get Rr (r,8) = Vo - Eoxj1 - * |cosd. Y Since this expression satisfies Laplace’s equation and the boundary conditions, by uniqueness it must be the solution. Note that because E = -V®, the added constant does not alter the field. b. Surround the cylinder by another of radius a > R concentric with the first. The charge enclosed by a segment of length L of the cylinder is, by Gauss’ law, an coffee ds = ectoalf | + (8) feoseaoae = eetoatl 3 + (2) foces a0 = 0. 6517. a. The potential function r,0,6) s satisfies Laplace’s equation and the boundary conditons ®(R,6,) 0 and x ®(c,0,0) > -Eox = -Eprsingcos® as © > ©. We try a solution of the form O(r,0,9) £(x)sindcos#. Substituting this into LaPlace’s equation (in spherical coordinates) yields 2(=af) - 2£ = 0. Trying f(x) = r* yields 4? + 4 - 2 = 0 which has roots 1, and -2, Hence we have f(r) = Ar + where A and B are arbitrary 2 constants.and our solution is Or, 0,0) = (s +3 Jesngcose. r As x gets large, the solution approaches Arsingcos0. so A = Ey. The condition at r= R will be satisfied if we take (R,0,9) = (er + B, Jsinecoso =O. R Hence we must have B = ER’. Our solution is thus R (r,0,0) = ~Bor 1 - © |singcose. r b. Place a sphere S, of radius a > R around, and concentric with, the given sphere. Then the charge on the given sphere is so Efi = E, = proportional to j E-A dS, by Gauss’ law. But n = bo ab 2R*)\., 7 i -S. = Ei + 7S |singcos®. Thus the charge is proportional to wr 2R*) af {ink = Ei + 2% Ja?| sin’ cosd agao = 0. 00 c. Add V, to the potential found in (a).