Lecture 2
Chapter-01
Discrete-Event System Simulation Md. Sazzadur Ahamed
-Jerry Banks Senior Lecturer
Dept. of CSE
System, Model & Simulation Daffodil Int. University
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Systems and System Environment
System
defined as a group of objects that are joined together in
some regular interaction or interdependence toward the
accomplishment of some purpose.
System Environment
changes occurring outside the system.
The decision on the boundary between the system and its
environment may depend on the purpose of the study.
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Components of a System
Entity : an object of interest in the system.
Attribute : a property of an entity.
Activity : a time period of specified length.
State : the collection of variables necessary to describe the
system at any time, relative to the objectives of the
study.
Event : an momentary occurrence that may change the
state of the system.
Endogenous : to describe activities and events occurring
within a system (Internal).
Exogenous : to describe activities and events in an
environment that affect the system (External).
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Components of a System
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Discrete and Continuous Systems
Systems can be categorized as discrete or continuous.
Bank : a discrete system
The head of water behind a dam : a continuous system
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Model of a System
Model
a representation of a system for the purpose of studying
the system
a simplification of the system
sufficiently detailed to permit valid conclusions to be
drawn about the real system
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Types of Models
Static or Dynamic Simulation Models
Static simulation model (called Monte Carlo simulation)
represents a system at a particular point in time.
Dynamic simulation model represents systems as they
change over time.
Deterministic or Stochastic Simulation Models
Deterministic simulation models contain no random
variables and have a known set of inputs which will result in
a unique set of outputs.
Stochastic simulation model has one or more random
variables as inputs. Random inputs lead to random outputs.
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Let us see a flow chart, which will describe the
steps in a simulation study.
(in the next slide)
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Steps in a Simulation Study
Step-1. Problem formulation
Policy maker/Analyst understand and agree with the formulation.
Step-2. Setting of objectives and overall project plan
Step-3. Model conceptualization
The art of modeling is enhanced by an ability to abstract the
essential features of a problem, to select and modify basic
assumptions that characterize the system, and then to enrich and
elaborate the model until a useful approximation results.
Step-4. Data collection
As the complexity of the model changes, the required data elements
may also change.
Step-5. Model translation
GPSS/H
TM or special-purpose simulation software
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Steps in a Simulation Study
Step-6. Verified?
Is the computer program performing properly?
Debugging for correct input parameters and logical structure
Step-7. Validated?
The determination that a model is an accurate representation of the
real system.
Validation is achieved through the calibration of the model
Step-8. Experimental design
The decision on the length of the initialization period, the length of
simulation runs, and the number of replications to be made of each
run.
Step-9. Production runs and analysis
To estimate measures of performances
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Steps in a Simulation Study
Step-10. More runs?
Step-11. Documentation and reporting
Program documentation : for the relationships between input
parameters and output measures of performance, and for a
modification.
Progress documentation : the history of a simulation, a
chronology of work done and decision made.
Step-12. Implementation
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Phases in Simulation Study
Steps in a Simulation Study can be divided into Four
phases:
First phase : a period of discovery or orientation
(step 1, step2)
Second phase : a model building and data collection
(step 3, step 4, step 5, step 6, step 7)
Third phase : running the model
(step 8, step 9, step 10)
Fourth phase : an implementation
(step 11, step 12)
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The End
Thank You !
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