11.1, 11.2, 11.3 and 11.
Group 17
CONTENTS
• Physical properties
• Reaction of Group 17 elements
• Thermal stability
• Reactions with halide ions
• Industrial application of halogens
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Physical properties
The elements in Group 17 are called halogens, non-metals and exists as diatomic
molecules
Element Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine
Effective nuclear 7 7 7 7
charge
Atomic radius 0.072 0.099 0.196 0.213
Ionic radius 0.135 0.180 0.195 0.215
Melting point -219 -101 -7.2 114
Boiling point -188 -34.7 58.8 184
Physical state Pale yellow gas Pale yellowish Reddish brown Black solid
green gas gas
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Physical properties
• Atomic radius / ionic radius: decreases with increasing atomic number
• Volatility: decreases down the group
• Melting and boiling point:
1. They are simple structures
2. Intermolecular forces of attractions between the atoms are Van der Waals forces
3. Increases as increasing molecular mass
4. As the number of electrons increase, Van der Waals forces increase (stronger)
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Reactions of Group 17 elements
1. Acts as an oxidizing agent
• All the halogens (X2) are oxidizing agents → tends to accept electrons to form halide
ions (X-)
• The relative reactivity of the halogens can be compared by referring to their standard
electrode potentials
Cl2(g) + 2e- → 2Cl-(aq) E° = +1.36 V
Br2(g) + 2e- → 2Br-(aq) E° = +1.09 V
I2(g) + 2e- → 2I-(aq) E° = +0.54 V
• The more positive the E° value, the stronger the elements acts as an oxidizing agent
• The oxidizing power of the halogens decrease down the group due to their atomic
radii – F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
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Reactions of Group 17 elements
2. Reaction with hydrogen
• All hydrogen halides are colourless, acidic gases and dissolve in water readily
• The reactivity of the halogen decreases down the group since the reactions become less
vigorous and the reaction rate slows down
F2(g) + H2(g) → 2HF(g) ΔH = -542 kJ
in dark
Cl2(g) + H2(g) → 2HCl(g) ΔH = -184 kJ
diffuse sunlight
Br2(g) + H2(g) → 2HBr(g) ΔH = -72 kJ
200°C, platinum catalyst
I2(g) + H2(g) → 2HI(g) ΔH = +54 kJ
400°C, platinum catalyst
Order of reactivity F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
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Thermal stability of hydrogen
halides
• As the halogens become more reactive, the reaction becomes more exothermic F is
more reactive because the F-F bond is very weak and H-F is very strong
2
• Thermal stabilities of hydride depends in the bond energy
2HX(g) → H2(g) + X2(g)
Hydrides Bond length / nm Bond energy / kJmol-1
HF 0.092 562
HCl 0.127 431
HBr 0.141 366
HI 0.161 299
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Reactions of chlorine with NaOH
• With cold dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 15°C
Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + NaClO(aq) + H2O(l)
• This is a disproportionation reaction in which chlorine is simultaneously oxidized and
reduced at the same time
Oxidised
0 +1
Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + NaClO(aq) + H2O(l)
0 -1
Reduced
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Reactions of chlorine with NaOH
• With hot concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 70°C
3Cl2(g) + 6NaOH(aq) → 5NaCl(aq) + NaClO3(aq) + H2O(l)
• This is a disproportionation reaction in which chlorine is simultaneously oxidized and
reduced at the same time
Oxidised
0 +5
3Cl2(g) + 6NaOH(aq) → 5NaCl(aq) + NaClO3(aq) + H2O(l)
0 -1
Reduced
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Reactions of with halide ions
• The reaction of halides ions with aqueous silver ion produced a coloured precipitate
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s) (white precipitate)
Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) → AgBr(s) (cream precipitate)
Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) → AgI(s) (yellow precipitate)
Silver chloride dissolves in both dilute and concentrated ammonia to produce a colourless solution
by forming the water-soluble complex ion
AgCl(s) + 2NH3(aq) → [Ag(NH3)2]+(aq) + Cl-
Silver bromide is insoluble in dilute ammonia and dissolves in concentrated ammonia
AgBr(s) + 2NH3(aq) → [Ag(NH3)2]+(aq) + Br-
Silver iodide is insoluble in ammonia dilute or concentrated
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Reactions of halide ions with concentrated H2SO4
NaCl(s) + H2SO4 → (l)NaHSSO4(s) + HCl
KBr(s) + H2SO4(l) → KHSO4(aq) + HBr(g)
HBr (g) + H2SO4(aq) → Br2(g) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Kil(s) + H2SO4(l) → KHSSO4(aq) + HI(g)
2HI(g) + H2SO4(l) → I2(g) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
The reaction of concentrated sulphuric acid with solid ionic halides show that oxidation
of halide ion increases in order
Cl- < Br- < I-
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Industrial applications of halogens
1. Antiseptics : are substance for cleaning injured skin and preventing bacterial infections.
Chlorine compounds
2. Bleaching agents
• Oxidising agents oxidise coloured compounds to colourless compounds
• Chlorine used as bleaching agent in the paper and textile industry
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Industrial applications of halogens
3. Water treatment
• Chlorine kills harmful bacteria
• Used as a disinfectant for the purification of drinking water in waste water treatment and in
swimming pool
• Chlorine dissolves in water to form chloric (I) acid
Cl2(g) + H2O(l) → HClO(aq) + HCl(aq)
The chlorate (I) ions form chloric (I) acid kill bacteria by oxidizing molecules on the outer surface of
the bacteria, thereby, disrupting the structure of the cells and killing them
4. Black and white photography
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