Kingsmead Technology College 1.Figure 1 shows photographs of some animal cells at different stages during the cell cycle. Figure 1 (a) Which photograph in Figure 1 shows a cell that is not going through mitosis? Tick one box. A B c a) (b) Describe what is happening in photograph A. (2) (c) A:student wanted to find out more about the cell cycle. The student made a slide of Page 1an onion root tip. She counted the number of cells in each stage of the cell cycle in one field of view. The table below shows the results. Stages in the cell cycle Stage 1 | Stage 2| Stage 3| Stage 4| Total Number of cell 20 ° 4 2 4 98 Each stage of the cell cycle takes a different amount of time. Which stage is the fastest in the cell cycle? Give a reason for your answer. Stage Reason (2) (4) The cell cycle in an onion root tip cell takes 16 hours. Calculate the length of time Stage 2 lasts in a typical cell Give your answer to 2 significant figures. minutes Time in Stage 2 = @) Q2.Figure 1 shows some information about ‘stem cell burgers’ Figure 4 The first laboratory burger has now been cooked In July 2013 the first burger grown from cow stom calls was cooked. Muscle stem calls from cons were grown into strands of beet in a laboratory. About 20000 strands of beef were then made into a burger. The burger can be cooked and eaten by humans. This type of meat is called cultured meat.) red meat is exactly the same as normal cow muscle tissue and the ‘not genetically modified (2) (i) Some scientists think using cultured meat instead of traditionally-produced meat will help reduce global warming. Suggest two reasons why using cultured meat may slow down the rate of global warming. 1 2 (2) Page 2(ii) Suggest two other possible advantages of producing cultured meat instead of farmed meat. Do not refer to cost in your answer. 1 2 (2) a3. Read the information about stem cells. IStem cells are used to treat some human diseases. \Stem cells can be collected from early embryos. These stem cells have not begun to kiifferentiate, so they could be used to produce any kind of cell, tissue or organ. The luse of embryonic stem cells to treat human diseases is new and, for some diseases, rials on patients are happening now. [Stem cells can also be collected from adult bone marrow. The operation is simple but Imay be painful. Stem cells in bone marrow mainly differentiate to form blood cells. [These stem cells have been used successfully for many years to treat some kinds of blood disease. Recently there have been trials of other types of stem cell from bone Imarrow. These stem cells are used to treat diseases such as heart disease, Evaluate the use of stem cells from embryos or from adult bone marrow for treating human diseases. You should give a conclusion to your evalu (5) (Total § marks) a4, The diagram shows how an immature egg could be used either to produce cells to treat some human diseases or to produce a baby. Busia rete toyp of about - SP wean discs Toes S - egy exacted Scientists may be allowed to use this technique to produce cells to treat some human Page 3diseases, but not to produce babies. Using information from the diagram, suggest an explanation for this. (Total 4 marks) as. (a) How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a body cell of a human baby? (a) (b) Place the following in order of size, starting with the smallest, by writing numbers 1 ~4 in the boxes undemeath the words. chromosome nucleus gene cell (a) (©) Fora baby to grow, its cells must develop in a number of ways. Explain how each of the following is part of the growth process of a baby. () Cell enlargement (a) (ji) The process of cell division by mitosis @) (4) Whyis cell specialisation (differentiation) important for the development and growth of a healthy baby from a fertilised egg? (2) (Total 8 marks) Page 4(b) cytoplasm and cell membrane dividing accept cytokinesis for 1 mark to form two identical daughter cells () stage 4 only one cell seen in this stage (@) (4/36) x 16 x 60 107 / 106.7 110 (minutes) allow 110 (minutes) with no working shown for 3 marks M2(a) (i) fewer cows any one from . less methane do not allow CH + less COs in the atmosphere because of less deforestation or less plants consumed. allow less CO; released into the atmosphere because less fuel used e.g. to heat cowsheds or to transport meat do not allow CO? ii) any two from: + could be mass produced to feed an increasing population Page 5+ disease free meat + no/low fat + no harm to animals or less intensive farming allow (may be) suitable for vegetarians + antibiotic free meat + more land available for farming crops allow no energy loss along a food chain M3. Marks should not be awarded for simply copying the information provided ‘A mark may be awarded for a comparison between treatments if the answer only involves copied information any four from: For all 4 marks to be awarded, there must be at least 1 pro and 1 con embryo stem cells ~ examples of pros + can treat a wide variety / lots of diseases / problems + many available / plentiful sous g them better than wasting them + painless cons + (possible) harm / death to embryo + (relatively) untested / unreliable / may not work allow long term effects not known or may be more risky + embryo can't be ‘asked’ / ‘embryo rights’ idea adult bone marrow stem cells — examples of pros + no ethical issues (in collection) or permission given + quick recovery + (felatively) safe allow does not kill (donor) / ow risk + well tried / tested / know they work cons Page 6+ operation hazards eg infection + few types of cell / tissue produced or few diseases / problems treated + painful so may deter donors Conclusion to evaluation: A reasoned conclusion from the evidence (5) M4. any four from + cells used to treat diseases do not go on to produce a baby + produces identical cells for research + cells would not be rejected + allow cells can form different types of cells + (immature) egg contains only genetic information / DNA / genes / chromosomes from mother or there is only one parent + asexual / no mixing of genetic material / no sperm involved / no fertlisation or chemical causes development + baby is aclone + reference to ethical / moral / religious issues allow ethically wrong NB cloning is illegal gains 2 marks ignore unnatural + tisk of damage to the baby in correct context [4] Page 7M5, (a) 23 (b) chromosome nucleus gene cell 2 3 1 4 (©) (i) anyone from (cells which are bigger) take up more space (cells) have to get bigger or mature to divide (li) chromosomes duplicate or make exact copies of self accept forms pairs of chromatids nuclei divide accept chromatids or chromosomes separate identical (daughter) cells formed accept for example, skin cells make more skin cells or cells are clones (4) any two from Differentiation mark babies need or are made of different types of cells or cells that have different functions accept different cells are needed for different organs Division or specialisation mark as fertilised egg starts to divide each cell specialises to form a part of the body accept specialised cells make different parts of the body Growth mark specialised cells undergo mitosis to grow further cells accept cells divide or reproduce to form identical cells Page 8[8] Page 9