‘Second onan 1961 Reprint Aap 1980 Repein Nov 192 Reprint a, 9 epi in 1985 epi Marc 1997 eprt Maen 955 epi Now 198 Repeat Apt 1909 epi Sept 200 Rept ly 2002 Price: Re 280 Copyrights reserve Pubs VK Blan of Bhandarkar Pabeations, 18 Haren deel Ponte, Sade: Temple aod Mahi, Murti 0016. Tel sit a5 Fae 482250, mil: viehlb Ooms tia ‘rw thadrtrpb om Print by Of Process Pal Pte, Waal, Mamba-400031 Preface ter the yeas of te Auto's expe in tea maioe he enins the el nee of presenting ompecerive ene ‘of cil enges fom the pov of i a des has ee sng fe The mae cnpncer» ection nght fom he Reining he ‘potent leet prota! ned. Une he base enpeing nce inlved af pope) emphases lar pcre of the ‘See eee eid 1 bm The ak step ta "Iecion tn plan he werkt caps bate eee vedo on) ted emer the Saja hasbeen piven al heh with Aeon examples rom he cone! mae cel egie pte ‘Common ring rolems have ls been iced. A the ed ‘suger ve inedced to Some ypeal Waleed ate use ‘The book i tended Kr us 3 fea sk Bas mane Sel ghey a pace endows ah th teal Cree of Cpe) extn fo m8 ‘ome cng ral AMLE Chamiton i muiae sping ‘ould inthe bok pauls wef ‘The str gehilyschowtedyes he combat by oe fam ho hve supped vale chal infrmaon rede ‘Ge macht ane gapnems wate by them tad ve cnt 6 ‘epee portions of ts Fats which he eh eo forthe puro of the ck Thave fine nha fetes hive Sue Baste MAN Deel Exper Doves Eos inedSCMT—Petick ‘Wooded Gover Company EUR Comet Serer Lyre ‘The sur wes to expres his gatiade Wo Me K. 5, Sebramanian, Dre Marne Enpinesing Tang ice ee oe Is eaouapement to wdevate such a work Tabs fe abo diet Me W,Salewas MAN Engine at Caleta ad colleagues of Maine Engineering Colleges at Calcot an Bom forthe ve) valuable coal Prac to 20d Eon “Tein hasbeen enlarged ty ew dons. Changes ae nade a mony pce inte ten wih iow preset th ab th tion intrmain whete Sach alos were Found meena. Meters at sme places are veariten clei up pot ew beer Ainderstnng Ie oped hat the set an pesos wil int thebook nfrmsive wells deceive “Te ator acknowledges with tanks the B.C Brown Boveri Company Ui. Baden, Suzan or roving tec nermaan so atechrgs of thet poe sal permit 1 in the “The ator akronledees the following 4 souse of sean in eto Suter Br La [RD,RND.RNM,RLA AB AS erga wan 18, K78 8 WV 4085, creme paw K-GF engine Petiok POD engine EUR-CONTRON. Viscosity & Temperate Comte ox Fort Pengee DK Samat= Pe ic Compton = Contents Conon ie a ‘hacer : BASIC THEORY pa ° Pe Rel Syem . cuneres 1 AIR AND EXHAUST SuSTENS Tete es ‘noose he conan volume 2 curren Dracloyte ‘ “Types of Screging : Deleon cle 3 Sipchrne 2 eeeaade 7 abe Siem Ttin Open > “ewe : shes Gog 2 “Te wortinges ° Cine Pres Tubshrig ane Compress 6 compar . Epic dimeions “ ‘The lncoser i Mean a Spt ® row i FUEL INECTION EQUIPMENTS Ene Wht Mecha tion » carmen s ower Rtes 2 conmon Rai Sen = Ere Tesi » et Seig or Bake over 3 Ineoa Fen : 3 Ings we as FaeCom io Tescote 2» Dove rama z Sopa cnarenet 3 na Dive a z ate Sesing be Fe Pap Pe rurLs« comousn ‘Ajmer of Fe Pomp ie cure? Gar conpresen Sen is aor 6 Fel een Va “8 Spee wey as Ieee Seg i Visoity 3ANALYSIS OW SEL ENGINE STRESSES ccnapren 5 Baler Paige. gite Dymicl Sytem ‘The ing Seance ‘ination [LUBRICATION IN DIESEL ENGINES CHAPTERS tines reel pn Joa Besing ‘rotted Bees Cylinder ation ‘Voutmen of DIESEL ENGINE COMPONENTS corres Canta Mae of Cnsnetion ‘Cenk Algom ‘hl Deicion Ga ‘Cant Deflriae Readings Cooks Fae Pisce Cin Pea tune Overhasingat te Pose Overhead Foto Poe oI ne le 192 6s On Scper Rings Cylinder Lin (Cheam Ped Rig (yin Lier Dsl Gain Bete Lange Bearings ‘ CovERNoRS ‘CHAPTER Deo Overped Goverce yer Govern Base Gover Furcton . [STARTING AND REVERSING ‘eSiatag Vane (MAN) etre MAN Sorting Cento ye Sting Stem SULZER ccaerer 0 Overhaul els Intewor Diagrams 20 ms sol 8Sop of he combesion curve ess of ity cat agra, AUTOMATION IN DIESEL ENGINE, ‘CHATTER 11 Contin ine Cet Alam Sse Scaming Syste Brae Coat HAZARDS IN ENGINE OPERATION ‘CHAPTER 1? Seaenge Fie Conic Expocin oma Daecr “TWO STROKELARGE DIESEL ENGINES CcHaPrER 13 SUIZER Engi ‘Tenge Soacmne Teasing of Te Boks Charging sem Operation wih Defcve Trbocharet CCombusion Space Components Cline Cover lind ine Phas & Pts Risa Cosing Page am 30 m9 geass an m ms ruben Bering oxford Engies ‘Te oposed pon pele ‘Te Cranks and Bedplate Coston rote tation Upper & Lower Pistons . [MEDIUM SPEED ENGINE coHarren 1 Advantages of modi see engines MAN high sbocharpo rior Comsat Cans. = sh Vale Lrg Syste Paver Tansmision 0 Pople THE GAS TURBINE (CHAPTER 1s TheGae Taine =. : Marine Application fC Trin LP Compreser Combustion Caanber Mieluoear Queens oe a8 a rr Besees “8 “3 usList of Mustrations Fie, The (1) Airstanand Ono syte 2) Aston Die eee (8) Atstanderd Dalle (8) Comprise of tere ye (8). Thedemal te (0) Rowrsrole este into diagram and sate grr 2) Tooupote rte neo diagram end ‘ining apn (8 Compreston rae (1 meperpm relation . (10) Hydra namo. i) tea blames cr 12) Bagne Tes Ret curren? (13) (a) Peat Marrs paras (Pest Mare oppor (14) Phaser of lon 15) Combustion Cambor : (1) HO Paci pete arangemem 7) rear ion te ser daring ching and wong (15) Union Searening = (19) LeopSavengng, Crow Seoengng (20) lakby Cyt Variation of pret esane pipe {80 Eager of Eta Groning (22) Charging Syren Sas RD. aging PageNo ep Segee Fig eo 20 23) 0) 69) a) 3) 3) (0) (a (a) o © eo @ a ro eo en a os) ro) w ay a) a o a ro «3, Tite Paseo Dasford barging and scovnping sys Cherzng ten BW Injector proce in wbobargig Tarbcharig cout pesre Two Suge Torbo Charging oat Manors i ‘Ausra for VIR bocharger abocarger rr he Comper Charen BC Tuochrger BBG RR Turbocharger Drainage wh specifiy CHAPTER ¢ oxford Fut tem oxford Taig Vale Tining Va & Fue Pap Desford) ‘asc Ful Pap, Vale Convaled ‘Bane Fel Punp (Por Contd) ‘Page potion a te ef jection Fact Reultin, PotContoed for Pel Pp Cam eminlgs Character of Pa Ca Ancronpleofelrge eninge cm Coma Ge Traut Cama chats dive & Teng device Trasonng of Cain Adjamentof Coif ‘Sacer RD Fel Pp ‘Sue RND Fa Pony Operation of Pac Pa aegususezsseues sesFit on (3) so 3) (0) ‘37 “) (39) ‘a (2 (0) o oy (@) () (7) (8) ry « o te} o on con 0 es “a PaelPanp (SAN) Fac Par Sete agri, Detrmiaon of 1 tt Pager wi abt nds. Fact Par (Pei) Feat Pap (8 & W) ‘Govern Comet th Fol Pane ‘Govan Cameco with Fel Pant) (Gar Coupresin Pe Pane (Com operated Fuel Vlve : deat operate Palate ‘yd operate Pal Vale cuaerers Tramton Temperature of MS. Grom harps nach et ‘Sent pele dagran cpl es roar hte Sts Vanaon Avpearance of Fate Crack Diarncon ees tera Force diagram on erie sactre Pros of TOC ond fring Pion BOC ‘nem Gas forces Inert and Gas forces ing Couple norking le Ine ad Gas orcs 2a engine) Batneng of are mae, bec of damping Taso! Vitis, oma Stn Viraton Duper FEN 6) oi 0 oy o ‘90 wy (2) (0) oy an o oo (a5) (36) 7 os) 9) wo wh ro 35) on 3) 9) wo (38) (9) (0) Te dri ening Caer Cover Sd ron pi Bering bl cnarrer presse radi wie Hada bon Jura berg we ning ser poe abreaion Inbcton of Crostend bearing ler aban BND rn ama 190 Giinde abiator Wording price. Labretor Chine adrian ind Labor Fed Qui Ve Lbrcton Satan of age sel engine omarion of. Sup Lstrcoing Ot Cole lrg Od iter. 4 CHAPTER? ain Engine Bed Pe Siexdagram Suse BND 10 rh Diesel Bain Cranshft aly Aurnbll Cana ‘Bdge gaure . Crane gmat Presentaion of deletion reangs Chanda econ Cis aelecton Care Crs. pps ofa : (Otten Water Cote Pitans =. Page 19 ua us v8 Ww 196 ™ 198 Fy a(04 Cott Pion 8 W Waser Conled Pron (MAR) Pisano arrange MAN) Dust gine Paton Peles) Trnt Pasion (Pcl 2) Fare dag on i ing Gouging of Psion & Ring Groove PesonClarnces Large deel apne Cader Lea) (Sine ine air ier Liner Pitch Presestion of elt Ghlaer Cover ‘hou Vale wth cold a tert Boar ufos Winrawal of anbarng aon ll Comecing Roda bears Comecine Rod Patch Pe?) ‘mk engine comet rod Dee Engine Conon ‘CHAPTERS: Simple dict ton yovernor Faredagam or Govemor Governor Sues a ower pe Mr Governor Sabie aa ier ped Schone Diegram of ey Goreme ith ‘Oneipeel Govemors Servos Woodvand Govemors Scheurer ef UG 0 Governor Gononore 28 a a8 g.No aa) us «30 135) 16) 037) us) 19) um us (18) (0) 0 us ae i) 46) an sy 49) 30) ash us) 1s) 159 ss) us) Tile Paseo. Wianiand SG Govemar mm ‘Ble ni Gover Blok Diagram 29 cuarrens, AiSaning Maser Valve om yin ir Sarting Vale a ‘Air Sarin Valve MAN 2 Saring Ai Dern Se =" Reversing Seromota for Ca Sh a even Servamotor wenn sonra rom rnete aon 20 THAW Soing Coulson a ‘String Contra Sem Sulzer XD 5 ‘i Line Spry Vave es ‘Ser Basing Cap 28 ‘Sorting Line Diora showing Location of Rates ~» Air be for Song air » Staring a Asian At Sense) 2 ‘CHAPTER 10 nator siren 208 Indicator Power and Drow Diagram a Indra ih ping Pwr os Iadeetr Degra from Seperchrgedengne = 18 Dect of Ful be Sia Desation of Fl 8 a Engine Coating Syston (AN) @ ows Cooling Spt MAN) 5 a Engine Colin Sten (Sele?) vs ‘cuarrer 11 Vinci Controle (BUR-CONTROL) 8 acon Contra (EUR-CONTROL) »Fe.No, ‘Tae Fine Tie Puen (18) recat Po 137) EURCOMROLTenpere Cou. 39 (it) Tete srg {135)—Coalag ber ope Coa a (182) Opened pm Proce 1139) Goin Check Meena Pas Ms (ie) Paso oOo Jeg (i) Sao nye be {is0)—Dovoalaroe {1th Mahe er Seni wage 30 (io Canta ae 1182) ‘ch drome Bre Corte. 3 (ism) Gin liners epee (ial) Emme Coma Sen fm nS {091 Gremace br cont ier ae oe (19) Gir karte © {098)——Uyporand ver us current im omeneanarmsuiaa (168) Crank Case Relief Doors a2 (197) eda of Coded bare ay Galen toe (im) Guana nara oF ee te) Gran Omccntine pe se 199i oer {tar Canteen Dr win ifie. 388 (20) Cond ine (20) Sony omen a courrens fm) baWrtme (1s) ale Dag of HD Eg se: a ene {ta} Pale Drona Ege iB {20 erie ed ior at eae arcs 4 ae (206) Withdraveat of Cynder Liner ti) Tango ot Po Ge teres ts Gordy % Eee 738) Breaksov of Turbo Chargers an ce ee 1 fn Atmningtirer ne a (1) Goan oe Comentib=- S (at) Contig in {im Goabain Chanter Cononeu RD © employ (21) tabwor fr Crseabang fie im) Glade nent ae - Gi) RemalefClenberhy uy 11m) a i 3 (23) Romberg se o> te eee mm (21) ‘Rmmatf ra bag a 8) CroeadLabretion RNS ms a ornoel a 1) Gnuten By {ise) Renan iin sk a (1) Boe Cl Patis) a1) a) on ez) ay ey) 2s) 25) ay em ey an) 23 em 5 238 em) em ew) 20) (@) w Tae Page Wo cuarren rot scm view of MAM, AOS engine 429 Bigine Frame a der ner a (inde ead = shone o Comet od wt rad nd arg ow Pinon a6 (Cros ctonal ew son mae Baring ‘nd tinder oe Mai Bears wo Chie Line ith ack as nde cover ow Ine and est vate us Rocker Arm & Vale with ash Ra “ Reversing Sten wth nto CaichCoural 48 Pap dive “0 Prgine Connected Propeller Sf hog (Chil and Gaon 4 Comecon of Eine Propeller Shaft st eutager Comping 6 Chch Sioe s cuarren is a Terie Cte as Simple apne as nbne ” Marie ep of Gas Turbine ser Base cele of he fe psn mine 7 ‘curren Basic Theory ‘A DIESEL BLOW csingihd fm any ote yp of et omdusion engine by is oe combuston fee: Pot inet ‘he enpne custo pce sera wei conreed and ae "Nepeaae gh enh ize he el gn, Rad Diesel ‘German eins denied sucrtally 0 ene a i pie sn tuned srt n 193 of ete ich to eas a isi enpine ene on ion of fue an be nosy eed “one 19 whch Svein 3D HP and pane athletes oF pe. wes sper wall ober power ans eve a me. THe Tastmacne eat engine wa ln 1903 Dsl noes my be elas oth fe bas. Thei «lider avingemenn are the aorta, ete, ee ‘tl cna The pean fetes Clty thm aC avo tee ae sgl acting or doble acing. The ae of epson ‘The erie hey ae elled pono por pe he 8 ons romans or tae The sped ation ctusaly them sh, ‘ei slow pnd engine ‘earl eyes Ines] combustion engines rk on the Mis of dhe ‘undue emodjaunic eee. These are On, Diselan Dst ‘Comin cen, The eee te cme with i he eh ‘sbance The met oft whch tamed Fin estan ok rag + scion of sooo procee “The ete ckcauier mination and eat posse, nly eat being aed a ‘hep of he yee and rept a ante Aug cal engi rove ol or comparison of perforce wa eines unde (@) The Quoc or the constant vaume eee ‘Te waka of he cyte can est be epee wa eee 0 the LV and Fda on whch ese be ed Ae eining ofthe cycle apt | he inde assumed oe al wih 4 ehrge of fesh st The pit 15 calle the sate poi defi Pres contin te ine Ol shown ded, The erie deters tetooms Fo 2 ha compen fag he Le Fern 2403 est sad 10 eRe mah fam cota ele From suid semana seo asicriconr 2 Fon heat a ejected t conta volume, No ton he ‘emia subaneIceered shave hen place aly sre ‘Rae fete ght ack 0 nil itt ey et hin yd po wis f re ty 0 beat aed atte ssh eal fit conan volume cena = BER 2 1 LQ isthe quam ofheatrgced) = Scars coi thet singe ela fr pet gs ews Beeps or se YE 5 cones aa ene" cone ay" = 07", since Ve « Vand Vi 22 me hh ar Rat omer) o ye (1 ameristar eficiey of Cs cele i terme of ctoptcmon ru the props of king Sttmance The sar sbo hl he era cen depends wang at fr piven hing,© TeDiedteyae The yl fet amalsed by Rul Diese i presented on P Phan Sraig with Be same ssp ae ef, Reo of — an wertupic compresion process fom 1 0 2 though he non of eat tothe is of a comm pes the cycle pases tom hse joe. Sher supty eat ond sii expanded sarap — sje of et coma volume fo 11 at te sate ‘puns merge sine. reso, ans and ep earner shi ma of Qa = Cp 1ST. sth specie at crt presare and Hea ected = CCT) “he term ficemy comet merle Genet Using te unmet i egostion meetin {the ons presre prices fom 23, ne = B= ster volume ito ioe ome 3 1 fl @ yn (2) sees a expetion fae Aces of eel yeh interme of taady “The expen dle fom ht of Ono ece By the bashed ‘erm hich aloays peter han 1 Hesse the tel efiseny of Des! yee sua le har Ox eee forte same corresisn ‘ao. The pats engines based up be Dist ele cn phy Higher compres raion Thee 2 Disel engine wars gression a of tis ore ec than an On engine wi t= 7a seen bal eas he Hacked Te teed ttieny decrees Therlre low fed cto ri dea: r Festhemaleiceny (6) The Dual Cembton Cycle na Dist engine. operating at show spect sine nach foe he cesta abe poe at mote of fess ns speed. The av of may sow sped ens s moe cone repre Py ‘ited jl nih pr ofthe Best aed a ont vee thermal eseny and specie cag tu i mpacial st Nigh ompresian ratios Peute of very igh peak presi. The Dis! {yet om he ter and has ss eta ciency es spec Ou tir erable a higher ctmeesion rata Aesrdigly. theseme compression tke a te 102 eas aed tt corti ome repent inthe pat = the temside of the heat ie added at contin prowess epee pn Ts ea rejected nt ne fon $101 Ip othe preset Qecreteta cette Qc ty wea 1) ee Tien Te Tene Tete Tint scene 1 wen (Qy en iee gy Bevis wa vsew Sting ee vale of omperaize yf ator wo)" eal ® yuan (3) rpeents ar expen for hema eficency of Dl Syed ahs egaion fp usted as eal te Rat opie at ‘Stet pes. hen we ive te elficency eatin fhe Diese When al he et sped at content volume en weave she therma eieey oft sole yee ‘ft, Diese ané Dus Cys compared “Te tee a cnr hemody eyes can be sompued or the sme compresion ea ad bt pa The se re pated LV and T'S pls Sle al the eyes have ese comes on ‘ws ie cimpeesion bee 1102 somnon wl The eyes en ‘ion acorn he ode of et Sion, 2,3. erese he ‘Gtr eee b+ reese the Deselect Hw beeen hat Blt im ene ew evan rene 13dagam foreach jle mst be te ane The gereaegreson fe eeiency &pvenby ‘Qebeng hese foreach cee that ce which ees he maim ‘atte Set elfen The gunn of Rest repel or Oa Dies nd Dual cles ve epee yes vn the carer 14 1 ‘stn volume comsin gies ehh economy a pads al Sonsmpon oi jects miuram es Rt give igh man ima el The Ds ce ses mach ess main ese ‘mpoance te maximum presue would the eet ch Be fam ean te ued in pace. The mpaneeof he mined es con ow betel! nthe fhe tov sateen, ‘Te acter ‘The el eineycaeled fom te Berl eye fas shor inthe scl engine Beane of Sevione fom the ealAn ‘ntl indice age om 4 fou sche expe epee. The taal ce eperinpned nde ns. Te cul Sgro lle om th heat umber of rape, ‘The compression i ot sic aabic 2 tee i heat ow ‘rough elindr wal The ps sendy ander way bel the ‘amusin canbe complet tat volun. Thi cu or he Spe in the oe 23 Agi he expen ke peered vith toafrence of ht fl re waged o exe! he pass of ‘sot constant Wel ine an thre maybe changes in pce eas a high empeaure Beas heres scion of pss igh temperature. Als ae edt lower the value f empesteer nd peecres at coal pos kading 2 twch Howe? teal ‘clney nan aa eine i te obs tat processes finn si ext fm hop ie dum i the arclokwse recon. Ti reat ‘et hich sori a as The tl earthen "vie i options comprising of he ls et indo an "het du taht How dum tis thie ett ha se of 'reagn ueal work sored i the Ayes! must be expended fo ev he into and ext paces The working pete “he atl engine eqs our stokes oto totes of te pe sorte proceses sich a compression. eager, hoe a ‘alate. Aue he npn: singed arse oe "eostale engi The wortiog ecl of 3 our sake engine “coed with pct onde an ave ming gran12 Indust Soke: Ae dave nthe epider a he presse syne me manfls. The le sae ches a head Stile 23 CompresonSuote Wi bh lt ad esha valves cd, the rh compre by the pion the clean se Te stn fl begins a ew dees belo the DC Te ono mcf he beat ened consi le 5:4 Bap whinge The aes expan rh ae id of ‘selec he east valve opens The exh le en Imei pean psu he hide ge 41 shat Ske’ The recmining ane tthe cer ae fre nh be dplcemento i exeding oer al re The wiki fu two sake cpl engine fers fo to 2 oat che ct engine bee cumple shen of te dict ‘iekes alton and esha A par each of eames ad ‘smc ses oe engi wid forte pressInt and ena. Wi eee 1 the ier ig, the ‘ido ied op wah a charge of fe a fon a exer ace {Gay areicrni athe begining of compression. Tea ded as SETS pacasuncteeed yt pla Tos dri compreseed nd tte ye flows ats seced toads the ed of compression ‘Soe nd ho rade oe mas fw few dees ert ew dope fier te ap den ene AL the edo expnsion Se the ceutsopnod fhe pre dope blow De eet fresate wher fess 8 amid tough ps sitated below he ‘thus por, The inde cane of the resid! peat of ‘Sambo hy he inane eee pea seed ‘Torethaat and ie lt eae smaltaty open fra st prod tosis the competion of te gas encange proses St Dold Cesk. ‘rmde Gagou inven he twosdoke eel engine wich was fs cab 1 Compresien al The thermal eines of Ou, Dis! ant Dal ee ae ver 2 m4 oy om ese (em (Dad ‘The term fee of Diet yee dees Mr need The thermal efficiency of Dal cle w incest i paired ut he rene rie suited wih te increas debi H flv {hertore tha thes wo mich sop o manoue or an ieee of ‘eine by mangling ay fe guarties ty ed. Antal “ombuson egies tr Egie hese yf onsany suy sjsing sae of fy and yh hema efficiencies of Del nd Dual yee wl aoc bt never teach at forthe Ot cele The quiton 1) shown ht canbe rand indtintly theeeeny ‘situps I. 10D Bata ery gh meson a amet be (he ram pais contains. Ath compen fa sss = ey igh peak peste sd tmpeave The craks and Ime he Fepaing ence concn ae J! 8 ‘hard he pea ad Hence op comeson sire wo sneer sgt nd cou tthe ge Fe ech od ‘eae woud bs ean the ng cmon comp of ‘lof he cmtaston camer won hve oes a hp velo thermal en Topper omen a et 3) ty the seni of he ytd the ting ad ie pars = Srses we deemed pst mal an em te Benes, ene fe wer ngs es 4 popsonse sani hema ese. Bu in thie ng the goa es bars lee Thor comer are aot veo {chosen The lng slow pnd Mtne Deal egies employ # var inte neigibourond of 2-4, mom pes engnes cn ery Shanty Neer stro soe 16 A Die cbs eg may ae ‘ale 20 fr ie ably fom ols {: y Pg: conti Compre rid Sopercharging Wi te deepen of sprang there has ben an ieee ochre a desta te teeing of compression. Ths bis Cndotedly acted th cjierpresre When the engines ‘va sure a press above tao simp. ae cit tuhsping te presen the eylinde larans ace sn se. "he mani pre ie ihe de 3 mar ing ace she mechan din ofthe eg For the ce presi Uothe main pase a he shag st pete at he Begining of ‘Compson, compreson ra ade rt of fea Yee The “impression rao and matimom pres being fined, me pcan be teas by bing move fst sotatprestre wt tera tof he cambestan chamber compan’ reached. Bu the ‘perf fii comonption sstcaed wih ch ae ces me. ‘Sing wil be ucceaby ih Wis dese, for obvious reson, ot nee the anima Fesnte by duing the Somprensn ai oe he pom 9 wi loulaneos cree i te shrge sr pee a the tke of the ‘liner, Ths pile has Been sped est he mode ih rome eutorchaged egies Bet in susie mai popula Fevre ene be compression ao cama be ered ey ch Tow 2! forrenan of good sarabity fom cai An pms ‘atop must erlore be estiisal between the cores ss the pure tt charge dey ode i te psk wei in eye An example of tis poncple he [oper Pisiock P 2 V engine med i 197 wa to sage tetosqpochargng The bane enpine PC? Rat teen modi by ‘edi te cate a ae arma value E1091 se {he PC25. The maxing combaton yrs aad a the Ste vale of 10 Kfon tthe maim connote ‘upon iil 6 eased. fom 650 Bhp. por cyimier "0 850 Sip ‘erspanting to S20 revi A mga ease fel esumpion ‘Showeverreshterd fam 147 pope IS! pvp bau, nae Dimensions “The wk deo the piso ring a working cycle sven by the following base exes Work PY sterePm nen ese een Ni V8 =item inn! over= Pat vax? : o ste mbes fens ets and stake Foci ce sede soo cng sasining "DEE fro overs SPE LAERE ay {expels ae ‘ecru fr poe cme earned ver sont ® COnPower © Pr x menof ey x La) ‘he tem 2. isa the wean pn speed expres in mets pe The tse dinemions of te ening ae the leg of stb ‘lind bere. Satan betveen two syinders nd te enn umes. Ale dec he poeta he spel (ean son sxe ‘heer prc te vased to cri an optima reais {20 fon eqn (3) ht he power can be nae By ese ‘he ote volume‘, he dinesan of Lan Df te yin Ashe ‘Sean he length of stoke. Ices i L however ices te hie wig end eos of he enpne an reas he pedo tan he power tle si Mange ofthe shat When Tage ships ae Conse the we factor maybe inipifia 0 fs thse ae erin ranges his manipulation of ene parameters wich an 1 zally haesned. The lay skein combs wih 4 soe ‘psed of evan avanapens ning sips ied ah nase Fogler det coped wah sat The ng sete embies «Tow ate fs igh vcs ph somaon curb valu) be bart ‘iy. Th an impr fe ic ert cairn he Cote fhe rest ay fr pte ln toe veo of ange sine speed sl ngs frie propane aes” der nolan by some mance Te fg eke B& W engines reomar wih he sake length iceased by 22 PC. oner KGP cute. of ind Serato and arenge plo, wend The taka rng spend conesponingly weed ty TP {Vln power and tatu pests a ind tre os KOP ‘eine. The i atonal sped mons he propa etic by ‘oc 35 ane long suoke with uniow seaeeing improves be ‘ombusoe of fc, The overall unin specif fe consumption is tamed wo Be 6 PC The sp's power demand maybe spy fess ing to beprovemen in prepa eiciny. Power = B® which ‘er shows tha a cease wil eh per poprionty {Gangs tour Te bess hide ewan os prea of engines charred ty ti gs bos ln eterning bre of agin rere number sconce wbich Wal however i he ‘eres pan poner with incre of bre (2) Whe deeming the lang Simenins of & tage bre ‘ng. the dunce brween he eyes i of decive paras. Fro given power and speed ths dstince fs fed on te basis of Cranahit imerion. The sn of te Cunha tbe prise it ‘ering fal eae the imting factor he fee Slecbon ot 8 cinder darter A thee are governed by the rales of The taibeaton sce, (0) The tisha of be clades ae — Forte sme maxima set nthe trl he chose ress et prope With {Sr inceas hamcer Te ler wll be dic col and ‘lace breed (6) Alger ae of einer ste wil tae be eeively eae ‘rom nea snip tore T= (Dy? Forceon pata F= (D0? cusheng Las camtnt @nx0) =D" The quay P mx DE, which depends on ison dana ant rmoxowen fing ese, remais the deeming fate Mh ‘electin of crak shalt dmetr. ln ying to manip ee asemeory ” abies, one can sels & amt piston dameer and igh men ‘Meine rsa ever For ge te, sow Speed engine Frnblenake the abane of 3 tre cme ge a posible ‘Chun he limison f sium cpr dnc pease. The test cee mel be ole he gs pose Dar wi Howes tne laine pea forthe pone deal A Tow beat ed ‘Sele temper, Deter ing elect and more ine fo oeustion 1 all beeen sachs bie “The tcral sees ow contin cher components Spend cn guck despaon of frm the tale als which i ae pends on ptm spec. at peste ad temperate mf wall ‘ithe Tr po ped ava ben inte he ec tempera td prste ae te the deeming fase in bing te ee Sear The de epi of ody employ an bead yee and Ibrlore he temperate ake eine seo es cosa "Toot of sir low tough the ender sho oped sd can fepuded at coacant Therebre tbe rae of heat Caer aN ‘Smee, the thermal stesnes depend om the ean ince jreour td Froo tat pot of ea age bre wih ow eas Feenore mae sigeniv. Pow rhe engines have an avast {sep 2 thee get dea cooing ec aig the S00 stoke nhen esol comes nso ih Nace Mean Bn Speed ‘The man poston spend i preter nike power euson whieh supges tt power cin spy beeen by eensing the m3. Dat ican only bcos nthe tne pene yh low ~ Dynamic forces and womens ae gented wit he engine ‘em when the repost oting mies ae ain. The mops of hese feces ae ely reac wi peed ‘Thecee, with he cea of sfc ebuical Sesss 09 tears, bearing be nd ter moving prt and eset fret (© sisenay members we heaved due fm ines fore ‘Simi pak eng momen of te lacing que oe there fe ad the reactors ae ged in mogatude, Fuilve as a consequence of hgh tina uctaning svesee te fhclor wich should cee mene Considertn athe ein= Syed dts he service eof hte component wich frm ring nd ong pas The relative sfae peed wast he ch Uh the mle of wer of pon tings ners ate wits sccepbe ini Spd, over, ott ony cron fo et {ith on hat th wer on he as atop cee Stereos iat Novel bere working code [sieved a one of extreme with nigh wpe fe pesse sing and btn beg eth i ein, pd as elt or gee ea by Tora of te cline ia oworedteyond cera peed he cfiny of ees exchange proces dary dope. The cup (Gr dase engine depends ow ae acy to Bene ech ‘scorned a atte being of comptes AU a ak ison spat th reste Of gs Yo Tow in and oat of the juniper. = per level of onl virion ne as yen, “The expression 2 La for mean ston sed canbe erange foe s pene «Su “tenes ahr mse a Bets ng porto he imps pamin minpaioe of er paneer fr eran grin For an pan bre arc son he ake Nigh the pod fof roan sh stoke fede he heb and igh te agin eons, Beanplea Soleo eo a) Lm xsz soB MAN @) 204 ND Tass SULTER 106 SSSA MAN 108 FOS est Pm sTICN Engine Weight he wie ofan ene is» fucton of ene dpucemet stu he number of jnaes aed conan. The coat et ‘eowmsFr he wept of cama eat maf, gar Fan ‘Shen becomes presiely unl i propor tl weigh Ter of slider eran The weight uf at expne fr a ci easicrecony ” ver en be eed ty manip te praeter i theflowing cutie Power Pm x VEX 8 ere Pn = mean eller pres, Yd = piston deptcemert volume sa mater frelon perc. a the cqaton. the quaity Vd represents the mecha simensin of the engi Thvefe the fedscion of weigh il Frcpaly ean a raucon i the tne simenons a Dore and Valin rd if Pi ines the nese pear carga te denny of power prin ines. eis eed f the working fai x ped hou he ce of gran mre teuenly Le. by icesing te sped cf revaln, ‘he cs wpe cyt ede ut the ibe tcp of tines intened The weit ofthe engine edced fhe ce sprees ie one td eu sla of the ck Ts depents on he ‘hoi of he working ice being ts-soke o our seeke Tas. Selon ofa tro au cy eden in ke and bore ene ‘th cenegouing cece nthe cana elo apo of perce trae eee, te me ate wich le a ela ssl eed neg Section of working ce ‘hewlaly for e same babe dense 3 80 sake cele oie shu be wie povertl ascangred a or le ng. The two ce engine weds ong stoke for ein sexengins af the cine. he win ropuson enie i oe ec eeapled ‘ih poet iw rotten speed at the shat a eta ‘eurenen fc reson of propel creation The cbvou ace feesuch apie mover a eo she cyl ml ya gia. The turing moment inthe up sa fr sch neni eens Sarbetet A malrsybne two stoke cycle cage 2 ve cay reveal. Bones tease of Jong site 8 cheap fof lower lgnton charac can be burt te cylin Stl 30 ele enn sip an fame altuna few ete ‘eles number of moving pat unetas nec ade» asic mony For same power generation four yee engine can ate wed ia onjemton ni higher peel uf ron, Such am rangement el ppresnbly rede the weigh And sce occupied by. ppelion hte, Bu he pple sha speed mat be redced by ecto [Porn ihr pet of revoain an shoe are wil regu ase of rar bter pion gay ‘Wher higher splat he sas gue Fr stoke eno as xin ventages A 0 cyl engin hse ene wi have « tower hora efsiery aol awerbavep Power can been by ‘ing ra son dnlaement Se by nem the muer of ‘Stn Bath ied by consi h rb fae of ‘Tiny ant nd bya eed poet of onl ees. {pein nthe sat ogh,V-oniguron ts an arngeers of ‘pdr which of prea advange whi coming ge poet erin, ges share el te, beter lnc fei mae moos aii acta and mish ade! oss won Clerk for performance “The spcii feel corso frequently se in Deen bythe engin ering 1 KW fake power per ow Specie el couampion is epena a ym per KW ho Since most decatbo ul ave ey sir eli ale, nfs cn be (Ged fr comparing the performances a eas the fel cco fo ‘Stren rene, ‘Meckancl elem ‘Apa fhe poe developed in the nine ela bring fue ith sr doer rot appear in the utp lt Raf wed ‘retcoring fon nthe ening pis ad ler ming pats the engee The poner sted in perorming hee datos ala fron par The bake pvr than he nse power Ne imouto power somsumel by the expe overcoming mee The ei of te poner dled by He engine 0 he wa per vente win egies Hos estate bp, Mean Enetve Presure ep) eth hoes const pes which maybe asm to act nthe pst during is power she Tee et rea vaiton of ‘eure na Bese! eye daring yc of operon Dt he omer Salute on the Bass of average or mean pressure. The meat Fresire & deerme fom a pesure-olowe dap of Inst ‘Sagan. The mes thn me cnet sed a he sede ‘fein resus ndstd me p Mau = ake ep. Various PowerRatings 1 aie ron conan een ire eis aber Cominous Power — Re the take power at cried by te faut, mee athe power ee ed st wich he eee ‘nately pce wnt efeece wie mt Rate Roser— Is the ke power mes the power te off at { svenravlaro ofthe engi Overosd Power — It te poner at 1 pi cess of commu wer for etd fone Mo nay ore odo 3 ar ‘The out ang of propeling machinery intl nships ae usted four rigs lows OM The maximum cominus ring sigiier the masinum comin apa hich the engine can be fm sly and Sonunany. Ths cup 1 1 be the basi of eaeaton for he srg cop a up wil sob compa ne ao (1) Norma Stam Rating ‘Te url stand ting gies the op service sed ‘Wis sped eared econ or efcecy and crepes 0 hema and macnn! est sed tom mamessace pm! imum Cains Rain2 asierwsony (a Ove Ring The oven! ting gies te extent of oval shore the [MCR bu corte ly chee one egies pea (0) Aster up| The nscen spe the axe opt in going, ompsiiy fEgie Outpt whe oped th Proper cies ei + a pone ig Te on rear sts pati be npn nde is men ‘a nti rom, cron ed ase demand of pope ‘feral elon tue ene per wil pend one pope rosettes he monica beeen been on he pars ‘Sie popterow Vs where eahip dace sped of ahi. Acomtant aiplcement, Power «V1 tat Vn aN) wee ph of he pope Nerves pe ie But for sane propel." emi casa ‘Abo, Powers Pa ALN. =P NCL & Neng bse dens of engine ‘ee conta) Combining, n= For testing te perfomance of the dil engine be. is meet ‘curly by couplg the engine th dyamomete ath at Bea Gn Pb Geate ean elleive peur) i clebied fom the Wee PabrAre isan acco pte oe be hme. 1 inet te power ing ihe eyed us tle eam be acutely eee fo te Snemeinertes PM 100 110 19: Meter Cont ant onl tener “The agra inthe 9 show the pop cen ction the Femara. Teebmes.= Chan? bps crew chang i const “The engin i the est eds ded esr othe rope cure 0 sha repeats the ata working comdson whem cole 3 propllee The eave Apaing rough the mer set the ion Suis a cen pr cn per ce pe cet evcions oh to some her values The seein of propel sould be 2a at™ asic mon hen cop nega nip he propeller aio es power ander [uly len contin suring tat the al an oper cases ©). the groper carve tobe the eects lading see ‘of per tld be proves for om rene hie eae ic feud to cor between dicing itera The act waking ‘tion shuld be repremed by anit cure called averatt Fropetar carve wih hall B asaming fly Inn ship. Conn {pering combi soul vay teat the Fit hand ange oe temeizt cure Te expne can be opened the: of proper fare Le unr ovead sonnel fora sho pred o ee he poplar nse To be stints the engine mt always aap the wre demand of the prop tthe maching telson tse the ‘rgine and prpilerdes ntet mere erening ae speed hp det nt phos ces natty te prope Tce alma one he ep. wb eng fend The An engie may be niet exited A te prope ser imesh ply aba ihe sp ting mh et ‘An engine i over expe proper on dienes he phn ler he ship aang gaan oversea. Sic the oper ow it ea ding alert pr he seplegn sh oid llom lef he fw Ye contol vanced raul ads ur ap ‘The Hapa Testing The dio engi ae ejected tenting wich oy te oy (teetering pete eines . (Acceptance ton he mace et do acer at he Petormance christ up the preci tat 2) Test of Propeing miner seta conte he machi td ip peromaace apr contac agreement. (©) Comparative eng wen ere tema manne of be (4) Reseach eng on prope me desons afer dein Indien ror improve, ‘The meutemen of engine power «bse equine 2 es ‘iter ine et bed or Sringeri segue Te talc steht the pert of pve scans with the er ‘eta lado he engine sa and Jamie eer al ht Dover valle at asnmbielficesy, (3) TheBrake Power The ake power sees the aie om 4 recpaing diet npn and red a he fa end eouping of the erin by ‘yea dynamo orate mest. yee Dypsmomeer Hs esenialy water brake wi ‘eter tae ip Amwm a8 Samomcer which canbe wed fo re Dect snares ma pha low pede The aang nin the spr ig. 10) Tee rotor combts of 4 mats of mre! vans The eng a povided weh wt aes {he conga foe Impans ean) rl fw ie te ce The retnae Emcounired bythe ming dic dor 0 the resstve aur on th sig whe hs ate on UM. Pe ‘any wong mie lover spt oe mes he or IWiectmeced sth enol he aig ‘The tues mid and wanted the al yg. Te fal ean ebb weight eter mest te te Wier adie hah te inthe charge wer ees the Dynimonctr ugh muivoon bpe sae, sito Fd ‘ete de er st ye fr ling tec when te dime ee ‘The poverieienby WoaRPM.YK 1s. he conbine weight read from dil gauge an blancs wipe (0) Tre tedeated Power ‘The ined power sis the op genre ithe eho sf segacaing engine The dtd power meed by ag a ‘ndste ding fom de epee The gram res he2 asic neon t T HE aration of prez i the lider i ane cycle wih rept opto placement The pu of the proces dung a cycle ecocs + Stoke we, leh represen sot don. Fro te dag the “verage presets ard kong he insted msn eve sire pon anes es pan pen ean oe (©) Fuel Consumpon ‘The fet consupon of he engine is dtd by + positive mth wich a masta fae or volume wth nec nwt elcky of flow teagh he mer can he mois, A ‘ectrng unk sed fot sha edi enin el perme ad ‘ed lad ofthe capt. TRe lad should hed consat sd he ‘rump Is esnred hrs half a but test "The tes shold fe Tepes. The roa repressed in KW bre (Air Quanity “The per geet ine engin inde depends phe mss il pd re Le OO — Fi sppleg ose engin. The Howe at eid for comp te ‘ben af wit mas ffl called econ ak neni Combustion char at exces of aichuomate si spl ‘mee vmpetess of cuban The so exes ered Sowaserenetioen Salas > och Excess cfc avi mi eed apes of the engine At nd hen he quant of i mite small he exces oetfckn ph. A sl npn may hae an ecess at cee ‘Var fil a, High exces coat is hs a ea cared samay by the aces at Ar atply 10 te ene f messed Hy iting» male i th uct and cing the pose dp he Pane The toile mer ts dacargeco-etRon, ae emperetie trate hromeie esd ets be ed Im oder ts esse pmance nf he eine nes mcery wale he exh gas ats, Tis an be Se by men sachs COs eres ab el mead of al the ean pi bya tn Ona pat, The steno ub !tbnide (C0), Caton inde (Coa and Oxygen (One ent fs oe tenured by the chemical amayate (Osis appr Regist spar dale (903) preset im he ex ga ie fet of igen hee 8 N= 1)-(CO+CO3+ 09 Aeration SE 7803 Noa For aura nyc il of cmpetion abn (8) Hyon (8) roi a GH oud the eehast pat alas mS) A Sopa foe 02-2858, C0~124, 03-88%. 8% 4) Heat Baie A dal engine woking cn th bss fa ar ard yc label scale of sing al he Best tat ered he ‘expe ier. Tere isthe eee licens an arias ese {practic eno Het aac 3 eral me eehemadyami ott in the eine. Aenpis are ode co recover {ome of ese loses fom the engine waste 10 improve the ove Chel efieney of be plas Tere ae te main herndyamic Tesco doe t sacompet combat. 1 ong the colng ‘eoer aed the kas of eat wih he esha pater The lose de 10 pret combuson wil eps 0 a over genersion in he ‘Tet Cade or Dies Propling machinery a sentra ‘The sum cover te te mh of min ropaon machinery a 4 ay (0 be cama alo ely const sigs ce Be na the ship's sped and esomanc ‘id of Tras 1. Mooring THs: The mowing Wil Be one which eee a3 gu) im are ond Gre (ft mm Sparano al par of th main enn and ace are pe 2 Raoiegin wl: This eat is cared ou with inal ‘apa comin ee fs operation of ai ene er ng ‘eo The engine nee shal te nsened rad 3 Petiminy Talis ated at por of rl may teamed iced naa ih isms » (6) resentation of Tet rest Theres bined from 3 aefily conduct epee chat An eumple of Aseptic i er en bw 4. ont tral: The of wal spree tcl ‘er oso te fella perfomance carte of Pe Propubien pt when ciple the peer nope se The charac of he poubon pa therein beten te ship spo tenene tpt = 1a) The gate sp et aed nt by graben enon "esd mie pst The tet ul eared oa aera Hespeed propesively at U4, 28, 34 end corerpontig 0 (©) Ove te ten pce overload at (61 Aster tet—During seat cing a he maim comin ‘apa engine sb te sagged and revened st guts Fessble tow andthe engine run the Behe phe ‘eng in he sem een eoesprading 1 78 108 nia ted power Time raga. elon alent 2a nde pont nd Minima elton the et cai 0 1 confi 3 Ini vei at wach be Del epi can tn ets nde wah led ig (©) dura t—The esl ced ou en fr eat he rrosimar commune opt The speed fe ang et ‘Scots maybe parame cigs me a (0) Stating tt—The Ae reserors ae pened Wo mama eel dub enpne ate ahead an asm ately bet ‘pening he rseron vl th re an ms ingore ate Thebes ae my ln Fe Revenibecngne—I2 arr mite Fr Nonsense engine—6 sas emote Pres dp inser at cachstat ted Otter tts |. Taian ileabonTest—Te vib sal be messed by tonal baton mace Be ee aed the mae 5 Tecate athe one nt engin ths eng cao fe ee 31 el pit The spn of elt vane rm foes maim {nd er decreased wo lest The revtion spend wich ibron ‘thus Bolas vale is mesured oc atone esl revolution pe 2. Tensor Vibton meanest 3. Noe messwrement 4 Opindercw ott 5 Test witha umber of min egies Oupet nesurecaat ‘Mie speedtest end endurnc es Ine etde a nak sway in aera posible ein te ean ef han. Power 8 tha ‘he Bre out sal fe cael on te tas of inde omot sing mecaneleficesy dat computed dre tel [eal messy torn ete ‘The fel consumption ie messed ing citi «ey orn st fora pend of U2 sour Tae ext ay be ropes ‘dina queens ohigh perfomance, highs pe Mie Diesel gies Toosenal vibaton—No citcl speath wich wil npene accep vib rr salle tn he llowing geo torn (a) Poplunengine—ing spel 1 5 pe above the ar a lensed (0) ice encaing ss—IS pc on eer ie of orm a bid ane rgcraig set Fe fa changes of 25 pce of the ad fl) fad he mary pe ange to exceed 25 pau he yee Tete andrea ahi peo i sea ae pont re ‘hun tw scm lowing the bad chang and be win al or ‘Eat ey ate peed woot mare han ce “Thesis peril ot nea 4s i nef an hong ten ad 2p oe flea ad ce vers. ‘Ovrpcd Govern stl ome in at 69 resting 15 js: shove be onan Fa Speed Covering “he tnlowng fees sal be observed dui th et (a) Masinum see canta of Governor ed overeat {01 Speed cn tte cond speed to) Pama pest arise Beet mad ad ft i2 asic ricoey (The intnaneous speed change which Is ceasiond when the lead camper sly tom he eee vuln osc ad the Ssbistn pre forthe engine spe toute wa ead vale (e)_ Te ped age the govemor is ikely cover oe th age of ‘calmer (© Misi ing speed when sted, Saley devies—Elcical generates riven by Dil engines stall be povided wah automate fl nd sve warming syste ih Shu dow pels or te folowing eases (2) When tte beating ree te engine ssem ls below Totten, (©) When the bricing i temperate a inlet w i cole es stoves. (6) When the peste of cooing, wate falls ow predetermined vane, Fuels and Combustion DISEL FUELS ae proce fr eel ecveed om he eth ‘hough an exvcton process The mer of us bined conan 2 ‘ery large ramber of yc hae ow a high os he space caretrtes vary conser Some crude Sposa winy mati. prt, when chile and we Koon ‘aff ta’ il Same oer ate coma phic aris nd he teed as Mpthene base There He of tee Ca ing charters ft Cras ae som ws suelo hye mor able 1 tay produce many ber plea fae when raed. The ot ‘eng roe 2 illaon separating te rodeo boy at {rato arespnding to poets sch uslene,eosne 2s leben aad Be tomar eel ean. Mae pods ‘rotons achieved by pus he did fats ore soe ‘Suh racking nis erin by de ason of ea ese an presce of cay agen some ofthe heavier foarte Skee somo form ore aslne pout al coke. The ei ow inte vary a bayou oo ber The mature ferent cre is iro sch a wide extet hit Dis! fake rary wealy in lr trstetce. The fel bunt 9 Diese expo pliner yrange om ht died eihe ‘The specie vy anges rom 8 1099. tate aly Can sare trim Bio 8 pen Hyon 10493 pe and here me bE ‘Niopen std smiaed Gxypen Te dation sepermise vt tron THC AUC and enti au frm 42000 ag THEE range of fas potaced aoenitte easicsion fil whitcarci ts, or a al thefts iin given vmge ca be Shel in any oe engine Hence idyll chase tes Imporaceto the epee. 1s ite wo pey Dice fl win ato init fray Spenticaon ae eogoesoed design of combust haba, he ‘pion qulty. cleanin of oll até vest). The geet hares tnd properties of Die ul can be died a tse Mecing— the hang. rage and pumping ofthe fe, wil nes the {nde eon aed combustion feel er nein ‘pene pan, visas an pare crt, Conon a ted fm te second’ group ae ifencd by sale salve chemal ‘Spon, ation quality, carom vedo and anptlie oder ti ‘escay totam hae fron equ the Dee fac gh ‘Moc do dt te feel haar. Some Usfl Information sear Oa Fel — (3) Pag Point: The sn pot fa i te temperate to which til ss 0 behest ua lice vapour geven if which wl Tene won bob in conc nh a ame. Thestndd mio of ceetminng he led ich pot te Peng Marten cove ter The ope sh pan aout 1° Bper hn the les sh po “Te te poi it the higher temperate a which heal apse set Suns fo bur wh ged ft Pgh ta Be up fash "The Peasy NatnsAppars CUP costs af ates ep of isd diameter S cm and oid umetr $75 cm and he ofS cm squgped wi devices ft sting he ston lhe I ote cop a theo in he sone The ae equiped wih wading deve coming of» ena ae sah reo atthe cee of he cop ani caying two thd ass ‘ropes seo osal have forapeigs 3 soe Uheshech ADC. AD Dukes pit teh gripihe heme UD, The Hh bar wc cm bee compet pe the porte ABC aon pou an clese st untber poston. The Mame apne ele corsa of ip whch pert y 2 mechani to ‘pre the pattie ceeur ope sacred estate. “Tesirtaishente by pastel ‘Toe ash pit fa es als uses on as inc enw °C. ‘This sa stpund agin re af ng ad HORIME ot ‘pose by Coven, samc Copies nest {Shey thes melon waht itn yo fa (©) Spee raity—Ie impart 3 a dees te ‘ol orhgud hed oennves ey Victy—TRe poet of yo tet pat Inverse Ay fod h or he rage ink yp the el Injection aes abo les the spy ine engi ede» FUEL ano comeUSTION ee ow of a ough pp ire in seeaie mao e staid i oud that fee tyes fligid mone wath erst ‘elctis. Te lye of hud along te ais hs the het sly sich decrees pradaly omar the wall Atte wll the ver of gu fe sao. Ths ee a vel maton Serween aren lees of fim the pipe er © matin he relate moon» force must te applied Th poves that a a fers vesstance reuive man tween adem ayer Thieme as oy. Nevin fn he sous tin of dt ows \naeamtands eae to vast anf) by te ela aed : ited a offic sy. Tce a imps tnt isk! propery of hi and vrs with wmperse ‘The rio of cote of vay 0 mass deity is kaon as ai Tap Measurement of Vsty ‘Vico is marred in ferent mete and acute i orened in der wais. One method of meatreent 8 ‘Serine ie ued fora cin oar of bi Bo dor ‘ed condor oo be epee dois mete The Reduo Vicor mest he date tne of 5 of tatigaidteougha given orc ata given epee Wak Eger Wscumt he ofa ine ssc fr 20 of oben The yl is dee bythe om tne anal lume ae note “Teves us tao i expres ia Egle epee shoal te ote bt the above to meanest mead tive the det mente of cnt. Ih ges comyann ‘ses cl Te kre many expen cautious 8 {ound ening enon Redon, Enger and Sabot! vscses can be convene estas iste ani) by se of conven conan de = Redmodsees No L.A=025, 8 172 seStollSes —A=022, B= 180 1 Engle Seconds, deyecs Expr SDA 017.5374 (> trp: Dist cot small sb of wae andho slid mater which may be willy incombueble. Tai term Eh Toe sah oe fel sol be et poste hr woul ae () Cale Vale: The cali vale the Ma ea a Tinted by wom combat of one wt quity of fac. Ts vulpes our dome the ther effeny eine (1) Chemical Compeston: Besides can and hyper de Tac oman sl ecetige of up Saha ets ele Sar et heal conse mth ter cmp The eft shor proce seri om he gon sep rice ol the ‘rene hele pda Ra pal te engine whch fants aration of nerd gee (a) Phases of Iii: The aid yresure rs in 2 cel ening lindr st gain econ Hock Kok in neni dat {sbeermaly raped combustion eto cma fel the eens chamber, Soh cod cus bain fa iin Tip wedelyYerecn he ec mton ote me acl arming aly compres itn caine the pend econ sl init. he bring ase compe ed a ft Ine. But ety the aco spend never nies ha he (0 tpn (i) Banning of el aetna ring pind {iy Coma of ot net ater (@) While considering igntion lag cases may ari the ion gis more han the ejection pe. hich ne al fil wi be alte elo itn se The fc wt wil fave a gh pete ed bd sting oat. (©) The ig i she tan te ineton pv. This i the seta cas, Lak comedy te ignion Bg devesed Thee will be peed of decerting fenbrton kaa at ar baring. Aer Baran = arf bent lead ater esnsion ke hen te eon sums ascomausnon » yal 7 ys quity—the gion gunty oa el dense gn on Ibe pnd Tis maybe cela sere ease th Whe he el ‘eigen recs nu sump anger engin conn The te Quilty mine ry of cement Coane stag hi wa go gen gay ‘iphone maaan.» hyocaton wah pore gion ge ‘svn aes see pow The Sean nner 2 he Fercenmge by wlome of tine groert ia # mie sh ‘Sponges hme wih he fel dre ie ‘tosane an Typlel taneous we gen eow ow secdengne Boas Medion pesiengie $050 Highspstenene 155 (hy Carten ese: cre pcos coro "Th frat sess th tendency fe 60 fr ao« Fun axoconausron epost in an engin The et gives 4 meine hat eto which repeset the bear ch he hag Ieee cso ‘Moped win the tne ure whe ene ines. The ct els rede cue depos ime combustion chit and sound the sere tps tering wie pay of a. The “aioe fs contain eligible cabo ese (i) Asphaie mater: Vice a6 ao eaty st compen cation cmeands and ska the um conten whch frm shale dpe nd my led pigs thing mde the pve and wae te that ave set eae O4 Baring ‘The rm hese ftom Yo hat acto ofthe ce i ich et a eid ater exact fa alla rare OF Tend procmses i he refinery by mixing te ee wh ihe Sst Fw eso of esvomy in neeasing tombe of ese fempoo we beng. pocweed or peri ne con ft, Te Faliclarpoperes of bean ol whch may ghee to ple fegie operation ate Nigh vc, ede) ohn et Under enpne tyler comin, sulphur ose soh and be mpc a poor enon quay. An aaj trp of bean) snd atta oh we en eo fo Conpaion Heary 1 Deaitate ou Speiicgaviyas 2 ags7een? =a spon Tore oe iby Pey Mane Teste) ow poe sc oe Vien 20% 564 ct Sse Vico 3 ot - Vics t 0% a S Caden ne Comaton) 0% “eight 1 wight Saige 2s wae "at Seah wate 1 wee lm Seinen 020% rept owe is Sisto tae ctvalning ter Omg KT Kote Hoan 109m wee wee an amber ” “ {a} Contaminated On Hey econ wh pies an at arte ty sn ph prcertaeo couaon ct i ‘Son whch cnr be tum nee se ce ‘Siler Heme I at spon te cob ae) ny I hare nthe eg taht eg. a ts sho San itt wi he contin pes leo exc ve ‘recom Sate cere ny roves an se Stone Gamage vo te conf te pon endr be, bi ‘Siu vl 8. Seber ots ein wae mS Scotian) and naan comgoent ave fa a5 tess ‘Shor damage The races of ipa diet fant trig 8 ps Sepsis fe ene: Ue ‘ole melee me moth open tl ep pga #5) sche y ald cone scat wh ads ht des” Conger teeny filmit be pepe. eta en feed nm st ae Som pane ang eal "ea bug in sel gic i ade posse 2 cunernngereantng ts emit ef coon () Penton efi te nie ten — Th ea tb optim a by pac and cen. Ta Nah of ey al ctr the pose. Te ae sf a Tow ao te Sepuron domo» wc" “Sckat hepct of prin al ree Be we ‘Soogh te sir of soul te al wp. Te hex teeyenere, Rovere, hole be bow. te apoains tempo of war bere spre of ae! ned 5 Sic Fen span we shi erin he bid ne. Ft th cor dente Resta 9 Sinidtomido ge as'Ccepe (9 Oi ol te pteard — I ying br eli te copes Siler one of te me) tevare wo ef eee ‘Shetty Bee e igh pe pons pening. Te ‘Reoety ond be lone 8 oe ata er opt Stowiston Te fel ipion supe ae sas ‘ar et otic or mee un 3 12 Resec The temperature of probing should te dtmied ccutingly wih eference 1 enperatevoychan 1 sou be remembered ta preening does ne ree te ‘aston cwrctensies of fal of does ae rele the ine for fompkienes of combustion. Pebeaing is dove only 19 rela ‘coy. Overheing may real even acronis fo inthe tem whch aly fre ith he ote oon of (Gs) To ai 3 complete combuaon an avoing eps o ten carton ~ Slow speed re bre enpnes are best vine for ‘persion wow pra el. longer pro of she forthe combustion ross be complet. The engi boul ove a cops sep of sian he combust be wl diner ati the lane, (iy Camsive eect duc high miphar cones contin by eepny he gus set sre stove te dow po and 80 by Spec enment such a eof special mati ples on {Mn ibctng oi frie et pon and ng sacs Combustion of gd ful “The ntocin of ld fc in the cmbusn chamber ha wo aspects te the fenes with wich te ol eed aed Aioiboion throughout the sce The Mens f dation (crm) nde 9 pres of skin abd ao 3 degree ‘poration tinue membered that ol fame at the vapour hse. The fit phys! change nderges up ination he feat dene asp of combustion chante woaleton. The Aneten norma) fae srg omogean ine So thats sate cypen std Both miro ad mato mites ‘hus forme yt enya pray sas cota change oProdase {ito mite the cet pope fr compe ems fel If we couider 2 pet of ope i the combustion ‘haber he oan ond i he ayer tat sanding Soon be consumed a tbe ction es place athe aac. Fo Complete contastion ef be pace af the bie race mt be Femed and te rainy potion of he ol dep be expend es ties that be proceso combustion comncd and competed fst 2B the fuel 5 urdu. A dep of wt movement ime the ombation sce fr this eas an eset equitemen. A {ead iba th ame fr whch fe combustion amber Festihydimendone. vl aay engin pe: the fl st ty 2 fom fie regiment ea ome combust The ‘ow fang of the lms be uth wih the age spd econ tng neler to vd bjt ook. Te fol sh ‘um touting any resus apd dacharge of ake 0” oh Shag ext pipe sald be non coe eer he gd ‘pte ae Thte lb a damage the engine cope {hep weir and coven aftr contusion of coosion tect Sostoson Ath import oper ful yt at he ome sucht td moby, VOUIAy he phys rope ct (Sedo god wring charts. Too gh lay Bowe ox desea may neo of oe Syanowng From the foreoing study scan be suman tat he in spec of contusion of fnt a 2S! ede shy ocd (he elowing rumen (Tre poison a fe wih ipa apa engine desi sah wil beable bur comply om el. 10) Thesbape and dat of combustion space 1 fle Roush tin far ad lac. The doubt stake no aca tha lane suc of he chante 6 wo expel 1 the cong sect 4) Selon of geo spa: lation of nso and am ietion peste sting ol spay coming nant with met rae (5) Mat charging the cynerenseing pty of cage ae tempers ada degre of blanc coming Slee fiji ug ra come sof pes. Combution Chamber ‘The design of combustion chamber aries wih te engine pea the tierra be tt same. In deel eng comary wane + compress ra of at I rer hat he "emperor conpesion i hh enough gi he‘With compres eto he stance spc is ey small. The fe spy shold vel in al sto tap the clean ope, Tang spray tare wonld be lel wo sty ts rgetemen The Combustion pace hrlore shouldnt be oti! witha Rit ses tet isa! be acomivouled ina space satay Farmed ewe he Cfown ote pisos the yh sve Agcy fas ete fret he yen wih ges «Shape as ex sper posse: A eval oct injec het eae Infor 2 ts aity © “spare he sary fel x concerned. Other pert arse ot indice uel to coming a oer of wl move ard fom titan of beat Hao oly kngroves te ur fk Inintre ba ko pecs be cher all Ya dist est fmpngement and frei thal sein Wet howe nar ay hd ol htc be jt nth yd Te fh Imi te pad preva addr in he pace win art Detod The combusting mut be comleed wii the ery sh ie hing che comes nna nah Mase ie engin loys two types of combustion shane ues aconuenon 4s (1) Dwsineton ps non wrbutsopn chats (2) Precombuton chamber wit talent ember Dic Injerton ype ‘Open Chamber? aby ard gest apiion snot he slow and medi diesel ens. Lage slow sped mane engines vary Ue hs (ype of chanbu The icon te dare pindr an pet ‘tbe eg, te open canter tere nigreaet ower of ianddvctore thst ate abo called etal chrba The Injenr ich shod sey be load a the seems Beery fie i slomisng and doperaing tpt De ows Spe The nce of say sul be macting the shape ofthe chaner Naat pay por would cul fin A marc ole ‘edt perform sich dans lng ith the empyet a 9g inject rss Te injec went eng io eie come ‘nung of ttn ih usa me A dee of move eases 29 mgt Gator i forming coe eine ‘helo ast complet combusion PreCombustion Chamber Inslenins whee he volume lata pace ssl ad te cceped thse an extemal small length of tthe. 2 ‘esieeatinshanbor iol. e's chamber Jose onside the fone chusber and comes oy a page All he Gel Inet he econo chamber where the combation i it foie A singe ore noel anit he fa employ 2 nection rese. Te expanding gues pss Ot og he th of ‘opening wo the main comer at's velo. Tulane Bu osed Treks he ol nd mies wih. The oon compel he ‘hare un be singe The thermal efile ft engine 1 fm ‘Heoe i se conte ol poe genet. Factors acting combustion (0) Los of empreson aig out of ntti wing Be combustion ipace or tree In lace lune. The conan of Tor ora pscn rigs, hess of mons, concn of earns (at etote hep neon srvetance2) Yacuity of 1 — Steady ves of vicoriy 0 Be rantaned or proper semiation Atomiaton ibeeking ee fi (© depts 50 ts lege ste aren of i expel W het st ‘labo Ife toeation i of, dap wil ot peas dap ‘ugh This wl case bey coset he mle ip On the ber Saif he rope to lnge tk hve sf enery tbe ie absinthe rae operon woul Be ublesame a he rma ‘send oval renin may resin ater oe (0) ion ali ffi ~ The dein combustion canter 1nd totic spot oe engine spec he fa qu that ean be ‘ty to eapne yd Is mcesy WS apeapte bade of fel 3s denoted by he eane er be ected Ine “ven: rts fis bei ster cons ea ba can Be fone cay ited ese fel with peony wl or hook nde oration nee (4) Shore quality and temperature — Conbson in the tyler wl eal fat deity the sopine ae a Ths Imay bedue selec savege valves aso coking, palo Inthe destin, define colin (6), Ess Choking o high bck presere — AL he pa of xu! he rere ch igh hah caenge pss The at! pts re wv nt 0 ht hr 2 on pose do 1 Hw dow of gies exis pipe tthe exhou pangs ar ‘eoiced toe wil be» tie in thst Sack peste eh ay Inert ih proper avenging hector, Thi lent inert ig 16 sons »dingramatie vow offline arrangement for operation on henty cit Dest i and hesy of storage tanks sold be aranged s hat the fut i tins fending 10 the paps ‘am work under a pave sc head. The tek shoul be ‘signed with space atthe bottom for clacton aad eemoval of Stodge Weary il uct ppe Is ated far removed Irom the stodge space The tank are fied with heating cole The ares Surrounding the suction pipe must be heated op fo Increase the ‘usa a the ol to rene slabie for pumping. The service ‘tanks may be arranged wth an icin Bottom 10 fate Colleton of sage and water. Viecomeers snd low meters are {ie inthe pth ad hey shoal be placed sear tengo A ning tam iti felt of engine devant 0 setter 0 1 purse opie 4 pra arn of ‘te qty dag wanton pend fm dsl wo Nes vcevsa The sip changes im vaso ant fempeae [woprely wih sytem Marne tks have been proved tobe Sef or depiicaon and enaemet ofa rom fe system. Th Geter tae mong tak fimstone eft seal Ave = Sac solume capacity can aloe be weds meting tk ices hom he a ums ene theming ak The“ ue axocowauston shoul ave» sage caleton space and renova arangemet. The nes fm serie omg tank shod desig fr im ‘estat flow. The vowing ne shoul ve le meter. The ‘coming sn the eum mind and gs bbe and appl ae eens Fad O15s10m: Hea el ls ft prepa injectate engine cylinder by purifon. Ii eld im selng as fra sumbe of ous 1 linia wer and then pase tough eigen soges. Water Sout moved comply bec the asa enon nthe combustion soupment nd the publi of cary oer of sole {odiam sae with water. Inthe moony of ces 2 to sage Delon is prefered with prer and fir comected up i fetes. The prey extacts manly wae amd «pon of id ‘npr an sg. Whe he clair pres i imprtie nd ‘ee Pied en collec day seve as ‘Tae Heavy cil uns af aed above the mice ak 2 it 2 natin sup of fol aati tough the Howarth ‘ning tank The sl unk sald tea above he hey ot {Sak or ee 2 mean tale be fit nthe ie fo rule ol the fossil of sey o ering the ea lank A ining th Fed the forse nd prodace ral vartion fel (qulty during raniton period fom diesel al © esyy oil or cee. Te sappy ol hanger wont apd emperatie te Feel Great Mitng tank aio weal for epntiaon and ‘csnment ofa fo fe es. Avent ne with vipa taps Provide fo he prec. nr hath ming tan ere ws ‘ecw shuld have 2 sffset volume capac. The pry pu exes (som tting nk in quay owe tan the engine can onsune and faves tough he eat. The ol hese p wih onesponling ection in vseosty in acetdace Wid be tempat —Vanosty feiondp The ih pessure el pas ute aes "he presse tn eer fl thelr ap cal pe iene quay of el iced ie mere ate pap ‘coding tthe ot om engine The felis diver i the oon of ‘ne spay erclping the ene combstion pace The best of congress af s nie e f [Athetine of ranooing or when dese the eine ca be on om eset oi by shin over to esl lak. A tre way cock ovidd for he porpoce efre changing over rom desl oo Bey ‘eis cesar hea pte ee nthe ct edly temperate of 085°C. Ab ange a eapertue may ste De {oe pomg pngr an hene muse ed. “The Pare Poel: ‘Te gait of fecal or rns wis bound to gee nee wb emp ext mre aslo ruc fo he rd siege hn es aga San ‘Grmarhingii hely fat tefl fr arie e ee wal have sry hh soniye wil ery bea Inge ‘Soren of pur mptee a ctl tes For ssh fo ised ma be ppl, vin shane pe ard eet ‘rong ooee be wi enone empere it Wha i ithe gna tuo bre re cer en sere pb Bo Puritleaton — is nt ener edt that he Sp. git of ‘owl ae above 99a I°C Rowen he Spat tends 9 ont of wat searaln of water lb elt Law gase ‘Ol oa ery Bph peo ira ering mid at sat ‘Siem water cam case dvating damage latest mat 3 take i rene the water High tempers, slow rato fos Separation ough pales ange npr ey wae se) ‘eile olions sugges undet ach curses ‘Combasion — Tre combion curser ofa de fi sive to cath resi, aspaene coment am such he ropes ike iption dy. foe wtiy atc 'As the @il'y ‘erates tse pipers Round to aft he engine by cuss onined slow turing. twill aft fel economy en etic Ce ‘Ser snd evbas pps, Correos — Preps sei in equity may kn ‘mas bo prmpedby th eens of vanadiom ar dam nl. Friton and wear An ieee In ath con Wey ‘ousted an nese the fae of wear, High persionso rues s0consusTon tempera ad presence feats and Aluminium org quits ‘wilinsease con and acest ttf wea ‘Te ado of dtl gine w changed ccumstncen i 2 continued pres. I hase comparvely so sy adap fall wo vied condo of ship operon, power reams. Telly and sey. Tas scape sopisesed nse ard hes (ern acs ppl sou of power interne ney. ees tho toe marke diel eaine Me to aap Hol once apn fr 1s feeinae acct el wich, by santo ale ot ‘feud oof mah nor gut ‘cunrren Air and Exhaust Systems ‘gine proved to be moe trative fom the very tepning, From “Staghbrwar themed tampon he ouput ta Suet The engine etal wee wot camped It fat he eploymet 2 Iwostote ec smpiie the engine by einatn of he ake ad ‘sous vals and oning sex. ower. te cw stoe engine Ss nc witht ay ecblem, foe twas Som vais thatthe Findomealrequvenest of rpacig thea charge in We elder ‘hut bestest me In oa ge no epee et a ‘thst res ext. The ine saab feese poses ret ‘my abot one itor one out 4s conpaed wt of = eg Sperag a focsle cel The Pes of exchange 5c eet the vindr afr completion of expansion wh a charge oF ‘ncomamiaved ec seed as sstegie “he perormancat wove ds! ngte depend a ye rasue one eifieey of eaengig A seal sxsegng Sse ust ution the owing reemen’| (0) The ext ports to be pened eae by roving a ad ont The exh ead hepsi inn dees which ‘he ext pos we opted i veer of Be a es Dug {is ponod be gt presse In te cinder falls ele sewvege pee (2) Seaenge prt shoul be sd er the poco xchange ‘seompleed 6) Lasof esha tage apg tough he exh pns sald sentedooggooo——s Booapoa00 -evuimoan pmcanune talent a. Fac: Pre ii nn nt reg 1 Seavengiag mont pressure 2 Gas presse mie clade 5. Eek mand presse. A scavening poses my be sored oe pie ns prber (2) es ei the Bho down prod — Te peri gist ‘the momeat thea ors are uncovers. THe sue peng ol he ‘fdr to exhaust scclas th ps mas. THe exh pst re Won down nthe esha man ul were lower prenre x Te gs compresed a ie sty of east po isi be ide ‘envi aid wes mms inde Te pete pe Bel (hescavenge airbox peste (0)Secil pera ete serpin pei oper ~The period am anobouesrsysTEas 3 egies he seanenge pos ar opened Scavenger he man {lind sep he eal coshsson peso the jhe Shares the eyladr vith Gesh ae The macs of avn the “Sle peas onthe dlererce in psa een age nk Sader ten (©) Thi period — A fate psd my be ad in which an ‘fiom ema to eomai heen nh cd ale The proses of caging he ever of 3 two stoke eapine sacned ih 2 degree of inemising wih exust gae obi Met he parity of hare incense cae epee Typeset Scnensag “The maths tarpng have dif fo oe eno sgn 0 nade in sow seed desl engines. The yt employed may be tency ded wo mn 0 (2) Uniow ad (0) Revesefow nim sang — nthe uno ayn the saving it ter he tinder ron ds leaves rth th ows In seams ith sigh indeed fowtonal maton The cage mt lowed change iecon ard bene nomi fei. The Seovenge ete isthe highest. The system spray see ‘Sow spud ence wih long sake ad lage stn of eee Kr ‘thas gases Uniow sang active (by two patos working in one bea in ppd psn eget this system the fp piston coals te tha [ws nh sto piston cont et pt (0) by 9 pope va aranged tthe end cover whic proiee ge istaaneus pening for eau ss ‘Scape with slit apy stat he died pres repinie cjlier a ested wut bance steht (iy by an esas ison contain he akan ps, wile te tient pons ae eoered and uasveed by the poser Reversed Fow scavenging — The engloesemplolog s evased ‘ow spn of sevenging we rc sipler Depting 00 he