Sources of Stress Nature of Stress Types of Stress Stress & Health

1. Life Events 1. Eustress 1. Emotional Effects Burnout

1. Physical & Environmental Stress 2. Physiological Effects
2. Hassles 2. Distress 2. Psychological Stress
3. Traumatic Events a. Adrenaline
a. Frustration b. Cortisol
b. Conflicts 3. Cognitive Effects
c. Internal Pressures 4. Behavioural Effects
Psychological Meaning of Stress
d. Social Pressures Lifestyle
Result (Stress 3. Social Stress
Internal
Cause
State Reaction)

External or Biological & psychological Challenge to 1 Effects of Stress on

Nature, Types & Sources 2
Internal reaction leading to stress be overcome Psychological Functioning General Adaptation Syndrome
Stressor experience (Coping, or illness / of Stress & Health
defence) strain

Meeting Life
A General Model of the Stress Process

Person Characteristics Resources Challenges

Stressors
Physiological
Physical
Types Physical Health Money

Medical Care,
Environmental Constitutional
Vulnerabilities etc. 4
Psychological
Promoting Positive Health & well 3
Social

Psychological
Personal being Coping with Stress

Dimensions Mental Health

Temperament Skills

Coping Style
Intensity Self-Concept Coping Strategies (Endler &


Stress Resistant Personality
Duration Parker)

Cultural
Stress & Immune System
Complexity Social (Kobasa)
Cultural Definitions &

Predictability Support 1. Task-oriented Strategy

Meanings 1. Commitment
Expected Response Style Networks 2. Emotion-oriented Strategy
Professional 2. Control 3. Avoidance-oriented Strategy 1. Psychoneuroimmunology
Help 3. Challenge 2. White blood cells (leucocytes)
a. T-cells
Coping Responses (Lazarus & b. B cells
c. Natural killers
Stress Appraisal Folkman)
3. Antigens
Life Skills
4. Antibodies
1. Problem-focused strategies
1. Assertiveness
2. Emotion-focused strategies
2. Time Management
Physiological Behavioural Emotional Cognitive
3. Rational Thinking
response response response response
4. Improving Relationships
Fight or Flight Fear, Anxiety, Beliefs about 5. Self-Care Stress Management Techniques
Embarrassment, harm or threat 6. Overcoming Unhelpful
Anger, Depression 1. Relaxation Techniques
Habits
Hypothalamus or even Denial 2. Meditation Procedures
7. Diet 3. Biofeedback
8. Exercise 4. Creative Visualisation
9. Positive Attitude 5. Cognitive Behavioural
Autonomic Nervous System Pituitary Gland 10. Positive Thinking Techniques
11. Social support 6. Exercise
Catecholamines Corticosteroid
(Epinephrine & Norepinephrine) (Cortisol)