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محاكمة فكر سيد قطب - سعد الحصيّن PDF

1. The document discusses the history and development of Al-Azhar University in Egypt from its founding in 970 AD to present day. 2. It provides background on Al-Azhar's role as a center of Islamic learning and how it has adapted to modern times while maintaining its traditional religious teachings. 3. The summary highlights some of Al-Azhar's accomplishments and challenges over time, from the early 20th century reforms to its current role in Egyptian society.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
211 views105 pages

محاكمة فكر سيد قطب - سعد الحصيّن PDF

1. The document discusses the history and development of Al-Azhar University in Egypt from its founding in 970 AD to present day. 2. It provides background on Al-Azhar's role as a center of Islamic learning and how it has adapted to modern times while maintaining its traditional religious teachings. 3. The summary highlights some of Al-Azhar's accomplishments and challenges over time, from the early 20th century reforms to its current role in Egyptian society.

Uploaded by

kcodelk kcodelk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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