Image Classifier System

A COURSE PROJECT
REPORT By

Deepak Tripathy - RA2011003011386

Aryan Chakraborty - RA1911003011043
Jeffrey James - RA2011003011006

Under the guidance of

Mr. Arulalan V

In partial fulfillment for the

Course of

18CSE353T - Digital Image Processing

In Computer Science & Engineering

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY SRM INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu
District
April 2023

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Contribution Table :

Page Number Topic Contribution

3 Problem Definition Jeffrey

4 Problem Explanation Aryan

6 Design Techniques Deepak

7 Algorithm Aryan, Deepak

9 Implementation Deepak

11 Result Jeffrey, Aryan

12 Conclusion All

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Problem Definition

Image classification tasks involve identifying a set of predefined classes or

labels to which images will be assigned based on their visual content. The
goal is to create a model that can accurately classify new, unseen images
into the correct category.
The requirement for image classification arises in various fields where
there is a need to automatically categorize and label images based on their
visual content. Image classification can be useful in a wide range of
applications, including but not limited to:

● Object recognition: identifying and localizing objects within an

image, such as recognizing specific types of animals or vehicles in
images.

● Medical imaging: detecting and diagnosing medical conditions from

medical images such as X-rays, MRIs, or CT scans.

● Autonomous driving: identifying and classifying road signs, traffic

lights, and other objects on the road to enable autonomous driving.

● E-commerce: categorizing products and images to enable effective

search and recommendation systems.

● Surveillance and security: identifying and tracking objects and

people in surveillance footage.

● Agriculture: detecting and classifying different types of crops or

pests in images to aid in farming decisions.

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Problem Explanation :

Image classification is a computer vision problem that involves

categorizing images into predefined classes or labels based on their visual
content. The goal of image classification is to create a model that can
accurately identify and assign the correct label to a new, unseen image.
However, this task is challenging due to the complexity and variability of
real-world images, including variations in lighting, color, texture, scale, and
orientation.

One of the key challenges in image classification is the need for large and
diverse datasets to train the model. These datasets must be carefully
curated and labeled by humans to ensure that they accurately represent
the range of visual content that the model will encounter in the real world.
Additionally, the model must be able to generalize well to new, unseen
images that may have different visual characteristics than the images in
the training set.

Another challenge in image classification is the selection and optimization

of the model architecture and training parameters. Various deep learning
architectures such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are
commonly used for image classification, but selecting the optimal

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architecture and hyperparameters can be a time-consuming and iterative
process. Furthermore, the model must be trained on powerful computing
hardware with large amounts of memory and processing power, which can
be costly. image classification models must be robust to variations in the
input data, such as occlusion, noise, or distortions. This requires careful
consideration of data preprocessing techniques, augmentation strategies,
and regularization methods to improve the model's performance and
generalization ability.

An example for this can be shown in the following images:

In this image, the classification will be able to label and identify the water, trees
and sand. This allows a differentiation between foreground and background hence
allowing for further enhancements.

Here the model identifies various hand gestures

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Design Techniques

The code uses several design techniques commonly used in deep

learning and computer vision. Here are some of them:

Convolutional layers: The code uses convolutional layers to extract

features from the input images. Convolutional layers are designed to
learn local spatial patterns by convolving the input with a set of filters
that slide across the input to generate feature maps.

Pooling layers: The code uses pooling layers to reduce the spatial size
of the feature maps generated by the convolutional layers. Pooling
layers help to reduce the computation required to process the images
while preserving the learned features.

ReLU activation: The code uses the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU)
activation function, which is commonly used in deep learning models.
ReLU activation sets negative values to zero and leaves positive values
unchanged, which helps to introduce non-linearity and improve the
model's ability to learn complex patterns.

Dropout regularization: The code uses the dropout regularization

technique to prevent overfitting. Dropout randomly drops out some of
the neurons in the network during training, which helps to prevent the
network from relying too much on any one feature and improves
generalization.

Softmax activation: The code uses softmax activation in the final layer
to output class probabilities. Softmax activation function is commonly
used for multi-class classification tasks.

Data preprocessing: The code pre-processes the input data by scaling

the pixel values to the range [0,1]. This helps to normalize the data and
improve the convergence of the optimization algorithm.

Visualization: The code visualizes the input images along with their
predicted labels using the draw_box() function and matplotlib library.
Visualization is an important technique for understanding the behavior
of the model and debugging it.

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Algorithm for the problem

An algorithm for building an image classification system using TensorFlow

and Keras:

Step 1. Prepare the dataset: Load and preprocess the dataset of images,
including resizing, normalizing, and augmenting images as necessary.

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras

Step 2. Split the dataset: Split the dataset into training, validation, and
testing sets.

Step 3. Build the model: Define the model architecture using TensorFlow
and Keras, including the number and type of layers, activation functions,
and optimization algorithm. CNNs are used to learn and extract meaningful
features from the input images and to recognize local patterns and spatial
relationships in images by applying convolutional filters across the image.
This allows the network to learn features such as edges, corners, and
textures that are important for classification.

model = keras.Sequential([
keras.layers.Conv2D(32, kernel_size=(3, 3), activation="relu",
input_shape=(224, 224, 3)),
keras.layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)),
keras.layers.Flatten(),
keras.layers.Dense(128, activation="relu"),
keras.layers.Dense(10, activation="softmax")

Step 4. Train the model: Train the model on the training dataset using the
model.fit() function. Use the validation dataset to monitor the model's
performance during training and adjust the model's hyperparameters as
necessary.

history = model.fit(train_dataset, epochs=10, validation_data=val_dataset)

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Step 5. Evaluate the model: Evaluate the performance of the trained model
on the test dataset using the model.evaluate() function. Compute metrics
such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score to evaluate the model's
performance.

test_loss, test_acc = model.evaluate(test_dataset)

Step 6. Make predictions: Use the trained model to make predictions on

new, unseen images using the model.predict() function.

predictions = model.predict(new_images)

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Implementation

This code is implemented using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)

for image classification on the CIFAR-10 dataset. It is written in Python
using the Tensorflow, Matplotlib and Numpy libraries.

The CIFAR-10 dataset consists of 60,000 32x32 color images in 10

classes, with 6000 images per class. The classes are mutually exclusive
and correspond to airplane, automobile, bird, cat, deer, dog, frog, horse,
ship and truck.

The code first loads the dataset and preprocesses the images by
scaling the pixel values to the range [0,1].

It then defines a CNN model which consists of several convolutional

and pooling layers, followed by a flattening layer, and two fully
connected layers. The final layer uses a softmax function to output
class probabilities.
The model trains on the training data using the model.fit() and the
predictions are made using model.predict() on the test data.

Finally, the code randomly selects 25 images from the test set, displays
them along with their true labels and the predicted labels using the
draw_box() function, and shows them using the plt.show() function.

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We apply this model to the following images in order to train our image
classifier model:

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Result :

The deep learning model was able to classify the images successfully
with an accuracy of 80%.

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Conclusion

In this project, we have built a deep learning model using Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNNs) to classify images in the CIFAR-10 dataset. The model was
built using the Keras API in Python and trained using a GPU for faster
computation. We used data augmentation techniques to increase the size of
the training dataset and reduce overfitting. The model achieved a final test
accuracy of 80%, which is a decent performance considering the complexity
of the task and the limited amount of training data.
Overall, this project demonstrates the effectiveness of deep learning models
for image classification tasks and highlights the importance of data
augmentation in improving model performance. It also showcases the
capabilities of Keras and the ease with which complex neural networks can be
built and trained.

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