MULTIMEDIA

UNIT 1
Brief introduction about multimedia concepts
Multimedia is a form of communication that uses a combination of different content
forms such as text, audio, images, animations, or video into a single interactive
presentation, in contrast to traditional mass media, such as printed material or audio
recordings, which features little to no interaction between users. Popular examples of
multimedia include video podcasts, audio slideshows and animated videos.
Multimedia also contains the principles and application of effective interactive
communication such as the building blocks of software, hardware, and other
technologies. The five main building blocks of multimedia are text, image, audio,
video, and animation.

Multimedia objects
1. Text: Text is the most common multimedia element. Text expresses the
information the developer is trying to get across to their viewers. Even though
pictures grab the viewers’ attention, text is a good idea to include, as well, just in
case the picture does not load. simplest of data type. Requires least amount of
storage. Also used for searching and sorting in databases. Used for descriptions
and definitions and used for variety of data attributes. For example, when Web
pages include image elements, they can also include a short amount of text for
the user's browser to include as an alternative, in case the digital image item is
not available.
2. Images: An image catches the viewers’ attention much more quickly than just
plain text. Interactive elements, such as buttons, often use custom images created
by the designers and developers involved in an application. Digital image files use
a variety of formats and file extensions. Among the most common are JPEGs and
PNGs. Both of these often appear on websites, as the formats allow developers to
minimize on file size while maximizing on picture quality. Graphic design
software programs such as Photoshop and Paint.NET allow developers to create
complex visual effects with digital images.
3. Audio: Audio files and streams play a major role in some multimedia systems.
Audio files appear as part of application content and also to aid interaction.
When they appear within Web applications and sites, audio files sometimes need
to be deployed using plug-in media players. Audio formats include MP3, WMA,
Wave, MIDI and RealAudio. When developers include audio within a website,
they will generally use a compressed format to minimize on download times.
Audio consists of music, speech, voice commands, telephone conversations and
so on. Audio objects have a time dimension associated with them i.e. audio object
stores length of the sound clip.
 4. Video: Digital video appears in many multimedia applications, particularly on the
Web. As with audio, websites can stream digital video to increase the speed and
availability of playback. Common digital video formats include Flash, MPEG, AVI,
WMV and QuickTime. Most digital video requires use of browser plug-ins to play
within Web pages, but in many cases the user's browser will already have the
required resources installed. Various algorithms are used for compression and
decompression of video. From processing perspective video presented to the
user should be smooth and without breaks.
5. Graphics: Web graphics are visual representations used on a Web site to
enhance or enable the representation of an idea or feeling, in order to reach
the Web site user. Graphics may entertain, educate, or emotionally impact the
user, and are crucial to strength of branding, clarity of illustration, and ease of
use for interfaces.
Examples of graphics include maps, photographs, designs and patterns,
family trees, diagrams, architectural or engineering blueprints, bar charts and
pie charts, typography, schematics, line art, flowcharts, and many other image
forms.

The Internet and the Web

1. The Internet:
In simplest terms, the Internet is a global network comprised of smaller networks
that are interconnected using standardized communication protocols. The Internet
standards describe a framework known as the Internet protocol suite. This model
divides methods into a layered system of protocols.
These layers are as follows:
1. Application layer (highest) – concerned with the data(URL, type, etc.).
This is where HTTP, HTTPS, etc., comes in.
2. Transport layer – responsible for end-to-end communication over a
network.
3. Network layer – provides data route.

The Internet provides a variety of information and communication facilities;

contains forums, databases, email, hypertext, etc. It consists of private, public,
academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a
broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.

2. The World Wide Web:

The Web is the only way to access information through the Internet. It’s a system of
Internet servers that support specially formatted documents. The documents are
formatted in a markup language called HTML, or “HyperText Markup
Language”,which supports a number of features including links and multimedia.
These documents are interlinked using hypertext links and are accessible via the
Internet.
To link hypertext to the Internet, we need:

1. The markup language, i.e., HTML.

2. The transfer protocol, e.g., HTTP.
3. Uniform Resource Locator (URL), the address of the resource.

We access the Web using Web browsers.

Difference between Web and Internet:

Internet Web

The Internet is the network of

networks and the network allows
to exchange of data between
two or more
computers.

The Web is a way to access information

through the Internet.

The Web is a model for sharing information

using the
Internet.

It is also known as the Network

of Networks.

The Internet is a way of

transporting information
between devices. The protocol used by the web is HTTP.

Accessible in a variety of ways. The Web is accessed by the Web Browser.

Network protocols are used to Accesses documents and online sites

transport data. through browsers.
What is HTML?
HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

 HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
 HTML describes the structure of a Web page
 HTML consists of a series of elements
 HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
 HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading",
"this is a paragraph", "this is a link", etc.

XML introduction
XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup language similar to HTML, but
without predefined tags to use. Instead, you define your own tags designed
specifically for your needs. This is a powerful way to store data in a format that can
be stored, searched, and shared. Most importantly, since the fundamental format of
XML is standardized, if you share or transmit XML across systems or platforms, either
locally or over the internet, the recipient can still parse the data due to the
standardized XML syntax.

What is AngularJS
Angular JS is an open source JavaScript framework that is used to build web
applications. It can be freely used, changed and shared by anyone.

Angular Js is developed by Google.

It is an excellent framework for building single phase applications and line of business
applications.

Following are the advantages of AngularJS over other JavaScript frameworks:

o Dependency Injection: Dependency Injection specifies a design pattern in which

components are given their dependencies instead of hard coding them within the
component.
o Two way data binding: AngularJS creates a two way data-binding between the select
element and the orderProp model. orderProp is then used as the input for the orderBy
filter.
 o Testing: Angular JS is designed in a way that we can test right from the start. So, it is
very easy to test any of its components through unit testing and end-to-end testing.
o Model View Controller: In Angular JS, it is very easy to develop application in a clean
MVC way. You just have to split your application code into MVC components i.e. Model,
View and the Controller.
o Directives, filters, modules, routes etc.

What is CSS
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It is a style sheet language which is used to
describe the look and formatting of a document written in markup language. It
provides an additional feature to HTML. It is generally used with HTML to change the
style of web pages and user interfaces. It can also be used with any kind of XML
documents including plain XML, SVG and XUL.

CSS is used along with HTML and JavaScript in most websites to create user interfaces
for web applications and user interfaces for many mobile applications.

Why use CSS

These are the three major benefits of CSS:

1) Solves a big problem

Before CSS, tags like font, color, background style, element alignments, border and
size had to be repeated on every web page. This was a very long process. For example:
If you are developing a large website where fonts and color information are added on
every single page, it will be become a long and expensive process. CSS was created to
solve this problem. It was a W3C recommendation.

2) Saves a lot of time

CSS style definitions are saved in external CSS files so it is possible to change the entire
website by changing just one file.

3) Provide more attributes

CSS provides more detailed attributes than plain HTML to define the look and feel of
the website.
What essential hardware and software is required for Multimedia
development
MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
CPU
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an essential part in any computer. It is considered as the
brain of computer, where processing and synchronization of all activities takes place. The
efficiency of a computer is judged by the speed of the CPU in processing of data. For a
multimedia computer a Pentium processor is preferred because of higher efficiency.
Monitor
The monitor is used to see the computer output. Generally, it displays 25 rows and 80
columns of text. The text or graphics in a monitor is created as a result of an arrangement of
tiny dots, called pixels. Resolution is the amount of details the monitor can render. Resolution
is defined in terms of horizontal and vertical pixel (picture elements) displayed on the screen.
Video Grabbing Card
We need to convert the analog video signal to digital signal for processing in a computer.
Normal computer will not be able to do it alone. It requires special equipment called video
grabbing card and software to this conversion process. This card translates the analog signal
it receives from conventional sources such as a VCR or a video camera, and converts them
into digital format.
Sound Card
Today’s computers are capable of creating the professional multimedia needs. Not only you
can use computer to compose your own music, but it can also be used for recognition of
speech and synthesis. It can even read back the entire document for you. But before all this
happens, we need to convert the conventional sound signal to computer understandable
digital signals. This is done using a special component added to the system called sound card.
CD-Rom
CD-ROM is a magnetic disk of 4.7 inches diameter and it can contain data up to 680
Megabytes. It has become a standard by itself basically for its massive storage capacity,
faster data transfer rate. To access CD-ROM a very special d1rive is required and it is known
as CD-ROM drive.
MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
For the creation of multimedia on the PC there are hundreds of software packages that are
available from manufacturers all over the world.
Here is a summary of just a few of these programs.
Adobe CS4
Adobe CS4 is a collection of graphic design, video editing, and web development
applications made by Adobe Systems many of which are the industry standard that includes
Gimp
Is an alternative to Photoshop and cheaper but not quite as good.
Google Sketchup
3D modeling program architectscivil engineersSketchUp is a designed for , , filmmakers,
game developers, and related professions.
Microsoft Frontpage
WYSIWYG web pages sitesAs a editor, FrontPage is designed to hide the details of pages’
HTML code from the user, making it possible for novices to easily create .

Microsoft Powerpoint
Powerpoint Presentations are generally made up of slides may contain text, graphics, movies,
and other objects, which may be arranged freely on the slide.

Multimedia Software
Multimedia software tells the hardware what to do. For example, multimedia software tells the
hardware to display the color blue, play the sound of cymbals crashing etc. To produce these
media elements( movies, sound, text, animation, graphics etc.) there are various software
available in the market such as Paint Brush, Photo Finish, Animator, Photo Shop, 3D Studio,
Corel Draw, Sound Blaster, IMAGINET, Apple Hyper Card, Photo Magic, Picture Publisher.

Multimedia Software Categories

Following are the various categories of Multimedia software
 Device Driver Software- These softwares are used to install and configure the
multimedia peripherals.
 Media Players- Media players are applications that can play one or more kind
of multimedia file format.
 Media Conversion Tools- These tools are used for encoding / decoding
multimedia contexts and for converting one file format to another.
 Multimedia Editing Tools- These tools are used for creating and editing digital
multimedia data.
 Multimedia Authoring Tools- These tools are used for combing different kinds
of media formats and deliver them as multimedia contents.
Multimedia Hardware
Most of the computers now-a-days come equipped with the hardware components required to
develop/view multimedia applications. Following are the various categories in which we can
define the various types of hardwares required for multimedia applications.
ProcessorThe heart of any multimedia computer is its processor. Today Core 15 or higher
processor is recommended for a multimedia computer.
o CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
o CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
o It stores data, intermediate result and instructions (program).
 o It controls the operations of all parts of computer.
Memory and Storage Devices - You need memory for storing various files used during
production, original audio and video clips, edited pieces and final mined pieces. You also need
memory for backup of your project files.
 Primary Memory- Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on
which computer is currently working. It has limited capacity and data gets lost
when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor device.
These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instructions required
to be processed earlier reside in main memory. It is divided into two
subcategories RAM and ROM.
 Flash Memory- Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory,
which can speed up CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory.
It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used
by CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from disk to cache
memory by operating system, from where CPU can access them.
 Secondary Memory: This type of memory is also known as external memory
or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used for storing
Data/Information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories;
instead they are accessed via input-output routines. Contents of secondary
memories are first transferred to main memory and then CPU can access it. For
example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Input Devices - Following are the various types of input devices which are used in multimedia
systems.
 Keyboard- Most common and very popular input device is keyboard. The
keyboard helps in inputting the data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard
is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys
provided for performing some additional functions.
 Mouse - Mouse is most popular Pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-
control device. It is a small palm size box with a round ball at its base which
senses the movement of mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU on
pressing the buttons. Generally, it has two buttons called left and right button
and scroll bar is present at the mid. Mouse can be used to control the position of
cursor on screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
 Joystick - Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move cursor
position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower
and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be
moved in all four directions. The function of joystick is similar to that of a
mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing
computer games.
 Light Pen - Light pen is a pointing device, which is similar to a pen. It is used to select
a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell
and an optical system placed in a small tube. When light pen's tip is moved over the
monitor screen and pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing element detects the
screen location and sends the corresponding signal to the CPU.
 Track Ball - Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop
computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball, which is half inserted and by moving
fingers on ball, pointer can be moved.Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball
requires less space than a mouse. A track ball comes in various shapes like a ball, a
button and a square.
Output Devices - Following are few of the important output devices, which are used in
Computer Systems:
Monitors - Monitor commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU) is the main output device
of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels, that are arranged in a rectangular
form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of the pixels.
Printers - Printer is the most important output device, which is used to print information on
paper.
Speakers and Sound Card - Computers need both a sound card and speakers to hear audio,
such as music, speech and sound effects. Most motherboards provide an on-board sound card.
This built-in-sound card is fine for the most purposes. The basic functions of a sound card are
that it converts digital sound signals to analog for speakers making it louder or softer.

Characteristics of temporal and non temporal media

Temporal media is that type that changes within some period of time.

Non-temporal media is that type that remains constant and do not change.

Explanation:

Characteristics of temporal media:

-They are due to change

-They appear in video form.

-They have got sounds.

-They also have graphics.

Characteristics of non-temporal media:

-They are not due to change.

-They are in text form.

-They also have graphics.

-No sounds in this type.

Hypertext and Hypermedia

1. Hypertext : Hypertext is a cross referencing tool which connects the
links to other text using hyperlinks. Hypertext is non-linear and multi
sequential and it is different from our normal text. By the help of
hypertext one organized way is achieved to present information. This
makes the user to move from one part of the information to another
part of the information which is in same page or any other page. It
makes the documentation simple by providing a way of easy
accessible to the end user. Example of Hypertext is that
GeeksForGeeks is a computer science portal, when we read one
article it uses hypertext to link other pages and when we click on that
hypertext it takes to us to that page so that we can gather more
information related to the topic.
 2. Hypermedia : Hypermedia is the extension of Hypertext which
includes multiple forms of media such as text, graphics, audio or
video etc rather than only text based like hypertext. It provides a
facility to connect the web pages to create a network with multimedia
elements with a simple click for a better multimedia experience.
Hypermedia allows links to be integrate in multimedia elements like
images and videos and when we click on that it takes us to that
page. Example of hypermedia is that when we use e-commerce site
say flipkart and when we click on any product it takes us to the
specific product page which belongs to that. So here the link is
embedded to the image.

Difference between Hypertext and Hypermedia :

S.No. HYPERTEXT HYPERMEDIA

Hypertext refers to the system of Hypermedia refers to connecting hypertext
managing the information with other media such as graphics, sounds,
01. related to the plain text. animations.
It involves graphics, image, video, audio
02. Hypertext involves only text. etc.
It is enhanced version of hypertext here
Here only text becomes the part along with text other multimedia also
03. of link. becomes the part of link.
Hypertext is the part of
hypermedia means it comes Hypermedia is the superior entity which is
04. under hypermedia. the advanced version of hypertext.
It allows the user to navigate It includes multimedia to improve the
05. through text in a non linear way. multimedia experience.
It simply allows users to move
from one document to another It extends the ability of hypertext and
with a single click on the allows user to click text or any other
06. hypertext or goto links. multimedia to move one to another page.
Hypertext attracts to the user to
move around the document as Hypermedia attracts the user more than the
well as to move from one page hypertext as it gives more flexibility of
07. of document to another. movement.
 It provides a less user experience It provides a better user experience to the
08. to the users than the hypermedia. users than the hypertext.
Example is reading an article on Example is reading an article in on
geeksforgeeks and clicking on geeksforgeeks and in article side one
any text moving to another page android course image coming and when
showing information on that we click on that image it takes us to the
09. topic. course related page of android.

Introduction to Multimedia Presentation

A multimedia presentation is a collection of different types of media that are used to

convey information. It can include text, audio, video, and images, as well as animation or
other interactive elements.

The term “multimedia” refers to the use of multiple forms in one piece of work. This
type of presentation may be created using Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides,
Keynote, or Prezi. However, it can also be made using various tools, including video
editing software and audio recording programs.

Components of Multimedia Presentation

Multimedia presentations can be divided into four main categories: text, audio, video,
and images.
Text Text is one of the essential components of a multimedia presentation. This could
include headlines, body text, or captions. It is crucial to use concise and easy-to-read text
when creating a multimedia presentation.

Audio Audio can be used to add depth and dimension to a presentation. It can be used
to provide background information or to narrate the slides. Good audio can help keep
the audience engaged and make your presentation more memorable.

Video Video is an increasingly popular component of multimedia presentations. It can

be used to show demonstrations, explain concepts, or tell a story. Video can be a very
effective way to engage the audience and make your presentation memorable.

Images Images are another essential component of multimedia presentations. They can
be used to add visual interest, illustrate points, or create charts and graphs. Images
should be high-quality and relevant to the topic of the presentation.

Others Note that there are a lot of other elements that can be included in your
multimedia presentation. These include animations, music, charts, infographics, and
sound effects. You can even consider incorporating interactive features such as buttons
or links to make the experience more engaging for viewers.

Where are Multimedia Presentations Used?

Multimedia presentations can be used for diverse purposes as they can effectively share
a message or idea.

In corporate settings, multimedia presentations are often used to communicate ideas to

employees or consumers. You can also use multimedia presentations in board meetings,
investor pitches, and other business-related contexts.

In academic settings, multimedia presentations are used to explain complex topics and
concepts. They can be shown in classrooms or during lectures to help students learn
more effectively.

Multimedia presentations can be adapted to meet the needs of any audience, which
makes them suitable for both formal and informal occasions. Depending on your needs,
you can choose to include more or less information. You can also choose to use different
media to convey your message.

How to Prepare a Multimedia Presentation?

Now that you know a little more about multimedia presentations let’s look at how to
prepare one.
Step 1

The first step is to develop a topic or idea for your presentation. Once you have this, you
can begin to gather supporting materials. This could include text, images, audio clips,
and videos.

You should also think about how you want to structure your presentation. You might
want to use a standard outline or create something more complex, such as an
interactive timeline.

Step 2

The next step is choosing the software you will be using to create your multimedia
presentation. As we said above, there are many options available, including Microsoft
PowerPoint, Google Slides, etc. Some software is more suitable for beginners, while
others are better for experienced users.

Step 3

Once you have chosen your software, it’s time to start designing your presentation! You
can begin by selecting a template to save time or create something from scratch using
your own design skills. Next, add your text, images, audio clips, and videos to the slides
following your outline.

You should also add any other elements such as animations or sound effects that you
want to include in your presentation.

Step 4

Finally, it’s time for the finishing touches! Check your spelling and grammar, making
sure that everything is correct. You can also add a title slide at this point if you haven’t
already done so. Once your presentation looks good, make sure to save it. That’s it; your
multimedia presentation is ready now.