Cells are the fundamental unit of life. Robert Hooke discovered cells in cork using a microscope in 1665. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are generally small and lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei, while eukaryotic cells are generally larger and possess membrane-bound organelles and well-defined nuclei. Eukaryotic cells contain specialized structures called organelles that carry out specific functions. Organelles include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and more. The nucleus contains genetic material in the form of DNA packaged into chromosomes.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life. Robert Hooke discovered cells in cork using a microscope in 1665. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are generally small and lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei, while eukaryotic cells are generally larger and possess membrane-bound organelles and well-defined nuclei. Eukaryotic cells contain specialized structures called organelles that carry out specific functions. Organelles include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and more. The nucleus contains genetic material in the form of DNA packaged into chromosomes.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life. Robert Hooke discovered cells in cork using a microscope in 1665. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are generally small and lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei, while eukaryotic cells are generally larger and possess membrane-bound organelles and well-defined nuclei. Eukaryotic cells contain specialized structures called organelles that carry out specific functions. Organelles include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and more. The nucleus contains genetic material in the form of DNA packaged into chromosomes.
Cells are the fundamental unit of life. Robert Hooke discovered cells in cork using a microscope in 1665. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are generally small and lack membrane-bound organelles and nuclei, while eukaryotic cells are generally larger and possess membrane-bound organelles and well-defined nuclei. Eukaryotic cells contain specialized structures called organelles that carry out specific functions. Organelles include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and more. The nucleus contains genetic material in the form of DNA packaged into chromosomes.
CELLS Cells are the fundamental structural units of living organisms and the basic units of life. Cell was discovered by Robert Hooke. While observing cork through his microscope, Hooke saw tiny boxlike cavities, which he illustrated and described as cells. He had discovered plant cells
Prokaryotic – Size: generally small ( 1-10 µm) Where 1 µm = 10 −6m.
The nucleus is not well defined and known as a nucleoid. Single, circular chromosome. Membrane-bound organelles absent. Eg: Bacterial cell Eukaryotic – Size: generally large ( 5-100 µm). The nucleus is well defined and surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Possess more than one and linear chromosome. Membrane-bound cell organelles are present. Eg: Human cell.
GRADE: IX (TERM I – 2022:2023) PAGE 1 OF 3 NAVEEN V (BIOLOGY)
CELL STRUCTURE IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS: Most eukaryotes are multicellular. A number of cells can work together to form tissues and organs. The various components present within the cell are known as cell organelles. All these components are special and specific to their functions. It contains cell organelles such as plastids, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, etc. Fungi, plant, and animal cells are eukaryotic. Cell membrane: The cell membrane separates cells from one another and also the internal contents from the surrounding medium. It is porous and allows the movement of substances or materials both inward and outward. Cytoplasm: It is the jelly-like substance present between the cell membrane and the nucleus. Various other components, or organelles, of cells are present in the cytoplasm. Cell walls in plants: A cell wall is an additional covering over the cell membrane in plant cells. It gives shape and rigidity to these cells. It gives a rigid structure to plant cells and that is why they can withstand the stress of high-velocity wind, rain, high temperature etc.
GRADE: IX (TERM I – 2022:2023) PAGE 2 OF 3 NAVEEN V (BIOLOGY)
Nucleus It is generally spherical and located in the centre of the cell. The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane called the nuclear membrane. It uses information in the chromosomes to decide what each organelle should do and the functions of the cell. The nucleus contains an even smaller concentrated material called nucleolus. The nucleolus is present in the nucleus.
Chromosomes The nucleus contains thread-like structures called chromosomes. These carry genes and help in inheritance or transfer of characters from the parents to the offspring. Chromosomes are composed of DNA in the form of Chromatin and protein. Chromosomes contain information for the inheritance of features from parents to next generation in the form of DNA molecules. DNA DNA molecules contain the information necessary for constructing and organising cells. Functional segments of DNA are called genes.
OTHER ORGANELLES:
Endoplasmic Reticulum It is a membranous organelle. It is found in all eukaryotic cells. The ER is divided into two types based on their physical and functional properties viz. Smooth and Rough ER.
Rough ER It synthesizes and secretes proteins in the cells.
Smooth ER The SER is involved in the synthesis of phospholipids, the main lipids in cell membranes and are very important in the process of metabolism. They also transport the products of the rough endoplasmic reticulum to other cell parts like the Golgi apparatus.
Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus also termed as Golgi Complex is a membrane-bound nucleus. Its main function is to modify proteins. These modified proteins are placed in Golgi so that it can transport elsewhere in the cell when required.
GRADE: IX (TERM I – 2022:2023) PAGE 3 OF 3 NAVEEN V (BIOLOGY)
