Booklet
Theory and practice for beginners
Greetings and Introduction
Hello / Hi
Good morning/ good afternoon/ good evening
Nice to meet you
Nice to see you again
I’m glad/ happy/ pleased to see you
Thank you You are welcome
Excuse me
Different ways of saying:
How are you?
How have you been?
How are things?
How´s it going?
How are you doing?
What´s up?
Different ways of answering:
Fine, thanks. And you?
Very well. And you?
Not too bad, thanks
Pretty good
Yeah Good/Well
Great!
When meeting someone for the first time:
Hello, what´s your name?
My name is ________________
I am / I´m _________________
Where are you from?
I am from _________ (country or city)
I am _____________ (nationality)
How old are you?
I am _______
I am _______ years old
Where do you live?
I live in _________________
What do you do?
I am a teacher
I am an engineer
I work in a coffee shop
I work in a restaurant/hotel/art gallery
Do you speak English?
Yes, I do. I am learning
No, I don´t
How long have you been living in ___________ ?
I have been living in ________________ for 2 months / since 2018.
Days of the week and months of the year
Monday January August
Tuesday February September
Wednesday March October
Thursday April November
Friday May December
Saturday June
Sunday July
Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives
Possessive Adjectives vs Possessive Pronouns
Complete pronoun chart
Demonstrative Pronouns
Question words
What
Where
When
Why
Who
How
How long …
What time …
Plural Nouns
We add “S” to make the plural of nouns
camera → cameras
pen → pens
house → houses
car → cars
When the noun ends in “Y”, we change it for “IES”
party → parties
city → cities
country → countries
If the word has a vowel before the Y, we only add “S”
boy → boys
toy → toys
For words ending in “s”, “ss”, “sh”, “ch”, “x”, “o”, we add “ES”
bus → buses
glass → glasses
brush → brushes
watch → watches
box → boxes
tomato → tomatoes
For nouns ending in “F” o “FE” we change it for “VES”
leaf → leaves
wife → wives
knife → knives
Irregular Plural Nouns
Plural doesn´t change
fish
sheep
Irregular plurals
man men
woman women
child children
person people
tooth teeth
foot feet
mouse mice
Exercise:
Chair
Table
Fox
Life
Window
School
Cup
Glass
Child
Bottle
Text
Potato
Box
Baby
Key
Church
Wish
Woman
Countable Nouns
computer phone bottle chairs table dog cups
pencil houses trees ring friend animal
Uncountable Nouns
salt wood tea wine sugar bread furniture hair love
information money weather time water butter coffee
Quantifiers
many (countable) How many ________?
much (uncountable) How much ______ ?
some
any
no, none
little / a little (poco / un poco) (Uncountable)
I drank a little water
I have a little money (positive)
I have little money (negative)
few / a few (pocos / unos pocos) (Countable)
I read a few pages
I have a few lemons (positive)
I have few lemons (negative)
Exercises
Write C for countable and U for uncountable:
time - books - sugar - milk - pens - hair - chairs - butter - pencils -
bread - jam - friends - fingers -flour - apples - oil - cars - salt -
houses - cheese - rice - tea - games - tomatoes - cream - honey -
carrots -
Choose a, an, some or any
a) It is ______ dog.
b) Have you got _________ friends?
c) I bought ____________ milk.
d) Linda has not got _________ pets.
e) There is__________ orange on the table.
f) Tim eats ________ cheese every day.
g) We don't have __________ bread.
h) My brother found ___________ money.
i) My sister found ______________ pen.
j) Do you have _____________ eggs?
k) There are_______________ students in the classroom.
l) Is there _____________ pencil on the desk?
3. Make questions with How much or How many
a) __________________________cheese do you buy?
b) ______________________ books are there in your bag?
c) ______________________ films did Tom see last week?
d) ___________________money do you spend every week?
e) _________________________ friends does Linda have?
f) ______________sugar do we need?
g) __________________ tomatoes are there in the fridge?
h) ____________________ meat are you going to buy?
i) ______________________milk did you drink yesterday?
j) ______________________ apples do you see?
Prepositions In / At / On
IN (PLACE)
I live in Brighton
The cat is in the box
IN (TIME)
We went to Mexico in May
I always run in the mornings.
I will see him in a week
She was born in 1976
AT (PLACE)
He is at home
I always visit my sister at work
We eat at the table
She will see him at the theatre
Her name is at the bottom of the page
When did you arrive at the airport?
AT (TIME)
He runs every morning at 6
I will see them at Christmas.
ON (PLACE)
The pen is on the table
They have a photograph of Paris on the wall
I am on the bus
Her apartment is on the second floor
ON (TIME)
They went to Mexico on the first of May
He runs on Mondays and Fridays
I will see Luis on his birthday.
Exercise
1. Do you think it is a good idea to ban smoking _______ public places?
2. Look at the picture _______ the wall.
3. My house is __________ the end of the street.
4. I stopped _________ Nancy's house.
5. Do you like walking __________ the garden?
6. I found my keys ___________ the desk.
7. I met him ___________ Paris.
8. He was crying ___________ the back of the classroom.
9. I saw the film _____________ TV.
10. These people live ___________ my hometown.
Verbs
Modal Verbs
Can ability or possibility (poder)
Could ability or possibility in the past (podia) or possibility in the
future (podría)
May possibility in the future, permission or instructions, more
formal
Might possibility in the present or future (similar to may)
Will for future
Shall for future (more formal and common in the United
Kingdom)
Should obligation or recommendation (debería)
ought to (synonym of should, less common) Don´t use it in
questions
must/have to (deber, tener que) obligation, prohibition, necessity
Probability: John’s not here. He must be sick because he never
misses class.
would wishes or preferences, ask politely
1) ___________ you help me with my English exam?
a) Might
b) Will
c) Ought
d) Should
2) You ____________ read the washing machine instructions carefully
or you will ruin your clothes.
a) could
b) must
c) will
d) ought
3) We _________take an umbrella. It looks like it’s raining cats and
dogs.
a) may
b) should
c) might
d) could
4) _________ you always be late?
a) May
b) Might
c) Would
d) Must
5) I _________ love to go to the beach this August.
a) will
b) may
c) should
d) would
6) She ____ train harder if she wants to break the record.
a) may
b) might
c) should
d) would
7) Rock climbing ___________ be dangerous.
a) can
b) shall
c) ought
d) should
8) ___________ I wear a fancy dress for the party?
a) Must
b) Should
c) Will
d) May
9) They ___________to work harder.
a) may
b) should
c) ought
d) must
10) You ___________ play videogames when you should be studying.
a) musn’t
b) couldn’t
c) shouldn’t
d) won’t
Irregular Verbs List
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Spanish
arise arose arisen surgir
be was / were been ser
beat beat beaten golpear
become became become convertirse
begin began begun comenzar
bet bet/betted bet/betted apostar
bite bit bitten morder
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper
bring brought brought traer
build built built construir
buy bought bought comprar
catch caught caught atrapar
choose chose chosen elegir
come came come venir
cost cost cost costar
creep crept crept arrastrarse
cut cut cut cortar
deal dealt dealt dar, repartir
do did done hacer
draw drew drawn dibujar
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed soñar
drink drank drunk beber
drive drove driven conducir
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen caer
feed fed fed Alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought pelear
find found found encontrar
flee fled fled huir
fly flew flown volar
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
forsake forsook forsaken abandonar
freeze froze frozen congelar
get got got tener, obtener
give gave given dar
go went gone ir
grind ground ground moler
grow grew grown crecer
hang hung hung colgar
have had had tener
hear heard heard oír
hide hid hidden esconderse
hit hit hit golpear
hold held held tener, mantener
hurt hurt hurt herir, doler
keep kept kept guardar
kneel knelt knelt arrodillarse
know knew known saber
lead led led encabezar
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned aprender
leave left left dejar
lend lent lent prestar
let let let dejar
lie lay lain yacer
lose lost lost perder
make made made hacer
mean meant meant significar
meet met met conocer, encontrar
pay paid paid pagar
put put put poner
quit quit/quitted quit/quitted abandonar
read read read leer
ride rode ridden montar, ir
ring rang rung llamar por teléfono
rise rose risen elevar
run ran run correr
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
set set set fijar
sew sewed sewn/sewed coser
shake shook shaken sacudir
shine shone shone brillar
shoot shot shot disparar
show showed shown/showed mostrar
shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk encoger
shut shut shut cerrar
sing sang sung cantar
sink sank sunk hundir
sit sat sat sentarse
sleep slept slept dormir
slide slid slid deslizar
sow sowed sown/sowed sembrar
speak spoke spoken hablar
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled deletrear
spend spent spent gastar
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled derramar
split split split partir
spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled estropear
spread spread spread extenderse
stand stood stood estar de pie
steal stole stolen robar
sting stung stung picar
stink stank/stunk stunk apestar
strike struck struck golpear
swear swore sworn jurar
sweep swept swept barrer
swim swam swum nadar
take took taken tomar
teach taught taught enseñar
tear tore torn romper
tell told told decir
think thought thought pensar
throw threw thrown lanzar
tread trode trodden/trod pisar
understand understood understood entender
wake woke woken despertarse
wear wore worn llevar puesto
weave wove woven tejer
weep wept wept llorar
win won won ganar
wring wrung wrung retorcer
write wrote written escribir
